522087

Linguistic Society of America
A Systematic Tabulation of Indo-European Animal Names: With Special Reference to Their Etymology and Semasiology Author(s): Eugene Gottlieb Reviewed work(s): Source: Language, Vol. 7, No. 3, Language Dissertation No. 8: A Systematic Tabulation of IndoEuropean Animal Names: With Special Reference to Their Etymology and Semasiology (Sep., 1931), pp. 5-48 Published by: Linguistic Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/522087 . Accessed: 01/07/2012 00:58
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ABBREVIATIONSAND SYMBOLS
Abbreviations symbols used in this work are as follows: and

Aeol. = Aeolic = Albanian Alb. Aram. = Aramaic Arm. Armenian = = Att. = Av. Baltosl. = = Bg. Celt. = Ass. Assyrian Attic Avestan Balto-Slavic Bulgarian Celtic Chin. =Chinese Corn. = Cornish Cymr. = Cymric = Czech Cz. = Dutch D. =Danish Dan. = Doric Dor. = English E Finn. = Finnish = French Fr. = Germanic Gc. = Greek. Gk. = German G Goth. = Gothic Hebr. = Hebrew Hom. =Homeric Hung. = Hungarian Icel. =Icelandic IE =Indo-European =Ionic Ion. =Irish Ir. It. =Italian = Latin L
Lett. LG Lith. Magy. ME MIr. MLat. MLG NP OCS1. OE OF OHG OIr. OLG ON OPr.
OS
Lettish =Low German = Lithuanian = = = =
Magyar,Hungarian
Middle English Middle Irish Middle Latin Middle Low German Church Slavonic English French High German Irish
=New Persian
= Old =Old =Old =Old = Old
Old Low German

= Old Norse = Old Prussian = Old Saxon
Pol. R
Polish
Russian Roumanian Servian Sanskrit =Slavic - Slovak - Spanish
Roum. Serv. = = Skr.
Slav. Slov.
Sp. Sum.
Sumerian Swed. = Swedish Thrac. = Thracian =Turkish Turk. UG =Upper German Ukr. = Ukrainian =Umbrian Umb.
5
LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO.
8,
I931
(asterisk)= a>b
b<a =
=
a/b>c 0gr.
form non-existing,reconstructed a becomesb, or a is cognate to b b derivedfrom a, or b is cognate to a a before b becomes c. zero grade
INTRODUCTION
Purpose: The purpose of my investigationis the analysisof certain to IE animalnameswith specialreference their root determinants and their semasiology. Range: The IE animal names treatedin this work are some of those domestic, farm, and common non-domesticanimalswith which from earliesthistorical were bestacquainted times. the Indo-Europeans The better an animal species is known, the betterit is domesticated, the more it is utilized, the more varied its nomenclaturewill be, are since more of its qualitiesand characteristics known upon which is its nomenclature based. For instance, the swine, the first animal species dealt with in this work, received its IE names because of a biologicalfunctions,activities, great numberof physicalcharacteristics, and modes of utilization peculiarto this animal. Under nomina propria I classified those IE animal names to which no definite semasiology could be attached. That, however, does not mean that furtheretymologicalinvestigationwill not or cannot succeed in finding a satisfactory semasiologicalconnection for the nomina propriaas well. The animals treated here, I believe, show sufficientlythe procedure of my investigation; further animal namesI intend to treat in a similar fashion at some future time, since the methodology will always remainthe same. and etymologicaldictionMethodology: From linguisticperiodicals aries I collecteda vast materialof cognatesrelating to animal names in IE languages.I had to separatethose cognates which were not of IE origin but of late divisionaldevelopment.The IE cognates I scrutinized according their definiterelationto an assumedIE root, clasto them as follows: a) Sure and safe derivatives; b) suggessifying tive but problematicderivatives;c) dubious and obscure derivatives. 7
8,
I93I
I gave preference to cognates of different linguistic units, thus approachingwith greatercertainty the IE root, which, however, at that stage of my investigation was arrivedat by phonologicalmeans only. treatmentthen followed. With the IE root as astartSemasiological a ing point, I surveyedthose cognateswhich expressed similarpsychological conceptionand looked for the conceptionbefitting the animal in question. Thus I arrived at certain semasiological conclusions, which then in turn were united in a more comprehensive group of descriptiveterms. The firstsection of my bibliography lists a numberof books seemunrelated to my topic. This, however, is not the case; the ingly majorityof the animals treated in this work are domestic animals. The spread of animal names, especiallyof names denoting domestic animals, can offerimportant data to the sociological function of animal domesticationand human migrations, and thus render valuable service to cultural history. The method of luring, utilizing, and domesticating animals, and the art of using fire were those qualities which determinedthe relativelyfeeble human being's place in nature and determinedhis rise to culture and civilization. Victor Hehn was the first to utilize the science of comparativephilology for purposes of domestic-animal research. Animal name cognates, primarycommon roots, and loan words are those branches of linguistic science which offer the fairest indicationas to the time of of the appearance an animal name in the respectivelinguistic families, and also point out the right sourcein case the word originated outside of this family. So for instance, when names of the horse, sheep, cattle, cow, etc. show identical primaryroots in IE languages we are safe in concludingthat these animals were known to the IE linguisticunit beforeits division. Here, however, the following possibilitiesare to be considered: a) Did wandering tribes take along with them their domestic animals, or simply the art of domestication? b) The territoryof a cultured people is usually of smallerexpanse than the geographicexpansionof an animal genus. c) Culture expands the territoryof a people and reducesthe territorialrange of the animalgenus. Where cultureproceeds, the animal recedes. The territoryof a cultured people can be arbitrarilydefined or restricted,while that of an animal can not; thereforethere is no reason to believe that domesticationwill determine the domicile of a people, since domesticationcould have taken placeindependentlyin different territoriesand at different times. d)
GOTTLIEB, INDO-EUROPEAN ANIMAL NAMES
While excavations do throw light upon a definiteprehistoricphase, they do not always show with which people to associate this phase, and therefore animalskeletons connectedwith IE peoplesand territories might belongto previousautochthons. e) Geologicaland palaeoare zoologicaltime-spans very vague and elastic in nature; to use them as time scalesfor culturalintervalsbetweenmen in relationto animals belongs par excellenceto the realmof naturalhistory. Sociological and 'kulturgeschichtliche' aspects have much to do with animal nomenclature. Cultural history and etymology should be complementary each other. If we know that pork was taboo to orientals,and that beech and oak forestswere lackingin amongmany the East, we findgood reasonsfor our contention that IE porko'pig' has only European cognates, whereas *sas, probablydenoting 'the wild pig', is generalIE. The fact that cognatesof wool, and *pekoare general IE confirms our findings that ouis 'sheep' is the IE name for an animal domesticatedin IE times. On the other hand, if we know that E bitch,G Hindin (the femininesof dog)are relativelylate formations,we might conclude thatthe dog, though domesticatedby was not held in the same esteem by them as were Indo-Europeans, other animalsof early domestication,sincehorse, cattle, and sheep do show this early distinction by gender since IE times. Important animals have a great variety of names for every distinct subspecies: cow, bull, ox, calf, heifer; sheep, ram, wether, lamb; horse, steed, mare, foal, stallion. Similarly early Skr. compounds like gopatis ' ownerof cattle: manof power', gvistis ' effortto obtaincattle: fight', gopah' cattle guard: watchman' are evidence of the importance of cattle among the early Hindoos. Ross and PJerdare two parallel synonymsfor horse in German;the first is IE, the second Gc. or possibly Late Latin in origin and may have originally referredto a new speciesof horse, or (more probably) to the horse in a new utilization. The distinction in nomenclaturemay also vacillatebetween a wild animal and its domesticatedspecies; so, for instance, in the case ot ouiswe know that this name referred the domesticated to species,since wool has a general IE name and the wild sheep has no wool at all. These examplesmay justifya preliminary study in the field of anthropology, palaeo-zoology,and culturalhistory,even though my topic is limited to the field of etymology.
ANIMAL NAMES
I. SWINE : HOG,PIG, PORK, SOW, FARROW,BOAR.
Porcus : sfs, fetus, aper. I. NomenProprium : a) IE *porko'pig'. Primary words: L porUmb. porca 'porcas'; MIr. orc; Gc. *farha-, OHG far(a)h, OS, cus, OE fearh, E farrow. Derivatives : OCSI. prase,prasete; OHGfarhelUn, MHG varchelin; G Ferkel 'farrow'. IE *porkos may primarily denote an activity of the animal, cf. Lith. praparsas' ditch', Skr. pdr&nas ' abyss'; therefore ' the digger', from the root *perk- pork- 'dig up, tear up'. IE *porg-, denoting the male animal, as in R poro~u 'boar ', seems to be a doublet root to *pork- I. Probably *porkoswas
the Europeanword for the domesticated swine, which either through lack of oak and beech forests or as a taboo animal(as among the Semites and the Scythians), was unknown to the Indo-Iranians;
whereas *sus was general IE for the wild swine
2.
peans the domesticatedanimal is first mentioned by Homer (cf.
Among Indo-Euro-
Eumaeus the swineherd), though it is known to have existed in domestication as far back as 5000 B.C. in China, at about the same time in Egypt, and not much later, in the late stone age, in Switzerland. b) IE *ep(e)ro- ' boar'. L aper, with a- by analogy of -a- in L caper 'he-goat' 3; OCSI., R veprt, Lett. vepris, Pol. wieprq 'boar ', with prothetic v- through some analogy 4. Gc. *ebura-' boar'; OEeofor, OHG ebur epur, G Eber 'boar', ON jpfurr ' prince' (primarily: 'boar').
I. Uhlenbeck, PBrB22. 92 2. Feist, Kultur152. 2. 3. Kent, LANG. i85. with the word seen in Lith 2. 4. Kent, LANG. I85 'presumablyby contamination
versTis 'calf ', Lett. versis ' ox ', Skr. vrga- bull ', etc., L verres ' boar' ; as the Baltic
to words from this root are i-stems, it is possiblethat they have contributed vepri not merely the initial consonant but also the shift from o- stem to i-stem '; and Skutsch, d. Krit. Jahresb.u. d. Fortschritt rom. Phil. 5. I. 67.
IO
II
6 Fick 5 and Berneker connect the Gc. wordswith Thrac. E6po; 'buck', Skr. ibha-h 'elephant', R jebati'beget', in the meaningof' the begetter'.
II. DescriptiveTerms. A. The fighting, attackinganimal: ' Pol. browek,Serb. brav a) IE *bher- to fight, attack'; R borovu, 'boar'. Primarywords: ON berjask, OHG berjan,MHG bern 'to fight'; OIr. bare 'rage'; OCS1. borja 'to fight' (borba' battle'). Derivatives: OCSI. brani, R bronja,Cz. [bran'weapon'. 'the fighter, (primarily) boar'. Kempe, used only b) MLGkempe since MLGtimes in the sense of 'the boar', derivedfrom its primary meaning ' the fighter'. Cognates: OS (OLG) kempio,OE cempa, ON (loanword) cempa'the fighter'; OHG, MHG, G Kampf' battle', a borrowingfrom L campus'battlefield'. B. Utilization : i. Fatteningfor food purposes,by castration: a) IE *bher' to cut, castrate'. OHG barah, OE bearh,ON bprgr fordre;OHG boron,G bohren,OE borian 'to drill', papto 'plough. Derivatives: Arm. brem' drill', MIr. bern(a) 'abyss', Lith. burnA ' mouth '. b) IE *mai-t- 'to cut, castrate'. Lith maitelis'porcus castratus'. c) Fattening as such : IE *mad-'wet, fat, to fatten '. MIr. mat < *madda '(fattened) pig' 7. Derivatives: L madeo, Vaako 'to be wet, 'breast', Skr. mddati'to be drunk', mddah 'fat', VUC6;5 flow', Vacr,Ts G < *ma[d6s *mad-dds, Mast, OE mast'fodder' OE, OS mos, OHG < muos,G Mus 'liquid (stewed) food'. For breedingpurposes(sex) : (a) IE*kak- *kok- male organ'; or 2. ' G (in the dialectof Zips, now in Czechoslovakia)hegel, haksch 'boar 'to (for breeding)'. Primarywords : G hecken mate', E hatch,OHG hegi-druosa (Zucht-Driise) 'testicle'; other derivatives: Lett. kakale 'scrotum '. ' b) IE *peso-'male organ'; G Faselschwein pig (for breeding)'. words: Skr. pdsah, xios ' penis'. Derivatives : ON fpsule, Primary ' ' OE fesl, OHG fasel ' offspring', MHGvaselrint bull ', wo0'co penis', and Cz. pesky'impudent', and also Lpenisif < *pes-nis, not as Walde < *pend-snis (pendo). c) IE *kapro-s' male animal' (see under Buck and Ram); x&Xpos
S. KZ42.86. 6. IF 8.283.
7. Fick 2.4.203.
'porcus castratus'.
Primary words: L ferio, apo) ' cut, strike ', L
I2
LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO. 8,
193 I
' ' boar'. Derivatives: Skr. khpyt penis ', L caper'buck ', ON hafr, buck'. OE hafer,E heifer,G Haber(-bock) C. Habitat: the mud dweller, the pool animal.a) IE *(s)ter-'dirt, manure' : L troia ' sow' < *trogia OIr. torc 'boar' < *trog-, 8;
influenced by *(p)ork- 9. Primary words: ON stora 'to rot ', Bulg.
tori manure', Serb. toriti'to dung'. Derivatives*(s)treg-(s)terg-; ' ON frekkr, MHGdrec(Gen. dreck-es <*tregn6-) 'dirt, excrement'. D. State of development(age) : a) IE *per-'to bear, be newly t born ': OEfor ' farrow'. Primarywords : cop 'heifer', Lpario' to bear', Lith. periu' hatch', peras 'young bee'. Derivatives : Gc. *far<an: ON farre, OE fearr, OHG far(ro) 'heifer'; Skr. prthuk OCSI. <apriutiki 'premature 'heifer'; Cz. spratek,Ukr. vyportok, birth'.
III. OnomatopoeticTerms. (a) IE *s- : ON sjr (acc. sut),OHG OE sui;L sas suis, Umb. sif (acc. sim) : ?;, 3s ; Av. hu; Alb. o0'sow, pig'. Derivatives,with -u- : Lett. suvenssivens'sow '. With -k-I : G Swabiansuge,OE sugu, Goth. *sugus;*sukku OIr. socc: Corn. > hoch: E hog. Substantivized adjectives(-no-suffix) and diminutives: OCS1. svinu, Slav. svinija; Goth. swein, ON, OE, OHG sv{n 'pig (primarily; belonging to the pig : the little pig)'; thus the young their animals,probablybecauseof their greater frequency,transferred of name to the old animal. By amagalmation ita)Xo; 'fat' with u;
< *su- : aXoq 'fattened pig ' is derived. I consider the *su- words
onomatopoetic. Other views : I. Fecundity: the prolific breeder" : IE *seuto bear, breed'. PrimarywordsuS;, ut6S *su-iu-' son'. Deriv<
atives (-n- and -t-): Skr. saunih,Goth. sunus, OHG sunu, MHG sun
G Sohn, OS, OE sunu, E son,ON sunr;OCSI. synu;iOIr. suth< *sutu 'fetus '. I shareKretschmer's12 opinion, rejectingthe conception of fecundityas a monopoly of a single animalspecies.
2.
'dampness, dirt'. Primarywords : OHG sou, OE seaw; MIr. suth 'juice, gravy'; ON saurr 'damp soil, mud'. Other derivatives(IE
Sommer, IF ii.9r; Solmsen, KZ 37.23. Sommer, IF I .9 1. Brugmann, 22. 1.483. Curtius 5. 382. 12. Glotta 13.132-138. 13. Walde, LtEWb. 8. 9. Io. I .
Habitat : the pool dweller, the dirt animal
I3
(sacus).
IE *seu-
13
*seu-k, *seu-g) : ON saga, OE sagan 'to suck', ORG sugan, Lett. sa0u, sakt ; OE subtera 'nephew' (primarily C suckling'); L szcus 'juice ', sigo 'suck'; (IE *seu-p, seu-b) : OE sapan, ON saipa, OHG safan, G saufen 'to booze'; ORG sfif, G Suppe 'soup ';OCSl. siistati < *supsati 'to suck' : Skr. sapa-b 'soup'. Derivatives : yptw <`ypuaiw, 'young pig b) IE*gru.; Tp6(X)Xo; L grundidgrunnio, 'to grunt', Gc. *grunazUen, OHG, MHG grunlan, G grun~en, ME grunten, E grunt. c) IE *ker. or *kor-. *ker-or *kor- (probably related to *gru above) MIr. crain (gen. crana) < Celtic *krakni. "'sow, the grunter'. Derivatives : Lith. .iarka, Skr. carika, Cz. straka, Serb. sraka (loanword in Rung. s~arka) 'magpie '; Cz. s'kek, Lith. kirk; E screech< OE screcb < *scr,; ; Ir. cercc,NP kark ' chicken', Bg. kr6kon' raven '. IE *krud. > Gc. *hrat-: OE brot, ON hryda, ORG hroZ,MRG rot, G Rot( 'Rheum', ORG razian ' snore ';xpul < *-uSia'coryza, nasalcold'; by nasalization : Lith. kraiikti 'grunt', OE bringan, B ring, ON brang' noise'. d) *ku4 (animal call for pigs in southern France) : Fr. cochon'pig'.
the boar', or to Goth. aljan ' fatten, raise', ON ala 'nourish'; Goth. alleis, ORG alt 'nourished, grown, old '; L altus' raised, tall, high'; ZOovra 'raise, cure' : OJr. altram 'nourishment ;L adultus < *adaltos 'raised, fully grown
IV. Obscure. xrrh&; 'boar' < *,'iXiej; to i -e.oCJVw'4, ISA ', L alacer 'excited', Goth. al/an 'zeal'; and thus probably ' the attacker', semasiologicaly 'the fighter, analogousto MLG kempe
' push
II.
SHEEP : LAMB, BUCK, RAM, GOAT.
Ovis : agnus, aries, haedus. Skr. dvi-, Lith.avrs, I. Nomen Proprium : a) IE *oi- 'sheep'. Rom. 'ii; <*FL< , L ovis, Umb. oui; OIr. oi, Cymr ewig; (Skr. avika OCSl. ovica); OHG ou(wi) < *art- (gen. *auir{) < *atto (extinct in later German except for dialectic Au); OE eowu, eowe, B ewe ; ON lB ,tr ; all < Gc. *au (gen. ay!io)< IE ui-s sheep'. Jacob GrimmI5
14. Holihausen, IF 39.63.
1S. Gesch. derdt. Spr.
14
I93I
suggestedfurtherconnectionwith IE auig- 'grass, oats', R ovisu 'oats',
without acceptable reasons"6; Fick'7 and to some extent Brugmann'8 *urnos 'ram ', *pekus'herd ', *peko' pluck ' are IE, as sheep were
take oui-s from *u-es ' dress, clothe' < *eu- ' the animal supplying 'wool', clothing'; words for sheep-breeding:ouis 'sheep', *ura raised since IE times. b) IE *el-' deer-like(horned) animal' ; ON Goth. lamb' sheep' < *I-on-bho-s el-n-, I-on). Derivatives(-n-suffix): OHG (Hirt'9 : *el-en-, lamb 'lamb ','0cXgo < *elz-bho-s' < hart', Xi,soq *elnos' doe '; OCS1. 'hart' is, accordingto Brugmann20, a variation of *olni; Lith. jeleni ellenis(loanwords : MHG elent, G elen ' deer'), OIr. elit < *eln-ti-s ON elgr, OE eolh,G elk, OHG el(a)ho ' elk' ; ON elgr 'elk', according to Much23,denotes the color of the animal : OHG elo (elawer), MHG el (elwer), Gc. *elwa' yellow' < *eluo< elu, to which rootalso G Iltis ' fitch' < OHG illi(n)ttsoor illit-wiso ' the yellow weasel' belong; to which I prefer; ON elgr < Gc. *algi < IE *olJi.andthus (R evidently a cognate to the above-mentioned losi etc.) Slavicwords. Falk and Torp (Wb.) considerE elkas a Nordic borrowing, Ritter24 considers it autochthonous. &Xx, ' elk' is most probably a Gc. was loanword; ON, Goth., OHG lamb< *l-on-bho-s originally masculine; later, most probablyunder the influence of Kalb 'calf', it became neuter. The -b (in lamb) < *-bho-is an animal name c) Sheep-likeanimal. IE*er- horned animal,male sheep '; Arm. animalnameformans) ' buck'; < oroj 'lamb'; EpLoS *er(i)-bho-s (-bhoOIr. heirp' goat'; L aries ' ram' (Umb. sg. acc. erietu< *eri); e-: a- becauseof the analogicalinfluence of L aper 'boar' or caper' hegoat
'26
(Fick2', Petersson22) 'deer'; Arm. ein 'hart'; OPr. lonix 'bull ' *l-on-. Derivatives (-k- suffix) : R losi, Cz. Pol. los ' stag < *ol1is,
formans25. Finn. lammas 'lamb' is a borrowing from Gc.
I6. Solmsen, KZ 37.6.

17. I.4.
I8.
20.
2.
2.I.1020.
2.2.2I9.
19. Abl. 122. 21. Fick 2.4.42. 22. Peterson, KZ 47.240. 23. ZfdA 39.25. 24. Angl. Bbl. I5.301. 25. Brugmann,Kurze vergl. Gr. 33I.
26. Kent, LANG. I84-I90. 2.
GOTTLIEB,
INDO-EUROPEAN
ANIMAL NAMES
'27
I5
Skr. aj4l Lith, o~'J-s, d) Goat-like animal. IE *ago-, agi-; Lett. a'Kis, male goat'; Lith. oKkd,Skr. aja' 'female goat'. < e) IE *agqp,agth-' lamb'; a'pvoS *a;'e,;6 < IE *agu-no-s(Boisacq, Dict. 6tym.) ; L agnus; OIr. fian (Cymr. oen) < *ognos < agib-2s, where o-: a- shows the analogical influence of *ouis; OCSI. jaigne jagn-ete, -el suffix denoting small animals (Meillet, Le Slave Commun); E yean < OE eanian < *aun6n< *auna < Gc. and Celtic a3u'na < Thus the E yean proves the existence of IE *agWno (Walde, LtWb.). in an IE *agusno Gc. Kent29 takes Umb. habina < *agln-nl.-a, correto Goth. gaiteins, L haedinus, -a < *hedina, OCSI. svinzi, as sponding substantivized adjective (see under Swine). f) IE *moiso., maiso- 'sheep' (secondary : 'skin, sack'); Skr. mes'ti-e Derivatives : ON meiss 'basket made ram , Av. rnaesa 'sheep'. of sheepskin' (Schrader3 ; Lett. mtiss 'sack', OPr. moasis' bellows', ) OCSI. mkchfi,Slov. meb, Serb. mijeh, Cz. mch, ' sack, skin, fur'. g) IE *kog.- ko o- kago- 'goat(skin)'; Alb. kets, kats, keo-di; OCSl. Derivatives : OCSl. koK'a< *kop:ti koK-a'goat', ko(ilzi 'he-goat'. 'goat skin'; Goth. hakuls, OHG bachul, ON h2koll, GE hacele' cloak (made of goat skin)'; GE hecen'kid'. II. Descriptive Terms : i. The woolly animal. a) IE *uer. Skr. urabhrah; Aeol. f'it-rPoq'ram, wool wool, woolly animal'. L Hor. -xAU'-ppqv in sheep'; ' rich ; carrier'; vervex &ppiv (&pvy ;)< *,Fp-v: Skr. rirct, riratza-h;Arm. gafn 'ram'; GIr. ferb < *Ueryd(see under Derivatives: Skr. iirvi., Hom. J&po; *ueros (Boisacq) < Cow) 'cow'. 'wool'; Goth. *war6, ON vara 'skin', OE waru, E ware, G Ware ware b) IE *pek- 'wool, hair '. ONfrr, far [F~r-eyar 'Faroe (sheep) Isles'] < *fahaJ[K 7ci-xo;, txeO; ' wool' (Fick32)] 'wool-carrying or wool-giving animal'; L pecu(gen. pecits), pecus(gen. pecoris, pecadis), Umb. pequo;Skr.p4u, Av. pasu ; Goth.faihu, ON fe, OHG fibu, G Vieh 'cattle', OEfeoh. E fee. Derivatives : ito;, Pers.pam ' wool'; ON fax 'mane', OHG fabs < *pok-so 'hair'; L pecten ' comb'; vsce'x&, Lith. pds~ti ' shear the wool, pluck'; Ossetic fus, fys ' sheep ' suggests
Pedersen, KZ 39.449. 28. Brugmann, Grdr. I.1r I.328. 29. LANG. 2.i 84-I90. [Note 30 has been deleted]. 3i. RL 457.
27. 32.
Arm. xoj < qhoti' ram IE *qhet-;MIr. cit < *cetni,
BB i.6o.
193 I
that the pek-rootmight date backas far as pre-IEtimes. Lith. pekus < (instead of the expected*pes~us *pek-),OPr. pecku,point towards a root doublet to *pek-. *pek-, 2. The horned animal. a) IE *er- 'head, horn,top, excel': ON ' hrutr' ram', x,pvoS sheep', xp,os ' ram'. Derivatives with -u- base: OPr. curwis' ox ', Pol. karw,OCS1.krava< *korua, Lith.kdrve'cow' Cymr. carw, L cervus ' hart'. With -u- base and -d- animal name formans: ON hrutr;OHG hirug,OS hirot,OE heorot, hortr ' hart'; ON xopuo;, 'hood-lark'; Pregc. *hrunjis,hrinkis,D rund,OHG hrind,rind MHG rint(Gen. rindes),G Rind' cattle' (see alsounderCattle). With -n- stem : OHG hornu~, hyrnet *hur(nata' hornet'; Lett. sirnas OE < 'deer (pl.)', OCSI. sruna 'deer'. Lengthenedgrade : ON hreinn, OE hrdn'reindeer'. We find the IE root ker-with its many ablaut and kerdx-i, augments, such as -s-, -n-, grades,as *fi-, erax-,kerax-u, in a greatnumberof derivatives. -r-, represented 3. The light-coloredanimal. a) IE *ai- 'to shine, glow' : Lett. tiita 'sheep' < *ai-to ' shining, sparkling, white'. Derivatives : Slav. iskra ' spark',jasnyj ' clear'; G eher,ehe,OHG er, OE xr, Goth. airis 'early'; Slav. jar ' spring' (the season of [sun] shine), G Jahr, OHG jar. Goth. jer, E year are taken by Noreen33< *er-, ior-: *ai-. However, if we consider'year' in the semasiological sense of a ' certaindurationof elapsedtime' and not as a secondary derivative from ' springseason', then a connection with L eo, it; t4i.; Skr. emi; Lith. eimi 'go ' < IE *ei- deservespreference. b) IE *bhertJbherg- ' to shine': Slov. bre'a 'white goat, cow, white birch'. Derivatives : Cz. bresk' dawn ', Skr. bhrdj-h ' sparkling', Lith. btrias ' birch'. 4. The sterile animal. a) IE *ster- ' sterile ': OHG stero'ram', Alb. stiers ' lamb' (G. Meyer, Alb. Wb.). Derivatives: Skr. stari-h, G Stdrke,OE styrc, E stirk,Bg. sterica' young cow'; rEpqioS;,Goth.
stairo 'sterile '.
5. The fighting, attacking animal (see also under Boar). a) IE *bher Serb. brav 'sheep'. Derivatives: R boroviu : 'boar', etc. 6. The jumping animal. a) IE *ghai- 'to jump': L haedus < Goth.gaits, ON geit, OE gat, E goat,OHG, G Geis. Deriv*ghai-d-os, atives : Arm. ji' horse', Skr. jihite ' jumps'. From *ghai-d-os, most on account of taboo (the sacred chariotof the Gc. goddess probably was pulled by goats), by metathesis: *dighos ON tik 'bitch', OE >
33. Urg. Ltl. 89.
17
OHG Zicke,G Zicke'young goat'; Alb. di, OHG Ziga, G Ziege ticcen, ' goat'; Arm. tik ' tube (made of goatskin)'; I consider R dikij ' wild (jumping hither and thither)' as a derivativeof*dighos. Correspondas and ing to L haedinus adjective diminutive: Goth. gaitein,OE ggten, OHG gei(in 'young goat', similar to L pullus, G Fiillen ' young horse, foal'; L suinus, OCSI. svini, G Schwein,E swine (primarily, the young animal). b) IE *(s)kel- ' to jump': MHG schelch'buck'. Derivatives: ' OHG scelo,G Schell(hengst) 'stallion ', G schdlen to cover (of a Skr. Falura-h animal', palabha-h locust, ' 'frog, jumping stallion)'; 'the insect'; Lith. suolys'gallop', Goth. skalks (Brugman34) jumping runner, servant', MHGschel' jump up suddenly'. jumper, 7. The nibbling animal. a) IE *trag-, *trog-'to nibble': ?,rpyo?
'buck'.
'male 8. Utilization. A. For breedingpurposes. a) IE *kapro-s animal' (see also under Boar). L caper'buck' (capra f. 'goat' is a buck'. Derivsecondaryformation),OIr. caera'sheep '; G habergeis' atives: Gc. *hafra,ON hafr, OE hvfer,E heifer;xa7;pos 'boar, buck'; Skr.kaprt'penis'; the root similarityto Pol. cap, Hebr. rafir' buck', is noteworthy. ON hbfir 'bull for breeding'shows, besidesphonological, also semasiological relationship with Lett. kapt, Lith. kopti 'mount, ascend', whence the primary meaning of *kapros probably 'the mounting animal : the begetter'. Walde doubtsthe connection of Umb. habina with OIr. gabor, gafr ' goat ' < Kelt. *gab-ro IE < and influenceas L cap-io where k : g might show an analogical *kap-ro-, Celtic gab-im. b) IE *uer- 'to .dampen, wet, beget' : Skr. vr'ni-h, Av. vysni'male, ram'. Derivatives: L verres'boar', Lett. versis 'ox', Lith.
versis 'calf';
Derivatives : Tpt;'yo,Tpayeiv,e'payov 'nibble'.
' 'Urochs', Skr. vpsabha-h bull'; Lith. eriilas,Skr.vrsan-'male, stallion '; E urine, L urna ; ON ver 'flood ', aurr 'water', Skr. var 'water', OCS1. virja 'boil, drip'; opxit,Arm. orji-k',Skr. vrsai.ah 'testicle'. Skr. usra 'ox' < *ues, might be derived from a former *uers-; regardingR ves-eniand L ver 'spring' as cognates, I derive usra by analogyfrom yer-. c) IE *rs-, ers-, (e)ras- 'damp, wet, beget': Skr. rsaba-h 'buck, bull'. Derivatives: a"pcv'male ', Arm. ain 'breeder, man', Skr.
arSati 'flows', apvet0; <
34. IF i9.3&5.
**
ON ur (Gen. zrar), OE ur, E owre, OHG aro arohso
*&apv?to
'ram', VsT-epa&o ,'pour'; Skr. rasa
i8
I93 I
' 'wet'; Slav. rosa,L ros, Lith. rasa dew'. In spite of the additional -s- in these roots, I considerthe *rs-etc. roots a variety of *uer-. B. Food purposes(fattening) IE *poi-,pi: Skr. petv-a-h'buck, fat'; Lith.pva' meadow, wether, fat'. Derivatives:Skr.pivas,TciaXos L pinguis 'fat'; Lith. petus 'meal', R pitati 'to nourish'. Most derivativespoint towardsan IE *poi-tu, pi-iu, pi-v. C. Sacrificialanimal. a) IE *seu-t- 'boil, sacrifice': ON saufr, Swed. sdo' animal'. Derivatives: Goth. sauSs 'sacrisheep,sacrificial ficial animal', ON sio5'a'seethe ', G sieden'boil'. 9. State of development. A. The small animal. a) IE *(s)meloArm. mal 'sheep, ram'. Derivatives: Ukr. mal 'small' : pt.Xov, 'small cattle (as collective stock)', ON smale'small cattle', D maal 'young cow'; OCSI. Slav. malo'small' coming from *molo-;with prothetic s- : Goth. smals, OE smxl, OHG smal, E small, G schmal, L malus' bad' < *(s)malos' small in quality'. D. Yearling,one-year-oldanimal. a) IE *ie-r'year < *ie- < IE *ei- 'to go ': Ukr. R j/irka 'sheep' (young, one year old), jarad 'lamb', jaruik' young ram', Bg. jairl'young goat ', Serb.jarac ' young buck'. Derivatives: Serb.jdrka,jdrica (Magy. loanwordjfrce), Cz. Slov. jarice'young chicken'; R jara, Ukr.jar, Cz. jaro 'spring ', Serb. jdrica 'summer rye'; Av. yar; Goth. jer, ON ar, OHG iar, OE gear, E 3ear, L hornus *ho-jor-inos < (Walde,LEWb.) ' of this year'; Lith. eimi 'I go'. b) IE *uet- 'year' : Gc. *we?ru-, Goth. wifrus, OS wethar,ON veZr,OHG widar, MHG wider, G Widder,E wether. Derivatives: L vitulus, Umb. vitluf; Skr. vatsa; Alb. v]et- 'calf'; T:S < *F!Troc, a Arm. vjet 'year'. Vitulusis also considered3s borrowing from a non-IElanguagein Italy (cf. vetulus' elderly'). The Oscan name for Italy, Viteliui,might have some connection with vitulus. C. The recently born animal:IE*kat- 'to bear young animals': Pol. wy-kot,ON hanna,MHGhatele' babygoat'. Derivatives: Slov. ', wykot' baby cat', Serb. kot ' offspring L catulus' the young of cat or dog'; R kot 'tomcat'; Slov. kocur (Magy. loanword : kacor),Cz. Pol. kot'tomcat'; OIr cat, L cattus. E cat and G Kat(ecannot kocour, be derivativesof IE *kat. They areeithernew formationswithin the Celtic-Gc.group or late borrowingsfrom Latin. : ?z.xC'goat ', Skr.meka-h III. Onomatopoeticterms. a)IE *mWk35. Kretschmer,KZ 38.136.
i9
' 'buck', Arm. mak'i 'sheep'36; MHG mecke buck'. Derivatives: G Slov. mekat' bleat'. meckern (Magy. mekkeg), b) IE *be-,ble-: ON bekri'ram '. Derivatives: L balare,R blekati, G bldken, Slav. beceti'bleat'. IV. Miscellaneous. i. The odoriferous animal. a) IE *rem 'sharp, strong', E ram < Gc. *ramma. Derivatives: ON ram(m)r 'sharp, strong, bitter'. (The animal might have received its name from its odor duringthe mating season.) Bg. ramenu' hastily ', G. Kerl Zipserdialect: r-ammiger ' stocky lad'. 2. The timid animal, or animal with bent horns. IE *bhugo-, 'the bhugo-, bhugho- timid, runninganimal,or animalwith bent horns'. OE ON Gc.*bukka, bukkr, bucc,OHG, MHG boc,G Bock,E buck;OIr. Ir. bocc, boc< bhugno;Av. baua, Gipsy bu(ni, Pers. but ' buck'. All these come from I,E*bhigo-' buck'. L fugo ' run, escape' < bhugo, if bhugho cognate to E buck. If Goth. biugan, OE bagan' to bow, bend'are also cognatesto buck,then a root doubletbhb-, bhughmust also be assumed, probablydenoting the animalwith bent horns. or 3. The animalwith horns turned backwards, climbinganimal: IE *ibh-'turn, wind, climb ': L ibex'(mountain) buck'. Derivatives: Goth. ibuks'turns backwards'. With different semasiology: OE 'i ijegn, E ivy, G Efeu, OHG ebah< Gc. *ibaha<; O; ' the climbing or winding plant, ivy'. horns: IE *aig-, 4. The vigorous animal, or animal with spear-like move vigorously',*aik-'spear'. alc',gen. a'=ti. Arm. aic 'goat'. aig-' from which by popular etymology G Derivatives: Gc. *aik-werna, Eichhorn'squirrel' is derived; OCS1. igrati 'jump, dance, play', Skr. ejati ' is in vigorous motion'. Another possibility, especially when Arm. aic 'goat' is takenas cognate, would betterjustify an *aigroot. A connection with words < *aik 'spear' is attemptedby Bezwithout acceptablejustification,since semasiologicalrelazenberger37 tionships, especially within the Balto-Slavic family alone, do not substantiatesufficientlyhis assertion. : < 5. The creature: IE *sqeb Gc. *skepo (Kluge, EWb.) < *skeqo IE *sqeb, are OHG scaf, G Schaf,OS scap, OE sceap,E sheep taken by ' Holthausen38 as cognates to G schaffen,schopfen create', GeschopJ ( creature', as Dan. kreatur'creature, animal'.
36. Thurneysen, KZ45.68. 37. BB 27.i66. 38. IF 39.74.
20
LANGUAGE DISSERTATIONNO.
8,
I93I
6. Young goat. IE *guai-: G Kit( 'young goat'. Derivatives: P(aiTr guaita) 'goatskin', fromwhich possibleloanwordsare : Goth. (< paida, OE pad, OHG pfeit'coat '39.
III. COW: CALF, BULL, OX, UROCHS.
Vacca: vitulus, taurus,b6s, urus. I. Nomen Proprium. a) IE (?pre-IE) *guou: Gc. *k(u)o, OHG kuochuo,G Kuh, OS ko (< acc. *kon IE *g.om), OE cz < cwo, < ON kyr( < Nom. *kau IE g,ous) 'cow'; OIr. bo; Skr. gazh (loc. < gavi), Av. guj 'cow'. L bos'cattle 'is a loanwordfromUmb., taking
' cattle'. OCS1.govedo *go-en(animalname formans)+ -d (exten< sion formans) ' cattle'. All these cognatespointtowardsan IE *gvuu(acc. gVou]m). The name for cattleis one of the most widely spread IE animalnames, since it is also one of the oldest and most generally domesticatedspecies within the IE linguistic unit. Gunther Ipsen40 as goes even further and takesIE *gvuu pre-IE, borrowedfrom Sum. not later than 3000 B.C. (because of the preserved-d), and gu(d) connects it with Chin. ngo, nga, go, < *ngud,*gud 'begetter' (in its originalmeaning referringto the sacredbull). He goes on to say that Sumeriang- had a labial sound value which accountsfor the fact that this g- then appears as m- where mu as a Sumerian borrowingis used to denote cattle outside of IE, and probablyboth the *g6ouand mu are of identical onomatopoetic origin. He accepts original semasiologyof gvoumeaning'bull', denoting the sacredanimal of the non-IE Asiatics. This gou, however, when takenover by the Asiatic Indo-Europeans,among whom the cow was held in greateresteem (the use of milk and butter was known to the early Indo-Europeans), semanticshift came to denote 'cow'. Even today by in Arm., Lith., and Gc. the names for the cow developed from the originalIE gtuou. To accept Gunther Ipsen'svague reasoningwould mean to rejectthe theory almostgenerallyacceptedtoday, concerning the Baltichome of the IE linguistic unit. b) IE *el 'deer-like (horned) animal': OPr. lonix' bull' <*l-n,
39. Thumb, ZfdtWtf.7.261. 40. Der alte Orient und die Indogermanen;Stand und Aufgabeder Sprachwissenschaft.
the place of an original L *vos (acc. bum [bovem]< *guom > io-v, ' Skr. gAm); p,u; < *3owu; cattle, ox, cow'; Lett. guws Arm. k'ov
21
and ablautvariationof *el-en-, *el-n as mentionedunderlamb< *I-onsee there. Derivatives: A great numberwith -n- and-k-suffix, bho-s; as EAXX3 *elnos < 'doe', OCSI. jeleni ' hart'; ON elgr, OE eolh, OHG el(a)ho,G, E elk. (See others underLamb.) c) IE *mogho-'young animal' (see also under Cattle) : po:XOS 'young cow', Arm. moji, 'calf'. Derivatives: Lith. maigas 'tree bud'. d) IE *ldp'cow-like animal' : Lett. lohps' cattle'; Alb. lope< lapa 'cow'; OIr. leg ' calf'. II. Descriptive terms. A. The sterile animal. IE *ster- ' sterile' (as under Sheep). OE stircstyrc' calf', E stirk; Bg. sterica Skr. ; stari-h; MHG Stiirke 'young cow'; Alb. stejeie' lamb', OHG stero
-ciptpog, B. The horned animal. IE *ker-' head, horn, top, excel' (see also under Sheep and Cattle). OPr. curwis'ox'; OCSI. krava,Lith. kdrvecome from *korua'cow '. Derivatives: cognates to G Rind 'cattle' (see under Cattle),othersto ram andsheep (see underSheep). of (See also a classification -u-, -d-, and -n- augmentedderivativesof ' this root under the same heading.) Skr. dghnyah the bull, the ani' malwith spears,with horns'as cognate to E-yXo; spear'andL cornatus ' horned '. C. The colored animal. a) IE *erebhorobh'brown, darkbrown, dark red': ON arfr ' ox '. Derivatives: ON refr ' the dark brown, G fox'; R rjdbka,OHG repa, reba-huon, Rebhuhn 'partridge'; ON 'blackish', 6ppv6s'dark'. Sievers41 iarpr, OHG erpf,OE eorp earp takes ON arfr from IE *orbho'orphan, heritage' > G Erbe 'inheritance', thus regarding arfr as 'cattle heritage'. 'to b) IE *bhertkbhereg- shine, white' : Slov. brtka ' white cow, white goat, white birch'. Derivatives: ON braga, MHG brehen
'ram'.
Derivatives : L sterilis ;
Goth. stair ' sterile'.
'flame',
brawa,G Brau 'brow'; R beriea'birch', etc. (See under Goat.) 'shine, the white, shiny animal': Alb. bal'ds'white c) IE *bhel' white horse42(G Schimmel)'. Derivatives: R belka white squirox, Skr. bhala-m 'shine, front'; OCSI. Slav. belu 'white'; aX)6o rel', 'white'; Arm. bale 'front' (see also under Ox). d) IE *perk-, prek-' red, striped,colored' : OIr. erc 'cow' (primared or striped). Derivatives: OHG forhana'trout' (from its rily
4I. PBrB 12.174. 42. G. Meyer, Alb. Wb.
Goth. bralv '}tr',
OE br,w < *brehwa 'brow',
OHG
22
LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO. 8, 193 I
with -uo- augment: OHG farawa, G Farbe ' dye, color'
Skr. dark red spots); MIr. orc 'salmon' (7iepxv6;, p.rni-h 'striped'); D.
Derivatives: Skr. urabhra, animal'; OIr. ferb < *uerua'cow'43. ' Aeol. E-^-spo; ram, wool carrier', L vervex, ap.rpv *Fplv ' lamb < etc. (as under Sheep), relatedto Horn. e?po;Cwool'.
The hairy animal. IE *uer-'hair, wool, the hairy, woolly
E. The dry, milkless animal. IE *se(n)k'dry, milkless': MIr. 'sumsamaisc 'young (a summer old), dry (milkless) cow' < *samo mer' and siskt ' dry'44 < *si-sk-us by reduplication. Derivatives: L 'shallow', R suchoj'dry'. F. The raging animal. IE *bhur'rage, roar, storm, temper', R 'bull, the raging animal'. Derivatives: R btrja ' storm', Skr. butrzn 'furious', Lett. bafrnot' roaringof the bull'. bhtrrni-h
G. State of development, a) IE *steu-(ro)-, sta-, (tau-, tu-) ' the
siccus 'dry ', Lith. senkzi'dry out', MHG sihte- < *senktio, G seicht
strong, sturdy, big animal'. Goth. stiur, OHG stior, OE steor,ON stiorr 'bull' < IE *steuro-. Derivatives: Pers. stor ' horse (big animal)', Av. staora 'big cattle'; Skr. sthura-h 'strong', sthavira-h
'thick,
'thick'. The numerous cognatesultimately lead to an IE root *sta-' stand', which in different ablaut grades and by addition of primary and secondarysuffixes has a very great number of relatedderivatives,too numerousto be mentioned here. Outside of Gc., parallel with IE the : *steuro, word for bull points towardsan IE stem *tau-ro-s L taurus, OPr. tauris,Lith. tauras, raupo., OCSI. turi'bull, ox'. Derivatives: Skr. tura-g-ab' horse', where -g- is animal name formans; Skr. tavds'strong'; L tu-mor 'swelling'. The semasiologicalanalogy of *steu- and *tau- to swell ' is apparent, the vocalism -eu- : -au-,
coarse', sthavard ' solid, sturdy'; Arm. stvar < *stuuar4s
however, somewhat problematic. ON f[iorr 'bull' points towardsa contaminationof a root *tau-with the vocalismof *steu- in Goth. (as from stiur). The Celtic forms tarb, tarw are taken by Kretschmer46 it from IE *tauros IE *tauruos. I preferVendryes47 opinion, deriving 'lamb'. with metathesisby analogyto Ir. ferb 'cow', L vervex *uertya < There is hardly any reason to accept *taurosas of Semitic origin <
43. Vendryes, MSL 12.40.
44. Osthoff, IF 27. i8.
45. Pedersen,KZ 38. I96.

46. KZ 3I.448. 47. MSL 12.40.
23
Hebr. sor, or the older Aram. tora v *tor <
*tauru, or that both
Semitic and IE borrowedit from a third linguisticgroupin the ancient Orient in connection with the general veneration of the bull as a sacred animal48. Names of big mountains like Taurus, Epitaurus, and cognateslike OE fyrs ' giant', OHG durisdurs, trpxvvo; indicate that *tauros which originallymeant ' the big animal'. The IE *guoù, laterdevelopedeither into bs ' cattle' or kuo 'cow', I treatedextensively under Cow in its primarymeaningas bull. 'swell, inflate, the big, swollen animal': ON boli, G b) IE *bhelBulle (not found in MHG and OHG), OE bula,E bull. Derivatives: OHG bltt(t)ara, G Blatter'pustule', L flare 'to blow ' *bh(e)l, bh(e)lo; L follis 'ball, balloon' < *bholnis,bhlnis49, C),),6s 'penis' in and < *bhln6s, thus the -11- Gc. bull etc. < *-ln-. 'bull, buffalo'. Derivatives: c) IE *mahi-'great': Skr. mahisa-h Skr. mdhi-,Av. ma<-, Arm. mec,OHG mihhil, Goth. mikils, tyaS, L magnus' great'. d) IE *(s)melo-' small, small animal': D maal 'young cow'. Derivatives: ,uXov, Ukr. mal, ON smale'young cattle', Arm. mal 'ram, sheep', etc. as underSheep. e) IE *bel-,bol- 'young, helpless animal': Vedic baskyya-'calf'. The l/s, n disappears with compensatorylengtheningof the preceding vowel. Derivatives: OCSI. R bolinm 'sick, infirmus', L de-bil-is here -bil- < belin the meaning 'strong, power': 'weak', though de-bil-is 'without power'. Animalrecentlyborn, not long conceived: IE *uer-'to dampen, f) wet, beget' : Lith. verfis ' calf'. Derivatives: Skr. vrsa.a- 'testicle', vr.nih, Av. vrsni- ' male'; Skr. var, ON aurr 'water' etc., as under Sheep. I here limited my cognates to the semasiologyof' to wet, young animal'. For more cognates with the semasiologyof 'breeding, sex' see under Sheep, Swine, and the root *uer below, under Utilization. g) IE *per-'to bear, young animal, fetus' : =6opae, 6P,opt;,6optS; Skr. prthu-ka-h 'calf', Arm. ort'u ' calf'; G Firse 'young cow', ON farre, OEfearr, OHGfar(ro) 'heifer', Gc. *fartan. Derivatives:OE for 'farrow', Lith. peras ' young bee', etc. underSwine. h) IE *gel-,gtuel-, ger-,guer-'swell, be pregnant,fetus': Gc. *kalbas < IE *gool-bho-s, gol-bho-s 'offspring,young animal', Goth. kalbo,ON
48. Feist, Kultur 269. 49. Persson, Wzlerw. 26.
24
193I
kalfr, OE cealf', E calf, OHG, MHG, NHG Kalb. Derivatives: OE 'lamb', NHG dial. kilber'ram'; L galba 'big cilfor, OHG kilburra is considereda Gallic loanword (Walde, Wb.); Skr. garbha-h belly' 'farrow' ; 'fetus', grabh 'conceive'; B).qpu6, s6Xqgo'womb', 0AgX90 ' Goth. kil/ei, Skr. jathara-,OEcild 'child'; OCS1.(rebe trebete foal'. IE *magu-maghu-'youngster, young animal': Alb. makO 'calf'. i) Derivatives: Goth. magus 'boy'; ON mpgr,OE magu 'son', OIr. m(a)ug 'slave', macc'son', Ir. mac (in Irish family names). j) Yearling, a summer old. IE *sem-' summer': ON simull 'ox (one year old), calf', Swed. somel'calf'. Derivatives: OHG, ON sumar,OE sumor;Arm. am, amarn, OIr. sam, Cymr. ham, haf, Av. ham'summer', Skr. sama 'year, season'. k) IE *uet-'year, year-old animal' : Alb. vjets, vits (vjet 'year'), L vitulus,Umb. vitluf, Skr. vatsd-h 'calf'. Derivatives: Gc. *wefru-, Goth. wifrus, OS wethar, ON vedr, OHG widar, E wether,etc. (see underSheep and Ram). H. Utilization. i. For breedingpurposes(sex). a) IE *kapro-s 'male animal' (see also under Boarand Sheep): ON hbfir 'bull (for relshows besidesphonologicalalso semasiological breeding)'. HWfir with Lett. kapt, Lith. kopti 'mount, ascend' < IE *kap-. ationship E ' Derivatives:Xz,Tpo; boar, buck', Gc. *hafra-,OE haefer, heifer;L ' he (she)goat'; OIr. caera' sheep', etc. as underSheep. (capra) caper 'bull'; ON, b) IE *uer-'to dampen, wet, beget': Skr. vrsabha-h OE ur, E owre,OHG aro. This root shows a varied semasiology even within its sex conception: above in its meaning 'the begotten, fetus' it is applied to newly born animals: Lith. versis'calf'. Here againit denotes the begettinganimal as also in L verres'boar', Lith. eriilas, Skr. vr-sa.- 'stallion '. In Lett. versis' ox' the *uerroot is appliedsecondarily,meaning neither the begetter nor the young animal. Derivatives: see under Ram and Stallion. *Uer- in its semasiology as 'the hairy, woolly animal' was treatedunder (D): vervex in takes urochs the meaningof ' the reddishox', connectetc. Hirt5S 'reddish'. I preferthe root uer-, ing OHG aro(hso)with Skr. usrdh the male animal'; ratherin referenceto but not in the meaning of' the animal's habitat: 'the swamp animal' (Skr. varn 'water') and Lett. s(t)umbos find a semasiological analogy to it in Lith. s(t)uimbras, 'water (swamp) animal' (cf. L sentina 'pool', and < *e(s)-n-bho is stumbos derivedby analogy from F.A.Wood5l); the -t- in stumbras,
5o. ENhdSpr. 175.
5i. MPh. 25.215-220.
25
Lith. and Lett. taurasandis also found in Lith. s(t)irna, as compared with OCS1. srina, Slov. srna 'deer'. L arus is accordingto Walde (LEWb.) a loanword from Byzantine oSpo;'urochs'; accordingto from Gc. iru. Skr. usrd-h'ox' < *ues< *uer-s< Forstemanns2, *yer-was discussed under Sheep. From usrd-hby secondary derivation, Skr. usra 'cow', just as L capra' she-goat' was secondarily derived from caper'he-goat'. Other *ues- (< *uer-) derivatives: Skr.tltra-h ' buffalo'; OHG waso 'mud', OE wos' dampness'. c) IE *rs-,ers-, (e)ras- 'dampen, wet, beget' (probablya variety of ' yer-):Skr, rsabha-h bull'. Derivatives: Arm. arn 'man, begetter'; ' male'; Skr.argati' flows'; Slav. rosa, L ros ' dew', etc. under O&pWjv Buck. d) IE *tteg-, ugt- 'wet, beget, fresh, juicy, virile, grown : Skr. uksan,Av. uxgan'bull, the begetter'. I assume the semasiological developmentfrom 'wet' to ' fresh' and then 'to be juicy, developed, grown', taking G Ochs'ox' in the meaning of 'grown, big animal '3,
54.
OE oxa, E ox; -s- augment seems to be general. Hereto also Skr. ukSdti 'sprinkle, grow', L avidus < *ugit-, Uypc, ON vokr'wet' IE *kak-,kok-'male organ': MHG Hagen'bull (for breeding)'. e) ' E Derivatives: G dialecthegel,haksch boar (for breeding)'; G hecken, Lett. kakale etc. as under Boar. 'scrotum', hatch, ' ' f) IE *peso- male organ': MHG Vaselrint bull (for breeding)'. Derivatives: G Faselschwein boar (for breeding)', OHG fasel, OE ' Jasl, ON fgsule 'fetus', etc. as under Boar. g) IE *per-'to bear, breeder,male animal' : OHGfar(ro), G farre, OE fearr, ON farri 'bull, begetter'. Derivatives:see under farrow (Swine). The root *per-was givenabovein the meaning of 'recently born animal, fetus': oipt;, Skr. prtukah, Arm. ort'u 'calf'; here as 'the breeding,male animal'. 2. Harness animal. IE *ieu-'connect, couple, harness' : Lith. jautis 'ox, yoke animal'. Derivatives: ON eykr' horse' < Gc. *jauki; <*ieu-g-; Skr.yogya-'harnessedanimal', at,yo;'team', jumentum 'harnessedanimal', Lett.julis ' connection, joint', Skr.yu 'associate', yduti 'connects'; L jugum, 6uyov 'yoke', L jugis, conjux'connected, mate'.
52. KZ I.499.
Derivatives: Goth. athsa, ON oxi, OHG (ar)ohso, G ox,
53. F.A.Wood, IF I8.21. 54. Fick, KZ 20.166.
26
I931
3. Fattening (for food purposes). IE *mad- 'wet, fat, to fatten': G (Tirolian dialect) Man( 'ox'. Man( mightbe an Italianloanword: mango 'ox'; I preferthe connectionwith OHG man,on, .a4o: < manan dio-s 'breast' < *mand-, -n- augment < *mad-as under MIr. mat 'fattened < *madda 'fattened pig', here in the sense of G Mast-ochs ox'. Derivatives: L mamma< *nmad-ma *mad'breast', madeo < ' bewet', OHG mast< mad-(e)(-do fattening', Skr.madh(u)-'honey', ' etc. as under Swine. III. Onomatopoetic terms. IE *bu-: ON baula 'cow', R byku 'bull'. Derivatives: OSwed. bola'moo', Ba; ' owl', L babo'Uhu', babalus' buffalo', Serb.bak(bak might also be a loanword< L vacca; Magy. bakk'buck' is a loanword < G Bock'buck'), Slav. bubenu 'drum', bzuela 'bee', biiati 'to hum'. If we acceptR byka' bull' as of onomatopoetic origin, a possibilityof its beinga loanwordis noteworthy, since Turk. bijik ' big' semasiologically correspondsto *steu-and *tau-and finds its applicationin Magy. bika' bull, the big animal' (borrowingfrom Turk.; parallelto it is Magy. kecske 'goat, little animal', from Turk kiicsiik' small'); R losadi 'horse ' is also not found anywhere else in Slavic and therefore might also be a borrowing from Turk. (a)la~(a). IV. Obscure. a) IE *agh-' ? fear, be pregnant' : Skr. ahl 'cow'. as Ahi appears a substantivatedadjectiveof Av. a~z 'pregnant'. AZi in turn goes well with Ir. ag 'cow' and also with Gc. *agi( 'fear', Goth. agis, OHG egiso,OE egesa,ON agi 'fear'; thus ahi is probably ' the animal living in fearduring its pregnancy'(during which time even the most peacefulcows gore). b) IE *uaka-, uag-'yell ', ek-' desire' : L vacca'cow'. A connection with Skr. vaca 'cow' and vacati 'moo' causes difficulty on
account of-cc-ss,56.
consonant lengthening, whereas Schulze59considers ita diminutive identical with an original*vac(i)ca. a I cannot follow Hirts9ain derivingvacca < *vat2kd< *vakatd, to Skr. va?itd,both < IE *uaka-'the mooing animal'. A cognate
55. Kretschmer,Einleitung 135. 56. Wackernagel, Ai. Gr. I. 226. 57. MSL 15.356. 58. IF 26.67. 59. Schulze, Eigennamen418.
59a. ENhdSpr. 175.
Meillets7 and PerssonsS consider -cc- a frequent
27
semasiologically relatedroot uag-' yell' (OIr. fogur ' sound ', Skr. 'call, sound ') does not explain either the -cc- in vacca,or the vagnui in vacati. If we disconnect vacca from vadati,the latter might as -Fwell have originatedfrom *uek' desire ' : x,v 'voluntary'. c) Loanwords. The Slavic words like R voli, Serb. vo, Cz. vul, Pol. wol 'ochs ', I considerborrowingseither from Baltic (Lett. bollis 'bull ')or from Norse (ON boli 'bull ').
IV. CATTLE : ANIMAL, BEAST, BUFFALO.
Pecus : bos, bestia, babalus. I. Nomen Proprium. a) IE (? pre-IE)*guu : L bos'cattle ', ,Bous Lett. guws, Arm. kov' cattle'. L bos,in place < *i3ou;,OCS1.govedo, of an original *vos, is becauseof the b- : v- an Umb. loanword. For derivativesand furthercomments see under Cow. from L babalusis eitheran adjectival formationfrom bosas ,ou)6axoS ' animal belonging to bos: cattle ', or a reduplicationby taking PBo; the plur. dat. buibus its analogicalformation, or is an onomatofor ' from*bubu as also found in Slav. bubenu drum' poetic reduplication G Biiffel(borrowed into Magy. bivaly)is borrowedfrom Fr. buffle; this in turn, together with Sp. and It. bufalo and OCS1. byvolu, is a borrowingfrom an Oscan equivalentof L bubalus. .Xo;, b) IE *molgho-'young animal ' (see also under Cow): pt Arm. moji 'young cattle '. Derivatives: Lith. maigas 'tree bud '. II. Descriptive terms. A. The hornedanimal. a) IE *er- 'head, horn, top, excel' (see also under Sheep and Cow) : G Rind, OHG (h)rind, OE hrider'cattle '. I consider G Rind in its primarymeanto ing a possiblepastparticiplecorresponding Skr.krn-td' horned' < kr-n-t> *hrunbis Rund),*hrinfis (G Rind) 'cattle '. Derivatives, (D ablautvariations(*ker-, kerad-u-, era-i-) and augments(-s-, -n-, -r-) were extensivelytreated under Sheep and Cow. 'head': E cattle from OF chatel< Low L captale < b) IE *kap-ut L caput. capitale< B. State of development. a) IE *uer-' dampen, wet, beget': Lett. versis ' young cattle'. Derivatives:Lith. versis' calf', etc. (see under Cow, Sheep, Horse, and Swine). 'to 'young cattle'. b) IE *per- bear, young animal': Skr.prthu-ka-h Derivatives: Arm. ort'u,x7opt2( ' calf ', etc. under Swine, Cow, and
28
8, I93
analogyI list Goth.frasts< *pro Sheep. Becauseof its semasiological ' cattle 'under this heading; *proin the meaning 'forward ', s(a)-tis sa an Ablaut relationto *sei: sai : s : L sero< *i-s-o ; pre-Gc.sejan Goth. saian, ON sd, OHG saen, G sden,OE sdwan' to sow'. Frasts thereforehas the primary meaning of G Auswurf 'outcast, discharge'. IE *uet- 'year, yearling, year-old animal' : Skr. vatsa-'cattle c) (one year old)'. Derivatives: Alb. vjete, vits (vjet'year '), L vitulus 'calf'; Gc. *vefru-, Goth. wifrus 'wether', etc. (see under Cow). 'buffalo '. Derivatives: Goth. d) IE *meghi'great' : Skr. nmahilamikils, OHG mikhil 'big', etc. (see under Cow). C. Activity (biological function). a) IE *gjiojio-'live', *dbuesG 'to breathe': the living, breathing creature,as 40'c, ON kvikende, : Tier ' animal 'in their primary meaning. *guioioZ I(o, 8(i'o 'I live'. : *dhues- Gc. *deu<a, Goth. dius, ON dyr, OE deor> deer, OHG tior, G Tier'beast'. In OE deor,'bold,wild' precededthe meaning' deer', is and analogicallyit may be assumedthat Gc. *deu<a a substantivated andthen ' beast'. Other adjective,meaningoriginally' wild, beastly', derivatives: OIr. de6< *dheso-, OCSI. duchu' breath',dusa ' soul ', Lith. dvast, MHG ge-twas'ghost'; L 0es <*dhveso'spirit, God', where the initial aspirate dh was bellua,bestia' beast ' < dhuesdhia, dissimilated becauseof the followingaspiratefromdh-to d-, hencebestia < duesdhia (Walde, Wb.). The semasiologyof' the breathingbeing' is foundalso in animalfromL anima'soul , Skr. an ' breathe', 'v?st.6
'wind ', Goth. us-anan 'expire '. b) IE *ghuer- (dhuer-)' the wild, rushing creature': Orp,Lesb. ? p, Lith. (veris(Walde, Wb.), OCS1. <veri, < *ghuer-, Lferus < ghêr-
os 'wild, wild animal'; 0lpa) 'hunt'. Curtius6oprefers*dhuer-: ' < 0?'jicoLat'run', o06; rushing'. Hirt6': *dawwa- dheyv- : OEdeaw E dew, OS dau, ON dogg,OHG tou,'G Tau 'dew'. D. Utilization. a) IE *ues-< uer- 'male animal, breeder' : Skr. tistra-h' buffalo'. Derivatives: usrd 'ox', etc. under Cow. b) IE *pek-'wool, hair; woolly, hairy animal' L pecus'cattle'. Derivatives: under Sheep. 'cattle, 'utilize, utility animal' (G Nut(vieh,Slav.skotu c) IE *neudfortune ') : OE neat,ON naut 'cattle'. Derivatives: ON njota'utisemasiological analogyalso Slav. skotu'cattle,fortune '. As it is mas60. Curtius265. 61. Abl. 404.
lize', OHG nio~an, G ge-niessen ' enjoy, utilize ', OE neotan. By
29
culine, its meaning 'cattle ' is secondary. Initialsk- is rarein Slavic and therefore skotuis more probablya loanword from Gc., cf. ON skatto'fortune', and G Schat('fortune'. d) Harness,yoke animal. IE *ar-ni-,ar-bh-: ON jprmuni'cattle, horse' < *ar- [(a)re-, (a)rei]and-m- augment. Derivatives: L arma 'arms', ap,ovta 'harmony ', OCSI. jarimu(Magy. loanword : jarom) Skr. rtena'rite'. Meringer62 Lith. arbonas takes 'ox' <*ar ' to plough' and -bho-animal name formans. Wood63 connects OE (L aratrum) ' orf ierfe'cattle' with Lith. arbonas ox' and Skr. ar-p-ayati' puts an animalunder the yoke '. I either take the -b- in arbonas IE *bh, < which is not identicalwith Skr. -p-, or regardLith. arbonas a loanas word from Gc., comparing with ON arfuni 'ox'. The connection it with *orbho'heritage' and G Erbe, as sugestedby Sievers (see under Ox), is not more certain.
V. HORSE MARE, STEED, FOAL, ASS.
'yoke
',
remeni 'strap'; with -t- augment: L ars, Gen. artis 'art ',
Equus, cabo, caballus,pullus. asinus. I. Nomen Proprium. IE *eKo- : Skr. dyva, L equus; iMXO;, in txxo;' horse'. This IE root has scantyrepresentations Gc. : Goth. ailva, OS ehu,OE eoh, ONjor 'horse '. The majorityof horse names in Gc. are derived from other roots and will be treated below. must have undergoneforeign influences, Gk.Zzilo and dialect t'xxc; since their derivationfrom IE *euo-causes several difficulties: Gk. C does not come from IE *e; Brugmann64,65 the L-by externalanaltakes ogy from 'vvos' mule'; the h- too is unexplainedand finally -xx- in txxo; is very probablynot originally Gk. Pedersen66takes Arm. es 'ass' < IE *ekuo-,but how does -s- < ku- ? Meister67 connects
< *etU-) stands in ablaut relation to *osnos > o'vo; 'ass'. The from some Asiatic dialect is wrong, since assumption of ivv- < *LCv62. IF I7.128. 63. Mod. Lang. Notes 21.39.
64. I.2.312.
*ino- (isnno-,from some Asiatic dialect); of which Arm.isan-(< eg-an
;'vvC,'young
mule ' with Arm. isan-k'
asses':
'vvos < *'Livoc <
65. IF 22.202. 66. KZ 38.197, 205. 67. KZ 32.143.
30
8,
193 I
cognates like Skr. isnati 'set into motion' and
dissimilation of *ho ohonos * ho ohonos; *ohonos turn an assimilation in < < *ahonos< *asonos : L asinus. This interesting development is not very convincing. I consider 6vos a metathesisof Sem. oson'ass ' and asinus < *asonos *osonos oh onos by double metathesis of the < < Sem. definite article ho- and the word oson (othon, et, es 'ass'): ho oson > *ohonos> *osonos> *asonos> *asinus. The ass as an
ivaio, tvG, ivo ' pour and out' make this root IE; Boisacq68 considers o'v;S L asinus' ass from Asiaticlanguagesby way of Thraco-Illyriandialects; borrowings takes 5vOc *ho-onos, where ho is either an articleor a < Brugmann69
in unpretentiousload-carrier arid, desertterritorieswas more precious to the Semitesthan its cousin the horse. From Latin the word was taken into Celtic and Gc. (Goth. asilus), fromGc. into Slavic: oseli
'ass ', Lith. lsilas.
II. Descriptive terms. A Color. a) IE *bhel- shine, the white, ' animal': Alb. bal'ds 'white horse(G Schimmel)'. Derivatives: shiny
R belka 'white squirrel ', etc. as under Cow. Gc. *hrossa, OE hors, OS, ON hross, OHG hros, G Ross 'horse '.
B. Activity. a) IE*(s)ker-d-' to jump (unsteadily), rush,swing':
Derivatives: axapic, Lith. skerys 'the jumping animal : locust', R jaiserica' the fast running animal: lizard'; OE hratian, MGH ravTen
kurdati ' jumps', crzXap; 'jump ',G (sich davon) scheren< OHG sceron I prefer the root *(s)ker-(d)-, 'rush', E scorn, R skoro 'quick'.
< OHG scern'jest' andintensivesuffix: -tjan), xp~aao' swing', Skr.
' rage', G scher(en7? 'to jest ' (according to Wilmanns7I < *schernên
(L contrary to Falk and Torp's (Wb.) root ker-s currit,cursus'run');

ON horskr, OE horse ' quick, smart ', MHG hurren 'hurry'.
Gc.
*hrossa supplied the general Gc. names for horse ; Fr. rosse,It. ro[Za are borrowings. Brugmann72takes Gc. *hrusso IE *(s)qer-t-s, < in which -s corresponds the -sin fuhs 'fox ', luhs ' lynx', dahs'badto ger', Gc. animal names. In MHG Pferd was introduced; in UG, however, Rossstill prevails. The G Gaul 'horse' (usually an inferior horse exceptin Voss' translationof Homer, in the meaning of 'the stately horse') appearsonly in G, derivedfrom MHGgal ' boar,male animal'. E mare (see below) is of Celtic-Germanic origin.
68. Dict. dtym. de la L.G.
69. IF 22.I97.
70. Fick, KZ 20. 164.

71.
Deut.
Gr. 2. I09.
72. KZ. Vgl. Gr. 33 .
b) IE *(s)kel-'to jump': OHG scelo'jumper, stallion', G Schell'buck'; Skr. falura-h (hengst) 'stallion'. Derivatives: MHGschelch 'jumping animal,frog', falabha 'jumping insect, locust '; Lith. suolys 'gallop', etc. as under Buck. c) IE *ghai-'to jump': Arm. ji 'jumping animal, horse'. Derivatives : L haedus,Goth. gaits, ON geit, OE gat, E goat, OHG, G Geiss; G Ziege (see under Goat ); Skr. jihlte' jumps', etc. as under Goat. d) IE*kak-kak'jump, bubble vigorously': G Hengst'stallion, the very vigorous jumper', < OHG hengist < Gc. *hanhista,hangista, from *hang-'jump lively '. Derivatives: ON hestr'horse superlatives its original Gc. meaning, later :), stallion'; Lith. sankfs 'quick, (in 'bubbleup, gush'. vigorous', sdkti (without nasalization)'jump', xoixto For semasiologicalanalogy cf. ON skjotr 'quick, the quick carrier, horse'. e) IE *kel-' drive,stimulateto quickmotion, runner,horse' : z"xsriS
'runner, horse '. Derivatives : ON hair 'man ' < *hali<*hali-I :
OHG helid, G Held ' hero '; L cel-er' quick', Skr. ka-layati 'drives'.
mouth twisting during neighing); OHG reinno,OS wrenio'stallion'. Derivatives : Norw. vrina, vrein'to grin, twist the face', OE wrene 'lascivious' < *urei-. With -d- augment: Skr. vrida- < uri-<-d'shame',
f) IE *uer-, trei- 'to turn, twist' (probably referring to the horse's
ments : L vermis'the twisting animal, worm'; Goth. wairpan'to throw'; L verto'turn '. LateL wranjo'stallion' is a borrowingfrom
L rideo 'smile, twist the face'; with-m-, -b-, and -t- aug-
'wet' in the semasiologyof 'the begetter, coverer' with cognates like paivo'bespatter', Serb. roniti'shed (tears)'. C. Habitat. a) IE *sta ' stand, stable': E stallion, Fr. etalon< OFr. estalion 'stableanimal'. (Stallions for breedingpurposesdo not work and are kept in stables more than any other kind of horse.) G Stute'mare', MHG,OHG stuot'steed', E stud' horses for breeding', OE stod, OCSI. stado, Lith. stodas 'steed', OE steda' steed', ON stod 'herd of horses', stedda< stadd 'mare'. The connection between Stute 'mare' and Gestiit 'stud ' is probablydue to the fact that there were many mares to a stud, but only a single stallion. The transferfrom collective to individual is analogicalto G Hirt ' herdsman 'from Herde'herd', 0tCO 'herdsman' from =ioIvtov v 'herd', or
73. IF 35.132.
Gc. Holthausen73 connects *wranjo < *uren-'cover, sprinkle ' < *uer-
32
8,
I931
'woman' from the original collective (as late as the G Frauenzimmer seventeenth century) meaning 'women's quarters'(all the women belonging to those rooms). 'wash, water horse' :ON nykr 'water horse' (gen. b) IE *neigunyks). Derivatives: G Nix 'water sprite, mermaid' < OHG nihhus u. < Gc. *nikwes IE *neig OIr. nigim, v('( <*nigvuio < 'wash ', Skr. niktd-' washed'. D. Stateof development. I. Younganimal.a)IE*pg-,pu-,pau-, pou- 'young animal' : L pullus 'foal'< *pulelos (dimin.) < *pu-lo-s74; Sommer7S takes it from *putslo-;Gc. *fulan,Goth. fula, ON fole m.,
fyl n. < *fula, OE fola, E foal, OHG folo fulin, G Fiillen ' foal'; < cXOAos *po(u)-lo-s 'foal': Alb. pel'e, pel'c ' steed' (the feminine of to *pj0os76). OHGfulin [analogous sulnus (see underSwine)]' belongto the foal, the small foal'. Goth. fugls 'bird' < Gc. *fu-jging
laK< IE *pu-as in OCSI.puta, R patica ' bird'. Other derivatives: with -t- augment : Skt. putra-' son, child ', potas'the young animal'; with -r- augment : L pu-er' boy', parvus< *pau-ro-s small' (meta' theticas in *neuro- nervus),pauci, 7caupo; and 'small'; E few < OE pluralfeawe from singularfea, OHG fao, fo, ON far; Goth. fawai
'few ';7c a; < *x,at; ' child', OPr. maldian 'foal'77. Derivatives: L molo, t6,\X < *ptuXF( or mlati, Lith malil malti; OIr. melim; Arm. mal'em;
b) IE *mel-'to grind, pulverize'; *mel-d-' young, young animal':
*mal'o78; OCSL. melij
Kan, G schmel(en'to melt'; with IE -g- augment79 : Arm. mlukn 'bug'.
Goth., OHG, OS malan, ON mala 'to grind'. OCSI. molii'the grinding animal, moth'. The Gc. words denoting 'the ground grain, flour' show a generalGc. -to- augment : *melwa: OHG melo MHG mel(gen. melwes),OE melu(gen. melwes),ON (gen. melawes), npol(dat. njolwi) < *meluo'flour'; hereto also OHG mil(i)wa < G Milbe'mite'; Goth. malo, ON mplr 'moth, pulverizing *melwjo, animal'; with -d- augment: OCSI. mladu, R molodu 'young'; L ' mollis < *mol-dUis soft', OE meltan;with s- prothesis : OHG smelc) IE *mad- 'wet, fat, suckling, the young (suckling) animal':
Solmsen, IE 31.474. Hdb. 263. Meyer, Alb. Wb. Trautman,Apr. 374. Guntert, Ablautprobl.32. Lid6n,Arm. Stud. 52.
74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79.
33
Alb. mZs' foal, suckling'. Derivatives: Alb. msnt 'to suckle, nurse' <IE *mand-,an -n- augment< *mad-(see under OHG man,on'ox', MIr. mat 'fattened pig', where also additional derivatives). Here, however, in the semasiology of ' the suckling, nursed animal, foal' as expressed in [ab < *mandio-s'breast' contrary to MHG men~ 'the nursing animal, cow'. d) IE *ger-, gter- (gel-, guel-) 'to swell, be pregnant, fetus' (see 'calf', and the additional derivativesthere): also under Gc. *kalbas ' foal'. Derivatives:6E)X?a OCS1. rebe, 'farrow', Skr.garbha(rebete 'fetus ', etc. as under Cow and Calf. 2. sta-, (tau-, tu-) 'the sturdy,strong, Big animal. IE *steu-(ro)-, animal' : Pers. stor'horse'; Skr. turaga-h' horse '. Derivatives: big Bull. b) L taurus; taupo ; Lith. tauras; OCS1. tura 'bull, ox'; L tu-mor 'swelling', E thumb,G Daumen'the swollen finger'; E thousand, G Tausend'the swollen hundred'(t- due either to frequent and stressed usage, or to dissimilationfrom following -d), etc. as under Bull. 'subdue; E. Utilization. I. Breeding purposes(sex). a) IE*segh'stallion'. Derivatives: obXuo defeat, cover (of stallions)': oXeUTTr 'cover (ofstallions)', 'gX ' possess'; OHG sigi [Sigis-mund,Segi-mundus (Tacitus)], Goth. sigis, Skr. sdhas'victory'. erghi-,yghi-: *orghi-, b) IE *er- ' to damp, wet, beget'; augmented, Skr. vrsan- 'stallion '. Derivatives: opXcS, Lith. er&ilas 'stallion'; Arm. orji-k' 'testicle '; others from uer- in the semasiologyof' the 'bull'; in the begetter', see under L verres'boar', Skr. vrSabha-h of 'the begotten,young animal ', see Lith. versis 'calf'. semasiology 2. The harness (yoke, plough) animal, the load carrier. a) IE *ieu- 'connect, couple, harness' : ON eykr'horse' < Gc. *jauki~. Derivatives: Lith. jdutis 'ox, yoke animal', Skr. ju 'associate'; others : a) with-t- augment: Lett. jutis' connection,joint'; Skr.yduti 'connects '. b) With -g- augment: Skr. yogya'harnessed animal, L harnessanimal': ON jormuni' harnesshorse, *ar-bh-' b) IE *ar-m-, harnesscattle'. Derivatives: OCS1.jarimi 'yoke ', L arma 'arms', MHG Errmenrich, under the Gc. proper names ON Yprmunrekr, etc., with -bho-(animal name formans) augment : ON derivatives Cattle ; arfuni 'ox ', OE orf 'cattle', etc., as under Cattle. Furtherexplanations and derivativesunder Cattle. c) IE *ar-, *ard-'to plough ' : Lith. arklys'plough animal,horse'
a) Av. staora ' big cattle', Goth stiur, OE stjor 'bull ', etc. as under
jumentum ', evyoqs'team ', etc. under Ox.
34
8,
I93 I
Derivatives: Lith. arklas'plough', arti, OCS1. orjt, R orati, L arat, ap6o; Goth. arjan, OHG erran, MHG ern 'to plough'; OHG art 'the ploughing', OIr. arathar'the plough', and a great number of other derivativestoo numerousto mention. d) IE "ebgh-'the carrier, movinganimal': OE wicg,ON, OS wigg, Skr. vahya, vodhar,Av. vawtar 'the moving animal, horse'. Derivatives : Goth. gawigan, ON vega, OHG wegan,OCSI. veza 'carry, move'; Slav. voui ; 0ooS; ON vagn 'wagon ', and a great number of others. III. Onomatopoeticterms. IE*mim-, min-, mei(u)-: Skr.maya-'the horse'. Derivatives:Skr. mayu`raneigher, 'peacock', mimati'utter a shrill sound', tt.Lui.sV 'to neigh', .y tXy.; 'neighing', L mintrio < *mindrio *minrio <*minurio' squeak(of the mouse)'; OCS1.mimati < stammer'. IV. Obscure. a) *iapa-veredus 'the animal at the carriage, the horse ' : G Pferd < MHG pfirt < OHG pferfrit,pfarifrfd(traceable to the tenth century in Franconian and Saxon territory) from a : Celtic reda, L redaraeda,OIr. Late (sixth century) L rpa-veredus rtad'four-wheeledcarriage';Cymr.gorwydd *u(p)o-reido-8o ' horse ' < Gc. *marha 'horse ', Celtic *marko-, marka-,Gc. b) (Celtic*marko-) OHG marah OE mearh,ON marr'horse'. Gc. *marba, (Mar-schall), *marhif. 'mare ' outlived the m. *marha today denotes exclusiveand ' the mare': ON merr,OHG meriha,G Mdhre, miere, mare. OE E ly The word seems to be strictly Celto-Gc. (Schrader's connection with L merx' goods' I do not accept) and appearsas loanword in Slav. mrha' commodities,cattle', marha'mare'. The Magy. marha 'cattle' is either taken from Slavic as a secondaryborrowing, or from the Celts in Pannonia. etc. c) *kob 'the pregnanthorse, mare' : L caballus,cabo, OIr. and Ir. capall(ON loanword: kapall),xa6aX?X;, Gall. caballos cheval), (Fr. G Hess. Kob'horse'; OCSI., R, Cz., Pol. kobyld,Bg., Serb. kobila 'mare'. Opinions about the origin of these cognates vary: Bohac LF (in Berneker)33, I03 : *koby-la kabo(n)-la(formans); Walde < considersthe Latin word cabothe oldest; Grimm(DWb.) the Slavic; Zupitza8'favors connections with OHG scaf' sheep ', G dialect heppe connects it with Finn. hepo 'horse', Est. hebu,hobu, 'goat'; Leskien82
80. Fick I.4.525 ; 2.4.228.
8I. Die Germ. Gutt. 27. 82. Die Bild. d. Nom. im Lit. 277.
35
hobune 'horse', i. e. a loanwordof (non-IE) eastern European origin. The Slav. konu'horse ' has a very uncertainetymology : Bohac (as related L cabo; Schmidt(Kritikder Sonantentheoto above) < *kob-nu in Berneker)< *komoni *komni < < rie, (kob, (OPr. camnet) *kob-moni and *moni cognate to L mannus'little horse '. a -yla, cabo), Since kobieta, kobel kob 'pregnant' appeartoday in that < kobyla, in most Gipsydialects8s,e. g. kobieta 'the hollow uterus (in meaning case of pregnancy)', and in Slav. kobyla 'the pregnant horse', they might well be of IE origin. VI.
EEL: SNAKE, SERPENT, SNAIL, LIZARD.
Anguis : anguilla, serpens,cochlea, lacerta,stellio. I. Descriptiveterms. A. Color. a) IE *per-d-, *pel-(d)- ' spotted (animal) ' : Skr.pdaku 'snake'. Derivatives : spoos; (Magy. loanwordpdrduc)' panther', wpC 'partridge'; NP palang ' leopard', R tE pelesyj'gay- colored'. b) IE *peik-,peig-'colored, painted (animal)' : 7yyrXo; 'lizard'. Derivatives:OCS1. pfstrggu(Magy. loanwordpis(trdng)'trout, dark ' reddishspottedfish ': Skr. pinjaira reddish',L pictor'painter', OCS1. pistru 'gay-colored', pisati' to write (originally to color)', Skr. pegu, pivgah'reddish brown', xox),o;, ' gay-colored', OHG feh, OE fah fag 'gay-colored', MIr. e(i)ene,Ir. eigne'salmon', G Fink 'finch'. c) IE *mel-'darken, dark-colored (animal)' OHG, MLG mol, mul 'lizard, mole'. Derivatives: Lrs, Lett. melns,mels 'dark, black', Lith. melynas'blue', Goth. meljan 'to write', mela ' writ', OHG malon,malen,G malen 'paint', G (Mutter)mal(< MHG mal 'spot') 'birthmark'. B. The creepinganimal. a) IE *sneg-, *snOk creep': ON snokr 'to ON sndkr,OEsnaca,E snake; Lith. snake,OHG snecko,G Schnecke, snigill, MHG snegel,OE snxgl snegl,E snail. Derivatives: OHG sna' han, G Swiss schnaackencreep, crawl'. 'snail', b) IE *sel- ' crawl, creep'; Alb. slige 'snake', Ir. seilchide ' OIr. selige' turtle' < *sel-k-84 crawl, creep, glide'; ON selr, OHG selah, OE seolh 'seal, crawling animal'. Derivatives: Lith. selu, sele'ti'to creep ', ) ,xo, Alb. hel'k',hek'' crawl', 6)xS; 'traction, bri83. IF 11.466. 84. Fick 2.4.292.
36
LANGUAGE DISSERTATIONNO. 8,
1931
die'. If Lith. velki, OCS1. vieka'to drag' are cognates,an IE root must be assumedas doublet to sel-k-. *suel-kIE *serp- creep,crawl, glide': L serpens, sarpdh, Skr. ' espr6v, Alb. c) garper 'snake'. Derivatives: L serpo, 'pt) , eip4w), Skr. sarpati ' creeps'. C. The turning, winding, twisting animal. a) IE *uer-, ior-, 'turn, twist, wind': ON ormr 'snake, worm', Goth. waurms, OE wyrm, OHG, MHG, G Wurm'worm'; Lvermis; po,to;< *vromoGoth. wair'wood-worm'. Derivatives: Lith. virve'rope', L verto, 'to turn , wairpan to throw', and others, as under Stallion. ' Ian < b) IE *(s)kel-' to wind, curve, curl, bend': L coluber * kol-o< dhro-s ' the curling animal, snake'. Derivatives: xeXXhv *kel-no-, xuXsX;< *kul-n-os IE kol-n-os < 'curved'; =xo,Xt;,OHG scelah, ' MHGscel,G scheel;schielen to squint'. c) IE *uei-'turn, wind ', *ue-l- 'wind, deceive': OE wioloc'snail, animalwith coiled shell', Skr. vellitaka'snake, the curling animal'. Derivatives: a) *uei-: Lith. vyti, OCS1. viti 'to braid, twist', Skr. vita- 'wound'. b) With -t- augment: L vitis 'vine'; OHG wida, G Weide'willow'. c) With -n- augment: OCS1. veneci'wrath'. d) With -m- augment: G wimmeln swarm, to turn oneself around 'to busily'. e) Uel- derivatives:Skr. vellati' to rock', vellita ' curled, wound'; ON vel, OE uil < *z-l-om ' fraud'; Lith. vylioti, OPr. ap-vilti 'to cheat'. The OFr. loanword guiler appearsin English beguile. L vellus'wool' and a great number of its IE cognates: OCS1. vluna, Skr. urna, X)voS; Goth. wulla, ON ull, OE wull, E wool,OHG Wolla, G Wollemight have a doublesemasiologicalinterof pretation: either a) in referenceto the curly appearance the root filamentsfrom tel- ' to wind', or b) from uel- ' to tear, pluck' (wool being pluckedfrom the animal), as a cognate to L voltur'vulture, the tearingbird'. l(s)ne- 'to turn, wind' : L natrix ' snake(its meaning'water d) IE snake' originatedby confusionwith natdtor 'swimmer'); OIr. nathir neidr, Corn. nader; Goth. nadre (gen. pl.), (gen. natrach),Cymr. E ON nadr(a),OE n&dre, adder< (a n)adder,OHG natara,G Natter; all from *na/netr-(with or without) k-augment. The connection with L natatoris not only semasiologicallyless acceptablebut also as problematic to its vocalism. D. The flexibleanimal. IE *lento- 'flexible, pliable' : ON linnr ' linni, OHG lind lint, OHG, G Lindwurm tapeworm'. Derivatives: L lentus, OHG lindi, G lind, OE lide, E lithe'pliable, soft, tender'; ON linnr ' belt', linde' ribbon' ; Ukr. lut 'pliable rod'.
37
E. The four-legged animal: lizard (in contradistinctionto the footless creeper,snake): IE *qletuo/e/u/lu-r-, 'four'; IE *ped-, qttetru'. 'foot': Norw. fior-fit; Trspdg,OZ ( quadruped, pMdfour-legged Derivatives under its components: four andfoot. to F. The jumping, walking, leapinganimal (in contradistinction the creepinganimal). a) IE *(s)ker-d-'jump, run around': OCS1. 'lizard'8S. DePol. Slov. jascur; Alb. har5-ele agteru,R ja'scerica, rivatives: Gc. *hrossa, horse; E Lith. skerys 'the jumpingworm, crxap=, locust'; R skoro'fast', a:atpw ' leap', Skr. kIrdati 'jumps', etc., as under Horse. b) IE *lk-, leg- 'to leap, jump'; L lacerta'lizard' (the walking,
T?5 C lizard,
laikan 'to dance', G Leich'dance'; Lith. lekti, Cz. leteti'run'; ON leggr, E leg; L locusta 'locust, the jumping insect'. G. The sticky, slippery animal. IE *(s)lei- 'dirt, dampish,slip' pery': L limax, R slimaki, Pol., Slov. slimak,?Xi,a; the sticky, slipperyanimal,slug (without a shell)'. Derivatives:L limus, OHG leim, G Lehm'mud, dirt, clay'; OHG lim, G Leim 'glue'; OCS1. slina, MHGslim, G Schleim 'saliva, mucus'. H. The snapping animal. IE *ken-o/e-p snap, bite': xtv'to ' ' =E=OV snappinganimal, snake'. Derivatives: xv(w4 obnoxious anxvua ' scabies', xvyi~ 'nettle', xv09o 'scrape, imal', xv4oo 'scratch', 'itch'; rub', xv.s '; 'itching'; Lith. kandukdsti' bite ', Lett. kneest OIr. cned'wound'; ON hnita'itch', hnafa ' snap'. I. The panting animal. IE *lem-'to open the mouth widely, to pant': Bg. Idmija,Alb. lam/j 'snake'. Derivatives:XaVz6S 'gullet', Skr. lama 'vampire', lamnya' the whale of Jonah (with gullet
wide open)'85a, L lemures 'nightly ghosts (with wide open mouth)', Lett. lamat' to scold', Lith. lem6ti' to gape, pant'.
jumping reptile in contradistinction to the snake) analogous to xoWXthe legged (xd)ov 'leg') animal'. Derivatives : Goth.
II. Obscure. a) IE *slenq-,Baltic slenko-, Gc. *slengw-,*slenhw'to sling, slide': OHG slango, G Schlange'snake'. Derivatives: Lith. slenki ' glide (of the snake)', slinkas' lazy', OHG slingan, MHG OE slingan, E sling. slingen, G schlingen, IE *kar, *kar(a)kar-'hard, shield': Skr. farkota'snake (with b) hard skin)'. Derivatives: L cancer< *kankro< *karkro- 'crab
85a. Berneker,SEW I.688.
85. Jokl, IF 37. o10.
38
I931
< (animal with hard shell)', as Skr. kdvkatah *karkarta, redupliby cation anddissimilation. Withoutreduplication: Goth. hardus, hard, E OHG, G hart, xpauS6 'hard, strong'. I consider the f- of farkota a (< *karkota) dissimilationdue to the medial-k-. c) IE *rgt-, avgu(h)i-s ' snake-like animal' ; *eghi-,oghi-, eguhi-, 'the stinging animal': *avgtu(h)i-: Languis, Lith. angis, OPr. ogtuhiangis, Lett. ubd{e,OCS1. a'i, R u', Pol. wa; Arm. auj, oj 'snake', MIr. (esc)-ung'(water) snake, eel '; Cymr. yslywen slowen< *llys-wen < *avgr(h)i-86'snake'. *ng- > (with 0 grade and media): OHG unc 'snake'. Without nasalization:Skr. ahi, Av. ai 'snake' ' <*e/ogh, e/oguh; EXts, 6Xva 'snake' < *eghi-;OHG egala leech' Arm. i ' snake, viper' derivedeither < eggh-is, <*ggubhor <*egh-; is87 and then by connection with b'6t;< *oguh-is, relatedto Skr. ahi, Av. a}i < *e/ogh, e/oguh-'snake'. Walde (EWb.) considers "yXe'eel' to be derived from an amalgation of *angohi and *e/oghi, Xus Osthoff88takes it from *ong- ( : L unguentum 'salve ') as *e/ogthi-; 'the slippery, smooth animal'; Zubaty89 from *nogtv 'naked': Skr. naga-h'snake, nakedanimal', ON nakkva'to denude', OCS1. nagu 'naked'. From the *aqngt(h)i with -r- augmentsalsothe followroot Balto-Slavic cognates to eel: OCS1. agoristi, R ug(o)ri, Pol. ing Cz. ubhor, Serb. ugor, Slov. ogor, Lith. ungurys *angurys < wegor<, such in the Finn. loanword ankerias), OPr. angurgis 'eel'. (as Hirt90,becauseof the -r- suffix, regardsthe -r- forms as specifically a Balto-Slavic, view which forms like OHG angar ' rye beetle ', engirine 'larva ', and G Engerlingdisprove. The OCS1. tgulja jegulja fromLatin. The relationofy-(XeXu; L anguilla seemto be borrowings to 'eel' causesdifficultieson accountof e-: a- and -X-: -gu-; Osthoff9',
< Johansson92, and J. Schmidt93 derive E'yXeXu, *Y;X) uo <( *aYXeXuo;, in which the gutturalis due to the following -v- sound. Hirt
'spear' and does not accept rejectsa connectionof anguilla with y'Xos; as a diminutivefrom anguis, not acceptingthe derivationof anguilla -illa < -ella. I take -illa < -ella, -i- from -e- under the influenceof
86. Fick 2.4.319. 87. Brugmann2'. I. I69.
88. 89. 90. 9I. 92. IF 4.292. BB I8.251. IF 22.67. IF 4.270,292. KZ 30.425.
93. KZ 32.369.
39
the -i- in angu-i-s. Sommer94takes < -lt-. Hirtsees in ifXe)u; -IIthe primary meaning 'snake fish' (Arm. ojajuk' snake fish, eel'), taking the second part < *elu-, *olu-(as in OHG alunt, alant, ON plunn' mackerel'),*elo-(as in ON all, OE 1, E eel,OHG dl, G Aal). 'edible (fish) '. Feist96 derives Gc. *ela( < *elos< *edlos Schr6der9s connects the Gc. words for eel (< *elus, *elos)with the second part as of their Latin and Greekcognates and then with sXatov 'the oily, smooth, slippery(fish)'.
VII.
BEAR AND BEAVER.
Ursus and Fiber. 'bear': Skr. ksia-h,Av. I. Nomen Proprium. a) IE *i.kpo-s or arsa; Osset. ars < Iran. *ysa- < IE *rkfo-, ars < Iran. *rsa-< IE If Skr. rksa-h' bear'and raksah' trouble,wound,damage' *kfo-s97. are etymologically related, then jf[o-s 'bear' originally might have and meant 'the trouble maker, wound causer'. Zupitza98 Kretschthe justificationof an *rfj5o- and preferthe *r}o-root, mer99 question ' are from which &pxo),; bear and 'Apxa:s; 'the Arcadians' derived.
to MIr. art, Cymr. arth is derived, according Pedersenlol, from Bas(AquitanianHarsus). If a connectionwith L artusis acceptque hartz able, the Celtic words went through a stage of double borrowing. Arm. ari 'bear', according Brugmannlo2, to < Meillet0o3, *jkfo-s (-r Pedersen04, however, < *,pio-. Scheftelowitz05s <-fitS-, rfp/-); rejectsall connectionswith *jf}(i)o- and favorsarjar 'bull' and arjn 'dark brown' as cognates, to which Alb. ari 'bear, the dark-brown
94. Hdb. 2.220. 95. ZfdA. 42.63. 96. Kultur i87. 97. Hibschmann, KZ 36. I64.
(Ernoutloo)].
L ursus ' bear' < *orcsos [ur- < or- < r-, is of dialectic origin L artus ' bear' < arctus < apxwro a Gk. borrowing; is
98. KZ37.393.
99. KZ 3I.432. t1. I00oo. dial. 244. Ioi. VglGrKSpr. 1.44, 89, I24. 102. Grdr. I.2.797. 103. MSL Io.280. 104. KZ 39.432. Io0. BB 28.293.
40
8,
I931
animal' and accordingto my opinion also Hebr. ari 'lion, the darkbrown animal' might be cognates, by regardingthe Arm., Alb., and Hebr. words as borrowingsfrom a third linguisticgroup. If *orguh(e)no-' dark brown' (> Arm. arl and arjn) is a root doublet to and *er(e)gu,then also Goth. riqis, ON rokkr < *regtos, CpovOs'dark' are cognates to Arm. arr and arjn. II. Descriptiveterms. A. The honey eater. a) IE *medh(u)'honey ', *ed- 'eat': OCS1. medv-edi 'honey eater, bear' (Skr. main dh(u)vad-. The IE word irio-s disappeared most IE languagesand most probably taboo associationsgave rise to a new nomenclature; by in Slavic the bear'scharacteristic 'honey eater'was chosen for his as mecok other synonyms for the bear are name. In R and Bg. mecka, and causedbya secondbesidesmedvedi, areeitherdiminutivesof medvedi to escape the taboo tradition, or probablyreferin ary euphemism their semasiologyto R mekati ' to be slow, to be late' in the meaning as of' the slow, ploddinganimal' [borrowedby the Hungarian macko ' bear', and forming by metathesisthe verb cammog plod along 'to (like a bear)'], or are even derived from the onomatopoetic root < *mgq (Arm. mak'i 'sheep'), imitating the bear'ssound. In the Rutheniandialect of the Maramaros (Roumania) Huzuli, the bear is associatedwith demonic superstitionand called Ujko'little uncle'. Derivativesof *medh(u)- *ed-, see under Gk. L?0 'honey, sweet and drink' and L edo'eat'. B. The greedy eater. IE *laq- 'to lap up (food)' (or onomatopoetic *lab,*lap): Lith. lokys'the greedyeater, bear'. In Lithuanian the bearis named by its characteristicas a 'greedy eater' instead of by the IE *tkfo-. Derivatives: Lith. lakus'greedy', Lett. lakt 'to lap (up food)', OCS1. lokati'to lick'. C. The big, fat, swollen animal. IE *bhel-'blow up, swell' (see also under Bull < *bhel-):ON bolmr'bear'. Derivatives:ball, bold, etc., as under Bull. D. The brown animal. IE *bher-, bher-u-; reduplication*bhebhru-s. (Gc. *bhbro-, with -n- augment : *bro-no,bhre-no, bhrou-no, G Braun' bear' (as epithet in German animal fables)< bhru-no-.) *bhrano OHG bero,OE bera< *bhero-s; bera,biern< *bher-n-uON ; Skr. bhalla-h(-11-<-rl-) < *bher'bear'. Derivatives: < *bher-u-; 'the ppuvoq; brown animal, toad', OE, OHG, MHG bran,ON brann 'brown'; Lith beras,Lett. bers 'brown' < *bhro-s. Whereasthe root *bher- in the meaning of 'brown' and 'bear' etc. non-reduplicated
41
is found almost exclusively in Gc. (also in Skr.), the reduplicated ' *bhe-bhru-s brown, beaver' is the name of the beaver from IE times: Skr. babhrz-h 'brown, ichneumon-like animal', Av. bawro bawris; L fiber*feber Kelt. beber:Corn. befer); VulgarLatinbeber (< or R < Gc. *bebru-, by assimilationfrom *febru-,as in OPr. bebrus, Lett. bebrs,OCS1. bebrii, babras Lith. bebrfis, bebras, bobru, 'beaver'; 'beaver, (also) skilful'; by dissimilationb: d : Lith. debrus, ddbras cognates: Serb. dabar'beaver', R udobno 'fitting, suitable', dobrij OCSI. podobiti OE gedafen'suitable', OHG 'suitable, good', 'fit'; taph-ar, G tapfer'brave, strong', Slov. debra 'hole (the beaver's relahome)' and thus beaverand skilful have the same semasiological tionship to each other as L fiber' beaver (expert dam-builder)'and faber 'artificer'. Gc. *beru- > OHG bibar,G Biber,OE beofor (< E ON *bebr), beaver, biorr'beaver'. ON bigrnand bersi'bear' clearly manifest the transitionfrom-n- to -s- stems (as also Goth. fauho: of Fuchs, 'fox', OSw. lo: Luchs' lynx'). The interpretation OCS1. as 'the bear'slair' is entirelywrong, since this word birlogu Barenlager is not a compound but a cognate to Bg. burlok 'refuse, dirt', Slov. brldg 'animal den', and means ' den'.
CONCLUSIONS
My statementsconcerning the origin of the animal nomenclature can be summarized follows: as I. Severalnames for one animal may have existedin a definite linguistic territory;and in different placeswithin this territory,different names may have prevailed. II. The same name may denote a different animal species in different territoriesbecause of a close similarity to anotheranimal called the South Americanllamas species: The conqueringSpaniards 'goats' becauseof their close similarity. III. Some animalnames are IE, but originatedin some neighboring IE languageother thanthat in which they are now attested: Lith. arbonasis borrowed from ON arbuni'ox', if it is not derived from IE *ar-bho-. The Slavic words for 'ox' like R volu,Serb. vo, are borrowedeitherfrom Baltic(Lett. bollis'bull '), or from Norse (ON boli 'bull'). IV. If an animalname is found in contiguousIE linguistic territories, althoughits root may be IE, the animalnameitself may not be. Forinstance, if Gc. used an IE root to form a new animalname, that word will appearin neighboringdialects within Gc.; it will have an IE root, but the animal name itself is not IE: G Aar ' eagle', Gk. L opvuotI, oritur' to rise' < IE *or- ' to rise'. If two animal name cognatesare foundin far separatedIE territories, for instance in Celtic and Sanskrit, we might considerthe animal name IE; and if it is not found in severalother relatedlanguages, it may have been lost in the lapseof history and still be IE. V. Different, geographicallyseparateIE languageshave by sheer basis accidentsingled out the same characteristic the semasiological as
42
43
for naming a certain animal. The resulting names may or may not be cognate phonologically: See many examples in text and under VII below, where many roots for the same animal with similarsemasiologyare listed. VI. Some animal names are primitive IE, and have developed and remainuntil today: IE *ep(e)ro- Gc. *ebura> G Eber 'boar', etc. in many IE > languages.Changefrom e- to a- in L aperis due to the analogy of L caper.Protheticv- in OCS1. vepri is probablycaused by contamination with a cognate of Lith. vers~is. In spite of these analogical influences L aperand OCS1. veprn still to be consideredprimitive are IE animalnames. IE *kapro- xa;po;, OE hafer,L caper, etc. > IE *oui-s> Skr. dvih, L ovis, OIr. oi, E ewe, G Au, etc. IE *gvou-s> Gc. *k(u)o,G Kuh, E cow, L bos,OIr. bo, etc. OCS1. govedoshows additional-en- and -d- affixes. IE *ekoo- L equus,Skr. d4va,etc. This root is scantily represent>
ed in Gc. Gk. i'so; shows contaminating influences.
VII. Other animal names are not primitiveIndo-European;they were formedafter the break-upof the IE unity, on Indo-European roots traceablein severalIE languages,takingaffixespeculiarto those languagesor linguistic groups. The majorityof animal names treatedin my work belong under this heading: ' 'the fighting animal, boar'. IE *bher- to fight': R boroviu IE *(s)ter-' dirt': L troia, OIr. torc' the mud dweller, swine'. IE *uer-'wool': Skr. urabhra,Gk. F;-sppo'the wool carrier,ram, lamb'. IE *pek-'wool, hair': L pecus,Goth. faihu 'cattle ', etc. IE *ker-'horn': a great number of horned animals (see above), also animals with other kinds of extensions (antennae, hoods) on 'hood-lark'. their heads, as E hornet,Gk. x.puBos IE *ster-' sterile': animals sterile on account of their age, as E stirk ' the sterile young cow' or on accountof their sex, as OHG stere ' ram' ' IE *ghai-'to jump': L haedus the jumpinganimal, goat', Arm. ji, ' the jumpinganimal, horse'. Skr. fdlara-h' frog ', alabha 'locust', all of which are jumping animals.
IE *(s)kel- ' to jump ': MHG schelch ' buck', OHG scelo 'stallion',
44
LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO. 8, I93
star, Skr. turaga-h' horse'. IE *bhel- swell'; E bull, the big, swollen animal'. ' IE *ar- ' harness,harnessanimal, yoke animal': ON jprmuni'cattle, horse', Lith. arklys'plough animal, horse'. IE *(s)kerd'to jump, jumpinganimal': Gc. *hrossa, horse; E Lith. ' ' skerys locust', R jascerica lizzard'. IE *kdk- to jump': G Hengst' stallion'. ON hestr' horse'. ' IE *ger- 'to swell, be pregnant': OCSI. 'rebe'fetus animal, foal'. IE *ueh- ' carry, carrier': OE wicg 'horse'. 'snail'. IE *snfg-snek-' to creep':E snake,G Schnecke IE *sel- 'crawl, creep': Alb. slige 'snake', OIr. selige ' turtle', OHG selah'seal'. ' IE *serp- creep, crawl' : L serpens, Skr. sarpd-h' snake'. IE *uer-'to twist, wind': G Wurm, E worm,L vermis. IE *uei- 'turn, wind': Skr. vellitaka' snake'. IE *(s)n- ' turn, wind': L natrix, OIr. nathir,OE n,dre, E adder. IE *lento'flexible': OHG lind 'tape worm'. IE *lek-, 'jump ': L lacerta 'lizzard'. lggIE *(s)lei-' dirt, slippery': L limax, Slov. slimak'the slipperyslug (without shell)'. ' IE *bher- brown': the name for bear in Gc., and by reduplication that *bhe-bhru-, of the beaverin IE. VIII. Some roots furnish names for several animals. On the other hand synonymous roots furnish namesfor the same animal: a) '
*uer- ' twist', 'wet',
IE *std-, steu-(ro)- 'the strong, sturdy': Goth. stiur 'bull';
NP
*bher-'fight', 'cut', 'brown'. *seu-' to bear', ' wet'. b) Uer ' wool' might have a primaryrelation*er-, pek- ' wool'. to uer-'turn, wind, curl' (L verto 'turn') owing to the curly ship of appearance the wool. lEk-'to jump'. *ghai-,(s)kel-, (s)kerd-,1kak-, *steu-,numhi-, tau-, bhel-'swollen, sturdy, big'. *snfg-,sel-, serp-'creep, crawl'. *er-, uei-, (s)ne 'wind, turn'. mai- 'cut'. *bher-,
'beget',
begotten'.
45
*per- 'recently born', melo-'small', io-r- 'yearling', pu- 'young', uet- ' yearling', kat-'litter ', se(n)-k-' dry, milkless', bel- ' helpless', ter- 'just begotten', sem- 'one summer old', gel- 'fetus'; all are used to denote young, undeveloped,recently born animals. IX. Names derivedfrom the same root may denote differentanimals possessingsimilarcharacteristics: *}er'horn, outgrowth on the skull', E hornet (having antennae), 'hood-lark' (having a hood); R korova'cow', L cervus xopuBc; 'hart' (having horns); all these animals have some kind of outgrowth on their heads. *(s)kel 'jump', OHG scelo 'stallion', MHG schelch'buck', Skr. falura-bh 'locust', all being jumpinganimals. 'frog', ?alabha For many others see text and paragraph above. VII X. The animal may have as many differentnames as characteristics, accordingto the number of characteristics singled out for the purposeof naming: The swine : the fighter (boar), the dirt dweller, the tat animal, the su- (sound) maker,the gru- (sound) maker. The sheep : the horned, the wooly, the shiny (white), the jumping, the nibbling, the sacrificialanimal, the mek- (sound) maker. The cow: the horned, the spotted, the striped, the white, the big, the hairy, the raging(bull), the bu- (sound) maker, the harness animal. The horse: the jumper, runner, neigher, the big animal, the harness animal, the load-carrying animal. The snake: the spotted, striped, darkanimal; the creeping,sliding, crawling, winding, flexible,slippery,biting, snapping,gapinganimal. The bear: the trouble maker,wound causer,honey eater,the brown animal, the big animal, the greedy eater.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I have listed no periodicals,nor etymologicaland descriptivedictionariesto which I have referred,as most of them are generallyknown referencebooks. as standard
i.
GeneralReferences
Boas : Kultur und Rasse; Berlin, I914. De Morgan: Les premierescivilisations; Paris, gog9. Dixon : The Racial History of Man; New York, 1923. Hankins: The Racial Basis of Civilization; New York, 1926. und Hehn : Kulturpflanzen Haustiere;Berlin, 1894. Helmholtz: Weltgeschichte; Leipzig,Wien, I9I3-I922. Hommel: Grundriss der Geographieund Geschichte des alten
Orients; Miinchen, Beck,
1925.
I926.
Keller: Die Wanderwege unsrer Haustiere; Festschrift, Ziurich, Lehman, F. R. : Mana.Der Begriffdesausserordentlich Wirkungsvollen bei Sudseev6lkern,Leipzig, Spamer, I922. Lydekker: The Sheep and its Cousins; London,Allen & Co., 1912. Meyer: Geschichtedes Altertums; Stuttgart, I9I3. Much: Die Heimat der Indogermanen;Berlin, I902. Rohrbach: Die Geschichteder Menschheit; Leipzig. Schrader:Reallexikonder indogermanischen Altertumskunde;BerWilke: Kulturbeziehungenzwischen Indien, Orient und Europa; No. Io. I913, Mannusbibliothek IllustrierteLandwirtschaftliche Zeitung, I912 : Dettweiler : Ueber die Antange von Ackerbauund Viehzucht bei den Indogermanen. Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift, I92I: Armbruster: Neue Urkundeniiber dasalteste Haustier. 46
lin, I9I7.
47
Volk und Rasse : Heft 2/3, 1926 :Die Germanen. Zeitschriftfir Morphologieund Anthropologie,Bd. I8, I914: Fischer : Die Rassenmerkmale Menschenals Domestikationserscheides nungen. Linguistic References Bartholomae: Zur Etymologie und Wortbildungder indogermanischen Sprachen;Heidelberg,Winter, 1919. der Brugmann: KurzevergleichendeGrammatik indogermanischen I904. Sprachen;Strassburg, und Delbriick: Grundriss vergleichenden der Grammatik Brugmann der indogermanischen I886-1913. Sprachen; Strassburg, Curtius: Grundztge der griechischen Etymologie; funfte unter Auflage, Leipzig, 1879. Mitwirkungvon E. Windisch umgearbeitete Feist : Indogermanen und Germanen; Halle, Niemeyer, 1914. Feist : Kultur, Ausbreitungund Herkunftder Indogermanen;Ber2.
lin, I913.
Guntert : Indogermanische Ablautprobleme;Strassburg,1916. Hirt : Etymologieder neuhochdeutschen Sprache; Miinchen,Beck,
1921.
Hirt : Handbuchder griechischen II. Laut-und Formenlehre; Aufl., Hirt : Der indogermanische Winter, I92I. Vokalismus;Heidelberg, Stand und AufgaIpsen : Der alte Orient und die Indogermanen, ben der Sprachwissenschaft;Festschrift fur Streitberg,Heidelberg,
Winter, 1924. Heidelberg, I912.
Kretschmer:Einleitungin die Geschichteder griechischen Sprache; Gottingen, 1896. Leskien: Die Bildung der Nomina in Litauischen; Leipzig, I89I. Lid6n: ArmenischeStudien; Giteborg, I906. Meillet : Etudes sur l'etymologie et le vocabulaire vieux-slave; du
Paris, Bouillon,
I902-5.
Meillet: Introductiona l'etude compareedes langues indo-euro6th p&ennes; ed., Paris,Hachetteet Cie., 1924. Meillet : Les langues dans l'Europenouvelle; Paris I918; 2d ed.,
1928.
Meillet: Linguistique historique et linguistique generale; Paris,

Champion, 1921. 1894.
Noreen : Abrissderurgermanischen Lautlehre;Strassburg, Tribner,
48
Bruxelles,
1914.
LANGUAGE DISSERTATIONNO.
8,
I93
Odd: Reflexevon Tabu und Noa in den indoeuropaischen Sprachen; Grammatik keltischenSprachen;Gotder Pedersen: Vergleichende tingen, I908 ff. Persson: Beitrage fur indogermanischeWortforschung; Uppsala,
1912.
und Persson: Studien zur Lehrevon der Wurzelerweiterung Wurzelvariation Uppsala, I90I. ; Sommer : Handbuchder lateinischenLaut- und Formenlehre; 2d Winter, I914. ed., Heidelberg, Wackernagel: Altindische Grammatik,I. Lautlehre; G6ttingen,
I896.
Wilmanns : DeutscheGrammatik;Strassburg,I897.
PROTAT BROTHERS,
PRINTERS,
MACON (FRANCE).
MCMXXXI

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Abbreviations symbols used in this work are as follows: and

Lettish =Low German = Lithuanian = = = =

Old Low German

Roum. Serv. = = Skr.

LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO.

LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO.

GOTTLIEB, INDO-EUROPEAN ANIMAL NAMES

I. SWINE : HOG,PIG, PORK, SOW, FARROW,BOAR.

peans the domesticatedanimal is first mentioned by Homer (cf.

GOTTLIEB, INDO-EUROPEAN ANIMAL NAMES

Primary words: L ferio, apo) ' cut, strike ', L

LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO. 8,

Habitat : the pool dweller, the dirt animal

GOTTLIEB, INDO-EUROPEAN ANIMAL NAMES

SHEEP : LAMB, BUCK, RAM, GOAT.

1S. Gesch. derdt. Spr.

LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO. 8,

suggestedfurtherconnectionwith IE auig- 'grass, oats', R ovisu 'oats',

formans25. Finn. lammas 'lamb' is a borrowing from Gc.

I6. Solmsen, KZ 37.6.

26. Kent, LANG. I84-I90. 2.

Arm. xoj < qhoti' ram IE *qhet-;MIr. cit < *cetni,

LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO. 8,

GOTTLIEB, INDO-EUROPEAN ANIMAL NAMES

Derivatives : Tpt;'yo,Tpayeiv,e'payov 'nibble'.

ON ur (Gen. zrar), OE ur, E owre, OHG aro arohso

'ram', VsT-epa&o ,'pour'; Skr. rasa

LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO. 8,

GOTTLIEB, INDO-EUROPEAN ANIMAL NAMES

GOTTLIEB, INDO-EUROPEAN ANIMAL NAMES

Goth. stair ' sterile'.

Goth. bralv '}tr',

OE br,w < *brehwa 'brow',

LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO. 8, 193 I

with -uo- augment: OHG farawa, G Farbe ' dye, color'

The hairy animal. IE *uer-'hair, wool, the hairy, woolly

coarse', sthavard ' solid, sturdy'; Arm. stvar < *stuuar4s

45. Pedersen,KZ 38. I96.

GOTTLIEB, INDO-EUROPEAN ANIMAL NAMES

Hebr. sor, or the older Aram. tora v *tor <

*tauru, or that both

LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO. 8,

GOTTLIEB, INDO-EUROPEAN ANIMAL NAMES

Derivatives: Goth. athsa, ON oxi, OHG (ar)ohso, G ox,

53. F.A.Wood, IF I8.21. 54. Fick, KZ 20.166.

LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO. 8,

Meillets7 and PerssonsS consider -cc- a frequent

GOTTLIEB, INDO-EUROPEAN ANIMAL NAMES

LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO.

lize', OHG nio~an, G ge-niessen ' enjoy, utilize ', OE neotan. By

GOTTLIEB, INDO-EUROPEAN ANIMAL NAMES

*ino- (isnno-,from some Asiatic dialect); of which Arm.isan-(< eg-an

mule ' with Arm. isan-k'

'vvos < *'Livoc <

65. IF 22.202. 66. KZ 38.197, 205. 67. KZ 32.143.

LANGUAGE DISSERTATION NO.

cognates like Skr. isnati 'set into motion' and

B. Activity. a) IE*(s)ker-d-' to jump (unsteadily), rush,swing':

< OHG scern'jest' andintensivesuffix: -tjan), xp~aao' swing', Skr.

(L contrary to Falk and Torp's (Wb.) root ker-s currit,cursus'run');

70. Fick, KZ 20. 164.

72. KZ. Vgl. Gr. 33 .

Arm. xoj < qhoti' ram IE qhet-;MIr. cit < cetni,

b) IE mel-'to grind, pulverize'; mel-d-' young, young animal':