PROBLEM 5.

75
KNOWN: Sphere quenching in a constant temperature bath. FIND: (a) Plot T(0,t) and T(ro,t) as function of time, (b) Time required for surface to reach 415 K, t , (c) Heat flux when T(ro, t ) = 415 K, (d) Energy lost by sphere in cooling to T(ro, t ) = 415 K, (e) Steadystate temperature reached after sphere is insulated at t = t , (f) Effect of h on center and surface temperature histories. SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional radial conduction, (2) Constant properties, (3) Uniform initial temperature. ANALYSIS: (a) Calculate Biot number to determine if sphere behaves as spatially isothermal object,

2 hLc h ( ro 3) 75 W m K ( 0.015 m 3) = = = 0.22 . Bi = k k 1.7 W m K Hence, temperature gradients exist in the sphere and T(r,t) vs. t appears as shown above. (b) The exact solution may be used to find t when T(ro, t ) = 415 K. We assume that the one-term approximation is valid and check later. Hence, with 2 hro 75 W/m K ( 0.015 m ) Bi = = = 0.662

1.7 W/m K

from Table 5.1, 1 = 1.3188, C1 = 1.1877. Then

* (r* = 1, Fo) =

and Equation 5.53b can be solved for o :

T(ro , t) T 415C 320C = = 0.1979 Ti T 800C 320C

o = *1r * / sin(1r*) = 0.1979 1.3188 1/ sin(1.3188) = 0.2695

Then Equation 5.53c can be solved for Fo: 1 1 Fo = ln o / C1 = ln ( 0.2695 /1.1877 ) = 0.853 2 1.31882 1 cp 2 r2 400 kg m3 1600 J kg K 2 t = Fo o = Fo ro = 0.853 ( 0.015 m ) = 72 s

1.7 W m K

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Note that the one-term approximation is accurate, since Fo > 0.2. Continued...

PROBLEM 5.75 (Cont.)

(c) The heat flux at the outer surface at time t is given by Newtons law of cooling q = h T ( ro , t ) T = 75 W m 2 K [ 415 320] K = 7125 W / m 2 . The manner in which q is calculated indicates that energy is leaving the sphere. (d) The energy lost by the sphere during the cooling process from t = 0 to t can be determined from Equation 5.55: 3 * Q 3 0.2695 = 1 o [sin(1) 1 cos(1) ] = 1 [sin(1.3188) 1.3188cos(1.3188)] = 0.775 3 Qo 1 1.31883 The energy loss by the sphere with V = (D3)/6 is therefore, from Equation 5.47, Q = 0.775Qo = 0.775 D3 6 cp ( Ti T )

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Q = 0.775 400 kg m3 [ 0.030 m ] 6 1600 J kg K ( 800 320 ) K = 3364 J

3

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(e) If at time t the surface of the sphere is perfectly insulated, eventually the temperature of the sphere will be uniform at T(). Applying conservation of energy to the sphere over a time interval, Ein - Eout = E Efinal - Einitial. Hence, -Q = cV[T() - T] - Qo, where Qo cV[Ti - T]. Dividing by Qo and regrouping, we obtain

T ( ) = T + (1 Q Qo ) ( Ti T ) = 320 K + (1 0.775 )( 800 320 ) K = 428 K

(f) Using the IHT Transient Conduction Model for a Sphere, the following graphical results were generated.
800
90000

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700 Temperature, T(K) 600 500 400 300 0 50 Time, t (s) h = 75 W/m^2.K, r = ro h = 75 W/m^2.K, r = 0 h = 200 W/m^2.K, r = ro h = 200 W/m^2.K, r = 0 100 150
0 0 50 Time, t(s) h = 75 W/m^2.K h = 200 W/m^2.K 100 150 Heat flux, q''(ro,t) (W/m^2.K)

60000

30000

The quenching process is clearly accelerated by increasing h from 75 to 200 W/m2K and is virtually completed by t 100s for the larger value of h. Note that, for both values of h, the temperature difference [T(0,t) - T(ro,t)] decreases with increasing t. Although the surface heat flux for h = 200 W/m2K is initially larger than that for h = 75 W/m2K, the more rapid decline in T(ro,t) causes it to become smaller at t 30s.
COMMENTS: Using the Transient Conduction/Sphere model in IHT based upon multiple-term series solution, the following results were obtained: t = 72.1 s; Q/Qo = 0.7745, and T() = 428 K.