List of subjects for M.

Tech Avionics course in IST, JNTU-K (2012)

II Semester
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Title of course CORE Aircraft System Engineering Flight Instrumentation & Flight Management System Embedded System Design Aircraft Surveillance Systems ELECTIVE-3 Electro-Optics Aircraft Propulsion and Utility Systems ELECTIVE-4 Fault Tolerant Systems Mathematical Modeling & Simulation LAB Avionics Lab-2

M.Tech Avionics II Semester detailed syllabus AIRCRAFT SYSTEM ENGINEERING

UNIT I AVIONICS SYSTEM ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT CYCLE - I
Establishing the Avionics System Requirements by Mission Scenario Analysis, Functional Analysis, Physical Partitioning, Avionics Architectural Design, Specification of HW/ SW of Subsystems, Development / Procurement of HW/ SW of Subsystems, SW Integration, HW/SW Integration, Standalone testing of subsystems

UNIT II AVIONICS SYSTEM ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT CYCLE - II

Avionics System Integration in Ground based Integration Lab, Integration of Avionics System in Aircraft, Flight Testing, Operational Test and Evaluation by user, Deployment, SW updates, Avionics Upgrades.

UNIT III SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT - I

The Systems Engineering Process - Overview, Requirements Analysis, Functional Analysis and Allocation, Design Synthesis, Verification, Systems Engineering Process Outputs

UNIT IV SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT - II

System Analysis and Control - Work Breakdown Structure, Configuration Management, Technical Reviews and Audits, Trade Studies, Modeling and Simulation, Metrics, Risk Management Planning, Organizing and Managing - Systems Engineering Planning, Product Improvement Strategies, Organizing and Integrating, System Development, Contractual Considerations, Management Considerations.

UNIT V CERTIFICATION OF AVIONICS SYSTEMS

Certification, Civil Aviation Authorities, Regulatory and Advisory Agencies, Regulation, Advisory Circular, Order, MOPS, TSO, Type Certification, Supplementary Type Certification, Certification Process, Delegation, Product Certification, Process Roadmap

UNIT VI SOFTWARE CONSIDERATIONS IN AIRBORNE SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT CERTIFICATION (DO-178B)

System Aspects Relating To Software Development, Software Life Cycle, Software Planning Process, Software Development Processes, Software Verification Process, Software Configuration Management Process, Software Quality Assurance Process, Certification Liaison Process, Overview Of Aircraft And Engine Certification, Software Life Cycle Data, Additional Considerations -Use of Previously Developed Software, Tool Qualification, SW Reliability Models, Formal Methods

UNIT VII DESIGN ASSURANCE GUIDANCE FOR AIRBORNE ELECTRONIC HARDWARE (DO- 254)
System Aspects of Hardware Design Assurance, Hardware Design Life Cycle, Planning Process, Hardware Design Processes, Validation and Verification Process, Configuration Management Process, Process Assurance, Certification Liaison Process, Hardware Design Life Cycle Data

UNIT VIII QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS AEROSPACE REQUIREMENTS

Process Approach, AS 9100 Revision B (2004) Scope, Comparison with ISO 9000: 2000 Quality Management System, Management Responsibilities, Resource Management, Product Realization, Measurement, Analysis and Improvement, AS 9100 Revision B (2004) vs. AS 9100 Revision C (2009)

REFERENCES:
1. IEEE Std 1220-1998, IEEE Standard for Application and Management of the Systems Engineering Process, 2005

2. Systems Engineering Fundamentals, Supplementary Text Prepared By The Defense Acquisition University Press Fort Belvoir, Virginia 22060-5565, 2001 3. NASA Systems Engineering Handbook, SP-610S, June 1995 4. INCOSE, Systems Engineering Handbook, A What To Guide for All SE Practitioners, INCOSE-TP2003-016-02, Version 2a, 1 June 2004 5. RTCA DO-178B/EUROCAE ED-12B, Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification, RTCA Inc., Washington, D.C, 1992. 6. DO-254/EUROCAE ED-80, Design Assurance Guidance For Airborne Electronic Hardware, RTCA Inc., Washington, D.C, April 19, 2000 7. The Avionics Hand Book by Cary R. Spitzer (CRC Press) 8. SAE - AS 9100 Revision B - Quality Management Systems Aerospace Requirements

FLIGHT INSTRUMENTATION AND FLIGHT MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS (FMS)

UNIT I: Measurement Science
Instrumentation brief review-Concept of measurement-Errors and error estimation- Functional elements of an instrument system-System representation- Static and dynamic characteristics- Mathematical modeling and system analysis- Estimate of system performance classification of aircraft instruments-Instrument displays panels and cockpit layout

UNIT II: Flight Instruments

Air data instruments-airspeed, altitude, Vertical speed indicators, Static Air temperature, Angle of attack measurement, Synchronous data transmission system

UNIT III: Gyroscopic Instruments

Gyroscopic flight instruments- Gyroscope and its properties, gyro system

UNIT IV: Aircraft compass systems

Direct reading compass, magnetic heading reference system-detector element, monitored gyroscope system, DGU, RMI, deviation compensator

UNIT V: Power Plant Instruments

Pressure measurement, temperature measurement, fuel quantity measurement, engine power and control instruments-measurement of RPM, manifold pressure, torque, exhaust gas temperature, EPR, fuel flow, engine vibration, monitoring.

UNIT VI: FMS sub systems

Functional Requirements of FMS FMS Functional Architecture, Evolution of FMS hardware, FMS Hardware components, CDU Functional Description, FMC Navigation sub function , FMC Performance sub function, FMC Guidance sub function, physics of the system and computation methods: Navigation ( Nav aids), Flight Planning, Trajectory Predictions , Performance Computations , FMS application software architecture: Performance database and different computational models, Operational view of FMS FMS System Level Architecture

UNIT VII: FMS LRU interfaces

LRU interfaces: Block Diagram and CCA Description, MCDU CCA Diagram, FMC and CDU power interface, FMCS and transfer relays interface, Digital input and output inter face, ELT program ad ELT Program and Position Interface Unit, HGS Computer, CDU Interface, FMC Data Loader Interface, ACARS interface, Status Annunciator Interface, Bite Printer and Portable CDU Receptacles

UNIT VIII: Flight Testing

Introduction methodology, planning, techniques, Instrumentation & Telemetry, Data analysis; Telemetry- System block diagram, Airborne and ground system-PC based telemetry system. Introduction to telemetry flight data testing. Application of telemetry in UAVs and Satellites .

REFERENCES 1. Pallet, E.H.J. 'Aircraft Instruments & Integrated systems', Longman Scientific and Technical, McGrawHill, 1992. 2. Murthy, D.V.S., 'Transducers and Measurements', McGraw-Hill, 1995 3. Doeblin.E.O, 'Measurement Systems Application and Design', McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986. 4. Harry L. Stilz, 'Aerospace Telemetry', Vol I to IV, Prentice Hall Space Technology series 5. Samuel B. Fishbein, Flight Management Systems 6. Cary R .Spitzer, The Avionics Handbook, CRC Press, 2000

EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN

UNIT I INTRODUCTION Embedded systems overview, Design challenge optimizing design metrics, Embedded processor technology general purpose, special purpose, application specific processors. IC Technology- Full custom/VLSI, Semi-custom ASIC, PLD. Design Technology-compilation/synthesis, Libraries/IP, Test/verification. Design-productivity gap UNIT II CPUs Supervisor mode, exceptions, traps. Coprocessors. Memory system mechanisms Cache: hit, miss, direct mapped, set associative, -MMU, Address translation-segmented, paged. CPU performance pipelining, caching. CPU power consumption voltage drops, toggling, leakage, static & dynamic power management UNIT III INTERFACING Input & Output mechanisms I/O devices, primitives, polling, interrupts. DMA. Arbitration-priority arbiter, daisy chain arbitration, network oriented arbitration methods. Serial protocols-I2C, CAN, Fire wire, USB, SPI. Parallel protocols-PCI bus, ARM bus. Wireless protocols- IrDA, Bluetooth, WLAN, Zigbee. Device drivers interrupts, memory, I/O UNIT IV PROGRAM MODELING CONCEPTS Introduction, Models vs. languages, Text vs. Graphics. Program models, DFG, CDFG, SDFG models, Sequential Programming model, Basic State Machine, Finite State Machines, Using state machines describing system as FSM, comparing FSM & Sequential Programming language, capturing SM in a sequential programming language, Hierarchical/Concurrency Finite State Machines (HCFSM), ProgramState machine model (PSM) - finite state machines. UML modeling- Basic elements-class, object, signal, stereotype, package, state, UML diagrams state diagram, class diagram, object diagram, sequence diagram, collaboration diagram UNIT V Real Time Operating Systems RTOS - I Processes, Threads, Tasks, Task states, Task & data, aaShared data problems, Reentrancy, Semaphores & shared data, multiple semaphores, semaphore as a signaling device, semaphore problems, semaphore variants, ways to protect shared data, IPC, signal function, semaphore functions, message queue functions, mailbox functions, Pipe functions, socket functions, RPC functions UNIT VI RTOS - II OS services, Process management, Timer functions, Event functions, Memory management, Device, File, I/O subsystems management, ISRs, basic design using RTOS UNIT VII EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT, TESTING Embedded system design & development life cycle model, Software development process and tools, Host & Target, HW-SW codesign-issues, Testing & debugging techniques UNIT VIII EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN EXAMPLES Case study of Automatic Vending Machine, Digital Camera, Smart Card, Mobile Phone Key Inputs TEXT BOOKS: 1. Frank Vahid and Tony Givargis, Embedded System Design: A Unified Hardware/Software Approach, rd Wiley India Edition, 3 Ed 2. David E Simon, An Embedded Software Primer, Pearson Education, 2007. nd 3. Raj Kamal, Embedded Systems Architecture, Programming and Design Tata McGraw Hill, 2 Ed

REFERENCES: 1. Wayne Wolf, Computers as Components Principles of Embedded Computer System Design, Mergen Kaufman Publisher, 2006. 2. Grady Booch, James Rambaugh, Ivar Jacobson, The Unified Modeling Language User Guide, Addison Wesley,1999

AIRCRAFT SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS

1. Radar Equation- Advanced
Limitations of simple Radar Range Equation, SNR, pdf, False alarm, integration of pulses, Radar Cross Section (RCS), RCS fluctuations, RCS of simple objects, complex objects, Antenna parameters, System losses, Surveillance Radar range equation, Classification of Radar types Surveillance, Tracking, Primary, Secondary, based on Frequency bands, Waveforms, PRFs, Missions- surface to surface, surface to Air, Air to Surface, Air to Air Multi Mode Radar

2. High Resolution Radar

Introduction, Doppler Beam-Sharpening (DBS)- processing & data space, PRF, Flight path perturbations, Inverse DBS Side-looking Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) - cross range resolution, angle other than normal to ground track, Processing for unfocused SAR, Processing for focused SAR, Sampling & PRF for side-looking SAR, Synthetic Aperture with Rotating Objects, Resolution of rotating objects, Sampling criterion for rotating objects, Windowing & ISAR processing, Focused processing of rotating objects, Spotlight or Patch SAR

3. Airborne Weather Radar

System overview, Radar reflectivity of weather formations, weather radar processing, Precipitation and turbulence cloud formation, thunderstorms, detection of water droplets, Hailstones, Turbulence, predictive wind shear, system enhancements, lightning detection

4. Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System

Fundamentals of Terrain Avoidance Warning Operating Modes: Mode 1 Excessive Descent Rate Mode 2 Excessive Closure Rate Mode 3 Accelerating Flight Path Back into the Terrain after Take-Off Mode 4 Unsafe Terrain Clearance Based on Aircraft Configuration Mode 5 Significant Descent Below the ILS Landing Glide Path Approach Aid Mode 6 Miscellaneous Callouts and Advisories Mode 7 Flight into Windshear Conditions Envelope Modulation Enhanced Modes- Terrain Proximity Display, Terrain Ahead Alerting, Terrain Clearance Floor Runway Alert Awareness Systems. EGPWS Standards

5. Secondary Surveillance Radars (SSR)

Introduction, SSR modes, Interrogation, Monopulse reception, SSR & antenna side lobes, Interrogate side lobe blanking, Reply side lobe blanking, Defruiting, Special applications of SSR, Mode-S: reply, address, parity.

6. Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System - TCAS II

Introduction, Block diagram, Components, Surveillance: Interrogation/Reply between TCAS systems, Squitter, Synchronous garble, Whisper-Shout interrogation, Protected Airspace: Modes of Operation- Standby, TA only, Automatic Collision Avoidance Logic: Range Test, Vertical Separation, Closure Rate, Cockpit Presentation: displays, symbology, dedicated displays Traffic and Resolution Advisory Displays, Standardized Symbology, Dedicated Displays, Combined Traffic and Resolution Advisory Displays, Joint use Weather Radar and Traffic Displays Integration,

7. Infra-Red Radiations and Systems Introduction, Infra-Red(IR) radiation, Absorption and Emission, Spectral Emittance, Geometric Spreading, IR Sources, Targets, Background Sources, IR Transmission in the Atmosphere Infra-Red Systems- Imagery Interpretation - Metal Surfaces, Pavement, Soil, Grass, Trees, Water Forward Looking Infra-Red (FLIR) - Optical System Requirements, IR Detection, Display Infra-Red Linescan (IRLS) - Recording and Display, Height Limitation, Operation, Video and Film Presentation 8. Other Surveillance systems Airborne Warning And Control System (AWACS) Surveillance Radar- Introduction, Block diagram, detailed features of sub systems - Antenna Array, Radar Control and Maintenance Panel (RCMP), Surveillance Radar Computer (SRC), Analog Cabinet, Phase Control Electronics, Transmitter Group Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV) - Importance of Unmanned Air Vehicles, UAV Avionics - Displays and Man-Machine Interaction, Aerodynamics and Flight Control, Fly-by-Wire Flight Control, Inertial Sensors and Attitude Derivation, Navigation Systems, Air Data Systems, Autopilots and Flight Management Systems, Integrated Avionics Systems Case Studies: Watchkeeper Battlefield Surveillance System, MQ-9 Reaper UCAV System, Taranis UCAV Demonstrator, Draganflyer X-6 Portable Surveillance Helicopter UAV TEXT BOOKS: 1. M. I. Skolnik, Introduction to Radar Systems, 3 edition, McGraw Hill Kogakusha Ltd. 2001 2. Byron Edde, Radar Principles, Technology, Applications, LPE, Pearson 1995
rd

REFERENCES 1. Cary R .Spitzer, The Avionics Handbook, CRC Press, 2000. 2. Mike Tooley and David Wyatt, Aircraft Communications & Navigation Systems: Principles, Operation and Maintenance, Butterworth-Heinemann an imprint of Elsevier, 2009 nd 3. Myron Kayton and Walter R Fried, Avionics Navigation Systems, 2 Ed, Wiley India, 2010 4. FIS Handbook vol2: Avionics 5. R.P.G. Collinson, Introduction to Avionics Systems, Springer, 3rd EditionCorporation 6. Northrop Grumman Corporation, Airborne Surveillance Systems Handout

ELECTRO-OPTICS
1. Elements of Light and Solid State Physics
Wave nature of light, Polarization, Interference, Diffraction, Light Source, review of Quantum Mechanical concept, Review of Solid State Physics, Review of Semiconductor Physics and Semiconductor Junction Device 2. Introduction to Optical Waveguide, Photo Sources and detectors Optical waveguide modes-Theory of Dielectric slab waveguides-Symmetric and Asymmetric slab wave guide, Channel waveguide light emitting diode (LED), materials, constructions, Drive circuitry, Fundamentals of lasers and its applications 3. Electro Optic Effects Birefringence phenomenon EO Retardation, EO Amplitude and Phase Modulator, Electro optic intensity Modulators, Acousto optics, A-O Modulators, Integrated optic spectrum analyzer, Non linear optics second harmonic generation, Parametric amplification 4. Fourier Optics Phase transformation of thin lens, Fourier transforming property of Lens, Image forming property of Lens, Interferometer 5. Holography Principles of Holography On axis and Off Axis Holography, Holographic interferometry-Real time, Double exposure, Contour generation, Optical data storage, Holographic optical elements, Speckle Phenomenon and methods of Measurements, Laser Interferometer 6. Optical Fiber Sensors: Multimode fiber Sensors Displacement, pressure, stress, strain Intensity modulated sensors, Active multimode FO sensors, Micro-bend optical fiber sensor, Current sensors, Magnetic sensors, single mode FO sensors, Phase modulated, Polarization modulated, Fiber Optic Gyroscope 7. Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits Need for integration-hybrid and monolithic integration, applications of optoelectronic integrated circuits, materials and processing for optoelectronic integrated circuits (OEICs), integrated transmitters and receivers-front end photo receivers, OEIC transmitters, complex circuits and arrays, optical control of microwave oscillators 8. Optical Computing Analog Linear Optical Processing, Halftone processing, Non Linear processing, Analog Arithmetic operation Addition/Subtraction, Multiplication and Division, Averaging, Differentiation and Integration, number system, Arithmetic Operations: MSD, Residue, Signed Logarithmic Arithmetic, Modified Signed Digit Number System, Residue Number system, Logarithmic Arithmetic, Modified Signed Digit Number System, Residue number system, Logarithmic Threshold logic, Threshold devices, Spatial light Modulators, Theta Modulation devices Shadow casting and symbolic substitution TEXT BOOKS 1. J. Wilson, J.F.B. Hawkes k/opto Electronics, an Introduction: /PHI; 2000 2. I.P. Kaminov/an Introduction to Electro Optic Devices/Academic Press New York REFERENCES 1. A Yariv/Optical Electronics/C.B.S. Collage Publishing, New York, 1985 2. Integrated Optics theory and Technology by Hunperger

AIRCRAFT PROPULSION AND UTILITY SYSTEMS

UNIT I: Gas Turbine engines- Compressors and Combustion chambers
Engine Theory, Classification of Propulsion System Gas Turbine engine components and sub systems, Centrifugal flow compressor, Axial flow compressor, compressor aerodynamics, compressor stall, Types of burners- Can type, Annular type, Can Annular type, Operation of the combustion chamber, performance requirements, design factors

UNIT II: Gas Turbine engines- Turbine & Exhaust Systems

Types of turbines Impulse turbine, Reaction turbine, Reaction impulse turbine, Exhaust ducts, Convergent nozzle, Convergent Divergent Nozzle, Thrust reversers Types, designs and systems, Methods of thrust augmentation- water injection, afterburning

UNIT III: Aircraft Fuel, Engine Starting and Ignition system

Requirements for fuel systems, Fuel tanks, Fuel system components, Fuel sub systems, Aircraft fuel systems, Inspection and maintenance of fuel systems, Fuel system monitoring, Fuel tests, Fuel handling and storage; Different starting methods Hand crank starter, Electric start, starter generator, Air turbine starter, Combustion starter, Gas turbine starter, Hydraulic starter; Ignition systems- Requirements, Induction type ignition systems, Capacitor type ignition systems, High Energy Ignition systems

UNIT IV: Aircraft Electrical Systems

DC supplies- Voltage regulation, Paralleling and load sharing, In-situ battery charging system; AC power supplies Drive from the engine, Constant speed drive, Excitation of constant frequency generator, Real and reactive load sharing; Circuit protection devices Protection from reverse current, Over voltage and differential current; Power Distribution

UNIT V: Aircraft Fluid power system

Principles of hydraulics, Hydraulic fluids, reservoirs, Filters, Pumps, Pressure control devices, , Pressure reducing valves, Accumulators, Selector valves, Automatic operating control valves, Hydraulic actuators, Plumbing components, Hydraulic system for aircraft

UNIT VI: Aircraft Landing Gear Systems

Landing gear configurations, Classification of landing gear, Landing gear components, Steering systems, Retraction systems, Aircraft Landing gear System, Inspection and Maintenance of landing gear, Tires and Wheels, Operation of brake assemblies, Aircraft brake system, Anti skid system, Brake maintenance

UNIT VII: Aircraft Cabin Control System including Environmental Control System
Heating system, Cabin cooling system, Cabin pressurization system, cabin environmental system, oxygen system

UNIT VIII: Aircraft Airworthiness Inspection and Maintenance

General, Types of maintenance practices Hard time, On condition and condition monitoring, Original Certification of Aircraft and aeronautical Products, Supplemental Type Certificate, Issuance of C of A, Continued Airworthiness of Aircraft and components, Aircraft Maintenance and Inspection Requirements, Maintenance and inspection records of entries, Implementing Standards REFERENCES 1. Rolls Royce plc, The Jet Engine, 1996 2. Irwin E. Treager, Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine Technology, Third Edition 1997,Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited 3. Jeppesen, A&P Technician Airframe, Textbook 4. EHJ Pallet Aircraft Electrical systems 5. Civil Aviation Regulations Part 5 (Airworthiness)

FAULT TOLERANT SYSTEMS

UNIT I BASIC CONCEPTS Basic Definitions Attributes of Dependability Impairments to Dependability: failures and failure modes, errors, faults and fault classes, fault pathology Techniques for fault tolerance: error processing, fault treatment Validation of fault tolerance UNIT II ERROR DETECTION and ERROR RECOVERY Error detecting Codes Duplexing and comparison Timing and Execution checks Reasonableness checks Structural checks. Error recovery - Backward error recovery forward error recovery compensation based error recovery: error detection and compensation, fault masking, error correcting codes UNIT III HARDWARE FAULT TOLERANCE Rate of hardware failures Reliability, failure rate, mean time to failure, maintainability, Availability. canonical and resilient structures: series and parallel systems, non-series/parallel systems, M of N systems, voters, variations on N modular redundancy, duplex systems. Reliability evaluation techniques: poisson processes, markov models. Fault tolerance processor level techniques: watchdog processor, simultaneous multithreading for fault tolerance. Byzantine failures UNIT IV SOFTWARE FAULT TOLERANCE Acceptance tests Single version fault tolerance: wrappers, software rejuvenation, data diversity, SIHFT, N-version programming Recovery block approach distributed recovery blocks preconditions, post conditions, and assertions exception handling software reliability models: jelinski-moranda model, littlewood verrall model, musa okumoto model -- fault tolerant remote procedure calls UNIT V CHECKPOINTING Checkpointing Checkpoint level optimal checkpointing: time between checkpoints A first order approximation, optimal checkpoint placement, reducing overhead, reducing latency. -- Cache-aided rollback error recovery checkpointing in distributed systems: domino effect and livelock, coordinated checkpointing algorithm, time based synchronization, diskless checkpointing, message logging. checkpointing in shared memory systems: bus based coherence protocol, directory based protocol. checkpointing in real time systems uses of checkpointing UNIT VI SIMULATION TECHNIQUES Writing a simulation program parameter estimation: point versus interval estimation, method of moments, method of maximum likelihood, Bayesian approach to parameter estimation, confidence intervals. Variance reduction methods: Antithetic variables, using control variables, stratified sampling, importance sampling. Random number generation: Uniformly distributed random number generation, testing uniform random number generators. Fault injection: types of fault injection techniques, fault injection application and tools UNIT VII FAULT TOLERANT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT Dependability activities within the life cycle: Fault prevention activities, fault tolerance activities, fault removal activities, fault forecasting activities. System development phases: requirements definition and analysis, design, production and verification, integration and validation. UNIT VIII CASE STUDIES Nonstop systems stratus systems Cassini Command and Data Subsystem IBM G5 IBM Sysplex Itanium Ariane5 on board computer system Ariane5 ground control center: dependability requirements, fault tolerance design, redundancy management.

TEXT BOOKS 1. Israel Koren and C. Mani Krishna, Fault tolerant systems, Elsevier, 2007 REFERENCES: 1. J.Arlat, Y.Crouzet, P.David, J-L Dega, Y.Deswarte, J-C Laprie, D.Powell, C.Rabejac, H.Schidler, J-F Soucailles , Fault Tolerant Computing, Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 2. John D. Musa, Anthony Jannino, Kzuhira, Okunito, Software reliability measurement, prediction and application, McGraw Hill, 1989.

MATHEMATICAL MODELING & SIMULATION

UNIT I SYSTEM MODELS AND SIMULATION Continuous and discrete systems, System modeling, Static models, Dynamic models, Principles used in modeling the techniques of simulation, Numerical computation techniques for models, Distributed lag models, Cobweb models. UNIT II PROBABILITY, CONCEPTS IN SIMULATION Stochastic Variables, Discrete probability functions, continuous probability function, Measure of probability functions, Continuous uniformly distributed random number, Congestion in systems, Arrival patterns, Various types of distribution. UNIT III SYSTEM SIMULATION Discrete events, Representation of time, Generation of arrival patterns, Simulation programming tasks, Gathering statistics, Counters and summary statistics, Simulation language. Continuous System models, Differential equation, Analog methods, digital analog simulators, Continuous system simulation language (CSSLs), Hybrid simulation, Simulation of an autopilot, Interactive systems. UNIT IV SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR FLIGHT SIMULATION Historical background growth and decay models, System dynamics diagrams, Multi segment models, Representation of time delays, The Dynamo Language Elements of Mathematical models, Equation of motion, Representation of aerodynamics data, Aircraft systems, Structure and cockpit systems, Motion system, Visual system, Instructors facilities. UNIT V FLIGHT SIMULATOR AS A TRAINING DEVICE AND RESEARCH TOOL Introduction, advantage of simulator, the effectiveness of Simulator, The users role, Simulator Certification, Data sources, Validation, in- flight simulators REFERENCES: 1. Gordon. G., System Simulation, Prentice Hall Inc., 1992. 2. Stables, K.J. and Rolfe, J.M. Flight Simulation, Cambridge University Press, 1986.

LAB AVIONICS LAB - 2

Objective: Student shall go through the user manual provided with each tool, learn its features & applications

SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TOOLS

1. 2. 3. 4. Rational Rose Rational Architect Rational Functional Tester Rational Quality Manager