Advanced Biology 4th Quarter Reviewer GENETICS Genetics- is a branch of biology that deals with the study of hereditary

and variation. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- genetic material Reproduction- important biological process that allows individuals to reproduce CLASSICAL GENETICS Hereditary Characters are controlled by genes. It is the gene, NOT the character which is passed on. Morphological- those that refer to structure or form such as shape, length and color. Examples: hitchhikers thumb, bent little finger, cleft chin, fur color in cats Physiological- those that refer to functions of parts Examples: rolling of tongue, blood clotting, color vision, lactose intolerance, diabetes mellitus Behavioral- externally directed activities in response to stimuli Examples: instincts o crying, thumb sucking, spinning of web in spiders, bird migration Sexual- those associated with being male or female Examples: internal and external genitalia, hair growth at puberty, change in voice quality of males or fat deposition in the breast and hips of females.

GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL- father of classical genetics Walter Sutton- coined the terms genes Monohybrid Cross- involves only one character Dihybrid Cross- involves two characters Genotype- genes of the individual Phenotype- physical expressions of characters Allele- alternative form of a gene that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome

Mendelian Principles of Inheritance Law of Dominance When the gene pair of an individual is heterozygous, only one of the two genes is physically expressed. That which is expressed is dominant while the other that is masked or hidden is recessive.

Law of Segregation The two genes of a pair segregate or separate during gamete formation, so that only one gene of a pair is received by each gamete. When the female gamete and male gamete unite during fertilization, the zygote or offspring receives two genes to make a pair, where one gene comes from the female parent and the other from the male parent.

Law of Independent Assortment The inheritance of seed shape does not influence the inheritance of seed color, because the two are independent of one another.

Pedigree Analysis pied de gru meaning foot of a crane. Circles- females Square- males Horizontal lines- mating Vertical lines- offspring Filled squares and circles- affected Additionals: Endomorphin many- happy person less- sad or negative person Testosterone- produced by males Estrogen and Progesterone- produced by females Biologically speaking, females are stronger than males

EXTENSIONS OF MENDELIAN INHERITANCE Multiple Alleles- controlled by more than two alleles (e.g. blood type) Incomplete Dominance- both become recessive Codominance- both are dominant Sex-Related Inheritance- affected by the X and Y chromosomes