The Concepts of Man and His Basic Needs

The concept of man forms the first foundational component of Nursing. To provide an individualized, holistic, and quality nursing care, it is important to understand man. The 4 Major Attributes of Human Being 1. Capacity to think or conceptualize on the abstract level. 2. Family Formation 3. Tendency to seek and maintain a territory 4. Ability to use verbal symbols as language, a means of developing and maintaining culture. 2 Approaches in Studying Man 1. Atomistic Approach Viewing man as an organism only (view cells, tissues, organs body structures only) Ex. Taking blood pressure of the patient. 2. Holistic Approach Viewing man as an organism with interrelated and interdependent parts functioning to produce a behavior which is acceptable or unacceptable to him or to the society. Ex. Nursing interaction with the patient. Additional Notes: * Reference: Fundamentals of Nursing by Kozier Holistic Theory States that all living organisms are interacting unified whole that are more than the mere sum of his parts. In this light, any disturbance affects the whole being. Ex. When the nurse asses a patient, he or she must keep the whole person in mind. When assessing a certain body part, it must be related to other parts. The nurse must also consider how the patient interacts with the external environment and how they relate with others. Human life must be balanced and harmonized with the other forms of nature. Disturbance may result in illness. Holistic Health Involves whole persons being and the overall quality of his or her lifestyle. Holistic Health Care 1. Health Education 2. Health Maintenance 3. Health Promotion 4. Illness Prevention 5. Restorative and Rehabilitative Care * The identification needs, planning, implementation, and evaluation require sensitivity to the individual, family, environment, and cultural values.

American Holistic Nurses Associations (AHNA) Goal of Holistic Nursing To enhance the healing of the whole person from birth to death. Holistic Nurses and Health Practitioners 1. Recognize bio psychosocial and spiritual dimensions of a person 2. Recognize that the life of a person is intertwined with family, community, culture, and environment 3. Focus on whole brain thinking; uses left brain hemispheres thought process and right brain hemispheres intuitive process; uses left brain often (reason, logic, analytical, verbal, mathematical, calculative, objective) System A set of interacting identifiable parts and component. Fundamental Components of System (Forms of Stimuli) 1. Matter (body) 2. Energy (chemical or thermal) 3. Information or Communication (Nervous System) Types of System 1. Closed System Totally isolated from other systems. Doesnt allow any forms of stimuli to enter (input) its system boundaries nor allow anything from within (output) to go out from its system boundaries. In reality theres no closed system that exist it only happens inside a test tube during chemical reaction. 2. Open System All forms of stimuli (input) can enter inside its system boundaries and allow anything from within (output) to go out from its system boundaries. All Living Systems (human, animals, plants, families, communities) are an open system since their survival depends on the constant exchange of energy. Input All forms of stimuli that can enter inside the system boundaries. After it is absorbed, it is processed to be useful to the system and called THROUGHPUT Ex. Food is the input to Digestive System, it is digested (Throughput) to be used by the body. Output Given out by the system as a result of the input and throughput Ex. Outputs of Digestive System are energy, nutrients, urine, and feces.

Feedback Mechanism Output of the system is returned inside the system as an input. Types of Feed Back Mechanisms 1. Positive Feedback stimulates change 2. Negative Feedback inhibit (hinder) change Mostly biologic systems are controlled by this to bring back stability or homeostasis of the system. Ex. Hypoxia decreases oxygen inside our body. RBCs tend to increase and heart rate becomes faster to transport blood and available oxygen throughout our body. Nurse looks at the environmental factors that influence the system and plan nursing interventions to help the patients homeostasis. (Ex. Patient with severe anxiety is taught variety of stress management techniques) In Family, parents provide feedback to their children to regulate their behavior. In Community, government implements rules, regulations, and laws to regulate the behavior of the citizens for them to abide. Nursing Concepts of Man 1. Man as a Biological Being is composed of 2 Systems a. Subordinate System Found inside Man are Family, Loved Ones, Neighbors Family is the supra system of Man. Members are interdependent working toward a specific goal and purposes. It is an Open System for it interacts and influenced by other systems in the community. Ex. Patient with headache nurse must find what part is affected. May offer massage and food. b. Super ordinate System Found outside Man is Society and Community. Ex. Quarrel with someone nurse must ask what happened and listen

3. Man normally responds as a unified whole rather than a set of integrated parts
(Rogers) Man as a unified whole is composed of parts which are interrelated and interdependent with each other (Rogers) Ex. Toothache pain affects the face, head, body, and person becomes irritated. Ex. Fire a person runs as a whole not per part.

4. Man as a unified whole is different and more than the mere sum of his parts
(Rogers) Man is superior more than his body parts

5. Man is an open system in constant interaction with the changing environment

(Roy)

6. Man is a unity who can be viewed as functioning biologically, symbolically, and

socially and who initiates and performs self care activities on her own behalf in maintaining life, and well being (Orem)

7. Man is like all man, Man is like some man, and Man is no other man. a. Man is like all man in terms of the ff: Same anatomical structure Man is a whole, complete, and independent Fundamental Needs to (Henderson) : Breath Eat and Drink Eliminate Move and Maintain Posture Sleep and Rest Dress and Undress Maintain Body Temperature b. Man is like some man Interests Hobbies Beliefs Religion Culture c.

being who has 14 Keep Clean Avoid Danger Communicate Worship Work Play Learn

Gender Race and Color Profession and Course Body Structure (height, weight, etc)

Man is no other man Each one of us has different traits personalities that make us a UNIQUE individual.

8. Man is a Bio psychosocial and Spiritual Being who is in constant contact with the environment (Roy) a. Man as a Bio Psychosocial Being Is irreplaceable (one time being) Is alike and unlike other being Make life meaningful Has differences (never think alike) Will never be able to understand another man Has a limited nature (mortal) Rational Thinker Can make choices and be responsible with those choices Always have a degree of immaturity Can cope on stressful stimuli Relate with others (ex. 8 year old has a best friend in school)

b. Man as a Spiritual Being Believes that theres someone greater than him and his universe Believes in 3 Great Virtues: FAITH, HOPE, and CHARITY.

9. Man is an individual with vital reparative processes to deal with disease and
desirous of health but passive in terms of influencing the environment or nurse (Nightingale)