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Catap, Maria Consolacion Regala

2G Pharmacy

ANATOMICAL APPARATUS
1. SPHYMOMANOMETER 3 Types: a. Mercurial Sphygmomanometer device used for measuring blood pressure, consists of a calibrated tube filled with mercury. - Gold standard; most reliable; phased out because mercury is toxic and harmful

b. Aneroid Sphygmomanometer commonly used for the indirect measurement of blood pressure. This type has a dial operating through a sort of a spring-like weighing scale. - Reliable; sensitive

c. Digital Sphygmomanometer handy - Expensive; strong to error; not reliable

2. TUNING FORK used to record the duration of a simple muscle contraction. It is capable of using 100 vibrations per second (vbs), where one vibration is equal to 0.01 second. It consists of a writing arm, prongs and handle. - it is not an electrical apparatus.

3. RUBBER MALLET / REFLEX HAMMER checks and study experiments on human reflexes. It is to test the integrity of the spinal cord in the lower back region (example, stroke or heart attack).

4. STETHOSCOPE A stethoscope is a diagnostic instrument used by medical professionals to listen to a patients chest cavity, heart and various pulse points. Physicians use a stethoscope as part of a noninvasive examination procedure. Commonly, doctors will listen for sounds of congestion in the lungs and irregular heartbeats. Nurses may also use stethoscopes to listen for restored blood flow during blood pressure checks.

5. INDUCTORIUM an instrument used in experiments to generate pulses of induced electricity for stimulating nerve or muscle. Regulates the amount of current flowing in the circuit 2 Types: a. Long

b. Short / Square

POINTS OF DIFFERENCES 1. Calibration 2. Maximum flow of current 3. Single stimulus/shock (Primary binding posts) 4. Tetanizing/series/multiple/repetitive shock (Primary binding posts)

SHORT INDUCTORIUM 1-10 At # 10 A & B or 1 & 2 (adjacent) A&C

LONG INDUCTORIUM 1-22 At # 1 A & C or 1 & 3 (cross-over) A&B

6. KYMOGRAPH its primary use is to measure phenomena such as changes in muscular contractions or other physiological processes, including speech sounds. Records physiological functions (ex: muscle contractions), daily temperature changes and variations in water level. - Called wave writer in laymans term - Kymograph paper is used where the tracings/wavelines would be written. The glazed portion is exposed and pasted opposite the direction of the drum. It would be removed from the drum using a scalpel. - Shellac: fixative to preserve the tracing, a special type of varnish. Immerse the paper.

2 Types: a. Spring Driven Kymograph smoke writing; rotates counterclockwise - to produce smoky flame: use kerosene/gum camphor - properly smoke kymograph paper: thinly and evenly covered with soot - When the paper is covered with black soot, the tracing would appear to be white.

Variable sized fan controls the speed of the rotation of the drum. The smaller the fan, the faters the rotation, the lesser air resistance b. Electrically Driven Kymograph ink writing; desirable because it runs continuously and no rewinding is necessary

Five motor control gear shift the higher, the faster. Use slower speed for a long recording time. 7. MUSCLE CLAMP used to hold the muscle in place. The upper thigh muscle is clampped. - when the muscle relaxes, the pen is down. When the muscle contracts, the pen is up.

MUSCLE LEVER records the muscle contraction. It has no electromagnetic coil. 2 Types: a. Old only one binding post

After loading screw controls the position of the writing pen b. New two binding posts but no after loading screw

8. SIGNAL MAGNET serves as an event marker; noting an event such as time, and type of stimulus; noting time in seconds. - when magnetized, the pen moves up and down. When demagnetized, it stops moving. - Part of primary circuit 2 Types: a. Old

b. New

9. SPIROMETER record different pulmonary volume and capacity to evaluate lung function and respiratory capacity

Drum inverted position, filled with water Scale calibrated to 6 liters; each line equals 100 mL Mouthpiece exhale only 10. BATTERY source of current 2 Types of Battery: a. Dry computer, cellphones, flashlights. Supply is 1.5 volts b. Wet motor vehicles 2 Types of Currents: a. Direct/Galvanic/Constant b. Induced/Faradic/Palsating

11. SIMPLE KEY acts as switch. Used to either make or break current and shocks. 2 Types: a. Old wood

b. New fiber glass

Contact metal when press, ON, make current. When released, OFF, break current 12. ELECTRONIC STIMULATOR / CONVERTER - source of current instead of using the battery. Alternate source of current - In place of battery, switch and inductorium - Current can be adjusted from 3-12 volts. - Pre set to 9; no electrocution - Never let the ends to meet, it would cause short circuit

13. PNEUMOGRAPH device for recording the force and speed of chest movements during respiration. - Records the changes in the size of the object (ex: ribcage sternum (front) and spinal column: thoraxic (back)

DURING INHALATION Tube will stretch Thoraxic cage will expand Pressure will decrease Tambour will bulge Pen will move up

DURING EXHALATION Tube will collapse Thoraxic cage will contract Pressure will increase Tambour will depress Pen will move down

14. TAMBOUR used to transmit and register the movements of the pulse or of any pulsating artery.

Rubber sheet attach the pen in the middle Tight fitting ring secures the rubber ring