MICROSCOPE Microscope is a tool that is used to observe microscopic objects that cannot be seen with human naked eyes.

Human naked eyes cannot observe objects with size smaller than 0.1 mm. The father of microscopy is Anthony van Leuwenhoek from Holland (1st-ly invented microscope). There are many kinds of microscope, for examples : 1. scanning electron microscope (SEM) = used to detail study of cell surface architecture or structure of organism and observe objects in 3 dimensions 2. optic microscope = use 2 lens ocular and objective lens. Can produce magnification until 1.500 times 3. electron microscope = can produce magnification until 20.000 times. Observed objects must be put in vacuum chamber and shouted with electrons rays 4. light microscope = works by means centralizing rays which are caught by our eyes (and also ultraviolet) to form magnified shadow of an objects. Can produce magnification until 1.000 times. Parts of Microscope : 1. Optics Parts Mirror, functions : looking for, collecting, and directing light to the observed objects. There are 2 kinds of mirror used in microscope : flat mirror (used if light intensity is enough) and concave mirror (used if light intensity is low / less) b. Diaphragm, function : to control light intensity, located below the stage c. Objective lens, function : to magnify the objects shadow, placed to revolver, located near the objects we observed, magnifying ability of objective lens : 4x, 10x, 45x, 100x d. Ocular lens, function : to magnify the objects shadow, placed on top of tube, located near our eyes. Microscope with 1 ocular lens is called monocular microscope. Microscope with 2 ocular lens is called binocular microscope. Magnifying ability of ocular lens : 5x, 10x, 15x Mechanics Parts a. base / basic, to support the body of microscope, it is the lowest part b. pillar / inclination joint, to connect base with arm c. arm, as a handle / to hold/bring the microscope d. condenser, to control light from mirror to specimen, located below the stage e. stage, to place an observed object f. clip, to hold the object in order not to slip g. tube, to connect objective lens and ocular lens h. revolver, to place objective lens i. coarse adjustment (macrometer), to move the microscopes body quickly j. fine adjustment (micrometer), to move the microscopes body softly

never attempt to swing or throw it when placing in on a surface do not attempt to lift the microscope on the body tube because some parts may fall and break

How to Clean Microscope ??? use soft cloth to wipe the metal part dust is the biggest enemy, dirty lenses must be cleaned with soft cloth, absorbing cotton, or lens paper that is dampened with soapy water or Lysol Procedures When Observing Specimen : 1. put the microscope on the observed table, take the ocular lens with low magnification, ex. Magnification 5x 2. turn back the coarse adjustment (macrometer) so that the bodys microscope lifted 3. slide the revolver so that the objective lens with low magnification is in one line with the light. Use objective lens with low magnification, ex. 10x. so the magnification of an image is obtained 10 x 5 = 50x 4. raise condenser as high as possible. Open diaphragm as wide as possible so the light will be enough 5. turn the mirror to the light source. Dont use the sunlight directly. Look through ocular lens and turn the mirror until we get bright field of view 6. put the specimen on the stage 7. turn the coarse adjustment forward so that the objective lens is on the specimen 8. observe specimen with our eyes through ocular lens. Then turn the fine adjustment until we get clear shadow 9. first, observe specimen with magnification 50x, then move the specimen until the observed part is in the middle of field of view 10. turn the revolver until magnification 40x of objective lens 11. now the magnification is 40 x 5 = 200x Procedures in Storing Microscope : 1. lift up the microscope tube 2. take the specimen 3. turn the objective lens until reach the lowest magnification 4. close diaphragm 5. condenser lowered and mirror is in upright position 6. hold the microscope carefully to the storing place

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Using & taking Care the Microscope Microscope is an expensive tool, so it has to be handled with a great care use one hand (usually left hand) to hold the arm and the other hand (usually right hand) to support the lowest part of the base

put one or two drops water cover it with cover glass if we want the specimen more visible under microscope, place one or two drops of coloring liquid observe with microscope How to Make Specimen??? Non slice specimen = to make specimen without slicing. for example observe microorganism in the water, the ways are : take the observed water with pipette, place the object glass (glass slide) and cover it with cover glass, and then observe it with microscope

Slice specimen = make specimen of organisms organ, ex. leaf or stem cross section. The way is : slice the organ as thin as possible (better use microtom)

Preparing Plant Specimen

1.

Transverse or Cross Section Stem take green and medium size stem (diameter 0.2 0.5 cm) slice as thin as possible using sharp razorblade or cutter *)put the slice on the glass slide place one drop of water on it cover it with cover glass place one or two drops of coloring liquid dry the excessive water n coloring liquid with absorbing paper observe with microscope

Leaf cut carrot or cork in half insert leaf into it

slice in a transverse section as thin as possible follow above steps begin *)

put 2 razorblades together slice leaf in a transverse section

the slice in between is used as specimen follow above steps begin *) 2. Longitudinal Section take one leaf and peel the bottom surface with nail put the transparent part of the peeled off leaf onto the glass slide