Chapter 12 Learning Objectives

1. 2. 3. 4. Know what the nervous system accomplishes to maintain homeostasis. Identify the structures that make up the nervous system. List and explain the three basic functions of the nervous system. Classify the organs of the nervous system into central and peripheral divisions and their subdivisions, and indicate the paths of afferent and efferent information. Describe the internal and external structures of the neuron and their functions. Identify neurons on the basis of their structural and functional classifications. Compare and contrast the functions and relative number of the neuroglia compared to neurons. Describe the different forms, locations, and purposes of the four types of neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells). Identify the cells that produce myelin, describe how the sheath is formed, and discuss its function. Describe the difference between gray and white matter and give examples of each.

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11. Identify the basic types of ion channels and the stimuli that operate gated-ion channels. 12. Describe the ions, channels, and integral-protein pumps that contribute to generation of a resting membrane potential. 13. Discuss the features of the graded potential including areas where generated, size, properties, and type.

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Explain what a threshold is and what voltage is required to trigger an action potential.

15. List the sequence of events involved in generation of a nerve impulse (action potential). 16. Compare the absolute and relative refractory periods and know at which voltage ranges they function. 17. Describe how temperature, continuous and saltatory conduction and axon diameter effect propagation of action potentials. 18. Describe the properties of an electrical synapse, the way impulses are transmitted, and the advantages of an electrical synapse. 19. Go through the sequence of events of chemical synaptic transmission.