DSP

DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
UNIT I
INTRODUCTION
1.What do you understand by the terms: Signal and Signal Processing.
A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time, space, or any
other independent variable.
Signal processing is any operation that changes the characteristics of a signal.
These characteristics include the amplitude, shape, phase and frequency content of a signal.
2.What are the classification of signals?
There are five methods of classifying signals based on different features:
(a) Based on independent variable.
(i) Continuous time signal.
(ii) Discrete time signal.
(b) Depending upon the number of independent variable.
(i) One dimensional signal,
(ii) Two dimensional signal.
(iii) Multi dimensional signal.
(c) Depending upon the certainty by which the signal can be uniquely described as
(i) Deterministic signal.
(ii) Random signal.
(c) Based on repetition nature.
(i) Periodic signal.
(ii) Non Periodic signal.
(d) Based on reflection
(i) Even signal.
(ii) Odd signal.
3. Define discrete system.
A discrete time system is a device or algorithm that operates on a discrete time
input signal x(n) , according to some well defined rule , to produce another discrete time
signal y(n) called the output signal.
4. What are the classification of discrete time systems?
1. Static and Dynamic system.
2. Time variant and time invariant system.
3. Linear and non linear system.
4. Stable and Un-stable system.
5. Causal and non-causal system.
6. IIR and FIR system.
5. Differentiate Continuous time and Discrete time signal.
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING S. Krishnakumar & N. Chidambararaj
1
Continuous time signal: It is also referred as analog signal i.e., the signal is
represented continuously in time.
Discrete time signal : Signals are represented as sequence at discrete time intervals .
6.Define digital signal.
A discrete time signal which discrete valued represented by a finite number of digits is
referred to as a digital signal.
7.What is Deterministic signal? Give example.
A signal that can be uniquely determined by a well - defined process such as a
mathematical expression or rule , or look-up table is called a deterministic signal.
Example : A sinusoidal signal
t V t v
m
sin ) (

8.What is random signal? Give example.
A signal that is generated in a random fashion and cannot be predicted ahead of
time is called a random signal.
Example : Speech signal , ECG signal and EEG signal.
9.Define (a) Periodic signal (b) Non periodic signal.
Periodic signal: A signal x(n) is periodic with period N if and only if x(n+N)=x(n)
for all n.
Non periodic signal: If there is no value of N that satisfies the above equation the
signal is called non-periodic or aperiodic.
10. Define symmetric and antisymmetric signals.
Symmetric signal: A real valued signal x(n) is called symmetric if x(-n) = x(n).
Antisymmetric signal: A signal x(n) is called antisymmetric if x(-n) = -x(n).
11.What are energy and power signals?
Energy signal:
The energy of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as
2
) (
n
n x E
A signal x(n) is called an energy signal if and only if the energy obeys the relation
< < E 0 . For an energy signal P=0.
Power signal :
2
The average power of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as
2
) (
1 2
1
lim

+
N
N n
N
n x
N
P .
A signal x(n) is called power signal if and only if the average power P satisfies the
condition < < P 0 .
12.What are the different types of signal representation?
Signals are represented in various ways
(i) Graphical representation (ii) Functional representation
(iii) Tabular representation (iv)Sequence representation
13.What are the different types of operations performed on discrete time
signals?
The different types of operations performed on discrete time signals are
(1)Delay of a signal (2) Advance of a signal (3)Folding or Reflection of a
signal (4) Time scaling (5) Amplitude scaling (6)Addition of signals
(7)Multiplication of signals.
14.What is a static and dynamic system?
A discrete time system is called static or memory less if its output at any
instants n depends on the input samples at the same time , but not an past or future
samples of the input.
Ex., y(n) = ax(n)
Y(n)=ax
2
(n)
In any other case, the system is said to be dynamic or to have memory.
Ex., y(n) = ax(n-1)+x(n-2)
y(n)=x(n)+x(n-1)
16.What is a time invariant system?
A system is called time invariant if its input output characteristics do not change
with time.
Ex., y(n)=x(n)+x(n-1)
17.What is a causal system?
3
A system is said to be causal if the output of the system at any time n depends only
on present and past inputs, but does not depend on future inputs.
This can be expressed mathematically as,
y(n)=F[x(n), x(n-1), x(n-2)]
18.Define a stable system?
Any relaxed system is said to be bounded input-bounded output (BIBO) stable if
and only if every bounded input yields a bounded output. Mathematically, their exist
some finite numbers, M
x
and M
y
such that,
< < My n y and Mx n x ) ( ) (
19.What is a linear system?
A system that satisfies the superposition principle is said to be a linear system.
Superposition principle states that , the response of the system to a weighted sum of
signals be equal to the corresponding weighted sum of the outputs of the system to each
of the individuals input signals.
20.Define unit sample response (impulse response) of a system and what is its
significance?
The response or output signal designated as h(n) , obtained from a discrete time
system when the input signal is a unit sample sequence ( unit impulse) , is known as the
unit sample response(impulse response).
The output y(n) of an LTI system for an input signal x(n) can be obtained by
convolving the impulse response h(n) and the input signal x(n).
) ( ) ( ) ( n h n x n y

k
k n h k x ) ( ) (
21.What is the causality condition for an LTI system?
The necessary and sufficient condition for causality of an LTI system is, its unit
sample response h(n)=0 for negative values of n i.e.,
h(n)= 0 for n<0
22. What is the necessary and sufficient condition on the impulse response for
stability?
4
The necessary and sufficient condition guaranteeing the stability of a linear time-
invariant system is that its impulse response is absolutely summable.
<

) (k h
.
23. What do you meant by sampling process?
Sampling is the conversion of a continuous time signal (or analog signal) into a
discrete time signal obtained by taking samples of the continuous time signal ( or
analog signal ) at discrete time instants.
24. State sampling theorem.
A band limited continuous time signal with highest frequency (band width) f
m
hertz , can be uniquely recovered from its samples provided that the sampling rate f
s
is
greater than or equal to 2f
m
samples per second.
25. Define Nyquist rate.
The frequency 2f
m ,
which , under sampling theorem, must be exceeded by the
sampling frequency is known as the Nyquist rate.
26. What is meant by Quantization process?
The process of converting a discrete time continuous valued signal into discrete
time discrete valued signal is called Quantization.
27. What is aliasing effect?
The superimposition of high frequency component on the low frequency is known
as frequency aliasing or aliasing effect.
28. How can aliasing be avoided?
To avoid aliasing the sampling frequency must be greater than twice the highest
frequency present in the signal.
29. What is an anti aliasing filter?
A filter is used to reject frequency signals before it is sampled to reduce the aliasing
is called an anti aliasing filter.
30.What is meant by critical sampling?
5
If the sampling frequency is exactly equal to the Nyquist rate is known as critical
sampling.
31.What are the steps involved in the A/D conversion?
1. Sampling
2. Quantization
3. Coding (Each discrete value is represented by a binary sequence)
32. What is meant by Quantization error?
It is the difference between the quantized value and actual sample value.
e
q
(n)=x
q
(n)-x(n)
33. What is a quantization level?
The value allows in a digital signal are called the quantization level.
34. Define resolution or quantization step size.
The distance between two successive level is called quantization step size or
resolution.
35. What is the use of a Sample and Hold circuit?
The sample and hold circuit is used to hold the sample the analog signal and hold
the sampled value constant as long as the A/D converter takes time for accurate
conversion.
36. What are the different types of Analog to Digital converters?
1. Flash A/D converter.
2. Successive approximation converter.
3. Counting type A/D converter.
4. Over sampling Sigma Delta converter.
37. What are the different types of Digital to Analog converter?
1. Weighted resistor D/A converter.
2. Resistor ladder D/A converter.
3. Over sampling D/A converter.
Part B
6
1. Test the casuality of the follwoing systems
y (n) = x(n) + 3x (n+4).
y (n) = x(-n)
y (n) = x(n
2
)
2. Test the following systems for linearity.
a. y(n) =x(n)+c
b. y(n) =nx
2
(n)
c. y(n)=a
x(n)
3. Determine the impulse response h (n) for the system described by the second order
difference equation.
y (n) 4 y (n-1) + 4y (n-2) = x (n-1).
4. The impulse response of a LTI system is given by h (n) = 0.6
n
u (n). find the
frequency response
5. Test the following systems for time invariance.
y (n) = x(n) x (n-1)
y (n) = x(n)
y (n) = x(n)
y (n) = x(n) b x (n-1)
6. Determine the step response of a LTI system whose impulse response h (n) is given by
h (n) = a
-n
u (-n) ; o < a < 1
7. Determine the steady state response for the system with impulse function.
h (n) = (j/2)
n
u (n)
for an input x (n) = [Cos n] u (n)
8. Determine which of the following signals are periodic and determine the
fundamental period also.
)
6
5 cos( 3 ) 9 ) ( 10 cos 10 ) ( ) (
5 sin 20 ) ( ) ( 25 sin 20 ) ( ) (
+

t t x iv t t x iii
t t x ii t t x i
9. Determine the even and odd parts of the following:
5 cos 3 ) ( ) (
sin sin ) ( ) (
+
+
n n x ii
n b n A n x i

7
10. .A discrete time signal x(n) is defined as
'
otherwise
n
n
n
n x
0
3 0 1
1 3
4
1
) (
Determine its values and sketch the signal x(n).Determine x(4-n).
11. Describe the working principle of a sample and Hold circuit.
UNIT II
DISCRETE TIME ANALYSIS
1. Define Z transform.
The Z transform of a discrete time signal or sequence is defined as the power
series .
n
n
z n x z X ) ( ) (
2.What is meant by region of convergence?
The region of convergence (ROC) of X(z) is the set of all values of z for which
X(z) attains a finite value.
3.What are the properties of region of convergence?
1. The ROC is a ring or disk in the Z plane centered at the origin.
2. The ROC cannot contains any poles.
3. The ROC of an LTI stable system contains the unit circle.
4. The ROC must be a connected region.
4. What are the properties of z- transform ?
1. Linearity:
z [ ] ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
z X a z X a n x a n x a + +
2. Shifting: (a)
[ ]
1
]
1
1
0
) ( ) ( ) (
m
i
i m m
z i x z X z m n x z
(b) [ ] ) ( ) ( z X z m n x z
m

3. Multiplication: [ ] ) ( ) ( z X
dz
d
z n x n z
m
m
,
_

4. Scaling in z- domain: [ ] ( ) z a X n x a z
n 1
) (

5. Time reversal : [ ] ) ( ) (
1
z X n x z
8
6. Conjugation: [ ] ) ( ) (

z X n x z
7. Convolution:
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
0
z R z H m r m n h z
n
m

1
]
1
8. Initial value:
[ ] ) ( ) 0 ( z X Lt x z
z
9. Final value:
[ ] ) ( ) 1 ( ) (
1
1
z X z Lt x z
z

5. State Parsevals relation in z-transform.
If x
1
(n) and x
2
(n) are complex valued sequences, then
dv v
v
X v X
j
n x n x
c
n
1
2 1 2 1
1
) (
2
1
) ( ) (

,
_
6. What is the relationship between z-transform and DTFT?

The z-transform of x(n) is given by

n
n
z n x z X ) ( ) (
.(1)
Where
j
re z
Substituting z value in eqn (1) we get,
n j n j
e r n x re X

) ( ) (
..(2)
The Fourier transform of x(n) is given by
n
n j j
e n x e X

) ( ) (
.(3)
Eqn(2) and Eqn(3) are identical , when r=1. In the z-plane this corresponds to the
locus of points on the unit circle
1 z
. Hence ) (
j
e X is equal to X(z) evaluated
along unit circle , or
j
e z
j
z X e X

| ) ( ) (
For ) (
j
e X to exist , the ROC of X(z) must include the unit circle.
7. What are the different method of evaluating inverse z transform?
1. Long division method.
2. Partial fraction method.
3. Residue method.
4. Convolution method.
8. Find the convolution of the following using z- transform.
{ } { } 1 , 2 , 1 ) ( ; 1 , 1 , 1 ) (

n h n x
Solution:
9
{ }
{ } 1 , 3 , 4 , 3 , 1 ) ( ) (
) 3 4 3 1 ( ) ( ) (
) 2 1 ( ) (
) 1 ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
4 3 2 1
2 1
2 1

+ + + +
+ +
+ +

n h n x
z z z z z H z X
z z z H
z z z X
z H z X n h n x Z
10. Define system function.
Let x(n) and y(n) is the input and output sequences of an LTI system with
impulse response h(n). Then the system function of the LTI system is defined as the
ratio of Y(z) and X(z), i.e.,
) (
) (
) (
z X
z Y
z H
where,
Y(z) is the z transform of the output signal y(n)
X(z) is the z transform of the input signal x(n)
11. Define Fourier transform of a discrete time signal.

The Fourier transform of a discrete time signal x(n) is defined as
{ }

n
n j
e n x X n x F

) ( ) ( ) (
12. Why FT of a discrete time signal is called signal spectrum?
By taking Fourier transform of a discrete time signal x(n) , it is decomposed
into its frequency components . Hence the Fourier transform is called signal
spectrum.
13. List the difference between Fourier transform of discrete time signal and
analog signal?
i) The FT of analog signal consists of a spectrum with a frequency
range
. + to
But the FT of discrete time signal is unique in the range
) 2 0 ( to or to +
, and also it is periodic with periodicity of 2
.
ii)The FT of analog signals involves integration but FT of discrete time signals
involves summation.
14. Define inverse Fourier transform.
The inverse Fourier transform of X() is defined as
10
{ }
d e X n x X F
n j
) (
2
1
) ( ) (
1

15. Give some applications of Fourier transform.
1. The frequency response of LTI system is given by the Fourier transform of
the impulse response of the system.
2. The ratio of the Fourier transform of output to Fourier transform of input is
the transfer function of the system in frequency domain.
3. The response of an LTI system can be easily computed using convolution
property of Fourier transform.
16. What is the frequency response of LTI system?
The Fourier transform of the impulse response h(n) of the system is called
frequency response of the system. It is denoted by H().
17. Write the properties of frequency response of LTI system.
i)The frequency response is periodic function with a period of 2
.
ii) If h(n) is real then
) ( H
is symmetric and
) ( H
is antisymmetric.
iii) If h(n) is complex then the real part of
) ( H
is antisymmteric over the
interval 2 0 .
iv)The frequency response is a continuous function of
.
18. Write a short notes on the frequency response of first order system.
A first order system is characterized by the difference equation
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( + n ay n x n y
The frequency response of first order system depends on the co efficient a in
the difference equation governing the LTI system. When the value of a| is in the
range of 0<a<1, the first order system behave as a low pass filter. When the value
of a is in the range 1<a<0, the first order system behave as a high pass filter.
11
19. Write a short note on the frequency response of second order system.
A second order system is characterized by the difference equation
) 1 ( cos ) ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( cos 2 ) (
0
2
0
+ n x r n x n y r n y r n y
The frequency response of second order system depends on the parameters
r and
0
in the difference equation the LTI system. When the value of r is in

the range of 0<r<1, the second order system behave as a resonant filter with center
frequency
0
. When the value of r is varied from 0 to 1 , the sharpness of

resonant peak increases.
20. Define discrete Fourier series.
Consider a sequence x
p
(n) with a period of N samples so that x
p
(n)=x
p
(n/N);
Then the discrete Fourier series of the sequence x
p
(n) is defined as
1
0
/ 2
) ( ) (
N
n
N kn j
p p
e n x k X

21. What are the two basic differences between the Fourier transform of a
discrete time signal with the Fourier transform of a continuous time
signal?
1. For a continuous signal , the frequency range extends from
. + to
On the other hand , the frequency range of a discrete time signal extends from
) 2 0 ( to or to +
.
2.The Fourier transform of a continuous signal involves integration ,
whereas , the Fourier transform of a discrete time signal involves summation
process.

22. Find the Fourier transform of a sequence x(n) = 1 for 2 2 n
= 0 otherwise.
Solution:
12

2
2
) ( ) (
n
n j
n
n j
e e n x X

2 2
1
j j j j
e e e e

+ + + +
2 cos 2 cos 2 1 + +
PART B
1)Obtain the impulse response of the system described by,

c
c
j
for
for e H
0
1 ) (
2)Let x(n) be an arbitrary signal with Fourier Transform X(). Express the Fourier
transform of following signal is term of X().
(a)y(n) = x(2n)
(b)
'
. 0
) 2 / (
) (
odd n
even n n x
n y
3)Compute the convolution of the following signals by z- transform:
0
2
1
0
3
1
) (
1
<
,
_
>
,
_
n
n n x
n
n
) (
2
1
) (
2
n u n x
n
,
_
4)(Compute the convolution y(n)=x(n)*h(n) of the following signals:

(a) x(n)={0, 1, -2, 3, -4 }
h(n) = { 0.5, 0.5, 1, 0.5 }
(b)x(n)={0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}

h(n)=(1, -2, 3 }

5)Find the Z- Transform of the following :
(a) [ ] ) 10 ( ) (
2
1
) (
,
_
n u n u n x
n
6)Find the Z- Transform of following :
n N N
n n n x a

0 ) ( ) (
13
7)Find the Z- Transform of following :
) ( ) sin( ) ( ) (
0
n u n n x a +
8)Determine the causal signal x9n) having the Z- Transform
(a) 2 1
1
2 3 1
3 1
) (

+ +
+
Z Z
Z
Z X
(b) 2 1
5 . 0 1
1
) (

+
Z Z
Z X
(c) 2 1
2 1
4 4 1
2 1
) (

+ +
+ +
Z Z
z z
Z X
9)By using one sided Z- transform , determine y(n), n0 in the following case:
(a) y(n)+0.5y(n-1)-0.25y(n-2)=0 ; y(-1) = y(-2)=1
10)By using one sided Z- transform , determine y(n), n0 in the following case:
(a)y(n)=0.5y(n-1)+x(n)
x(n)=(1/3)
n
u(n), y(-1) = 1

UNIT III
DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORMATION & COMPUTATION
1.Define the Discrete Fourier transformation of a given sequence x(n).
The N- point DFT of a sequence x(n) is
1
0
/ 2
) ( ) (
N
n
N kn j
e n x k X

k= 0, 1, 2..N-1.
2.Write the formula for N- point IDFT of a sequence X(k).
The N-point IDFT of a sequence X(k) is
1
0
/ 2
) (
1
) (
N
K
N k j
e k X
N
n x

n= 0, 1 , 2 ..N-1 .
3. List any four proerties of DFT.
(a) Periodicity
If X(k) is N- point DFT of a finite duration sequence x(n)
then
. ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
k all for k X N k X
n all for n x N n x
+
+
(b)Linearity
If X
1
(k)=DFT[x
1
(n)] and
X
2
(k)=DFT[x
2
(n)]
then
14
DFT[a
1
x
1
(n)+a
2
x
2
(n)]=a
1
X
1
(k)+a
2
x
2
(k)
( c ) Time reversal of a sequence
If DFT {x(n)}=X(k),
then
DFT{x((-n))
N
}=DFT{x(N-n)}=X((-k))
N
=X(N-k)
(d)Circular time shifting of a sequence
If DFT {x(n)}=X(k),
then
DFT{x((n-l))
N
}=X(k)
N kl j
e
/ 2
4. IF N-point sequence x(n) has N- point DFT X(k) then what is the DFT
of the following?
N j
N
e n x iv l n x iii n N x ii n x i
ln/ 2
) ( ) ( )) (( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (

Solution:
N
N j
N kl j
N
l k X e n x DFT iv
e k X l n x DFT iii
k X n N x DFT ii
k N X n x DFT i
)) (( } ) ( { ) (
) ( } )) (( { ) (
) ( )} ( { ) (
) ( )} ( { ) (
ln/ 2
/ 2

5. Calculate the DFT of the sequence x(n) = 16

4
1

,
_
forN
n
Solution:
1
0
/ 2
) ( ) (
N
n
N kn j
e n x k X

K=0, 1 , 2..N-1

8 /
2
16
15
0
8 /
16 / 2
15
0
4
1
1
4
1
1
4
1
4
1
k j
k j
n
n
k j
kn j
n
n
e
e
e
e
,
_
,
_
,
_
6. State the time shifting property of DFT.

If DFT[x(n)]=X(k),
then
15
DFT[x((n-m))
N
]= ) (
/ 2
k X e
N kn j
7. Find the DFT of the sequence x(n)={1,1,0,0}
Solution:
1
0
/ 2
) ( ) (
N
n
N kn j
e n x k X

k=0,1,2,..N-1.
} 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 { ) (
1 } 0 0 1 { ) ( ) 3 (
0 } 0 0 1 1 { ) ( ) 2 (
1 } 0 0 1 { ) ( ) 1 (
2 } 0 0 1 1 { ) ( ) 0 (
. 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 ) (
2 / 3
3
0
3
0
2 /
3
0
3
0
4 / 2
3
0
j j k X
j j e n x X
e n x X
j j e n x X
n x X
k e n x
n j
n
n j
n
n j
n
n
kn j
n
+
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
+ + +

8. When the DFT X(k) of a sequence x(n) is imaginary?

If the sequence x(n) is real and odd (or) imaginary and even, then X(k) is purely
imaginary.
9. When the DFT X(k) of a sequence x(n) is real?
If the sequence x(n) is real and even (or) imaginary and odd , then X(k) is purely
real.
10.State Circular frequency shifting property of DFT.

If DFT[x(n)]=X(k),
Then
DFT[x(n)
N
N j
l k X e )) (( ]
ln/ 2

11.What is zero padding? What are its uses?

The process of lengthening the sequence by adding zero valued samples is called
appending with zeros or zero padding.
16
USES:
(i) We can get better display of the frequency spectrum.
(ii) With zero padding, the DFT can be used in linear filtering.
12.What do you understand by periodic convolution?
Let
) (
1
n x
p
and
) (
2
n x
p
be two periodic sequences each with period N with
[ ]
[ ]
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) (
) ( ) (
2 1 3
2 2
1 1
k X k X k X If
k X n x DFS
and k X n x DFS
p p p
p p
p p
(1)
then the periodic sequence
) (
3
n x
p
with Fourier series coefficients
) (
3
k X
p
can be
obtained by periodic convolution, defined as

1
0
2 1 3
) ( ) ( ) (
N
n
p p p
m n x m x n x
(2)
The convolution in the form of eqn(2) is known as periodic convolution, as the
sequences in eqn(2) are all periodic with period N, and the summation is over one
period.
13.Define circular convolution.
The convolution property of DFT says that , the multiplication of the DFTs of the
two sequence is equivalent to the DFT of the circular convolution of the two sequences.

1
0
2 1 3
2 1 2 1
)) (( ) ( ) (
)} ( ) ( { ) ( ) (
N
m
N
m n x m x n x
n x n x DFT k X k X
14. How the circular convolution is obtained by using Graphical method?
Given two sequences ) (
1
n x and ) (
2
n x , the circular convolution of these two
sequences
) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 3
n Nx n x n x
can be obtained by using the following steps.
1. Graph N samples of ) (
1
n x , as equally spaced points around an outer circle in
counter clockwise direction.
2. Start at the same point as ) (
1
n x graph N samples of ) (
2
n x as equally spaced
points around an inner circle in clock wise direction.
3. Multiply corresponding samples on the two circles and sum the products to
produce output.
4. Rotate the inner circle one sample at a time in clock wise direction and go to
step3 to obtain the next value of output.
17
5. Repeat step4 until the inner circle first sample lines up with the first sample of
the exterior circle once again.
15. Distinguish between linear and circular convolution of two sequences.
Sl.NO Linear Convolution Circular convolution
1. If x(n) is a sequence of L number of
samples and h(n) with M number of
samples , after convolution y(n) will
contain N=L+M-1
If x(n) is a sequence of L number of
samples and h(n) with M number of
samples , after convolution y(n) will
contain N=Max(L,M) samples.
2. Linear convolution can be used to find the
response of a linear filter.
Circular convolution cannot be used
to find the response of a filter.
3. Zero padding is not necessary to find the
response of a linear filter.
Zero padding is necessary to find the
response of a filter.
16.What are the steps involved in circular convolution.
The circular convolution involve basically four steps as the ordinary linear
convolution. These are
1. Folding the sequence
2. Circular time shifting the folded sequence
3. Multiplying the two sequences to obtain the product sequence.
4. Summing the values of product sequence.
17. What are the different methods performing circular convolution?
1. Graphical method
2. Stockhmans method
3. Tabular array method
4. Matrix method.
18.Obtain the circular convolution the following sequences
x(n)={1, 2, 1 }; h(n)={ 1, -2, 2 }
Solution:
The circular convolution of the above sequences can be obtained by using matrix
method.
18
{ } 1 , 2 , 3 ) (
1
2
3
1
2
1
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
) 2 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 2 (
) 1 (
) 0 (
) 0 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 (
) 2 ( ) 0 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 0 (

1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
]
1
n y
y
y
y
x
x
x
h h h
h h h
h h h
19.How will you obtain linear convolution from circular convolution.
Consider two finite duration sequences x9n) and h(n0 of duration L samples and N
samples respectively. The linear convolution of these two sequences produces an
output sequence of duration L+M-1 samples , whereas , the circular convolution of x(n)
and h(n) give N samples where N=Max(L,M) . In order to obtain the number of
samples in circular convolution equal to L+M-1, both x(n) and h(n) must be appended
with appropriate number of zero valued samples. In other words, by increasing the
length of the sequences x(n) and h(n) to L+M-1 points and then circularly convolving
the resulting sequences we obtain the same result as that of linear convolution.
20.What is meant by sectioned convolution?
If the data sequence x(n) is of long duration , it is very difficult to obtain the output
sequence y(n) due to limited memory of a digital computer. Therefore, the data
sequence is divided up into smaller section. These sections are processed separately
one at a time and combined later to get the output.
21. What are the different methods used for the sectioned convolution?
The two methods used for the sectioned convolution are (i)the overlap-add method
(ii)Over lap-save method.
22. State the difference between (i) overlap-add method (ii) overlap save method.
Sl.No Overlap add method Overlap save method
1. In this method the size of the input
data block is N=L+M-1
In this method the size of the input data
block is L.
2. Each data block consists of the last M-
1 data points of the previous data
followed by the L new data points.
Each data block is L points and we
appended M-1 zeros to compute N-point
DFT.
3. In each output block M-1 points are
corrupted due to aliasing , as circular
convolution is employed.
In this no corruption due to aliasing as
linear convolution is performed using
circular convolution.
4. To form the output sequence the first
M-1 data points are discarded in each
output block and the remaining datas
are fitted together.
To form the output sequence, the last M-1
points from each output block is added to
the first (M-1) points of the succeeding
block.
23.Distinguish between DFT and DTFT.
19
Sl.No DFT DTFT
1. Obtained by performing sampling
operation in both the time and
frequency domains.
Sampling is performed only in time
domain.
2. Discrete frequency spectrum
Continuous function of
24. What is FFT?
The term Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) usually refers to a class of algorithms for
efficiently computing the DFT.It makes use of the symmetry and periodicity properties
of twiddle factor
K
N
W to effectively reduce the DFT computation time.
It is based on the fundamental principle of decomposing the computation of DFT of a
sequence of length N into successively smaller discrete Fourier transforms. The FFT
algorithm provides speed increase factors , when compared with direct computation of
the DFT, of approximately 64 and 205 for 256 points and 1024 point transforms
respectively.
25.How many multiplications and additions are required to compute N-point DFT
using radix-2 FFT?
The number of multiplications and additions required to compute N-point DFT
using radix-2 FFT are N
N
and N N
2 2
log
2
log respectively.
26. How many multiplications and additions are required to compute N-point
DFT directly?
The number of multiplications and additions required to compute N-point DFT u
are
2
) 1 ( N and N N respectively.
27. What is the speed improvement factor in calculating 64 point DFT of a
sequence using direct computation and FFT algorithms?
(OR)
Calculate the number of multiplications needed in the calculation of DFT and
FFT with 64-point sequence.
The number of complex multiplications required using direct computation is
4096 64
2 2
N
The number of complex multiplications required using FFT is
192 64 log
2
64
log
2
2 2
N
N

Speed improvement factor= 33 . 21
192
4096
28.What is meant by radix-2 FFT?

20
The FFT algorithm is most efficient in calculating N-point DFT. If the number of
output points N can be expressed as a power of 2, that is , 2
m
N where is an integer ,
then this algorithm is known as radix-2 FFT algorithm.
29. What is a decimation in time algorithm?
The computation of 8 point DFT using radix-2 FFT , involves three stages of
computations. Here N=8=2
3
, therefore r=2 and m=3.
The given 8 point sequence is decimated to 2- point sequences . For each 2
point sequence, the 2-popint DFT is computed . From the result of 2 point DFT the 4
point DFT can be computed. From the result of 4-point DFT , the 8 point DFT can
be computed.
30. What is decimation in frequency algorithm?
It is the popular form of the FFT algorithm. In this the output sequence X(k) is
divided into smaller and smaller subsequences, that is why the name decimation in
frequency.
31.What are the difference between and similarities between DIT and DIF
algorithms?
Difference between DIT and DIF:
1) In DIT , the input is bit-reversed while the output is in natural order. For
DIF , the reverse is true, i.e., input is normal order, while the output bit
is reversed. However , both DIT and DIF can go from normal to
shuffled data or vice versa.
2) Considering the butterfly diagram, in DIF , the complex multiplication
takes place after the add subtract operation.
Similarities:
1) Both algorithms require same number of operations to compute DFT.
2) Both algorithm require bit reversal at some place during computation.
32. What are the applications of FFT algorithms?
The applications of FFT algorithms includes
(i) Linear filtering (ii) Correlation (iii) Spectrum analysis
PART-B
1) Find DFT of the following
21
} 2 , 0 , 1 , 1 { ) ( ) ( } 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 { ) ( ) (
} 1 , 3 , 4 , 2 { ) ( ) ( } 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 { ) ( ) (
4 3
2 1

n x iv n x iii
n x ii n x i
2) Find 4 point DFT of the following sequences
4
cos ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( ) (
} 2 , 3 , 4 , 2 { ) ( ) ( } 2 , 1 , 0 , 1 { ) ( ) (
n
n x iv n x iii
n x ii n x i
n

3) Determine the IDFT of the following:
} 2 , 0 , 2 , 1 { ) ( ) (
} 0 , 1 , 0 , 1 { ) ( ) ( } 2 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 { ) ( ) (
j j k X iii
k X ii j j k X i
+
+
4) Show that:
[ ]
N N
L
n
L
n
k n X k n X
N
kn
n x DFT b
k X n x a
)) (( )) ((
2
1 2
cos ) ( ) (
) (
2
1
) ( ) (
2
1
0
2
1
0
+ +
'
5) Compute the circular convolution of two sequences using stock hams method
} 4 , 3 , 2 , 1 { ) (
} 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 { ) (
2
1
n x
n x
6)Given the two sequence

3 0 ) 2 ( ) ( ; 3 0 ; 1 ) ( ) (
3 0 ) 1 ( ) ( ; 3 0 ; 1 ) ( ) (
2 1
2 1

n n x n n x b
n n x n n x a
n
n
determine the circular convolution.
7) Given a sequence
} 1 , 3 , 5 , 5 , 3 , 2 , 2 , 1 { ) ( n x
Write the equations for decimation in time algorithm and draw the signal flow
graph.
8) Write the equations and draw the signal flow graph for the decimation in frequency
algorithm for N=4.
9) Compute the DFT for N=4 if x(n)=1
3 0 n
using decimation in time
algorithm.
22
10)Compute the DFT for the sequence for N=4 if x(n) = sin
,
_
2
n
using decimation
in time algorithm.
UNIT IV
DESIGN OF DIGITAL FILTERS
1.What are the different types of structures for realization of IIR systems?
The different types of structures for realization of IIR system are
(i) Direct form I structure (ii)Direct form II structure
(iii) Cascade form structure (iv) Parallel form structure
(v) Lattice ladder form structure.
2.What is the main advantage of Direct form- II realizations when compared to
Direct form I realization?
In Direct form II realization , the number of memory locations required is less
than that of Direct form I realization.
3. Define signal flow graph.
A signal flow graph is a graphical representation of the relationship between the
variables of a set of linear difference equations.
4. What is Canonic form structure?
The Direct form II realization requires minimum number of delays for the
realization of the system. Hence it is called as Canonic form structure.
5. What is the main disadvantage of direct form realization?
The Direct form realization is extremely sensitive to parameter quantization. When
the order of the system N is large , a small change in a filter coefficient due to
parameter quantization , results in a large change in the location of the poles and zeros
of the system.
6. What is the advantage of cascade realization?
Quantization errors can be minimized if we realize an LTI system in cascade form.
7.What are the different types of filters based on impulse response?
Based on impulse response the filters are of two types
23
1. IIR filter
2. FIR filter
The IIR filters are of recursive type, whereby the present output sample depends on
the present input, past inputs samples and output samples.
The FIR filters are of non recursive type whereby the present output sample is
depends on the present input sample and previous input samples.
8.What is the general form of IIR filter?
The most general form of IIR filter can be written as
N
k
k
M
k
k
k
a
z b
z H
1
0
1
) (

9. Give the magnitude of Butterworth filter. What is the effect of varying order of
N on magnitude and phase response?
The magnitude function of the Butterworth filter is given by
.... .......... 3 , 2 , 1
1
1
) (
2
1
2

1
1
]
1
,
_
+
N j H
N
c
Where N is the order of the filter and
c
is the cut off frequency. The magnitude

response of the Butterworth filter closely approximates the ideal response as the order
N increases . The phase response becomes more non-linear as N increases.
10. Give any two properties of Butterworth lowpass filters.
1. The magnitude response of the Butterworth filter decreases monotonically as
the frequency increases from 0 to .
2. The magnitude response of the Butterworth filter closely approximates the ideal
response as the order N increases.
3. The Butterworth filters are all pole designs.
4. The poles of the Butterworth filter lies on a circle.
5. At the cut off frequency
c
, the magnitude of normalized Butterworth filter is

2
1
.
11.How the poles of Butterworth transfer function are located in s- plane?
24
The poles of the normalized Butterworth transfer function symmetrically lies on
an unit circle in s-plane with angular spacing of
N
.
12.What is Chebyshev approximation?
In Chebyshev approximation, the approximation function is selected such that the
error is minimized over a prescribed band of frequencies.
13. What is Type 1 Chebyshev approximation?
In type 1 Chebyshev approximation, the error function is selected such that, the
magnitude response is equiripple in the pass band and monotonic in the stop band.
14. What is Type 2 Chebyshev approximation?
In type 2 Chebyshev approximation, the error function is selected such that, the
magnitude response is monotonic in pass band and equiripple in the stop band. The
Type -2 magnitude response is called inverse Chebyshev response.
15. Write the magnitude function of Chebyshev lowpass filter?
The magnitude response of Type -1 lowpass Chebyshev filter is given by
( )
,
_
+

c
N
a
C
H
2 2
1
1
where
is attenuation constant and
,
_
c
N
C
is the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind of degree N.
16.How the order of the filter affects the frequency response of Chebyshev filter.
From the magnitude response of Type -1 Chebyshev filter it can be observed that
the magnitude response approaches the ideal response as the order of the filter is
increased.
17.How will you determine the order N of Chebyshev filter.
25
The order N of the Chebyshev filter is given by
,
_
,
_
p
s
N
1
1
cosh
cosh
where
1 10
1 . 0

p

1 10
1 . 0

s
18.What are the properties of Chebyshev filter?

1. The magnitude response of the Chebyshev filter exhibits in ripple either in
pass band or in the stop band according to the type.
2. The magnitude response approaches the ideal response as the value of N
increases.
3. The Chebyshev type 1 filters are all pole designs.
4. The poles of Chebyshev filter lies on an ellipse.
5. The normalized magnitude function has a value of
2
1
1
+
at the cutoff
frequency
c
.
19. Compare the Butterworth and Chebyshev Type -1 filter.
Sl.No Butterworth filter Chebyshev filter
1. All pole design All pole design
2. The poles lie on a circle in s-plane The poles lie on a ellipse in s-plane
3. The magnitude response is
maximally flat at the origin and
monotonically decreasing function
of .
The magnitude response is equiripple in
pass band and monotonically decreasing in
the stop band.
4. The normalized magnitude response
has a value of
2
1
at the cut off
frequency
c
.
The normalized magnitude response has a
value of
2
1
1
+
at the cut off frequency
c
.
5. Only few parameters has to be
calculated to determine the transfer
function.
A large number of parameter has to be
calculated to determine the transfer function.
20.What are the different types of filters based on the frequency response?
26
The filters can be classified based on frequency response. They are (i) low
pass filter (ii)high pass filter (iii)Band pass filter (iv)Band reject filter.
21. Distinguish between FIR and IIR filter.
Sl.No FIR filter IIR filter
1. These filters can be easily designed
to have perfectly linear phase.
These filters do not have linear phase.
2. FIR filters can be realized
recursively and non recursively.
IIR filters are easily realized recursively.
3. Greater flexibility to control the
shape of their magnitude response.
Less flexibility , usually limited to specific
kind of filters.
4. Error due to round off noise are
less severe in FIR filters , mainly
because feedback is not used.
The round off noise in IIR filters are more.
22. What are the design techniques of designing FIR filters?
These are three well-known methods for designing FIR filters with linear phase.
These are (1) Windows method (2) Frequency sampling method (3) Optimal or
minimax design.
23.What are the properties of FIR filter?
1. FIR filter is always stable because all its poles are at the origin.
2. A realizable filter can always be obtained.
3. FIR filter has a linear phase response .
24. What are the steps involved in the FIR filter design?
i) Choose the desired (ideal ) frequency response
) (
d
H
.
ii) Take inverse Fourier transform of
) (
d
H
to get
) (n h
d
.
iii) Convert the infinite duration
) (n h
d
to a finite duration sequence
) (n h
.
iv) Take Z transform of
) (n h
to get the transfer function
) (z H
of the FIR
filter.
25. How the constant group delay and phase delay is achieved in linear phase FIR
filters.
Frequency response of FIR filter with constant group and phase delay
27
) (
) ( ) (

t
j
e H H
The following conditions have to be satisfied to achieve constant group and phase
delay.
Phase delay,
2
1
N
( i.e., phase delay is constant )
Group delay,
2
t ( i.e., group delay is constant)

Impulse response , h(n) = - h( N -1 n ) (i.e., impulse response is anti symmetric )
26. What are the possible types of impulse response for linear phase FIR filters.
There are four types of impulse response for linear phase FIR filters
1. Symmetric impulse response when N is odd.
2. Symmetric impulse response when N is even.
3. Antisymmetric impulse response when N is odd.
4. Antisymmetric impulse response when N is even.
27. Write the procedure for designing FIR filter by Fourier series method.
i) Choose the desired (ideal ) frequency response
) (
d
H
of the filter.
ii) Evaluate the Fourier series co-efficient of
) (
d
H
which gives the
desired impulse response
) (n h
d
.
d e H n h
n j
d d
) (
2
1
) (
iii) Truncate the infinite sequence
) (n h
d
to a finite duration sequence
) (n h
.
iv) Take Z transform of
) (n h
to get a noncausal filter transfer
function
) (z H
of the FIR filter.
v) Multiply
) (z H
by
,
_
2
1 N
z
to convert noncausal transfer function
to a realizable causal FIR filter transfer function.
) (z H ( )
1
1
1
]
1
+ +
,
_

2
1
1
2
1
) ( ) 0 (
N
n
n n
N
z z n h h z
28. What is Gibbs phenomenon?
28
One possible way of finding an FIR filter that approximates ) (
j
e H would
be to truncate the infinite Fourier series at n=
1
]
1

t
2
1 N
.The abrupt truncation of the
series will lead to oscillation both in passband and in stopband. This phenomenon is
known as Gibbs phenomenon.
29. What is window and why it is necessary?
One possible way of finding an FIR filter that approximates ) (
j
e H would be to
truncate the infinite Fourier series at n=
1
]
1

t
2
1 N
. The abrupt truncation of the series
will lead to oscillation both in passband and in stopband. These oscillations can be
reduced through the use of less abrupt truncation of the Fourier series. This can be
achieved by multiplying the infinite impulse response with a finite weighing
) (n w
,
called a window.
30.Give the equation specifying Hanning windows.
The equation for Hanning window is given by
1
2
cos 5 . 0 5 . 0 ) (
+
N
n
n w
n H

for
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (

N
n
N
= 0 Otherwise.
31.Give the equation specifying Hamming windows.
The equation for Hamming window is given by
1
2
cos 46 . 0 54 . 0 ) (
+
N
n
n w
H

for
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (

N
n
N
= 0 Otherwise.
32.Give the equation specifying Blackman windows.
The equation for Blackman window is given by
1
4
cos 08 . 0
1
2
cos 5 . 0 42 . 0 ) (
+
N
n
N
n
n w
B

for
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (

N
n
N
= 0 Otherwise.
33.Give the equation specifying Bartlett windows.
29
The equation for Bartlett window is given by
1
2
1 ) (

N
n
n w
T
for
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (

N
n
N
= 0 Otherwise.
34.Give the equation specifying Kaiser windows.
The equation for Bartlett window is given by
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
,
_
) (
1
2
1
) (
0
0
I
N
n
I n w
k
for
2
) 1 (
N
n
= 0 Otherwise.
Where
is an independent parameter.

0
I
(x) is the zeroth order Bessel function of the first kind

2
1
0
2 !
1
1 ) ( I
1
1
]
1
,
_
+
k
k
x
k
x
35.Write the characteristics features of Triangular window.
i) The mainlobe width is equal to
N
8
.
ii) The maximum sidelobe magnitude is -25dB.
iii) The sidelobe magnitude slightly decreases with increasing
.
36. Compare the Rectangular and Hanning window.
Sl.No Rectangular window Hanning window
1. The width of mainlobe in window
spectrum is
N
4
The width of mainlobe in window spectrum
is
N
8
2. The maximum sidelobe magnitude
in window spectrum is -13dB.
The maximum sidelobe magnitude in
window spectrum is -31dB.
3. In window spectrum the sidelobe
magnitude slightly decreases with
increasing
In window spectrum the sidelobe

magnitude decreases with increasing
4. In FIR filter designed using

rectangular window the minimum
stopband attenuation is 22dB.
In FIR filter designed using Hanning
window the minimum stopband attenuation
is 44dB.
37.Compare the Rectangular and Hamming window.
Sl.No Rectangular window Hamming window
30
spectrum is
N
4
is
N
8
magnitude slightly decreases with
increasing

magnitude remains constant.
rectangular window the minimum
In FIR filter designed using Hamming
is 51dB.
38.Compare the Rectangular and Hamming window.
Sl.No Hanning window Hamming window
spectrum is
N
8
is
N
8

magnitude remains constant. Here the
increased sidelobe attenuation is achieved
at the expense of constant attenuation at
high frequencies.
4. In FIR filter designed using Hanning
window the minimum stopband
attenuation is 44dB.
In FIR filter designed using Hamming
is 51dB.
39. Compare the Hamming and Blackman window.
Sl.No Hamming window Blackman window
spectrum is
N
8
is
N
12
magnitude remains constant with
increasing

magnitude decreases rapidly with
increasing

Hamming window the minimum
In FIR filter designed using Blackman
is 78dB.
5. The higher value of sidelobe
attenuation is achieved at the
expense of constant attenuation at
The higher value of sidelobe attenuation is
achieved at the expense of increased
mainlobe width.
31
high frequencies.
40 .Compare the Hamming and Kaiser window.
Sl.No Hamming window Kaiser window
spectrum is
N
8
depends on the values of and N.
The maximum sidelobe magnitude with
respect to peak of mainlobe is variable
using the parameter .
magnitude remains constant with
increasing


Hamming window the minimum
In FIR filter designed using Kaiser window
the minimum stopband attenuation is
variable and depends on the value of .
41.How can you design digital filters from the analog filters?
1. Map the desired digital filter specifications into those for an equivalent analog
filter.
2. Derive the analog transfer function for the analog prototype.
3. Transform the transfer function of the analog prototype into an equivalent
digital filter transfer function.
42.Mention any two procedures for digitizing the transfer function of an analog
filter.
The two important procedures for digitizing the transfer function of an analog filter
are
1. Impulse invariance method.
2. Bilinear transformation method.
43.What are the advantages and disadvantages of digital filters?
Advantages:
1. High thermal stability due to absence of resistors , inductors and capacitors.
2. The performance characteristics like accuracy, dynamic range, stability and
tolerance can be enhanced by increasing the length of the registers.
3. The digital filters are programmable.
4. Multiplexing and adaptive filtering are possible.
Disadvantages:
1. The bandwidth of the discrete signal is limited by the sampling frequency.
2. The performance of the digital filter depends on the hardware used to
implement the filter.
44.What is impulse invariant transformation?
32
The transformation of analog filter to digital filter without modifying the impulse
response of the filter is called impulse invariant transformation (i.e., in this
transformation the impulse response of the digital filter will be sampled version of the
impulse response of the analog filter.)
45.What is the main objective of impulse invariant transformation?
The objective of this method is to develop an IIR filter transfer function whose
impulse is the sampled version of the impulse response of the analog filter. Therefore
the frequency response characteristics of the analog filter are preserved.
46.Write the impulse invariant transformation used to transform real poles with
and without multiplicity.
The impulse invariant transformation used to transform real poles (at s = - p
i
)
without multiplicity is
1
1
1 1

+ z e
to d transforme is
p s
T p
i
i
The impulse invariant transformation used to transform multiple real pole (at
s = - p
i
) is
( )
1 1
1 1
1
1
) 1 (
) 1 ( 1

+ z e dp
d
m
to d transforme is
p s
T p m
i
m m
m
i
i
47.What is the relation between digital and analog frequency in impulse invariant
transformation.
The relation between analog and digital frequency in impulse invariant
transformation is given by
Digital frequency, T
Where,
- Analog frequency and
T - Sampling time period
48.What is Bilinear transformation?
The Bilinear transformation is a conformal mapping that transforms the s-plane
to z-plane . In this mapping the imaginary axis of s-plane is mapped into the unit circle in
z-plane, the left half of s-plane is mapped into interior of unit circle in z-plane and the right
half of s-plane is mapped into exterior of unit circle in z-plane . The Bilinear mapping is a
one to-one mapping and it is accomplished when
1
1
1
1 2
z
z
T
s
+
49. What is the relation between digital and analog frequency in Bilinear
transformation?
33
In Bilinear transformation , the digital frequency and analog frequency are related
by the equation,
Digital frequency,
2
tan 2
1
T

or
Analog frequency
2
tan
2
T

Where,
- Analog frequency
T - Sampling time period
50. What is frequency warping?
In bilinear transformation the relation between analog and digital frequencies is
nonlinear. When the s-plane is mapped into z-plane using bilinear transformation , this
nonlinear relationship introduces distortion in frequency axis, which is called
frequency warping.
51. What is prewarping? Why it is employed?
In IIR filter design using bilinear transformation , the conversion of the specified
digital frequencies to analog frequencies is called prewarping.
The prewarping is necessary to eliminate the effect of warping on amplitude
response.
52. Explain the technique of prewarping.
In IIR filter design using bilinear transformation the specified digital frequencies
are converted to analog equivalent frequencies, which are called prewarp frequencies.
Using the prewarp frequencies, the analog filter transfer function is designed and then it
is transformed to digital filter transfer function.
53. Compare the impulse invariant and bilinear transformations.
Sl.No Impulse Invariant transformation Bilinear transformation
1. It is many to one mapping It is one to one mapping.
2. The relation between analog and
digital frequency is linear.
The relation between analog and digital
frequency is nonlinear.
3. To prevent the problem of aliasing the
analog filters should be band limited.
There is no problem of aliasing and so the
analog filter need not be band limited.
4.
The magnitude and phase response of
analog filter can be preserved by
choosing low sampling time or high
sampling frequency.
Due to the effect of warping, the phase
response of analog filter cannot be
preserved . But the magnitude response
can be preserved by prewarping.
PART B
34
1)Obtain the Direct form I , Direct form II , Cascade form and Parallel form
structure for the system described by
) 1 ( ) ( ) 2 ( 25 . 0 ) 1 ( 5 . 0 ) ( ) (
) 2 ( 6 . 0 ) 1 ( 6 . 3 ) ( 3 ) 2 ( 2 . 0 ) 1 ( 1 . 0 ) ( ) (
+ + +
+ + + +
n x n x n y n y n y b
n x n x n x n y n y n y a

2)Obtain the cascade realization of
,
_
+
,
_

,
_
+
+ +

1 1 1
2 1
8
1
1
4
1
1
2
1
1
2
) (
Z Z Z
Z Z
z H
3)Realize the following system functions using a minimum number of multipliers
( )( )
2 1 2 1
3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4
1
1
2
1
1 ) ( ) (
2
1
2
1
1 ) ( ) (
2
1
4
3
2
1
1 ) ( ) (

+ + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
z z z z z H c
z z z z H b
z z z z z H a
4)Design both (a)a Butterworth (b) Chebyshev filter analog low pass filter that have
-3dB cut off frequency of 100 rad/sec and a stop band attenuation of 25 dB or greater
for all radian frequencies past 250 rad/sec.
5)Design a (a)a Butterworth and (b) a Chebyshev analog high pass filter that will pass
all signals of radian frequencies greater than200rad/sec with no more than 2 dB
attenuation and have a stop band attenuation of greater than 20 dB for all
less than 100rad/sec.
6)Design a Butterworth high pass filter satisfying the following specifications:

2 . 0 1
4 . 0 1

S S
P p
dB
dB
7) Design a Butterworth low pass filter satisfying the following specifications:
Hz dB
Hz dB
S S
P p
15 . 0 30
1 . 0 5 . 0

8)For a given specifications design an Butterworth filter

5 . 0 1 . 0 (
1 . 0 0 9 . 0 ( 7 . 0
for j H
for j H
9)Obtain an analog Chebyshev filter transfer function that satisfies the constraints
35

4 1 . 0 ) (
2 0 1 ) (
2
1

for j H
for j H
10)Design an FIR linear phase, digital filter approximating the ideal frequency
response
'
6
, 0
6
, 1
) (
for
for
H
d
(a) Determine the coefficients of a 25- tap filter based on the window method with
a rectangular window.
(b) Determine and plot the magnitude and phase response of the filter.
(c) Repeat parts (a) and (b) using Hamming window.
(d) Repeat parts (a) and (b0 using a Bartlett window.
11) Design a FIR filter having following specification

( )
'
otherwise
for
e H
jw
d
, 0
6 6
, 1

and given that N=7. Using

(a) Hanning Window
(b) Hamming Window
(c) Blackman Window
12) Design a FIR high pass filter to meet the following specification
( )
'
otherwise
for e
e H
w j
jw
d
, 0
6
,
5

Using
(a) Hanning Window
(b) Hamming Window
(c) Blackman Window
13) Design a FIR Band pass filter having a following specification
( )
'
otherwise
for e
e H
w j
jw
d
, 0
2 4
,
5

Using
(a) Hanning Window
(b) Hamming Window
(c) Blackman Window
36
14) Design a FIR band stop filter having following specification
( )
'
otherwise
radian
radian for e
e H
c
c
w j
jw
d
, 0
4
2 ,
2
5
1
Using
(a) Hanning Window
(b)Hamming Window
(c) Blackman Window
15 )Design a FIR low pass filter having a cut off frequency f
c
= 1 KHz and sampling
rate f
s
= 4 KHz, using 11 samples compute filter coefficient Using
(a) Hanning Window (b) Hamming Window (c) Blackman Window
16) Explain the method of obtaining digital filter from analog filters.
(a)Impulse invariant method (b)Bilinear transform method.
17) Explain the pole mapping procedure of
(a)Impulse invariant method (b)Bilinear transform method.
18)Determine H(z) using impulse invariant method.
(a)
) 2 )( 1 (
2
) (
+ +
s s
H
S a
(b)
) 2 5 . 0 )( 5 . 0 (
1
2
) (
+ + +
s s s
H
S a
19) Convert analog filter
) 2 )( 1 (
2
) (
+ +
s s
H
S a
into digital filter by means of bilinear transformation T
= 1 sec
20) Determine the order of filter N and cut off frequency
c
for the specification

6 . 0 2 . 0 ) (
2 . 0 0 1 ) ( 8 . 0
for j H
for j H
UNIT V
37
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR
1.What are the classification digital signal processors?
The digital signal processors are classified as
i. General purpose digital signal processors.
ii. Special purpose digital signal processors.
2. Give some examples for fixed point DSPs.
TMS320C50, TM 320C54, TM 320C55, ADSP-219x, ADSP-219xx.
3. Give some examples for floating point DSPs.
TMS320C3x, TMS320C67x, ADSP-21xxx.
4. What are the factors that influence selection of DSPs?
1.Architectural features
2.Execution speed
3.Type of arithmetic
4.Word length
5. What are the applications of PDSPs?
Digital cell phones, automated inspection, voicemail, motor control, video
conferencing, Noise cancellation, Medical imaging, speech synthesis, satellite
communication etc.
6. What is pipelining?
Pipelining a processor means breaking down its instruction into a series of discrete
pipeline stages which can be completed in sequence by specialized hardware.
7. What is pipeline depth?
The number of pipeline stages is referred to as the pipeline depth.
8. What is the pipeline depth of TMS320C50, TM 320C54x?
TMS320C50 4
TM 320C54x 6
10. What are the different stages in pipelining?
i. the Fetch phase
ii. the Decode phase
iii. Memory read phase
iv. the Execute phase
11.What are the different buses of TM 320C5x and their functions?
38
The C5x architecture has four buses
1.program bus (PB)
2.Program address bus (PAB)
3.Data read bus (DB)
4.Data read address bus (DAB)
The program bus carriers the instruction code and immediate operands from program
memory to the CPU.
The program address bus provides address to program memory space for both read
and write.
The data read bus interconnects various elements of the CPU to data memory spaces.
The data read address bus provides the address to access the data memory spaces.
12. List the various registers used with ARAU.
Eight auxiliary registers (AR0 AR7)
Auxiliary register pointer (ARP)
13. What are the elements that the control processing unit of c5X consists of
1.Central arithmetic logic unit (CALU)
2.Parallel logic unit (PLU)
3.Auxiliary register arithmetic unit (ARAU)
4.Memory mapped registers
5.Program controller
14. What is the function of parallel logic unit?
The parallel logic unit is second logic units, which execute logic operations on data
without affecting the contents of accumulator.
15. List the on chip peripherals in c5x .
The on-chip peripherals interfaces connected to the c5x CPU include
(i) Clock generator
(ii) Hardware timer
(iii) Software programmable wait state generators
(iv) General purpose I/O pins
(v) Parallel I/O ports
(vi) Serial port interface
39
(vii) Buffered serial port
(viii) Time-divisions multiplexed (TDM) serial port
(ix) Host port interface
(x) User unmaskable interrupts
16. What are the general purpose I/O pins?
Branch control input ( ) O BI
External flag (XF)
17. What are the arithmetic instructions of C5x?
ADD, ADDB, ADDC, SUB, SUBB, MPY, MPYU
18. What are the logical instructions of c5x?
AND, ANDB, OR, ORB, XOR, XORB
19. What are the shift instructions?
ROR, ROL, ROLB, RORB, BSAR
20. What are load/store instructions?
LACB, LACC, LACL, LAMM, LAR, SACB, SACH, SACL, SAR
PART B
1. Enumerate various applications of DSP processors.
2. Describe in detail the architecture of TMS 320C 54 DSP processor and state the
main features of this processor.

3. Explain the following with reference to DSP processors.
(i) Barrel Shifter
(ii)MAC
(iii)CSSU
(iv) Harvard Architecture
4. Explain a typical application in which a DSP processor can be used.
40
41

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DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

6. What is the relationship between z-transform and DTFT?

in the difference equation the LTI system. When the value of r is in

. When the value of r is varied from 0 to 1 , the sharpness of

4)(Compute the convolution y(n)=x(n)*h(n) of the following signals:

5. Calculate the DFT of the sequence x(n) = 16

6. State the time shifting property of DFT.

8. When the DFT X(k) of a sequence x(n) is imaginary?

11.What is zero padding? What are its uses?

28.What is meant by radix-2 FFT?

is the cut off frequency. The magnitude

, the magnitude of normalized Butterworth filter is

is attenuation constant and

18.What are the properties of Chebyshev filter?

t ( i.e., group delay is constant)

In window spectrum the sidelobe

4. In FIR filter designed using

In window spectrum the sidelobe

In window spectrum the sidelobe

In window spectrum the sidelobe

4. In FIR filter designed using

In window spectrum the sidelobe

4. In FIR filter designed using

8)For a given specifications design an Butterworth filter

and given that N=7. Using

for the specification

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