You are on page 1of 15

Bell R&D Failure Criteria for

Updated BJSFM Code


Stephen Ward, SW Composites
Carl Rousseau, Bell Helicopter/Textron
41st Mil-Handbook-17 Meeting
Denver CO, June 2000
May 20, 2000 Page 2
BJSFM (Bolted Joint Stress Field Model)
Static strength of loaded hole in composite laminate
Lekhnitskii 2D anisotropic stress field
Bypass loads
Bearing loads
Failure criteria evaluated
at distance, d
0
, from
hole edge
May 20, 2000 Page 3
Bell R&D Failure Criteria
Three basic ply level failure criteria were selected by Bell
to be coded into BJSFM:
Axial fiber stress failure criteria
Fiber maximum shear strain criteria
Interacted matrix transverse stress and matrix shear stress criteria
Fiber criteria are used to predict ultimate strength
Matrix failure indices are calculated and output for
informational purposes
Although 3D stress components are included, only in-plane
stress values are calculated by BJSFM
New criteria added for use with SVELT 3D stress model
May 20, 2000 Page 4
Material Strength Parameters
FXT - tensile strength in 1 direction (tape fiber direction,
fabric warp direction)
FXC - compressive strength in 1 direction
FYT - tensile strength in 2 direction (fabric fill direction)
FYC - compressive strength in 2 direction
FXY - shear strength in 12 plane
FXZ - shear strength in 13 plane
FYZ - shear strength in 23 plane
FZT - tensile strength in 3 direction
FZC- compressive strength in 3 direction
May 20, 2000 Page 5
Fiber Tension Criteria
Maximum stress criteria for fiber tensile stresses
if
11
> 0
FXT
FI
11
tu
f

May 20, 2000 Page 6


Fiber Compression Criteria
Based on Boeing experimental and numerical evidence
that increasing shear stress results in lower compressive
capability due to shear induced buckling.
if
11
< 0
FXS = min (FXY, FXZ)
kfc = shear term exponent for fiber compression criteria
( 0.5 kfc 100)
kfc is used to select degree of interaction from linear (0.5) to
small (100).
Boeing data suggests kfc should be between 0.5 and 1.0.
kfc
2
2
13
2
12 11
cu
f
FXS FXC
FI
1
]
1

May 20, 2000 Page 7


Fiber Maximum Shear Strain Cut-Off
Developed to truncate fiber dominated predictions of in-
plane shear failures
Imposed either to limit shear strains in the matrix or to
predict fiber failures under biaxial loads
Documented in papers by John Hart-Smith
May 20, 2000 Page 8
Fiber Maximum Shear Strain Cut-Off
May 20, 2000 Page 9
Fiber Maximum Shear Strain Cut-Off
if sign(
11
) sign(
22
)
FET = (1+
12
) FXT/E
1
if
11
> 0. and
22
< 0.
FET = (1+
12
E
2
/E
1
) FYT/E
2
if
11
< 0. and
22
> 0.
FEC = (1+
12
E
2
/E
1
) FYC/E
2
if
11
> 0. and
22
< 0.
FEC = (1+
12
) FXC/E
1
if
11
< 0. and
22
> 0.
kfs = scale factor for fiber max shear strain allowable ( 0.0 kfs 100)
kfs is used to adjust amount of cutoff applied in the 2
nd
and 4
th
quadrants
of
11
-
22
plane
Use kfs = 1.0 for Hart-Smith fiber shear cutoff criteria
) FEC , FET max( ) kfs (
FI
22 11 su
f
+

May 20, 2000 Page 10


Matrix Failure Criteria
Quadratic interaction involving the normal stress in a plane
transverse to the fiber, and the longitudinal and transverse
shear stresses.
Based on the work of Hashin and others.
Designed to predict transverse matrix cracking (due to high
stresses transverse to the fiber) and/or delaminations (due
to high shear stresses).
The failure index is evaluated for the angle that gives the
maximum value of the index.
May 20, 2000 Page 11
Matrix Failure Criteria
if
nn
> 0
if
nn
< 0

nn
= (
22
+
33
) + (
22

33
)cos 2 +
23
sin 2,

t
= maximum compressive value of
22
or
33

nt
= (
33
-
22
)sin 2 +
23
cos 2,

nl
=
12
cos +
13
sin,
and is the angle at which FI
m
u
is a maximum
2
nl
2
nt
2
nn
u
m
FXS FYZ FNT
FI

,
_

,
_

,
_

2
t
nl
2
t
nt
2
nn
u
m
FXS FYZ FNC
FI

,
_

,
_

,
_

May 20, 2000 Page 12


Matrix Failure Criteria
FNT = min (FYT, FZT)
FNC = min (FYC, FZC)
FXS = min (FXY, FXZ)
= shear strength increase factor due to transverse compression
(0.0 2)
A value of = 0.5 is suggested. (ref: DOT/FAA/AR-95/109,
Comparative Evaluation of Failure Analysis Methods for
Composite Laminates, pg. 26)
May 20, 2000 Page 13
Matrix Failure Criteria
Shear strength increase factor due to transverse
compression
May 20, 2000 Page 14
Failure Envelope - Unnotched Laminate
Bell R&D BJSFM1 Unnotched Biaxial Failure Envelope
IM6/3501-6 tape, RTA
-0.020
-0.015
-0.010
-0.005
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
-0.020 -0.015 -0.010 -0.005 0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020
Axial Strain (in/in)
T
r
a
n
s
v
e
r
s
e

S
t
r
a
i
n

(
i
n
/
i
n
)
62/29/9
33/56/11
16/64/20
4/87/9
90 ply fiber tension
0 ply fiber tension
90 ply fiber compression
0 ply fiber
compression
45 plies fiber
compression
45 plies fiber
compression
90 max shear
strain criteria
0 & 90 max
shear strain criteria
Plot calculated using CLPT stress field and new failure criteria
May 20, 2000 Page 15
Summary
New failure criteria added to BJSFM to facilitate research
into improved bolted joint strength prediction
BJSFM code revised to improve usability and output
additional data for generating failure envelopes
On-going work by RITA:
Incorporation of SVELT 3D stress solution into BJSFM
Evaluation of failure criteria
Evaluation of characteristic dimension vs. local damage parameter
approaches for notched strength prediction

You might also like