Biology (Wednesday August 23, 2011) What do living things do?

? o Reproduction, respiration, growth and development, adapt, evolve, consume (ENERGY CONVERSION), communicate, response 1. Characteristics of living things: a. Living things respond to stimuli- detect and adjust to changes in the environment b. Movement c. Change color (brown anole-common in Florida) d. Release chemical (bombardier beetles) 2. Living things are composed of 1 or more cells 3. Have complex organization 4. Living things take in and use ENERGY (E) a. E for living orgs. Ultimately derived from the sun b. E released from food used maintains life activities and prevent orgs. becoming disordered 5. Metabolism= all chem. Reactions by which cells acquire and use E a. Examples i. Respiration= oxidation of food to produce E (ATP) ii. Photosynthesis= production of food from CO2 and H2O using light E 6. Living things maintain stable internal environment by process of homeostasis (regulation) a. Homeo= similar b. Stasis= standing 7. Organisms maintain internal environment or it will die 8. Living things have POTENTIAL to reproduce new generation 9. Living things transmit characteristics from parent to offspring= heredity a. DNA= Genetic code which determines the traits of orgs. 10. Living things grow and develop a. Growth= increase in mass and size i. Fertilized egg EX: fertilized egg divides multicellular embryo Friday August 26 Development= orgs become more complex and take on series new forms o Ex. Multicellular frog embryo. Organogenesis (organ formation).. tadpole. Adult frog i. Populations of living things evolve= changes in the genetic make-up of a population over time a. Population= group of individuals of one species in a particular location b. Species= kind of organisms ii. Natural Selection= a. Mechanism explains how evolution occurs

Evolution occurs by the process of Natural Selection (Charles Darwin) o Certain individuals in pop. Possess traits which make them better able to survive o These indiv. Survive, reproduce & pass on these favored traits to next generation As result nat. select., species of orgs. are adapted to their env. o Adaptation= Any characteristic that increases chances of an org, survive and reproduce in particular env. Cacti adapt so other animals wont eat them o Spines are the modified leaves o Certain insects in pop. Possess a gene which confers resistance to the pesticide o The resistant individuals survive and reproduce and pass on the gene for resistance to certain individuals of next generation o As a result, there is an increase in the frequency of individuals in the pop. Which are resistant to the pesticide A. Life is organized at different levels B. Living orgs. and their env. Form interconnecting webs of E flow Monday August 29th Biology as a Science o Science- determines general principles from observation and experimentation i. Steps in the Scientific Method a. Observation b. Question c. Hypothesis d. Prediction e. Controlled experiment f. Statistical analysis g. Reject or accept hypothesis based on statistical analysis h. Publish results A. Hypothesis= tentative explanation, based on known facts to account for observed phenomena. B. Experiments= test alternative hypothesis a. Controlled expt.= consists of 2 randomly selected groups. Of organisms i. Experimental Group.

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Treated with respect to the variable (factor) being studied ii. Control Group Treated exactly the same as expt. Grp. Except in one respect (i.e., variable being studied) Provides standard against which changes in exp. Grp. Measured Often, impossible to control for all but one variable b. If repeat expts. And continue to accept hypothesis strong evidence in favor of hypothesis c. Expts. Often lead to new questions Statistical Analysis= math formulas used to determine if : o Should you accept or reject a hypothesis, i.e., whether the expt. Results are due to chance alone or are due to the experimental manipulation Observation a. Soybeans grow at certain rate and to certain height Question a. Could the conc. Certain minerals affect growth rate (height/time)? b. Biologist searches published data on plant nutrition and finds that growth rate of many crop plants is affected Hypothesis a. Growth soybeans affected by amount available nitrogen in soil b. If so soybeans treated with high concentrations (20%) N should grow taller/time than untreated soybeans Experimental Design a. Randomly selected two groups of five soybean fields each having similar characteristics b. each week spray 1 group with 20% nitrate fertilizer dissolved in H20= experimental grp c. each week spray 2nd group with H20 only= control grp. i. RESULTS: avg. height soybeans over 4 months 1. Control plots 20cm 2. Experimental plots 25 cm ii. Stat analysis of data shows: 1. Avg. height of experimental plants is significantly greater than avg. height control plants iii. Should you accept or reject the hypothesis based on Statistical analysis? 1. Accept the hypothesis: a. Growth soybeans is affected by amount available nitrogen in the soil. b. The average height of soybeans treated with 20% nitrate solution is significantly greater than nontreated 2. Publish results in scientific journal

E. Clinical Trials: Effectiveness of Medical Treatments a. Placebo= substance (pill, liquid, etc.) containing no medication- used as control b. Double-blind Procedure= neither the researcher nor subjects know who receiving experimental treatment F. Theory= hypothesis supported by evidence a. Always possible future evidence can revise theory b. Ex. Theory of evolution c. Theory of relativity G. Law= theory which been validated over long period of time a. Gravity WATER Chemistry of life is h20 o Most common liquid on earth 1. Structure a. 1 0 atom covalently bonded to 2 H atoms b. H2O mol. Neutral in charge since # protons (+) = # electrons (-) c. H2O is polar molecule= has slight neg. and pos. charged regions (pg. 23) i. Shared pairs e- (electrons) spend more time around O nucleus than H nucleus ii. Polar covalent bond= covalent bond in which e- are shared unequally between 2 atoms d. H2O molecules form hydrogen bonds between each other and some other molecules (pg 25) 2. Hydrogen Bonds: a. Form when slightly positive H atoms participating in polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to slightly negative atom (usually O or N) participating in polar covalent bond in another molecule b. Are much weaker than covalent or ionic bonds c. (Covalent bonds are very strong and tough to break) 3. Properties H2O mostly due to it being polar molecule and its ability form H bonds a. H2O acts as solvent for many substances in orgs. i. Solution= uniform mixture of 2 or more substances o Solvent= substance doing the dissolving usually in liquid o Solute= substance being dissolved ii. Due to its polarity, H2O is good solvent for: o Ionic compounds (e.g. NaCl) o Ion= atom or molecule that has gained or lost 1 or more electrons o Ionic bond=attraction between 2 ions with opposite charges b. Other polar molecules (e.g. NH3)

c. Large molecules having regions of neg. and pos. charges ( sugars, certain proteins) 4. Water molecules exhibit cohesion and adhesion a. Cohesion= like molecules cling together i. H2O molecules cohere due to H bonds.. surface tension b. Adhesion= tendency of unlike molecules cling together i. H2O molecules adhere to polar surfaces by forming H bonds with them ii. Seed germination= breaking open of seed and emergence of seedling iii. H2O enters seed by diffusion and adheres to slightly charged cellulose molecules in seed which make up the seed coat increase pressure seed coat breaks germination c. Movement H2O in veins of plants due to cohesion and adhesion- see diagram and explanation- pg. 646 i. Evap. From leaves pulls water upward from roots via microscopic tubes ( =xylem vessels) ii. Cohesion due to H bonding (between water molecules) helps hold together column water within vessel iii. Adhesion of water to vessel wall helps resist downward pull gravity 5. H20 resists temp change a. Heat = total amount of E in a substance due to molecular motion b. Temperature= measure intensity of heat= average speed of mols. In a substance c. Large amounts heat required raise temp. H20 i. Large amounts of heat required to break H bonds increased motion h20 mols increase temp H20 ii. Large amounts of heat must be lost to lower temp H20 iii. During cooling, H20 mols. slow H bonds form releasing heat slows cooling process d. Advantages to organisms i. Helps maintain constant temp. of internal body fluids- most biochem. rxns. Occur in narrow range temps. ii. Aquatic orgs. H20 env. Has relatively stable temp. e. H20 is good coolant i. For h20 molecules to evaporate they must absorb heat from env. To break H bonds cooling of env. or surface f. Frozen H20 less dense than liquid H20 (density= mass/volume) i. H20 highest density at 4 dc ii. Lowest density at 0 dc g. Due to H bonds: i. H bonds in liquid H20 constantly break and reform - fluid ii. H bonds in ice create rigid open lattice, which holds mols. apart h. Advant. to aquatic orgs. = i. Large bodies H20 not freeze to bottom 5

ii. Surface ice sheet insulates lower depths i. Adverse affect to all orgs. = i. Ice crystals form in cells when freeze cell death ii. Cells some insects, fish, frogs, contain glycerol ( antifreeze) prevents freezing cells j. H20 ionizes= dissociates into charged particles i. H20 <=== H+ + OHii. Pure H20 (distilled H20) k. (H+) = (OH-) ( ) = concentration A. Acids and bases a. Acids= substances which cause increase in H+ in soln. i. Ex. HCl (hydrochloric acid) dissolved in H20 HClH+ +Clii. Bases= substances which cause decrease (H+) in solution = increase (OH-) in solution iii. Ex. NH3 (ammonia) dissolved in H20 1. NH3 + H+ from H20 September 7th pH Scale= measure of relative (H+) and (OH-); values of 0-14 o ph below 7 (H+) greater than (OH-)= acid o ph= 7= neutral o ph above 7= less than = base 1. ph scale is logarithmic, therefore 1 ph unit= 10 fold change in (H+) 2. Most biochem, rxns in cells have optimum ph= a. pH at which biochemical txns. In cells function best often close to pH 7 3. orgs. very sensitive changes in pH 4. Most biological fluids contain buffers= a. Substances that resist changes in pH by absorbing or releasing H+ into solution i. Ex. Human blood plasma contains a bicarbonate (HCO3-)- carbonic acid (H2CO3) buffer ii. Normal blood pH= 7.4 iii. If rises to 7.8 or falls to 7= death 5. Some groups of molecules attached to organic molecules are non-reactive and non polar but affect a molecule molecular shape and therefore funct. a. Ex.= methyl group (--CH3) i. Compounds with methyl groups are called methylated compounds 6. most large organic mols. (macromolecules) are polymers composed of subunits called monomers a. ex.: Starch is a polymer composed of sugar monomers 7. Properties of organic polymers depend on: a. Kind and arrangement of monomers making up the polymer 6

8. Two common types biochem. rxns. In living systems a. Dehydration synthesis rxns. = 2 or more monomers form a polymer with removal of H20 i. Dehydrate= lose H20 ii. Synthesis= build up b. 1 molecule H20 removed per pair of monomers linked c. rxns. Require enzymes= organic catalysts- speed up biochem. rxns. d. Rxns. Require input net amounts of E 9. Hydrolysis rxns. = polymer broken down into monomers by the addition of H20 a. hydro= H20 b. lysis= break apart i. rxns. Require enzymes ii. rxns. Release net amounts. Of E iii. rxns. Of digestion often are hydrolysis rxns 10. Composition of living orgs. a. Most common elements in humans 11. Element % body mass (wet wgt.) O 65% H 10% C 18% 93% body mass composed of C, H, O N 3 Ca 2 P 1 Carbohydrates