COAL COMBUSTION

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

FURNACES OF COAL-FIRED BOILERS

Basic boiler furnaces: - grate (steady and moving grates)
- fluidized beds (bubble and circulating beds), - pulverized coal-furnace. Others: - cyclone, - retort furnace, - rotary furnace.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

BASIC COAL FURNACES

fumes b) coal drying pyrolysis gasification combustion ash

air

air

System for coal burning: a) Moving grate, b) Fixed bed, c) Fluidized bed d) Pulverized coal flame
secondary air

d)

pulverized coal

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

COMBUSTION PROCESS COAL SIZING REQUIREMENTS

Grate furnaces (stoker firing systems): fixed beds: mud, dust, tiny, peas, nut, thick, moving grate: peas, nut (10-30 mm), Fluidized bed: bubling <25 mm, circulating: 6 mm, Pulverized coal furnaces: bituminous coal: R90= 25-30%, R200<8%, lignite: R90= 48-55%, R200 = 25-32%, R1000<2-3% COMBUSTION AND FUELS

BASIC PROCESSES OF COAL COMBUSTION

- evaluation and combustion of volatile matter, - char combustion
Ash Char Ash Coal particle Ash

COMBUSTION AND FUELS Volatile matter

SINGLE COAL PARTICLE COMBUSTION

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

SINGLE COAL PARTICLE COMBUSTION

Czstka Coal wgla particle

Ignition czci of v.m. lotnych

Zapon

Ignition pozostaoci of char koksowej

Zapon

Ash Popi

Wydzielenie Volatile i spalenie matter czci lotnych

combustion

Spalanie Char pozostaoci combustion koksowej

Heating Nagrzewanie

Combustion Spalanie

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

HISTORY OF SINGLE COAL PARTICLE COMBUSTION

T Temperatura czstki Particle temperature

Temperatura spalin d d0

Flue gas temperature

rednicadiameter Particle czstki t

Stage Stage of Faza Faza of heat. spalania Faza spalania koksu zaponu Stage of char combustion v.m. & czci COMBUSTION AND FUELS comb. ignit. lotnych

STAGES OF BURNING OF SINGLE PARTICLE OF COAL

Induction ignition time: - heating time, - drying time. Time of combustion: - evaluation and combustion of volatile matter, - burning of char.
Ratio of time of volatile matter combustion/time of char burning: 1:10

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

VOLATILE MATTER CONTENT

Lignite Montana, % Component 6.9 MPa He 1000 C, 310 s CO CO2 H2O CH4 C2H4 C2 H6 Liquid HC Tar Char 6.9 MPa He 8501070 C, 210 s 2.5 1.7 9.5 3.2 0.5 0.9 0.7 12.0 62.4 Bituminous coal Pittsburgh, %

9.0 10.6 12.9 2.5 0.6 0.2 3.0 59.9 COMBUSTION AND FUELS

MECHANISMS OF VOLATILE MATTER EVALUATION

n f z io ifuusyjny y DD fflame mie

Products Produkty of spalania combustion

po

Czci Volatile matter lotne

Ciepo heat O2

Ro

ion tat

Bubbles

Coal Koks

Volatile matter

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF COKING COAL

1st STAGE (coal/metaplast) 2nd STAGE primary pyrolysis tar 3rd STAGE secondary pyrolysis soot

RAW COAL

primary gases

secondary gases

char

char

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

DYNAMICS OF VOLATILE MATTER EVALUATION

Lignite

Young hard coal Hard coal Anthracite Coke Drying

Temperature C

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

intensity of v. m. evaluation

CHAR STRUCTURE

Pores

Microscopic photo of char surface after coal devolatilization

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

CHAR COMBUSTION

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

MAJOR FACTORS INFLUENCING RATE OF CHAR PARTICLE COMBSTION C O2

a) chemical: chemical kinetic of oxidation reaction (temperature, O2 concentration) b) physical: transport of oxygen to the surface of char particle
COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Simple model of char particle combustion

Char particle Oxygen Oxygen

Reaction occurs here

Carbon dioxide Model of reaction: C + O2 = CO2 Rate of reaction: Wc = Ys k, g/(m2s) COMBUSTION AND FUELS

CHEMICAL MECHANISM OF CHAR COMBUSTION

Basic chemical reactions of char combustion : C + O2 = CO2 393.5 kJ/mol C + 0.5O2 = CO 110.5 kJ/mol C + CO2 = 2CO + 172.5 kJ/mol (I) (II) (III)

2CO + O2 = 2CO2 283.0 kJ/mole (IV)

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

COMBUSTION OF A SINGLE PARTICLE OF CHAR

O2 CO CO2 2CO + O2 2CO2 C + CO2 2CO
Distribution of primary and secondary products of oxidation of char

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

RATE OF CHAR OXIDATION

Assumption: 1. Single chemical reaction of oxidation is considered

C + O2 CO2
2. Char particle is considered spherical and smooth. C + O2 CO2

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

RATE OF CHAR OXIDATION, Wc

FORMULA WC = Y0/(1/k + 1/D) , kg/(m2s)
Rate constant: k = k0 exp[ E/(RT)],

Stoichiometry coefficient: ( = 0.375 when burning is to CO2), Mass transfer coefficient: D = (D/d)Sh of (Sh = CRenPrk Units: Wc [kg/(m2s)] COMBUSTION AND FUELS

COMPETITION OF TEMPERATURE AND DIFFUSION

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

REGIMES TEMPERATURE AND DIFUSSION REGIMES OF CHAR REACTION

Overal rate: WC = Y0/(1/k + 1/D)
Remember: Arrhenius rate: k = k0 exp[ E/(RT)], temperature dependent Mass transfer coefficient: D = (D/d)Sh, temperature independent

Two regimes of char burning

Kinetic (reaction) control regime (low temperature): 1/k >> 1/D WC = YO k0 exp[ E/(RT)] Diffusion control regime (high temperature): 1/k << 1/D COMBUSTION AND FUELS WC = YOD

LOW AND HIGH TEMPERATURE PROFILES AROUND CHAR PARTICLE

Profiles of oxygen concentration
Y s = YO YO Ys YO YO

r a)
Low temperature reaction control

r b)
Transition

Ys = 0 c)

High temperature diffusion control

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

REGIMES OF COMBUSTION OF POROUS CHAR PARTICLE

III Szybko reakcji II I

Reaction rate

Zewntrzny obszar dyfuzyjny

Wewntrzny obszar dyfuzyjny

Obszar kinetyczny 1/ T c

k=ko exp(-E/(RT)

Bulk surface diffusion

Pore diffusion

Reaction control

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Influence of temperature on the course of combustion of solid particle of coal

650 C COMBUSTION AND FUELS

450C

INFLUENCE OF AERODYNAMICS ON THE RATE OF COMBUSTION OF SINGLE COAL PARTICLE

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

ROLE OF SECONDARY CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN BURNING OF SINGLE CHAR COMBUSTION

Flame zone Flame zone

Convection and temperature influence on the chemical reactions participation COMBUSTION AND FUELS in the rate of burning.

COAL COMBUSTION AND SLAGING PROCESSES

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

MINERAL MATTER OF COAL

Mineral matter of coal: - included (a mineral associated with organic matter) - excluded (liberated, like clay, sand and rocks).
There are four major groups of minerals in coal: aluminosilicates mainly kaolinite, oxides quartz SiO2 and hematite Fe2O3, carbonates calcite CaCO3, syderyt FeCO3 and dolomite CaCO3MgCO3, sulphur compounds pyrite FeS2 i gipsium CaSO4 2H2O.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

SOLID RESIDUES AFTER COAL COMBUSTION

COMBUSTION

FLY ASH, MINERAL MATTER BOTTOM ASH

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

MEMBRANE WALLS DEPOSITS IN PULVERIZED COAL FIRED BOILERS

Fly ash

Wall deposits

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES OF MINERAL MATTER CONVERSION DURING COAL COMBUSTION During coal combustion mineral matter undergoes conversion:
- physical: melting, evaporation, sublimation and condensation, - chemical: dehydratation, carbonates decomposition and oxidation of sulfides.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

BASIC PROCESSES OF MINERAL MATTER CONVERSION IN THE FURNACE

vaporasing of inorganic matter coal particles with bound mineral matter heterogenic condensation homogenic nucleation and coalescence surface covering

small particles

coalescence

coal particles with bound and free mineral matter

swelling

cenospheres

char disintegration

SLAGING PROCESS
Slaging a process of covering of walls (tubes) of furnace by deposit being a result of conversion of mineral matter of coal during combustion. Types of deposits:
- loose, - bound (sintered, melted).

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

TYPES OF DEPOSITS

loose

bound

sintered COMBUSTION AND FUELS

melted

SLAG DEPOSIT ON THE WALL OF A FURNACE

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

PULVERIZED COAL FLAME

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

STRUCTURE OF PULVERIZED COAL FLAME

Pyrolysis Basic part of flame v.m. Char End of flame

recirculation Flame front

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Unburned coal particles

JET OF PULVERIZED COAL FLAME

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

PULVERIZED COAL FLAME IN THE BOILER FURNACE

UNBURNED CARBON (UBC) IN FLY ASH

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

UNBURNED CARBON IN FLY ASH: FACTORS INFLUENCING UBC

The most important factors determining UBC (LOI): reactivity of coal stoichiometric ratio temperature quality of grinding Petrographic components of UBC: inertenite, ksylite

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

INFLUENNCE OF MINERAL MATTER IN COAL ON UBC

ash content Ud zia p o p io u 20% 10% 5%
40% 35% 30% 25% Wt 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 0,00% 90,00% 99,00% 99,90% 99,99%

High content of mineral matter in coal decreases UBC UBC UNITS: % Accepted level of UBC: 5%

Sto p ie wy p a le n ia degreeof burnout

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

BURNERS AND BOILER FURNACES

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

SELECTION OF PULVERIZED COAL FURNACES

Antr. Hard coal Lignite Peat Biomass

LCV, MJ/kg (daf)

Volatile matter content, % Vertical furnace, jet burners Wall front furnace, swirl burners

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

Tangencial furnace, jet burners

SWIRL BURNERS
external recirculation
rosette secondary air

b )

oil lance

external recirculation

internal recirculation

swirler vanes

pulverised coal / air mixture

Swirl number: Outlet velocity of pulverized coal/air mixture: Secondary air velocity:

S = 0.4-0.7 20-22 m/s 26-30 m/s

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

FRONT OF SWIRL BURNER (40-50 MWth)

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

BACK OF THE SWIRL BURNER AIR BOX VANES OF AIR SWIRLER

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

vanes

SWIRL BURNERS ON FRONT WALL OF THE OP-650 BOILER

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

STRUCTURE OF SWIRLED PULVERIZED COAL FLAME

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

INFLUENCE OF AIR SWIRL ON THE PULVERIZED COAL STRUCTURE

primary 25 secondary 45 tertiary 30

primary 35 secondary 35 tertiary 35

primary 35 secondary 45 tertiary 45

primary 35 secondary 45 tertiary 60

JET BURNERS FOR BITUMINOUS COAL

o pulverized c mazout
e pulveriz d coal

al

e pulveriz

d coal

ut mazo
ed coal pulveriz

air

JET BURNERS FOR BITUMINOUS COAL

JET BURNERS FOR BITUMINOUS COAL

JET BURNER IN BOILER FURNACE OP 430

JET BURNERS FOR PULVERIZED LIGNITE

Outlet velocities from the burner: Pulverized lignite/gas 11-13 m/s, Upper and lower air Middle air Cooling and core air 4555 m/s, 4555 m/s, 2025 m/s.

nozzle for ceramics cooling air nozzle for upper air nozzle for pulverised coal with core air

nozzle for middle air nozzle for pulverised coal with core air

nozzle for lower air nozzle for ceramics cooling air

HOW PULVERIZED COAL IS TRANSPORTED FROM THE MILL TO BURNERS? Media transporting pulverized coal: Bituminous coal: Lignite: hot air, flue gas.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

JET BURNERS: PULVERIZED LIGNITE BURNING

Ventilation ratio of the coal mill: 1.6 kg/kg Volumetric rate of flue gas/ Volumetric rate of air
Ventilation, m3/h (flue gas) do 80 000 80 000200 000 200 000300 000 300 000400 000 400 000500 000 No. of pulverized lignite nozzles in the burner 2 3 4 6 8

No. of nozzles in a jet burner depending on the ventilation of a mill

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

FLAME PATTERN OF TANGENTIALLY FIRING FURNACE

Corner furnace

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

BOILER DUCTS IN TANGENTIALLY FIRING FURNACES

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

FLUIDIZED COMBUSTION

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

BURNING IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED BOILERS

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

COMPOSION AND TEMPERATURE OF FLUIDIZED BED

Composition of fluidized bed: - inert material (sand and ash), - dolomite/calcite ( and products of desulfurization), - 2-6% of coal. 800 900 oC

Temperature of fluidized bed:

Optimal temperature wth respect desulfurization: 850 oC

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

COAL BURNING IN FLUIDIZED BED

FREE BOARD ZONE CaSO4 CaO O2 CO2 CO2

CO2

HO 2

O2

SO2 CO2 HO 2 Cn Hm
O2

CO

Cn Hm coal particle fines

CO2 CO

CaO

CO2 CO2

CaO CO2 BED

CO sorbent O2 char CO2

CO

LIGNITE BURNING IN LABORATORY FLUIDIZED BED

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

COAL COMBUSTION IN FREE BOARD ZONE OF FB

FRAGMENTATION OF COAL PARTICLES IN FLUIDIZED BED

Coal particles undergo fragmentation in fluidized bed due to:- increase of porosity of char particles (percolative fragmentation), - collision of coal particles with bed particles, - attrition of coal particles in bed.

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

SPECIAL BOILER FURNACES

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

RETORT FURNACE FOR SMALL BOILERS

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

RETORT FURNACE: COAL COMBUSTION

COMBUSTION AND FUELS

CYCLONE COMBUSTION CHAMBERS

igniter secondary air oil burner pulverised coal / air mixture

tertiary air igniter secondary air oil burner pulverised coal / air mixture

tertiary air

Cyclone combustion chambers with tangent (a) and secant (b) injection of pulverised coal / air mixture

BOILER WITH CYCLONE COMBUSTION CHAMBER

postcombustion zone

air pulverised coal air Primary air reburning zone secondary air coal

main combustion zone water liqiud slag

cyclone burner

COMBUSTION AND FUELS