Slopes and The Derivative: Mathematics 53

Slopes and the Derivative
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
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For today
The Tangent Line Denition of the Derivative Techniques of Dierentiation Dierentiability
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For today
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Tangent Line to a Circle

Tangent line to a circle at point P
How about tangent line to a curve?

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Secant Line
P Q is a secant line (i.e. a line that passes through any two points on a curve).
f (x1 )
y = f (x)
f (x0 )
mQ = P
x0 x1
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) x1 x0
Let x = x1 x0
mQ = P
P (x0 , f (x0 )) Q(x1 , f (x1 ))
f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) x
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The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P
y = f (x)
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) Q P
Let Q get closer and closer to P , i.e. Q P x1 x0 x 0
x0 1 x
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The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P
y = f (x)
P
Let Q get closer and closer to P , i.e. Q P x1 x0 x 0
The line P Q will approach the line .
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The Tangent line to the graph of f at (x0 , f (x0 ))
Slope of the line y = f (x)

P
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The Tangent line to the graph of f at (x0 , f (x0 ))
Slope of the line y = f (x) m = lim

P
x1 x0
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) x1 x0
Recall: x = x1 x0 m = lim f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) x0 x
The line
is called the tangent line to the graph of y = f (x) at P .
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The Tangent Line

Denition
If the function f is dened at x = x0 , then the tangent line to the graph of f at the point P (x0 , f (x0 )) is the line
1
passing through P whose slope is given by f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) m = lim , x0 x provided that this limit exists.
with equation x = x0 if f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) lim = + or and x x0 f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) lim = + or + x x0 Otherwise, there is no tangent line to the graph of f at P .
2
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The Tangent Line

Remarks
1
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea on the atness or steepness of the graph of f at P and whether the graph of f rises or falls at P . The tangent line to the graph of a function may intersect the graph at points other than the point of tangency.
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The Normal Line

Denition
The line normal to the graph of f at the point P is the line perpendicular to the tangent line at P .
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Example
1 Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) = x at x = 1. Solution. Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 ) f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1) mT L = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) at (1, 1) mT L = f (1 + x) f (1) x0 x 1 1 = lim 1+x x0 x 1 (1 + x) = lim x0 x(1 + x) lim
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mT L TL: y 1 = (x 1)
x x(1 + x) 1 = lim x0 1 + x = 1 =
x0
lim
mT L = 1, so the slope of the normal line is 1. NL: y 1 = (x 1)
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Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g(x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1 and at x = 2. Solution. At x = 1 : mT L = = = = = g(1 + x) g(1) x [(1 + x)2 + 2] (12 + 2) lim x0 x 2x + (x)2 lim x0 x x(2 + x) lim x0 x lim (2 + x)
x0
lim
x0
= 2.
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At x = 2 : mT L = = = = = = g(2 + x) g(2) x0 x [(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2) lim x0 x [4 + 4x + (x)2 + 2] 6 lim x0 x 4x + (x)2 lim x0 x x(4 + x) lim x0 x lim (4 + x) lim
x0
= 4.
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As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to g(x) for any value of x. mT L = = = = = g(x + x) g(x) x [(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2) lim x0 x [x2 + 2xx + (x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2) lim x0 x 2xx + (x)2 lim x0 x lim (2x + x) lim
x0
x0
= 2x. At x = 1: mT L = 2 1 = 2 At x = 2: mT L = 2 2 = 4
For today
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Denition of the Derivative
In the previous example, we computed a function that gives the slope of the tangent line to the graph of a function f (x) at any value of x. This function is actually called the derivative of f (x).
Denition
The derivative of a function f (x), denoted by f (x), is the function f (x) = lim f (x + x) f (x) . x0 x
It is dened at all points x in the domain of f where the limit exists.
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Remarks
1
There may be points xo dom f at which f (x0 ) does not exist. So, dom f dom f . The denition tells us that f (x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at point P (x0 , f (x0 )). f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) By denition, f (x0 ) = lim . Alternatively, x0 x f (x) f (x0 ) f (x0 ) = lim . xx0 x x0 d dy Other notations: [f (x)] , Dx [f (x)] , y if y = f (x), . dx dx
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Example
Find the derivative of f (x) =
x.
Solution. Using the denition of the derivative we have x + x x f (x) = lim x0 x x + x x x + x + x = lim x0 x x + x + x (x + x) x = lim x0 x( x + x + x)
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= =
x0
lim
1 x + x + x
1 . 2 x
1 1 f (x) = or Dx [ x ] = . 2 x 2 x
Remark
The process of computing the derivative is called dierentiation.
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Example
Find the derivative of f (x) =
x at x = 0.
Solution. Using the alternative denition: 3 x 30 f (0) = lim x0 x0 3 x = lim x0 x 1 = lim 2 x0 x 3 = 1 0+
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For today
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Techniques of Dierentiation
Theorem
Let f and g be functions and c If f (x) = c
R, then f (x) = 0.
R.
(Power Rule) If f (x) = xn , where n Q, then f (x) = nxn1 . If f (x) = c g(x), then f (x) = c g (x) if g (x) exists. If h(x) = f (x) + g(x), then h (x) = f (x) + g (x), provided both f (x) and g (x) exist.
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Techniques of Dierentiation
Theorem
(Product Rule) If h(x) = f (x)g(x), then h (x) = f (x)g(x) + f (x)g (x), provided f (x) and g (x) both exist. (Quotient Rule) If h(x) = f (x) , where g(x) = 0, then g(x) g(x)f (x) f (x)g (x) h (x) = , [g(x)]2 provided f (x) and g (x) both exist.
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Examples
Dx [x5 ] = 5x51 = 5x4 Dx [(2x)5 ] = Dx [32x5 ] = 32 5x4 = 160x4 (Note that the derivative is not 5(2x)4 which is 80x4 .) d [2x4 4 x + 7] 5 dx d d 4 d = [2x4 ] [ 5 x] + [7] dx dx dx 1 = 8x3 4 2x + 0 5 = 8x3
2 . 5 x
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Examples
If y = (x 3)(2x2 3), then y = 2x3 6x2 3x + 9 and so y = 6x2 12x 3. Alternatively, we may also use the Product Rule. Dx [(x 3)(2x2 3)] = (1)(2x2 3) + (x 3)(4x) = 2x2 3 + 4x2 12x = 6x2 12x 3. 4 d [(3x5 + 6x 3 2)(4x3 5 3 x)] dx 1 4 2 = (15x4 + 8x 3 )(4x3 5 3 x) + (3x5 + 6x 3 2)(12x2 5 1 x 3 ). 3
Examples
If f (x) = f (x) = 2x3 x3 + 4 , then 3x 5
(3x 5)(6x2 + 3x4 ) (2x3 x3 + 4)(3) . (3x 5)2
d 2x4 x + 2 dx 2x3 4 x 3x 1 (2x3 4 x 3x)(8x3 2x ) (2x4 x + 2)(6x2 = (2x3 4 x 3x)2
2 x
3) .
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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions
Theorem
1 2 3 4 5 6
Dx [sin x] = cos x Dx [cos x] = sin x Dx [tan x] = sec2 x Dx [cot x] = csc2 x Dx [sec x] = sec x tan x Dx [csc x] = csc x cot x
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Examples
d [3 sin x 7 cos x] = 3 cos x + 7 sin x dx Dx [sec x csc x] = (sec x tan x)(csc x) + (sec x)( csc x cot x) If f (x) = cot x x , then 1 + tan x (1 + tan x)( csc2 x 1) (cot x x)(sec2 x) f (x) = (1 + tan x)2
Dx [sin(2x)] = Dx [2 sin x cos x] = 2Dx [sin x cos x] = 2 (cos x cos x + sin x ( sin x)) = 2(cos2 x sin2 x) = 2 cos(2x)
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For today
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Dierentiability
Denitions
1
If the derivative f (x0 ) of the function f at x = x0 exists, then f is said to be dierentiable at x = x0 . The function f is dierentiable on (a, b) if f is dierentiable at every real number in (a, b). The function f is dierentiable everywhere if it is dierentiable at every real number.
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Dierentiability
Denitions
Let the function f (x) be dened at x = x0 .
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Dierentiability
Denitions
1
The derivative from the left of f (x) at x = x0 , denoted by f (x0 ), is given by f (x0 ) = lim f (x) f (x0 ) . x x0
xx 0
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Dierentiability
Denitions
1
The derivative from the left of f (x) at x = x0 , denoted by f (x0 ), is given by f (x0 ) = lim f (x) f (x0 ) . x x0
xx 0
The derivative from the right of f (x) at x = x0 , denoted by f+ (x0 ), is given by f+ (x0 ) = lim f (x) f (x0 ) . x x0
xx+ 0
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Dierentiability
Remark
The function f is dierentiable at x = x0 if and only if f (x0 ) and f+ (x0 ) exist and f (x0 ) = f+ (x0 ) = f (x0 ).
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Example
Determine if f (x) = |x 3| = x = 3. Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 3. f (3) = f (x) f (3) x3 (x 3) 0 = lim x3 x3 = 1
x3
x3 , x3 is dierentiable at 3x , x<3
lim
f+ (3) =
f (x) f (3) x3 (x 3) 0 = lim x3 x3+ = 1

x3+
lim
= f (3) = f+ (3) f (x) is not dierentiable at x = 3.
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Example
Determine if f (x) = is dierentiable at x0 = 1. Solution. f (1) = f (x) f (1) x+1 21 x = lim x + 1 x1 (x + 1)(x 1) = lim x+1 x1 = 2
x1
x2 , x < 1 1 2x , x 1
lim
f+ (1) =
f (x) f (1) x+1 (1 2x) 1 = lim + x+1 x3 2(x + 1) = lim x+1 x3+ = 2
x1+
lim
= f (1) = f+ (1) = 2 f (x) is dierentiable at x = 1 and f (1) = 2.

Theorem
If f is dierentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at x = x0 .
Remarks
If f is discontinuous at x = x0 , then f is not dierentiable at x = x0 . If f is continuous at x = x0 , it does not mean that f is dierentiable at x = x0 . If f is not dierentiable at x = x0 , it does not mean that f is not continuous at x = x0 .
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Theorem
1
If f is continuous at x = x0 from the left and lim f (x) exists, then

xx 0
f (x0 ) = lim f (x).

xx 0
2
If f is continuous at x = x0 from the right and lim f (x) exists, then

xx+ 0
f+ (x0 ) = lim f (x).

xx+ 0
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Example
Determine if f (x) = is dierentiable at x0 = 1. Solution. We rst check continuity of f (x) at x = 1.We have f (1) = 1 and
x1
x2 , x < 1 1 2x , x 1
lim f (x) = 1 = lim f (x).

x1+
f (x) is continuous at x = 1. We next determine the derivative from the left and derivative from the right at x = 1.
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f (x) = We have f (x) = Thus,
x2 , x < 1 1 2x , x 1
2x , x < 1 2 , x > 1.
f (1) = lim f (x) = 2(1) = 2,

x1
while f+ (1) = lim f (x) = 2.

x1+
= f (1) = f+ (1), f (x) is dierentiable at x = 1

Remarks
A function f is not dierentiable at x = x0 if one of the following is true: f is discontinuous at x = x0 the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = x0 the graph of f has no well-dened tangent line at x = x0 , i.e., the graph of f has a corner or cusp at x = x0 .
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f (x) = |x 3|
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f (x) =
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f (x) =
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f (x) =
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* * * The End * * *
Next Meeting: The Chain Rule Implicit Dierentiation Higher Order Derivatives
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Slopes and The Derivative: Mathematics 53

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Slopes and the Derivative

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)