Chapter 5 Study Guide for HIST 1301

These study guides are intended to do exactly what their name describes guide your studies as you prepare for tests. They are not a substitute for doing the required reading and they do not include everything that will be on your test. I hope they help you be successful in this class. People Worth Remembering George III He became king of England, at age 22, in 1760, but was poorly equipped for the task in knowledge and temperament. His reign of nearly 60 years included the loss of the American colonies, which labeled him a tyrant, industrialization of Great Britain and resistance to Napoleonic France. Pontiac An Ottawa chief, he organized an Indian uprising along the northwest frontier beginning in 1763, which killed thousands of settlers and besieged Fort Detroit. Patrick Henry A fiery patriot, he proposed the Virginia Resolves in protest of the Stamp Act and became known for his dramatic speeches for revolution, once proclaiming, Give me liberty or give me death! Charles Townshend As Britains chancellor of the exchequer, his 1767 plan to raise revenue put duties on various imports to America, including glass, lead, paper and tea. Lord North As prime minister of Great Britain from 1770 to 1782, he favored repeal of the Townshend Duties, which led to three years of relative calm before conflict with America resumed and led to independence. John Hancock A wealthy Boston merchant, he served as president of the Second Continental Congress, becoming the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence with a large, stylish signature. Samuel Adams A Boston patriot closely identified with virtually all revolutionary efforts beginning in 1764, he formed the committees of correspondence, called the mass meeting immediately prior to the Boston Tea Party and was a delegate to the First and Second Continental Congresses. John Adams A Boston lawyer and political philosopher, he was one of the most influential Founding Fathers, assisting with the writing of the Declaration of Independence, becoming the nations first vice president and its second president. Paul Revere A Boston silversmith and patriot, his fame rests on his popular engraving of the Boston Massacre and his legendary midnight ride to Lexington to warn of the dispatch of British soldiers. Thomas Paine This English immigrant called for American

independence in his widely read pamphlet, Common Sense (1776), and authored the pro-Revolution series, The American Crisis (1776-83). Thomas Jefferson This multitalented Virginia patriot and political philosopher was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence, and served as the nations first secretary of state and third president. Lord Cornwallis A leading British general during the Revolutionary War, the surrender of his forces at Yorktown, Va., in 1781 led to the end of the war. John Burgoyne This general led a 6,000-man British force south from Canada to cut off New England from the rest of the rebelling colonies, but he was defeated in two battles at Saratoga and surrendered his force. The American victory convinced the French to support the revolution. Horatio Gates This American general was credited with the key victory at Saratoga in 1777, but later conspired to replace George Washington as commander. He suffered a humiliating military rout at Camden, S.C., in 1780. Benedict Arnold This American general served valiantly in victories at Fort Ticonderoga and Saratoga, as well as the invasion of Canada, but, stung by what he saw as slights, made his name synonymous with traitor by conspiring unsuccessfully to hand over to the British the fort at West Point, N.Y.

Nathaniel Greene George Washingtons most competent general, he outmaneuvered the British Army during its Southern campaign, causing its fateful retreat to Yorktown for supplies and rest. Terms Worth Remembering Whigs parliamentary sovereignty Loyalists Stamp Act Congress Boston Massacre committee of correspondence Coercive Acts First Continental Congress Second Continental Congress Common Sense Dates Worth Remembering 1764 Parliament passes the Sugar Act. 1765 Stamp Act passed; 9 colonies send delegates to Stamp Act Congress. 1766 Stamp Act repealed; Declaratory Act passed. 1767 Townshend Revenue Acts stir American anger. 1770 Townshend duties repealed; Boston Massacre kills 5. 1773 Boston Tea Party held in response to Tea Act. 1774 Boston punished with Coercive Acts (March-June); First Continental Congress meets (Sept.) 1775 Patriots take stand at Lexington and Concord (April);

Second Continental Congress meets (May); bloody British victory at Bunker Hill (June). 1776 Congress votes for Independence, declaration issued (July); British defeat Washington at Long Island (August); Americans score victory at Trenton (Dec.). 1777 Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga. 1778 France recognizes U.S. (Feb.) 1780 British take Charleston, S.C. 1781 Washington forces Cornwallis to surrender at Yorktown, Va. (Oct.). 1783 Treaty of Paris signed. Points Worth Remembering It took a combination of British miscalculations and American bravado, enflamed by propaganda, between 1763 and 1775 to bring the colonies to revolution. America had an abundance of remarkably skilled and visionary individuals at the time of the Revolution. Americas independence was achieved between 1775 and 1783 thanks to a variety of factors: the resolve of a military led by George Washington, a skillfully negotiated alliance with Britains main European rival, and sagging British interest in a distant and costly war. There were many winners and losers resulting from the Revolutionary War, some of them unexpected.

Chapter 6 Study Guide for HIST 1301

These study guides are intended to do exactly what their name describes guide your studies as you prepare for tests. They are not a substitute for doing the required reading and they do not include everything that will be on your test. I hope they help you be successful in this class. People Worth Remembering Richard Allen This former slave founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (1814), an institution of great cultural and religious significance for 19th-century blacks. Phillis Wheatley Known as Bostons African Muse, this poet wrote Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral (1773). John Dickinson A wealthy Philadelphian, he wrote the widely read Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (1767-8) in protest of the Townshend Acts. He also headed the committee to create the Articles of Confederation but his initial proposal, which included a strong federal government, was rejected. Robert Morris A Philadelphia merchant, as superintendent of finance under the Articles of Confederation, he was the financier of the revolution. James Madison A Virginia political philosopher, he was the main author of the U.S. Constitution and Bill of Rights and was the fourth president of the United States. Daniel Shays This Revolutionary War veteran led an armed insurrection among farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786 that gave momentum to calls for a stronger federal government. George Mason This Virginia patriot was a leader among those who pushed for a Bill of Rights to be added to the U.S. Constitution. Terms Worth Remembering republicanism natural rights Articles of Confederation Northwest Ordinance nationalists Shays Rebellion Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Federalists Antifederalists The Federalist Bill of Rights Dates Worth Remembering 1776 Eight states draft new constitutions 1777 Congress accepts Articles of Confederation after long debate (Nov.) 1781 Virginia gives up land claim; states ratify Articles of Confederation

1785 Congress passes Land Ordinance 1786 Annapolis Convention backs revising Articles of Confederation (Sept.); Shays Rebellion frightens American leaders 1787 Constitutional Convention convened (May); Congress passes Northwest Ordinance (July) 1788 U.S. Constitution ratified when New Hampshire becomes 9th state to accept it (June 21) 1791 Bill of Rights ratified by states Points Worth Remembering Political debate during the early years of the United States focused on the balance between liberty and order. The state governments that were established shared some common values but also were laboratories for experimentation. The Articles of Confederation tipped the scales toward liberty rather than order, reflecting Americans suspicion of authority, which was shaped during the colonial and revolutionary experience. Criticism of the Articles grew as the national government showed itself to be weak and ineffective. The Federalists won their demand for a Constitution providing for a stronger national government, tempered by a Bill of Rights to appease Antifederalists.

Chapter 7 Study Guide for HIST 1301

These study guides are intended to do exactly what their name describes guide your studies as you prepare for tests. They are not a substitute for doing the required reading and they do not include everything that will be on your test. I hope they help you be successful in this class. People Worth Remembering John Jay This Founding Father held various key offices, including president of the Continental Congress and first chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, negotiated several important treaties on behalf of the U.S. and authored several of the Federalist Papers. Louis XVI This French kings support for the American Revolution was crucial to the colonists victory but unleashed conditions a large debt and demands for democracy that contributed to his overthrow and execution at the guillotine in 1793. Anthony Wayne A fiery general, he crushed Indian resistance in the Northwest Territory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794), opening the area north of the Ohio River to settlement. Napoleon Bonaparte This French military leader rose to power by staging a coup in 1799 and was subsequently named emperor of France. His military campaigns shaped European politics in the early 18th century, often threatening American neutrality, and prompted his sale of the Louisiana Territory to the U.S. Terms Worth Remembering Bank of the United States French Revolution Jays Treaty Whiskey Rebellion Farewell Address XYZ Affair Alien and Sedition Acts Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Dates Worth Remembering 1789 George Washington unanimously elected first president (Feb.); French Revolution erupts 1790 Congress approves Hamiltons plan for funding and assumption (July) 1791 Bank of the United States chartered (Feb.); Congress rejects Report on Manufactures (Dec.) 1793 France announces war against all kings (Feb.); Washington proclaims neutrality (April) 1794 Whiskey Rebellion put down by U.S. Army; Gen. Wayne defeats Indians at Fallen Timbers 1795 Jays Treaty divides nation; Pinckney gets concessions from Spain 1796 Washington publishes Farewell Address (Sept.); John Adams elected president (Dec.)

1797 XYZ Affair poisons relations with France 1798-1800 Quasi-War with France 1798 Congress passes Alien and Sedition Acts, provoking protest 1799 George Washington dies; Adams breaks with Hamiltonians, sends negotiators to France 1801 Jefferson elected president in vote by House of Representatives Points Worth Remembering George Washingtons enormous popularity, leadership skills and nonpartisan attitude made him an ideal choice to lead what was then a very small federal government. During its infancy, the federal government took shape largely through the conflicting visions of two very different men, Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton. Internal rebellion, political dissent and entanglement in European rivalries provided challenges for the U.S. during this period. The contentious but peaceful transfer of authority from the Federalists to the Republicans during the election of 1800 was a fateful test of the governments long-term viability.

Chapter 8 Study Guide for HIST 1301

These study guides are intended to do exactly what their name describes guide your studies as you prepare for tests. They are not a substitute for doing the required reading and they do not include everything that will be on your test. I hope they help you be successful in this class. People Worth Remembering Tecumseh A Shawnee leader from the Ohio Territory, he encouraged confrontation over accommodation and led a tribal confederacy that fought at Tippecanoe and allied with the British in the siege of Detroit and the Battle of Thames, where he was killed in 1813. Robert Fulton He dramatically changed transportation by developing the first commercially successful steamboat, the Clermont, which began sailing on the Hudson River in 1807. Meriwether Lewis President Jeffersons private secretary, he led a delegation to explore, map and document the newly purchased Louisiana Territory (1804-06). He was rewarded by being named governor of the territory, but committed suicide on the Natchez Trace in 1809. William Clark As co-leader of the exploration of the Louisiana Territory (1804-06), he focused on mapping the territory and management of supplies. Sacagawea This young Shoshone woman and her French husband joined the Lewis and Clark Expedition near its beginning and she served as a valued interpreter for the explorers. John Marshall As chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1801 to 1835, his rulings shaped U.S. constitutional law and American capitalism. Aaron Burr As vice president, he ran for governor of New York in 1804 and killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel for public comments made about him. He then fled west and became involved in a scheme that included war with Spain and secession, but was acquitted of treason. Oliver Hazard Perry This naval commander won a decisive battle over the British at Put-in-Bay (1813) that gave the United States control of the Great Lakes. Andrew Jackson The hero of the Battle of New Orleans and a famed Indian fighter, he redefined American democracy during two terms as the seventh president. Terms Worth Remembering Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark expedition Barbary War Marbury v. Madison Embargo Act War Hawks War of 1812 Hartford Convention

Dates Worth Remembering 1801 Adams makes midnight appointments of federal judges 1802 Judiciary Act repealed 1803 Chief Justice John Marshall establishes judicial review in Marbury v. Madison; Louisiana Territory purchased from France 1803-06 Lewis & Clark explore Northwest 1804 Aaron Burr kills Hamilton; Jefferson elected to second term 1805 Senate acquits Justice Chase 1807 Burr acquitted of conspiracy; Embargo Act passed 1808 Slave trade ended (Jan.); James Madison elected president 1809 Embargo replaced with NonIntercourse Act 1811 Wm. Henry Harrison defeats Indians at Tippecanoe 1812 War declared against Britain (June); Madison re-elected 1813 Perry destroys British fleet on Lake Erie (Sept.); Tecumseh killed in American victory at Thames River (Oct.) 1814 Andrew Jackson crushes Creek Indians at Horseshoe Bend (March); British burn Washington, D.C. (Aug.); Hartford Convention meets (Dec.); Treaty of Ghent ends war (Dec.) 1815 Jackson routs British at Battle of New Orleans (Jan.) Points Worth Remembering The first decade of the 1800s was characterized by a rapid growth in population, pushing westward and

coming into conflict with Native Americans. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 by a conflicted President Jefferson doubled the size of the nation. In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court established that the judiciary would determine the constitutionality of federal laws, the first of several major decisions under Chief Justice John Marshall. Embarrassing naval conflicts with England and weak leadership by James Madison led to the War of 1812, which ended in a truce but reaffirmed American independence.