Anschluss: Germany begins annexing land.

This occurs in context to the MolotovRibbentrop Pact wherein Soviets and Germans secretly divided up parts of Eastern and Western Europe into spheres of influence. When Germans invade Austria they are welcomed and Hitler is praised by Austrians. Baby boom: After the world wars had ended, people longed for stability, comfort, prosperity, and leisure. In the 1950s a very high birthrate was noted as the Baby Boom. It revealed a focus on family and economic prosperity post-war. I Love Lucy: happy, easy, and enjoyable time. Battle of the Somme: One of the bloodiest wars in WWI. Marked unprecedented mortality rates (350,000 killed, 1.5 million casualties). This demonstrated the sheer magnitude of war that industrialization and modernization had brought with new weapons and war strategy. Zygmunt Baumann: Polish sociologist who argued in his 1989, Modernity and the Holocaust, that the Holocaust occurred BECAUSE of modernity: Rational thought lead to categorization of human beings and lesser/greater complex Efficiency led to the tactics by which Jews were able to be rounded up with ease and skill Progress and the notion that nations are evolving and so are civilizations. Extracting the bad. Moral relativism and the idea that absolutes are contextual. Nicolae Ceaucescu: During the fall of the Soviet Union and Communism, there was great civil unrest in Romania. This led to protests in December 1989, but the government would not step down. Ceaucescu and his wife were tried and executed for the crimes of mass killing and for suppressing the soul of the nation. His death did not bring stability or peace and even today corruption is widespread. Chernobyl: In the context of Gorbachev wanting openness (glasnost), this was a nuclear accident that occurred in April 1986 that the USSR had tried to cover up. When the rest of the world discovered what had happened, Gorbachev opened up and elucidated the issue. This demonstrates a new policy of openness. Winston Churchill: Prime Minister of Britain during WW2. Collectivization: In regards to agriculture this was a policy Stalin implemented. It required people to give their land to be under state control. This instigaged peasants to revolt and even kill their own livestock (or refuse to plant crops). The revolting peasants were then banished and the labor force and production declined which resulted in famines across the nation. Stalin refused to acknowledge the famines and instead continued to export crops to the west to demonstrate the

resilience of his economy. This of course caused a shortage of food supply and starvation. Cuban Missile Crisis: After Cuba had accepted Soviet support under the reign of Castro, the Soviet Union installed nuclear weapons in Cuba. The US had missiles in Turkey and so this seemed justified to them. For 13 days in October 1962, nuclear war seemed inevitable, but both countries ultimately agreed to remove missiles. This demonstrates the magnitude of consequence modernity brought with its newly developed weapons and proxy-government colonization. Decolonization: Post-WWII, colonial empires collapsed all over the world and many new countries emerged. As Britain, France, Belgium, Portugal, and the Netherlands began to lose hold on their colonies. Japan, Germany, and Italy immediately lost their colonies due to war. These were of course broken up into spheres of influence between West and East. Displaced persons: Soviet nationals who were displaced during the war for various reasons were forcibly told to return to their homeland. Those that returned to the Soviet Union were often treated as traitors who had walked out (defectors). The US agreed to this policy at the Yalta Conference 1945 because they needed to assistance of the Soviet Union in fighting Japan 90 days after Hitlers defeat. Dr. Stranglove: See Wikipedia. Economic miracle: Post-war the US provided 13 billion dollars to Europe, which was to be used to repair the state of the economies. Any nation that accepted money was expected to abide by the United States demands of democracy and free trade: This was done to prevent communism and Nazism from spreading again. In West Germany something called Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle) occurs where this region recovers incredibly fast. Examples of this such as the VW Beetle, the Hanover Industrial Fair 1951, the Baby Boom (occurs after the American baby boom). Einsatzgruppen: Literally: task force. A german force that rounded up Jews and killed them. Particularly evident at Babi Yar, a ravine where the Einsatzgruppen rounded up Jews and shot them so they did not have to bury them. Mass killings from Sept 29th and Sept 30th 1941, 33,000. 100,000 killed through the remainder of the summer. Fascism: A totalitarian political system that glorifies the state and totally subordinates the individual to the states needs. Italy was the first. Followed by Germany and Spain. Fascist rule meant dictatorship by a strong, charismatic leader. Promised to those subjected to its rule an escape from parliamentary chaos, party wranglings, and the threat of communism. Fascism rejected the socialist tenet of the collective or government ownership of production and property. Ultranationalist. Use of force central to its appeal. Rooted in the mass political movements of the late

19th century which glorified the nation, emphasized anti-liberal values, and pursued a politics of violence. Final Solution: Announced by Germans at Wahnsee Conferece. It was a public announcement condoning and declaring the policy of exterminating the Jews. Heinrich Himmler admitted to the exterminations and essentially asked what should be done with the women and children. This shows the matter of fact and way in which people rationally began to justify their actions no matter how bad during modernization. Flag independence: Archduke Franz Ferdinand: European nationalism had begun to spread, particularly militant nationalism. Nations exerting themselves at the best. Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife were assassinated by a member of the Black Hand, a Serbian paramilitary society, who wanted to be free of Imperial dominion. This shows that people begin taking pride in their nations and thus took pride in fighting for them. Fighting for something they belonged to. Started WWI. Great Depression: After a week in October 1929 in which the stock market in the United States collapsed, the Great Depression began. Heavy borrowing and a reliance on American investment by Europe and the rest of the world throughout the 1920s contributed to the inherent instability of European economies. Relying on short-term loansborrowing short and lending long proved to be disastrous when loans were recalled. Excessive lending and leniency were fatal mistakes of creditor nations, especially the United States. American investors turned off the tap of the flow of capital to search for higher profits at home, a precarious situation got worse. What followed was a severe economic downturn marked by sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slow down to a crawl. In 1932, one in four Americans were without jobs. One in three banks had closed. People lost homes and were unable to pay their mortgages: farmers lost land, unable to earn enough o survive. Great prosperity of the 20s vanished. Americans stopped by foreign gods. American investment halted abroad. European nations responded by restricting the outflow of capital. 1. Gold Standard disappears from international community 2. Confidence in the invisible hand, disappeared. Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: Essentially Japans colonization of East Asia. Japan had rapidly modernized and unlike the West they believed in a pragmatic balance of power. Different people could be separate and unique. Essentially a self-sufficient area that united the Asian countries. Denied Western ways.

Gulag: State-Camp Administration. The gulag was a number of labor camps where Stalin forced people to go and work. There were usually 12-16 hour work days without proper food. Anyone could be sent to these camps which were away from civilization. Used to dispose of political dissenters or alleged dissenters. Power tool. Hiroshima: Killed 140,000. The city where US dropped first atomic bomb after Japan refused to surrender. Demonstrates the massive and catastrophic consequence of modernization and rational thought leading to massively destructive weapons. Hitler Youth: Basically an indoctrination for 10 year olds and up. Forced into servicing the Fuhrer by learning the Nazi ways and propaganda. Holodomor: Ukranian Famine 1932-33. Famine in Ukraine which killed 3-10 million. Not really caused by natural decline the production, but rather Totalitarianism. Possibly killed Ukranians to keep them weak and unable to rebel or a result of collectivization. Iron Curtain: Term coined by Churchill in 1946. Denotes separation between Eastern and Western European blocs. Eastern Europe soviet sphere of influence. Although the age of colonialism had ended, there was a new kind of colonization through political influence and economic aide. Ayatollah Khomeini: Antagonist to the Shah of Iran. Spoke of the injustices of the Shah via airwaves from exile in France. Led the country during the Islamic Revolution 1979 from radio. Returned to Iran on Feb 1 1979 to instate a theocracy and dissolve the country of the corrupt ways of the west. Nikita Khrushchev: In 1956, Khrushchev, head of the Communist party, denounced Stalin as incompetent and cruel. Khrushchev assumed power as premier in 1958. He began the process of destalinization and promoted the idea of peaceful coexistence alongside Kennedy.

Martin Luther King, Jr.:

National Socialism: Also referred to as Nazism was a German invariant of fascism.

Nicholas II: Ruled Russia 1984-1917. Had faith in Russia and believed he was appointed by God to rule. He was not a good ruler. Because he was not a good ruler. Duma parliament instated 1906. Advisory power but no decision power so Duma fails. While Nicholas II off fighting, Empress Alexandra listening to mystic Grigori Rasputin which detracts confidence in Royal family. When the textile workers begin to rebel and there are no troops to call in to quelch the rebellions because they are all fighting, Tsar Abdicates. October (Bolshevik) Revolution: Vladimir Lenin and his group gains a majority in Petrograd Council. They adopted the name Bolsheviks. On Oct 25 1917 Lenin and his loyal troops peacefully disbanded the provisional government instated by the duma. Perestroika: A political platform of Gorbachev. Means remodeling. Gorbachev wanted to remove the political and economic structure of the Soviet Union; he wanted people to elect their own leaders, freedom to travel, a limited freedom of religion, and less censorship. Potsdam Agreement: Conference held in Berlin 2 months after Germany surrendered. Us represented by Truman and Britain by Clement Attlee. Two documents of conference: 1. Potsdam Agreement: a. Said that territories that the Soviets liberated during the war were under Soviet influence now and vice versa for US. b. Germany divided into four occupation zones. US French and British zones turned into West Germany. Prague Spring: Alexander Dubcek realized the excesses of communism and decided to make a sort of socialism (liberal communism) with a human face. The USSR felt threatened by this and the Warsaw Pact army eventually went to Prague to force the Czechs to comply wth communist strategy. Rape of Nanking: When the Japanese took the Nationalist capital of Nanking in December 1937, 20,000 women were raped, 30,000 soldiers killed, and another 12,000 civilians died in more than six weeks of wanton terror inflicted by Japanese soldiers. Andrei Sakharov: Nuclear physicist who helped invent the hydrogen bomb but he was kept under house arrest from 1980-86 out of fear that he would cooperate with the west and give them all the bomb information.

SCAP (Supreme Commander of Allied Powers): General McCarthy. Japan was now occupied by the US and the US pumped a great deal of money into Japan in order to prevent communism. Like Germany, Japan recovers very fast from war and becomes one of USs strongest allies. Second World: Refers to the soviet-bloc and all the nations the Soviets liberated from Nazi Germany. Shellshock: Due to the stress of fighting in WWI, people incurred what is called shellshock (psychiatric casualties due to the stress of fighting). Demonstreates the magnitude of fighting. Socialist Realism: movement in art and literature. Glorifies the struggle of the worker moving towards communist progress. In doing so it also arouses passion, pride, a sense of purpose, and a need to work together towards a classless society under communism. Example: Aleksander Robzdej Pass me a Brick. 1950. Victor Koshevoi Building Site 1973. Solidarity: This was a Polish trade union federation founded at the Gdansk Shipyard and it was originally led by Lech Walesa. It was the first non-communist trade union in Poland. In 1980 there were strikes in the Gdansk shipyads which tried to advance political and social change. In the end the union survived and the state was forced to negotiate (this was a huge step forwardthe government did not win but had to compromise). Later Lech Walesa became the first president of free Poland. Joseph Stalin: A Georgian who went on to become the dictator of Russia after Lenin. Initiated the First-Five Year Plan in Russia which launched a program of rapid industrialization. Brutally squeezed profits out of the agricultural sector and used the money to increase heavy industrial production between 300 and 600 percent. Created a massive industrial workforce overnight as peasant men and women were placed at workbenches of metallurgical plants. Reminded Russians that no sacrifice was too great in producing steel and iron. Deported wealthy peasants and collectivized agriculture. Instituted states set prices, controlled distribution, and slected crops with the intention of ensuring a steady food supply and freeding a rural labor force for heavy industry. Also inaugurated the Great Purge which was a series of purges. Those whom Stalin believed to be his opponents were labeled as class enemies. Instituted show trials. The purges dealt a severe blow to the command of the army and resulted in a shortage of qualified industrial personnel, slowing industrial growth. Third World: refers to non-industrialized countries. Weak countries often colonized at an earlier time, neither capitalist nor communist with weak infrastructure. Since the First and Second worlds were fighting to attract land they bribed many countries via financial means and then used propaganda to bring them

onto the either the capitalist or communist agenda. We see this in Cuba, Iran, Afghanistan, and Vietnam. Treaty of Versailles: treaty said that the German emperor had to be dethroned and Germany must become a republic. Weimar Republic. The new republic had a constitution, democratically elected the president and had a thriving culture. The time was known as the Roaring 20s in Berlin. Velvet Revolution: Peaceful, bloodless overthrow of the communist government (occurred only 8 days after the fall of the Berlin wall). A student demonstration led to strikes and protests that forced the government to relinquish its power back to the people. Vaclav Havel was a poet who became president once the communist lost power. Vichy France: Vichy France: France remembered WWI and didnt want to face Germany (the French government ended up handling 3/5 of France over to Germany). Viet Minh: League for Independence of Vietman. Founded in 1941 and was initially created to get freedom from France who controlled Vietnam. After WWII, Vietnam was liberated from Japan but it was soon given back to France because France was trying to get back on its feet. War to End all Wars: Instance of cult of progress. This final war, would wipe out all the oppressors and bring peace. War is right, peace is wrong. This is very mucha n idea of natural selection/Darwin: war kills off the weak while the strong keep going. The world would be peaceful after WWI. Weimar Republic: Weimar republic. German territory turned into the Weimar Republic. When Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated. His army overthrows him. The constitution of this new government was very progressive granting voting right sto women and extensive civil liberties for Geramn citizens. It was a liberal and democratic government. Ultimately, war reparations and unpopular parliamentary democracy (despite real economic growth under the republic) allowed for Hitler to ultimately abolish the Weimar Republic and instate the Nazi Regime which employed a Nazi (fascist) government. Why We Fight: Frank Capras Why We Fight. Propaganda film in the US promoting WWII. Woodrow Wilson: National self determination. Woodrow Wilsons said that no one was permitted to rule over anyone else. He said that nations were the solution and cause of national self determination. Practiced neutrality and isolationism. Wanted to stay out of wars not directly linked to the USAs own territory.

Yalta Conference: Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met again after the successful execution of D-Day. The main point of the conference was how to govern Geramny after the war ended. Churchill and Stalin had a battle of wills. While Roosevelt didnt mind Stalin, Churchill did not approve of him. The fact of the matter was that Stalin dictated what would be done after the war because the allies needed him to win the war in the first place. The first thing Stalin addressed was his desire for Poland. The Soviet Union wanted to keep east Poland but Churchill argued that Polan should become a democracy. The issue of Germany arose: after its defeat, Geramny would undergo denazification lose its military, pay for war damages, and Nazi war criminals would be brought to justice. Displaced persons would forcibly have to return home.