CHAPTER THREE 3.

0 Research Methodology 1 2 Methodologies used to develop the studies include: Collection of data from the (MIS) unit of radio station regarding IT facilities, the stations investments in IT and effects of IT on it. Qualitative interviews with workers and customers of the station around a common set of questions or the use of similar questions to elicit responses on their opinion on IT. The use of questionnaires to gather information if there are many people and one cant interview all of them. Samples, statistics and random selections Online data collection; the use of internet search engines.

3 4 5

3.1 Introduction During the course of carrying out this project, datas were collected through the administration of questionnaire to both some staff and listeners of this great station Radio Nigeria, Heartland FM Owerri which was used as a case study for this project work. These datas were collected in order to ascertain the gross impact of deploying information communication technology (ICT) in the management of this great station. The following are the results of the data that were collected from the questionnaire distributed to both listeners and staff to indicate their view on the impact that information technology has created on the radio station

especially in this new era of computing technology development. A total of 30 questionnaires were distributed and 29 were returned which will be equated to 100 percent of the total number collected. This is done by dividing the number in frequency by the total number of questionnaire and then multiply by 100. Example: 10/29 * 100 =34.5%. Table 3.1 Sex Response Table Sex Frequency Percentage (%) 79.3 20.7 Cumulative percentage (%) 79.3 100

Male Female

23 6

THE SEX RESPONSE TABLE: this table shows the percentage of the different sex that were given the questionnaire and from the table we see that the sex was divided into male 23(79.39%) and female 6(20.7%) and the percentage clearly show that the percentage of the male is greater than the female.

3.2 Educational Level Table Educational Qualification WASSCE OND/NCE Frequency(F) Percentage(%) Cumulative percentage (%) 17.2 17.2 48.3 56.5

5 14

BSc/BA MSc/Ph.D OTHERS2

6 2 2

20.7 6.9 6.9

86.2 93.1 100

This table shows the level of education of those who were given this questionnaire to fill and the result shows that those with OND/NCE 14 (48.3) had the highest response: Bsc/BA 6(20.7%), WASCE 5(17.2%). Msc/PhD 2(6.9%), OTHERS 2(6.9%). All those who responded to the questionnaire have some level of academic qualification which goes to show that the questions that are asked in the questionnaire were eh understood by those involved. Table 3.3 (Staff Only) Years of services to the station 0-2 years 3-5years 6-8 years 8 and above Frequency(F) Percentage(%) Cumulative percentage (%) 35.7 35.7 0 35.7 7.1 42.8 57.1 100

5 0 1 8

Fifteen questionnaires were distributed to the staff of the radio station, out of which fourteen were filled and returned. From the response given in the table above, we can see that those with 9 and above years of service have the highest number of frequency and hence higher percentage of 8 and 57.1 % respectively, while 0-2 years has a frequency of 5 and hence 35.7% and 68 years has only 1 frequency which amount to 7.1%, this goes to show that those that: responded have had enough years of service to know what they are talking about and how(IT) has contributed to the station.

Table 3.4 (Listeners Only) Years of listening to the station 1-5 years 6-10years 11-15 years 16 and above Frequency(F) Percentage(%) Cumulative percentage (%) 6.7 6.7 20 26.7 13.3 40 60 100

1 3 2 9

Fifteen questionnaires were distributed to the listeners of the station in which all were filled and returned. From the table above we can see that those that have been listening to the station for 16 years and above have the highest frequency of 9 and that constitute 60% of the whole response, 6-10 years have frequency 3 with 20%, etc. from the above table we can see that the number of respondents that have being listening to the ratio station for a long time have a higher percentage of 60% which means their response is valid or will be taken seriously because they have listened long enough to know what (IT) can do or has done to quality of the broadcast they listen to.

Table 3. 5 Question: Is IT/Computer Really Helping This Station?

Response

Frequency(F)

Strongly disagree Disagree Agree Strongly agree Neutral

0 0 17 9 3

Percentage(%) Cumulative percentage (%) 0 0 0 58.6 31 10.3 0 58.6 89.6 100

Table 3.5 shows that out of the 29 questionnaire that was collected none disagree that IT is not important while 17(58.6 %) agreed and 9(79.2%) strongly agree with the fact that information is very important and has great effect in the operation of the radio station, Thus is really self explanatory, in that it clearly shows that the deployment of IT is really important as we have seen from the statistics above. Table 3.6 Question: Does IT have positive impact on the radio station and improves its quality of broadcasting? Response Frequency(F) Percentage(%) Cumulative percentage (%) 0 0 0 37.9 55.2 6.9 0 379 93.1 100

Strongly disagree Disagree Agree Strongly agree Neutral

0 0 11 16 2

Table 3.6 indicate that of the people given the questionnaire 11 (37.9%) agree and 16(.5.2%) strongly agree that IT does have positive impact on the station and the quality of its broadcast. While none disagrees only two were neutral which really shows the great impact of IT on the station. Table 3.7 (staff only) Question: Does the deployment of IT in the station threaten the job of some staff? Response Frequency(F) Percentage(%) Cumulative percentage (%) 14.3 14.3 028.6 28.6 0 28.6 42.9 71.5 71.5 100

Strongly disagree Disagree Agree Strongly agree Neutral

2 4 4 0 4

Table 3.7 above represents the out come of a question that brings a bit of controversy and this can be seen in the closeness of the opinions gotten from the respondents. We got a tie of frequency 4 which is 28.5 for those that disagree, agree and neutral. This goes a long to also prove that development in technology or IT to be precise can also have some disadvantages, this is because a computer can do the work of hundreds of people a the same time thereby causing some people their job because they are really not needed anymore.

Table 3.8 Question: is there any need to improve on the services rendered by this radio station? Response Frequency(F) Percentage(%) Cumulative percentage (%) 0 0 0 69 24.1 6.9 0 69 931 100

Strongly disagree Disagree Agree Strongly agree Neutral

0 0 20 7 2

Table 38 clearly shows that 20(69%) agrees and 7(24. 1%) strongly agree that the station needs to improve on their services. This is due to the fact that either the station has not invested enough on IT or the staff need to go on constant training to help improve their productivity and on how to effectively make use of the IT technology. Following the tables above we can see that the interview that was carried out for both staff and listeners of this great radio station indicates firmly that information technology (IT) should be deployed to other radio stations and the whole broadcasting industry in general. After the table has been analyzed a system that will enable us to know if information technology (IT) has brought about change in operation and services rendered by radio

stations will he implemented using the data collected from the questionnaire.

CHAPTER FOUR IMPLEMENTATION 4.0 Introduction This is the process of proceeding from a given design of a program to a working version of that program, or the specific way in which some parts of a program are made to fulfill their functions, both individually and collectively. Program Implementation is the final phase in the development and operation of t he new or revised program. Its goal lies in a program completely debugged, operational and is accepted by the end user. Most program designs, this one not being an exception, are based on the concept of modularity whereby the overall designed program is broken down into a series of sub-units (modules, each one being thoroughly tested before putting into use. As each module proves satisfactory, it will he integrated into the overall developed program.

4.1 DOCUMENTATION This is a written report of the entire operations of the designed and implemented program. The lack of sufficient documentation at all levels plagues most computer installations where the average programmer spends most of his or her time working with program modules which are written most likely by other programmers who may no longer be around to consult on the details of their code. Unless the program modules are initially well written and adequately documented, maintenance is an extremely unattractive past time. The production of documentation must be seen as the writing of the code itself. Provision of documentation is one of the greatest points of separation between amateurs and professional programmers.

4.2 APPLICATION SOFTWARE USED The software used for the implementation of this research work is isus1 Basic 6.0 and the Microsoft Access 2000 for the following combined merits they exhibit: 1 Flexibility in file handling and maintenance . 2 Graphical User Interface (GUI). 3 Modularly. 4 Microsoft Access 2003 has a peculiar feature as a relation& Database Management System, whereby information can be obtained from a combination of several tables. 5 Error checking and correction facilities. 6 Unprecedented efficiency in the task of record keeping. 4.3 HOW THE DESIGNED SYSTEM WORKS THE FLOWCHART The flowchart is a series of boxes and symbols interconnected by flow lines which show the sequence of steps in a system and the relationship between them. A flowchart is a useful tool for showing the logic of a program that is being implemented. It is a pictorial representation of the process that place in a program design. A flowchart is made up of input data, process and output data. A flowchart is made up of input data, process and output data. There are various types of flowcharts: block charts, procedure flowcharts and program flowcharts. The Program flowchart will he used. 4.4 THE PROGRAM FLOWCHART A program flowchart is used to show how procedures are to be carried out by the computer and it: describes the

specific steps and their sequence of operation for a particular computer program. Flowchart symbols include A diamond shape symbol also called a decision symbol represents a condition. A square symbol which represents process that is taking place The oval symbol which is used to represent the start and end of the flowchart There are flour flowcharts below that will help explain the interfaces and how it gives to the forms attached later. These will shade more light on the forms that will be seen later in this chapter. The first flowchart is for the staff response section a form and the second is the corresponding form for the section B, while the third flowchart is for the listeners section A form and the fourth flowchart is for the corresponding section B.

CHAPTER FIVE SUMARY. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 5.0 SUMMARY The aim of this project is to determine the extent to which IT has affected the activities of the broadcasting industry. The purpose of computerization of the broadcasting industry is to eliminate large paper data accumulation, data redundancy, improve security and improve efficiency. In carrying out this project, the initial phase of the study involved the statement of the objectives, limitations and research methodology, research method include questionnaire and interviews. In addition, pervious literature were consulted to obtain concrete knowledge of how important such a study is and to understand the general concepts governing the study. The problem ahs to be defined, the requirements have to be determined. The problems the industry still has despite IT and how to eliminate such problems, which form the essence of the problem definition and requirement elicitation that the information and data gathered were analyzed in summary, based on the blueprint of the current computerized system and on the questionnaires served, we were able to understand the problems the industry still has despite IT and how to eliminate such problems, which forms the essence of the project. 5 I RECOMMENDATION The recommendation is based on the conclusion drawn from the responses of the questionnaires and interviews about the present state of the radio station regarding IT Therefore it is recommended that 1 Even though many of the respondents agree that IT has a positive effect on the radio stations activities we

did the following recommendation-: the station should upgrade the speed of their systems and invest more in IT equipment so as to reduce time wasting in editing breaking news and other vita information to be broadcast. 2 The departments of the radio station be also completely computerized so as to eliminate manual processes. 3 The station should create staff awareness in the use of Internet to help them get facts right and fast enough for broadcasting. 4 The radio station needs to improve and invest on new IT products in order to meet up with the competition from other stations, especially the private ones. 5 Maintain in steady listeners relationship. 6 The stations should invest heavily on staff training on IT in order to reap the full benefits of the new technology. 5.2 CONCLUSION In conclusion, information technology (IT) impact is pervasive end cars not he over emphasized. Its both tactical and strategic. It provides the essential set of tools that every organization need to carry out its business, the broadcasting industry inclusive. It also) enables some institutions to develop competitive advantage in terms of product service offerings, delivery channels and risk management. IT has helped greatly in reducing the hazards and risk involved in journalism, information gathering and broadcasting in general. IT and computer technology has now made the world a global village and at such there will be great competition and our own broadcasting industries must be fully equipped with both computers end technical know how the be able to compete favourably. The relationship between tactical and

strategic use are dynamic: strategic can become tactical, once a technology is widely adopted. if impact goes beyond competitive positioning for. It has changed the nature of broadcasting in ft entirety.

The acronyms IT and ICT stand for Information Technology and Information communication Technology respectively, Information technology (IT) refers to the management and use of information using computer based tools. The term is used to include hardware and software information technology (IT) is the combination of computer video and telecommunication technologies, as seen in the use of multimedia, computers and the networks and services based upon them. IT can be seen in personal computers, robots, digital television, electronic information communication technology is concerned with the storage, retrieval, manipulation, transmission or receipt of digital data. IT covers all aspect of technological advancement that has improved and is still improving the standard of living of people. Even though there is a slight difference in definition of IT. They can be used synonymously. Because the methods, concept and applications involved in IT are constantly changing due to the development in the sector on an almost daily basis which makes a generally accepted definition of IT difficult, the one given above can stand the test of time. Information communication technology cut across all human endeavors, these can be seen in the following examples below. In Business: IT has contributed immensely and has brought about a revolution that has changed the way virtually all businesses are being conducted. This can be

seen in the day to day or the traditional use of computer based technologies, which involves things one can do typically on a personal computer when using at work or at home. Such tasks involves the standard application i.e. word processing (Microsoft word and Note Pad) for writing letters, reports etc. Spread sheets e.g. Microsoft Excel, for analyzing financial information, calculations forecreating models etc. Database software e.g. Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, Access, for managing data in many forms. Presentation software e.g. Microsoft Power point, for making presentations, either directly using a computer screen or data projector Publishing in digital format via electronic mail or over the internet, desktop publishing e.g. Adobe in design, Quark express, Microsoft publisher the producing newsletters, magazines and other complex documents. Macromedia Dream weaver, Accounting packages e.g. Sage, Oracle, for managing an organizations accounts including revenue/ sales, purchases, bank accounts etc. A wide range of systems is available ranging from basic packages suitable for small businesses through to sophisticated ones aimed at multinational companies. In Architecture, the use of Computer Aided Design (CAD) is the use of computers to assist the design process. Specialized CAD programs exist for many types of designs e.g. Auto CAD, Customer Relation Management (CRM) software allows businesses to better understand their customers he collecting and analyzing data on them, such as their product preferences, buying habits etc. In Banking: IT has a crucial role to play in the financial sector in at least three main areas, improving the range and efficiency of banking services available to

customers, lowering costs and increasing the efficiency of capital markets and allowing for more effective regulation of all types of financial markets and related transactions, The use of IT enables a better delivery of banking services to both depositors and borrowers within a country and between countries. IT has a central role in the operations of various capital markets such as stock markets, bond markets and foreign exchange markets, and it is intensively used by market organizers, market professionals and investors in these markets. IT is also an essential tool for supervisory or regulatory bodies of these various markers at both national and international levels. In recent years, the use of automated teller machines has become significantly more wide-spread. ATM is an online system capable of reading ATM cards, verifying PIN numbers, counting and dispensing cash, and printing receipts. It is a prime example of financial service flexibility enhanced by IT to allow customers to deposit and withdraw funds, check balances, pay for utilities, pay insurance premiums or even settle equity transactions 24 hours a day throughout a country (or the world for some banks). The use of ATMs helps banks in reducing staff cost. Speeding up transactions and providing a more restricted to using only proprietary ATMs. Now, in several countries, they are available in small cities and town and there are interbank arrangements on the use of ATM and charge users. The latest trend of banking lately is Internet Banking. Internet Banking is a term used for performing transaction, payments etc over the internet through a banks secure website. Banks increasingly operate websites through which customers are able not only- to inquire about account balances and interest and exchange rate but also to conduct a range of transaction. Service offered online includes balance a checkbook,

Transfer money between accounts, Track recent account activity, Authorize electronic bill payments, Request copies of past statements and process cheque order Travelers, Cashiers and regular cheque, issue stop payment requests, apply for auto, mortgage, home equity, student or personal loans and receive investment product and service information. Electronic commerce consists primarily of the distributing, buying, selling, marketing, and servicing of products or service, over electronic system such as the internet and other computer networks. It can involve electronic funds transfer, supply chain management; emarketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange, automated inventory management systems, and automated data collection system. Other applications of IT in banking include; The use of Internet facilities The use of smart cards and credit cards Networking of difference branches of the bank and other banks as in inter The use of databases and programs to store customer and employee records The use of transaction processing systems and online systems involving operators on terminal equipment interacting with transaction processing to provide service to clients The use of web application to allow access to the bank facilities on the internet Management Information System (MIS) that analyze and manage company information Expert system in banking like the Banker credit evaluator.

In Communication: In Information Communication Technology, the Communication part refers to the communication of data by electronic means, usually over some distance. This is often achieved through networks of sending and receiving equipment, wires and satellite links. The technology involved in this type of communication tends to be complex; this is due to the fact that texts are being conveyed instead of sound as in the case of telephone kind of communication. However there are aspects of digital communications that you need to be aware of, this relate primarily to the types of networks and the way its connected to the internet. We have the following; The local Area Network (LAN), which is an internal network and involves linking a number of hardware items (input and output devices plus computer processing) together within an office or building. The aim of a LAN is to enable those connected to the network to be able to share hardware facilities such as the printers, scanners, etc and some software applications and data which cannot be afforded for each computer. It also helps to circulate information locally in a fast and convenient manner. This type of network is valuable in the office environment: where colleagues need to have access to common data or programs. The Wide Area Network (WAN), which is an external network. We often need to communicate with someone or our organization with others outside of our internal network, this could be in another country or continent This is where some of our toughest social challenges. They are helping us educate children, protect our health, and make government more efficient, responsive, participatory and transparent.

Together, we have the chance to create digital opportunities worldwide to improve access to information and communications technology in undeserved regions and communities; to strengthen democracy and freedom; and to create networks that allow every business no matter how small to market and sell products directly to the entire world, This vision is not necessarily self-fulfilling, however. Governments must adopt appropriate policies if they wish to foster the growth of the Internet. Perhaps the single most important contribution they can make is to establish conditions that unleash the dynamism, technology and capital of the private sector. This means letting the private sector lead in the development of the internet, avoiding unnecessary regulations, and adopting minimal government regulation only where necessary to protect tine public interest, it means encouraging private investment, IT is an intelligent information network. For example, the merging of communication, home electronics, broadcasting and publishing into all-in one computers implies that most personal computers will come with voice and fax facilities, making telephones anti fax machines redundant. Similarly, as digitalization makes compression and decompression of images easy, communication anti broadcasting are becoming integrated digital devices. This is leading to the information superhighway o- an electronic communication network which provides connectivity for any conceivable transaction, including trading, banking and financial transact ions, organization of production, delivery of services such as airline tickets, books and newspaper, software and music compact discs (CDs), and home shopping. The Internet is one such network provides connectivity between more points than any other and at a comparatively low cost.

RESEARCH JUSTIFICATION Broadcasting as part of communication is central to all human activities and existence. It occupiers a large position in building or developing a progressive. an organized and united nation. Without it there will be no national entity, no solution to national problems and development. Scholars in development and communication that cropped up soon after the Second

World War ever so believed the centrality of broadcasting in nation in building, they so accepted broadcasting/communication as a major and critical component in human development that most developed and developing nations got encouraged to acquire and establish gigantic broadcast technological infrastructures. What technology could be deployed to improve the industry than IT? The pervasive impact of IT on the broadcasting industry has made this research justifiable or relevant. IT has made easier for viewers and customers of some broadcasting stations to compare the stations services and the quality of broadcasting with other. It brings about competition among broadcasting stations. Which makes them invest more on IT and enables them to penetrate and expand their geographical coverage area. Some even see IT as an opportunity for countries with underdeveloped broadcasting gadgets to leapfrog developmental stages. IT is the easiest way of reducing cost by means of automating simple respective tasks. A computer can perform them faster, cheaper and error free. Reduction of personnel costs achieved through IT replacement of low level manual tasks is quite common. The role of IT in broadcasting raises key issues of discussion, of which analysis and research on this issues can yield decisions that can be of great importance to the improvement of the broadcasting industry in a technology oriented world.

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria Owerri otherwise known as Heartland FM Owerri, which has the high audience is taken as case study. The study will cover the period from 1996 to 2011. This study does not intend to vaguely assume has a high level impact on the radio station without making some research about it, and also this study does not intend to carryout comparative analysis among radio stations. Rather, it will use various research methods to determine to which the station applies in its broadcasting techniques, the level IT has affected the services and activities of the station either positively or negatively. Hence the study will be limited to the information and data that will be gotten using the different methodologies, and final conclusions and recommendations made will be based on references made from these sources of data. Some of the things the that might be a limitation to this study is the difficulty that will be involved in data collection which could be caused by cold or slow response of the radio stations staff in releasing adequate materials about the radio station, refusal to fill questionnaires are not filling them sincerely. The refusal to return the questionnaires on time or at all, difficulty in getting the attention of either the staff of the station or customers when conducting interviews. Another limitation will be time constraints which will not allow the study the opportunity of a more critical and indepth analysis of at least other radio stations for comparative analysis which can help to know the level of competition it has with other stations and how it should improve its services in relation to them. Financial constraint is another limitation faced in this study, because inadequate funds will not allow for a wider area of research. In summary, this study will be hindered by factors such as difficulty in data generation, financial and time constraints.

1.6

Research Hypothesis:

The study is expected to provide a basis for comprehensive information on the process of acquisition, availability and use of ICT in Radio Nigerian Heartland FM Owerri. The study will attempt to document the available skills and capabilities to ensure sustainable diffusion of ICT in Radio Nigerian Heartland FM Owerri. The study will establish the advantages or otherwise of the adoption of ICT in the operations of the organizations in the industrial and services sectors Broadcasting firm. The output of the research will serve as a blue print for policy makers and news casters, journalist and broadcast management to chart the right course of action for the development of ICT facilities and infrastructure in Nigeria.