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CIE203 SURVEYING
class 1 : Introduction

3(2-1)

(UG program) Taravudh Tipdecho, PhD RS&GIS FoS, AIT taravudh@ait.ac.th

Definition
Surveying, which has recently been called Geomatics, has traditionally been defined as science, art, and technology of determining the relative position of point above, on, or beneath the earths surface. Surveying regarded as discipline encompasses all methods of measuring and collecting information about the physical earth, processing that information, and disseminating a variety of resulting products to a wide range of users.
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Geomatics
It is now being applied to encompasses the areas of practice formerly identified as surveying. Name changed because of new development on measurement tools available for collecting, computing, displaying, and disseminating data. These circumstances, and others, have brought about a vast increase in demands for new spatially related information
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4 Geomatics: An Integrated Discipline (adapted from Konecny, 2002)

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The earth as a spheroid

By reference of GRS80, polar axis is shorter than equatorial axis by 21 km.

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The geoid
An equipotential surface whose potential is the same as mean sea level

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Geodetic and Plane surveys

In geodetic survey, the curved surface of the earth is considered by performing the computation on an ellipsoid (curved surface approximating the size and shape of the earth) In plane survey, the reference base for fieldwork and computation were assumed to be a flat horizontal surface. The direction of the plump line is considered parallel throughout the survey region.
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Importance of surveying
Map the earth above and below sea level. Prepare navigational charts for use in the air, on land, and at sea. Establish property boundaries of private and public lands. develop data banks of land use and natural resource information Determine facts on the size, shape, gravity, and magnetic fields of the earth.
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Specialized types of survey

Control survey establish network of a horizontal and vertical monuments that serve as a reference framework for initiating other surveys. Topographic survey determine locations of natural or artificial features and elevation used in map making. Cadastral survey establish properties line and corner markers. Alignment survey made to plan, design, and construct highways, railroads, pipelines and other linear projects.
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The reliability of a survey

Basic field operations performed by a surveyor involve linear and angular measurements. Through application of mathematics (geometry and trigonometry) and spatial information knowledge, the surveyor converts these measurements to the horizontal and vertical relationships necessary to produce maps, plans of engineering projects, or Geographical Information System/ Land Information System (GIS/LIS).
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Observation and Error

Digital Photogrammetry

In measurement, we at least are uncertain about whether this one measurement in fact will be the best we can do. Variability in repeated measurements is an inherent quality of physical processes and must be accepted as a basic property of observations. Observations or measurements are numerical values for random variables.
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?
Error is defined as the difference between the value of a property of an object measured with unknown error and the true value of the same property of the same object measured without error. Total error is the distance between a measurement and the true value. Bias is the distance between the mean of measurements and the true value. Blunders (mistakes) : gross in magnitude compared to the other two types of errors
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Digital Photogrammetry

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Type of error
Digital Photogrammetry

The total error consists of

systematic error, the systematic error is often called bias. random error, the distance between a measurement and the mean of measurements

Accuracy and precision are summary measures of error. Accuracy is calculated from total errors, Precision is from random errors. If the systematic error (bias) equals zero, then precision equals accuracy. For this reason, the two are often used interchangeably
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Digital Photogrammetry

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How to ?
Digital Photogrammetry

When a sample of repeated measurements for the same random variable is given, a histogram may be constructed to represent the probability density function. The most common way to summaries errors is with the Mean Square Error (MSE) or the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). Other summary measures are for example the Mean Error (ME), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and Maximum Error (ME).
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MSE / RMSE
calculating the square of the deviations of points from their true position summing up the measurements and then dividing by the total number of points To get the Root Mean Square Error, calculate the square root of the MSE. If the actual position is not known, the average position is often used as an approximation to the actual position.
Digital Photogrammetry

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the error distribution can be described by a very simple equation, which is known as a Weibull distribution

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Sample statistics for location

Digital Photogrammetry

1) The Sample mean

The first and most commonly used measure of location is the mean of a sample, which is defined as

xi n

is means are the observations is the sample size (or total number of observations in the sample)

1 n

i = 1

MEDIAN : sample arranged in order, find the mid MODE : values that occurs most often in the sample
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Sample statistics for location

Digital Photogrammetry Mean Deviation is a measure of dispersion, called average error.

1 mean deviation = n

i =1

( x1 x )

Sample Variance and Standard Deviation The mean deviation, although useful in certain cases, does not reflect the dispersion or scatter of the measured values as effectively as the Standard deviation, which is defined as the positive square root of the variance. The variance of sample is

)2

n 1 = ( x1 x ) n 1 i =1

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Sample statistics for location

Digital Photogrammetry The estimate of variance of mean is given by ) 2 )2 x = x n Try on ? x , x , x
Observatio n number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Value of angle 310229.3 310224.0 310227.9 310226.8 310226.1 310225.9 310226.1 310227.8 310227.2 310228.0 Obs. No 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Value of angle 310224.1 310226.2 310230.1 310229.7 310224.1 310226.2 310227.1 310224.9 310225.7 310225.2
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Measure of Quality
Digital Photogrammetry Accuracy, the term refers to the closeness between measurements ad their true values. Precision, the term refers to the closeness to one another of a set of repeated observations of a random variable.

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Propagation of random errors

The quantities we measure frequently are used to compute other quantities that are of interest. As the measurement contains the random errors, the computed quantities will also. Evaluation of the errors in those computed quantities from the known functions and the errors in the measurement is called propagation of random errors or error propagation
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The errors in the measurements usually are represented by the standard deviations, which ,when propagated through the functions, yield standard deviations of the computed quantities. The relation used to evaluate of the computed quantity from the values of of the measurements is formulated as follows. Let y represent a quantity computed from several measurement (random variables)

y = y ( x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n

assumed as independent

SD is computed first through variance, then taking positive square root.

2 y

y = x 1

2 1

y + x 2

2 2

y + ... + x n

2 n
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Example : In trigonometric leveling, the slope distance is s = 50.00 m with = 0.05 m and = 3000 with s = 0030 . Compute h and h

h = s sin h = ( 50 . 00 )( 0 . 5 )
h = 25 m

2 h

h = s

2 s

h +
2

= (sin

)2 (0 . 05 )2
m

+ (s cos

)2 (0 . 0087 )2

= 0.1425

= 0.38 m

was converted to radians

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Example : the area of a rectangular parcel of land is required together with its standard deviation. The length is a = 100m with a = 0.10m, and the width is b = 40m with b = 0.08m (Assume the mutual variation between a and b is 0 or they are uncorrelated)
A = ab = 4000 m
2
2

2 A
2 A

= A a2 + A a b 2 2 2 2 = b a + a b

2 b

= (40

)2 (0 . 1 )2
4
4

+ (100

)2 (0 . 08 )2

= 80 m

= 8 . 94 m

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A simplification for the nonlinear case is to consider

y = (a 1 x 1 + a 2 x 2 + ... + a n x n

2 y

)
2 n

= a 12

2 1

2 + a 2

2 2

2 + ... + a n

If all a i in equation are equal to either +1 or -1, that is

y = x
1

x 2 ... x n

Then the variance of y is the sum of

2 y

2 1

2 2

+ ... +

2 n

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Example : Three adjacent distance along the same line were measured independently with the following results: x1=51.00m with 1 =0.05m; x2=36.50m with =0.04m; and x3=26.75m with 3 =0.03m. Compute the total distance and its standard deviation
y = x
1

x 2 ... x n

y = x 1 + x 2 + x 3 = 114 . 25 m

2 y
2 y 2 y y

2 1
2 1

2 2
2 2 2

+ ... +

2 n

2 3

= (0 . 05

)2

+ (0 . 04

)2

+ (0 . 03

)2

= 0 . 005 m = 0 . 07 m

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Definitions
Backsight, a sight taken with the level to a point of know elevation. Foresight, a sight taken with the level to a point the elevation of which is to be determined. Line, the path or route between points of control along which measurements are taken to determine distance or angle. Turning point, a fixed point or object, often temporary in character, used in leveling. Bench mark, a fixed reference point or object, more or less permanent in character.
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Trigonometry concept
The ratios, sine, cosine, and tangent are based on properties of right triangles.
sin A = a/c, cosine A = b/c, tangent A = a/b.

The reciprocal ratios are trigonometric ratios, too. They are outlined below.
cotangent x = 1/tan x = (adjacent side)/(opposite side) secant x = 1/cos x = (hypotenuse)/(adjacent side) cosecant x = 1/sin x = (hypotenuse)/(opposite side)

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Distance measurement
The distance between any two random points in 3D space is a spatial distance.
ForwardDis t BackwardDi st MeanDist

accuracy =

1) Pacing : furnishes a rapid means of approximately checking more precise measurements of distance. It used on reconnaissance survey. Each two paces or double step is called a stride. (relative precision 1/50 1/100) good for reconnaissance
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2) Odometer: it is a simple device that can be attached to any vehicle and directly registers the number of revolution of a wheel. (relative precision 1/100 1/200) 3) Thacheometry: it includes stadia with transit, or theodolite and stadia rod, distance wedge and horizontal rod, and subtense bar and theodolite. (relative precision 1/300 1/1000) 4) Taping: it involves direct measurement of the distance with steel tapes varying in length from 3 ft to 300 ft. Metric tapes vary in length from 1 m to 60 m. (relative precision 1/3000 1/5000) 5) Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM): it is based on the invariant speed of light or electromagnetic waves in a vacuum. (relative precision 1mm+2ppm to 5mm+5ppm)
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Slope taping
Horizontal measurement on a steep slope

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Correction for slope

Let s represent the slope distance between two points A and B, h is the difference in elevation, and H is the horizontal distance, all in the same units. The angle and are the vertical and zenith angles, respectively. if has been observed, then when has been measured,
H = s cos

H = s sin Z

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Example: a slope measurement of 29.954 m was made between two points where is 430. Determine the horizontal distance
H = s cos H = ( 29.954)(cos 430' )

H = ( 29.954)(0.996917) H = 29.862 m

Example: a slope measurement of 250.542 m was made between two points which the measured zenith angle is 854530. Calculate the horizontal distance
H = s sin Z H = ( 250.542)(sin 8545'30" )

H = ( 250.542)(0.9972610) H = 249.856 m

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Systematic error in taping

The tape is not of standard length The tape is not horizontal Variations in temperature Variations in tension Sag Incorrect alignment of tape The tape is not straight

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Variation in temperature
The tape expands as the temperature rises and contracts as the temperature falls. Therefore, if the tape is standardized at a given temperature and measurements are taken at a higher temperature, the tape will be too long (in case of steel tape).
Ct = L (T T0 )

the coefficient of thermal expansion of steel

0.0000116/1C T0 , standard temperature of tape T , taken temperature L , measured length
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Variation in tension
If the tension or pull is greater or less than that for which the tape is verified, the tape will be elongated or shortened accordingly. The correction for variation in tension in a steel tape is given by the formula

Cp =
Cp P P0 L a E

( P P0 ) L aE

correction per distance L, ft or m applied tension, lb or kg tension for which the tape is standardized, lb or kg length, ft or m cross-sectional area, in2 or cm2 elastic modules of the steel, lb/in2 or kg/cm2
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Example: assume that a light 100 ft tape is standard with full support under a tension of 10 lb, E = 30,000,000 lb/in2, and the cross-sectional area of the tape is 0.003 in2. Determine the elongation for an increase in tension from 10 to 30 lb.
Cp =
( P P0 ) L aE (30 10)(100) Cp = (30,000,000)(0.003)

C p = 0.0222 ft

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Correction for SAG

When he tape sags between the points of support, it takes the form of a catenary. The correction to be applied is the difference in length between the arc and the subtending chord.
Cs = w 2 L3 24 P 2 = W 2L 24 P 2

Cs = correction between points of support, ft or m w = weight of tape, lb/ft or kg/m W = total weight of tape between supports, lb or kg L = distance between supports, ft or m P = applied tension, lb or kg
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Random error in taping

Direct observation, due o human limitation in observing measurements and manipulating equipment. Indirect observation of slope angles, applying tension, and the like.

These random are smaller than the systematic errors

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Assignment #1
1) Placing and average for your character 2) Create a map by placing. E-mail: taravudh@ait.ac.th

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