Chapter1:BasicConcepts Chapter 1: Basic Concepts

DrRafatAlWaked
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering PMU

Whatisafluid?
Afluidisasubstanceinthegaseousorliquidform Distinctionbetweensolidandfluid? S lid Solid:canresistanappliedshearbydeforming.Stressis it li d h b d f i St i proportionaltostrain Fluid:deformscontinuouslyunderappliedshear.Stressis proportionaltostrainrate

Solid

Fluid

F = A

F V = A h

Whatisafluid?
Stress is defined as the force Stressisdefinedastheforce perunitarea. Normalcomponent:normal stress Inafluidatrest,the normalstressiscalled pressure Tangentialcomponent:shear l h stress

Whatisafluid?
Aliquidtakestheshapeof A liquid takes the shape of thecontaineritisinand formsafreesurfaceinthe forms a free surface in the presenceofgravity A gas expands until it Agasexpandsuntilit encountersthewallsofthe containerandfillstheentire container and fills the entire availablespace.Gasescannot formafreesurface form a free surface Gasandvaporareoftenused assynonymouswords as synonymous words

Wh t i fl id? Whatisafluid?

solid

liquid

gas

Noslipcondition
Noslip condition: A fluid in No slipcondition:Afluidin directcontactwithasolid ``sticks'tothesurfacedueto viscouseffects i ff t Responsibleforgenerationof wall shear stress tw,surfacedrag wallshearstresst surface drag D=tw dA,andthedevelopment oftheboundarylayer Thefluidpropertyresponsible forthenoslipconditionis viscosity Importantboundarycondition g y informulatinginitialboundary valueproblem(IBVP)for analyticalandcomputational fluiddynamicsanalysis fluid dynamics analysis

ClassificationofFlows
Weclassifyflowsasatoolinmakingsimplifyingassumptions We classify flows as a tool in making simplifying assumptions tothegoverningpartialdifferentialequations,whichare knownastheNavierStokesequations known as the NavierStokes equations ConservationofMass

ConservationofMomentum

Viscousvs.InviscidRegionsofFlow
g Regionswherefrictional effectsaresignificantare calledviscousregions.They areusuallyclosetosolid surfaces. Regionswherefrictional forcesaresmallcompared toinertialorpressureforces arecalledinviscid

Internalvs.ExternalFlow
Internalflowsare Internal flows are dominatedbytheinfluence ofviscositythroughoutthe of viscosity throughout the flowfield Forexternalflows,viscous effectsarelimitedtothe ff t li it d t th boundarylayerandwake.

Compressiblevs.IncompressibleFlow
Aflowisclassifiedas A flow is classified as incompressibleifthedensity remainsnearlyconstant. Liquidflowsaretypically Liquid flows are typically incompressible. Gasflowsareoftencompressible, especiallyforhighspeeds. especially for high speeds Machnumber,Ma=V/cisagood indicatorofwhetherornot compressibilityeffectsare compressibility effects are important.
Ma<0.3:Incompressible Ma<1:Subsonic M 1 S b i Ma=1:Sonic Ma>1:Supersonic Ma>>1:Hypersonic

Laminarvs.TurbulentFlow
Laminar:highlyordered Laminar: highly ordered fluidmotionwithsmooth streamlines. Turbulent:highly disorderedfluidmotion characterizedbyvelocity characterized by velocity fluctuationsandeddies. Transitional:aflowthat containsbothlaminarand turbulentregions Reynolds number Re Reynoldsnumber,Re= UL/ isthekeyparameter g indeterminingwhetheror notaflowislaminaror turbulent.

Steadyvs.UnsteadyFlow
Steadyimpliesnochangeata Steady implies no change at a pointwithtime.Transientterms inNSequationsarezero in NS equations are zero U Unsteadyistheoppositeof d i h i f steady.
Transientusuallydescribesa starting,ordevelopingflow. Periodic refers to a flow which Periodicreferstoaflowwhich oscillatesaboutamean.

Unsteady flows may appear Unsteadyflowsmayappear steadyiftimeaveraged

One,Two,andThreeDimensionalFlows
N Sequationsare3Dvectorequations. NS equations are 3D vector equations. Velocityvector,U(x,y,z,t)=[Ux(x,y,z,t),Uy(x,y,z,t),Uz(x,y,z,t)] Lowerdimensionalflowsreducecomplexityofanalyticaland computationalsolution computational solution Changeincoordinatesystem(cylindrical,spherical,etc.)mayfacilitate reductioninorder. Example:forfullydevelopedpipeflow,velocityV(r) isafunctionofradius r andpressurep(z) isafunctionofdistancez alongthepipe.

SystemandControlVolume
Asystemisdefinedasa A system is defined as a quantityofmatterora g p regioninspacechosenfor study. Aclosedsystemconsistsof afixedamountofmass. Anopensystem,orcontrol volume,isaproperly selectedregioninspace. We'lldiscusscontrol 'll d l volumesinmoredetailin Chapter6. Chapter 6

Dimensions and Units DimensionsandUnits

Anyphysicalquantitycanbecharacterizedbydimensions. Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions Themagnitudesassignedtodimensionsarecalledunits. Primary dimensions include: mass m, length L, time t, and Primarydimensionsinclude:massm,lengthL,timet,and temperatureT. Secondarydimensionscanbeexpressedintermsofprimary dimensionsandinclude:velocityV,energyE,andvolumeV. di i di l d l i d l UnitsystemsincludeEnglishsystemandthemetricSI (InternationalSystem).We lluseboth. (International System) We'll use both Dimensionalhomogeneity isavaluabletoolincheckingfor y q errors.Makesureeveryterminanequationhasthesame units. Unityconversionratios arehelpfulinconvertingunits.Use them. h

A P ii d Si ifi t Di it Accuracy,Precision,andSignificantDigits
Engineersmustbeawareofthreeprincipalsthatgoverntheproperuseof numbers. 1. Accuracyerror:Valueofonereadingminusthetruevalue.Closenessof theaveragereadingtothetruevalue.Generallyassociatedwith repeatable,fixederrors. bl fi d 2. Precisionerror : Valueofonereadingminustheaverageofreadings.Isa measureofthefinenessofresolutionandrepeatabilityoftheinstrument. p y Generallyassociatedwithrandomerrors. 3. Significantdigits: Digitsthatarerelevantandmeaningful.When performingcalculations,thefinalresultisonlyaspreciseastheleast performing calc lations the final res lt is onl as precise as the least preciseparameterintheproblem.Whenthenumberofsignificantdigits isunknown,theacceptedstandardis3.