Laboratory report: Measuring of viscosity

Adam Vlek

Introduction
Viscosity: 1. The state of being viscous 2. (Physics) A quantity expressing the magnitude of internal friction in a fluid, as measured by the force per unit area resisting uniform flow. (Wikitionary) Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of fluids to flow. Generaly can describe liquid as Newtonian or non-Newtonian. Imagine we are observing a Newtonian fluid between two plates. We can now describe the liqiud as a infinite number of layers that are moving with different speed. Function of velocity u=u(y) express the velocity of each layer in respect of distance. According to Newton, for straight parallel and union flow the shear stress, , between layers is proportional to the velocity of flow. This proportiones is expressed by Greek letter that we call viscosity with units Pa.s. (1) In to order to be sure we can aply this formula we need to figure up the Reynolds number from equation Re= u*r*/ . For Re<1000 fluid flow is laminar and we can use equaion (1) The fluids without a constant viscosity are called Non Newtonian.

Measurement of viscosity
The two main types of viscometer are the tube and rotational instruments. In tube viscosimeters we observe the rate of flow through tubes due to a known pressure, or a speed of particle in fluid caused by its gravity. Drag force, that depends at speed u is acting on the particle. After some time-depending on a fluid and size of particle drag force and gravitation force are balnce and particle has reached its terminal speed. The more viscious liquid is the slower the terminal speed of particle is. We can imagine Rotational viscometers as a machine that is trying to stir a fluid. Depending on shape of agitator and viscosity, particular force must be developed to stir the fluid at given speed.

Procedure Rotational viscometer

For the measurement we used Brookfield Dial Viscometer. The apparature consists of precise synchronuos electromotor, replaceble spindle, that are screwed at a shaft, reading scale and clutch. There is also a speed variator for speed adjusting. In order to meet the calibrated accuracy, speed of the spindle should be schosen so that we measure at least at he midpoint of the scale. When the clutch is depressed the measuring pin is pressed to scale, then we can stop the spindle and read the value. Sometimes happen, that the pin stops at the hidden part of scale plate. In this case, we sould keep the clutch depressed and qickly start and stop the spindle so that we can read the value. The fast acceleration of spindle makes a turbulent flow in a liquid, but after a short time it become laminar so, we can measure the viscosity

Gilmont Viscometer
Is a simple eqipment for measuring viscosity. It consists of tube with measured fluid and glass or iron ball. It is extremely important to follow instruction while sealing the tube. We dont want any air to stay in the tube. If this happen, air bubbles are slowing down the ball on its way thru tube which makes the result inaccurate. We measured the time that the ball needs to fall between the two marks. At the top there is some space left, where the ball reaches its terminal speed. If we would not provide safe enough distance fo acceleration the measurement would be inaccurate. In our case, we wanted to measure the viscosity at given temperature. To obtain trustworthy result we repeated the measurement couple times. Becuase there was a difference betwen the temperature of air and tube with oil, fluid was cooling down during the measurement that made an error that is expressed by the uncertainity of time.

Cannon Capillary Viscometer

Is a simple equipment , that consists just of tube in the shape of letter U and common hospital squirt. Squirt is used to pump out the air from one end of the tube which cause a diffrence between surface level. Then we measure the time it takes to fluid to lower the elevation difference. In order to make the measurement accurate, we measure just between two calibrated marks. Between the these marks the fluid preasure is high enough to fill the volume quite fast. As the surface level difference is lowering speed of fluid is also lowering until it stops when the surface in both tubes are leveled. If we would measure close to this pointit would be difficult to mark the exact time of passing along the mark, which would make the measurement inaccurate. Because all thetube is dived in a pool with temperatured water, the temperature oil stay the same during measurement.

Results Density
=W/V [kg/m^3]

Density
Oil Weight without oil [g] Weight with oil [g] Volume of oil [ml] Density kg/m^3 A 99,59 178,8 88,5 896 B 103,59 174,7 89,5 794 C 104,19 189,5 99,5 857

Rotational viscometer
Dial reading*Factor=Viscosity in cp Factor for 1 for A, B and $ for C

Rotationary viscometer
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 66 65 66,5 65 65 65,25 65 66 65,5 66 Torque [Nm] B 21 21,5 22 22 22 24 22 21 21 21 C 21 18 21,5 15 17 21,5 13,5 16 19,5 22,5 A 66 65 66,5 65 65 65,25 65 66 65,5 66 Viscosity [cp] B 21 21,5 22 22 22 24 22 21 21 21 C 84 72 86 60 68 86 54 64 78 90

Gilmont Viscometer
=K*t*(ball-oil) K=35 ball=8,02 kg/m^3 (steel) ball=2,53 kg/m^3 (glass) Measurement 1 of a glass ball for oil A nad C was omited, because, the resulting time seems to be an error

Gilmont Viscometer Steel ball

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 5,25 6,4 6,84 7,07 7,16 7,6 7,78 7,93 8,15 8,57 Time [s] B 2,31 2,56 2,53 2,53 2,72 2,75 2,75 2,82 2,81 2,93 C 6,09 6,63 6,56 7,16 7,44 7,65 7,87 7,91 8,38 8,47 A 21,82 26,6 28,42 29,38 29,75 31,58 32,33 32,95 33,87 35,61 Viscosity [cp] B 9,6 10,64 10,51 10,51 11,3 11,43 11,43 11,72 11,68 12,18 C 25,31 27,55 27,26 29,75 30,92 31,79 32,71 32,87 34,82 35,2

Gilmont Viscometer Glass ball

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 A 21,81 33,16 34,69 37,44 38,47 39,6 ----Time [s] B 11,22 12,72 13,12 14,09 14,6 14,78 10,78 12,29 12,97 14,05 C 29,72 34,1 35,94 36,28 40,34 40,78 ----A -31,61 33,07 35,69 36,67 37,75 ----Viscosity [cp] B 10,69 12,12 12,51 13,43 13,92 14,09 10,28 11,71 12,36 13,39 C -32,5 34,26 34,58 38,45 38,87 -----

Cannon Capillary Viscometer

=C*t [mm^2/s] =* [cp]

Cannon Capillary viscometer

Time [s] A 1 2 3 Constant oil kg/m^3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Bottom 89,1300 88,8400 88,7800 0,2333 896 20,79 20,73 20,71 18,63 18,57 18,56 Top 130,2100 131,2400 130,3500 0,1702 Bottom 36,1900 35,6800 36,0600 0,2828 B Top 53,7800 53,0800 53,8700 0,1702 Bottom 93,4700 94,0300 92,7800 0,2406 857 22,49 22,62 22,32 19,27 19,39 19,13 22,03 22,32 21,91 18,88 19,13 18,77 C Top 130,9000 132,6000 130,1600 0,1683

794 Kinematic viscosity [cp] 22,16 10,23 9,15 22,34 10,09 9,03 22,19 10,2 9,17 Dynamic viscosity [cp] 19,86 8,13 7,27 20,01 8,01 7,17 19,88 8,1 7,28

Discusion
Measurement of viscosity with Gilmont Viscometer took some time. During this time temperature of oil droped to unknown temperature T. In tables is obvious increasing time the ball needto pass distance between markers. It is even more obvious from figures, that this cooling during measurement resulted in increasing viscosity. This process is in accordance with common experience. At figure of Gilmont Viscometer-glass ball, there is a observable drop in viscocity between 6th and 7th measurement ofsample B. While measuring other samples we put the sample B back into water pool, which cause increasing temperature at original value. When measuring with Rotational Viscometer sample C was measuredusing different spidle. However the deviation has oscilative shape, measurement probablu wont have good uncertainity. This error was probably caused by the machine, because the measurement was done exactly the same way as the previous two. Calibrating of this viscometer is advisable. There were no more signs of malfunction of the machine except the resulting torque. However there were just 3 measurements of viscosity with Cannom Capillary Viscometer we can see, that values are very similar. It is probably caused by the stability of conditions. The viscometer was never taken up from water pool, so there was no influence of changing temperature.

Appendix graphs

Gilmont Viscometer- steel ball

37,5 35 32,5 30

Viscosity [cp]

27,5 25 22,5 20 17,5 15 12,5 10 7,5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A B C

Gilmont viscometer - glass ball

40 37,5 35 32,5 30

Viscosity [cp]

27,5 25 22,5 20 17,5 15 12,5 10 7,5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A B C

Rotationary Viscometer
90 85 80 75 70

Viscocity [cp]

65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A B C

Cannon Capillary Viscometer lower point

20 19 18 17 16

Viscosity [cp]

15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 1 2 3

A B C

Cannon Capilary Viscometer higher point

21 20 19 18

Viscosity [cp]

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 1 2 3

A B C