EXPERIMENT#34 LENS THINCONVERGING MEASUREMENT THE FOCALI.

ENGTH OF Theory, Definitions twice firstwhere lensmaybe refracted through glass a A rayof lightpassing There a netdeviation the is of it the and the it enters glass, thenwhere leaves glass. of direction. Usually each surface thelensis partof a sphere. rayfromitsoriginal close that sufficiently together thedistance with surfaces Lenses twospherical thin lf are can of them(the thickness a lens) beneglected called lenses. their between ' thick lenses. they can thickness notbe neglected, arecalled light of of a lens is capable focusing beam parallel intoa small A converging in thanat the thicker thecenter at region a focal point.A converging is anylens fens (convex surfaces). edges rays fromtheaxisinsucha waythattheyappear lensdeviate away A diverging lens focus. diverging is anylensthicker A F, is,then virtual a froma focus which, to come (concave surfaces). thaninthecenter at theedges parallel areconverged a converging pointis the point which by rays to Focal lens, from to beams appear diverge a diverging the lensor fromwhich parallel of and focalpoint thecenter the lens the between Focallengthis thedistance (seeFig.34-1'1.
rays incoming outgoing rays

mage space x'

Fig. 34-1.A principalray diagramfor a convergingthin lens The followingsymbols are introducedin Fig. 34-1

V,Y'
f,f

F, F'

respectively objectand imagedistances, respectively objectand imageheights, respectively first(near) second(fa0 focallengths, and (far)focalpoints, respectively. first(near), second

r22

(1) (2) (3)

Threeprincipalrays are usually drawn findan image to {seeFig.34-1) A ray parallel the opticalaxis,afterrefraction the lens,passes to by through point(appears comefromthe second pointof a focal to focal the second lens). diverging A raythrougha centerof the thin lensis not deviated. paralleltothe optical A raythrough firstfocalpointemerges the axis. Magnificationm is defined the formula by

'm =Y'

(34.1)

the lf the magnification negative, imageis inverted,and if the magnification is lf the is positive, the image is erect (uptighf),, the imageis createdby extending is outgoing raysare divergent, imagedistance negative the raysbaclorards, outgoing and in sucha,casethe lenggivesa virlqal image. lenses whenthe objectdistance Virtual imagesareformedby thinconverging lens formedby a thinconverging are erect Virtualimages is lessthanthe focallength. (orientation imageand objectarethe same). of lens is Real images are formedby thin converging whenthe objectdistance (opposite greater are orientation thanthe focallength.In this case,realimages inverted of imagewith respectto that of the object). of is The power of a lene in diopters the reciprocal the focallengthin meters. Note lens diopters). eye)needsconverging (negative Nearsighted eye (myopic lens(positive diopters). Farcightedeye (hyperopic eye)needsdiverging I/re Sl unit of the focal lengthis = *. [fl = 1. IfieS/unitofthemagniftcationis[ml I '' ' ' : : :'

: I ,,,..,,,, to ln Fig g4-1,wehavean objectof a finitesize,perpendicular the opticalaxis where all distances (parallelto the axis of the lens). Usingthe sign convention as in measured the objectspace(onthe leftfromthe centerof a lens)are supposed the in and measured the imagespaee-(on rightfromthe center negative, all distances positive. abovethe distances measured all Analogously, of the lens)are taken as belowthe oplicalaxisare to and opticalaxisare supposed be positive' those:measured equations in Fig.34-1givethe following Then,, negative. similarrighttriangles shown

Y = . - , \ '. Y ' = t ' -Y' x'-f' x' :v'

't'11

(34.2)

to by bothequations above, divide x' andrearrange obtain We nowequate

x'xf'
=

(34.3)

t23

or since

f'=

-t

we can write

,:'

1 1 xx'f

="* .1

as is Eq, (34.3) known the thin lens equation'

, :: )r. ,.

PrinciPleof the Method lens lens, of i'n"io*l length a thinconverging we can usethe thin To deletmin" distances

lymeasured on ln" eque'qh"(bi.ii''t;a"'J";u" tJ*u ladependinglyoneasi

X,X''

itwithEq.(34'3)and we (34.1), cancombine of the Usinq defin1ion magnification calculation for formula the focallength obtainanotfier - '
f'=
xt

(34.41

1-m

',.,;i.

Objectives'ofttre Measurement lens' of Findthe focallength a thinconverging Gonsider frpmEq' (34'3) i.' for - expret._ng.fjl"lformula f equation a) ,,,,the,!h1n-bris of magnification the lens- useEq' (3a'a)' bi results' ColPa.re'both nnAaveiages' U)anO to f according a) Calculate Z. "nJ so yourmeasuremeni the errorwas minimized' Try to arrange 3. of Procedure the Measurement x, of (at performa seriesof measurements least5 measurements) distances of locations the converging x', and ready'for various . AccuracYof the Measurement in quantities Eqs'(3a'3)and of in the Estimate uncertainties rneasurement allthe 1. " ':i': (34.4). 1a) of the determine accuracy methods and 1b)' wfrigh Try to findthe quantities 2. the reasons and why? Analyze specify *ni"n on" shouldbe more,precise to according the theoryof errors' of repeated oi g. the uncertainties i tot both methodsas the error Calculate measurements'

124

EXPERIMENT #35 THINCONVERGING LENS - THE BESSEL NfrETHOD THEFOCAL OF LENGTH MEASUREMENT
':" Theoryn Definitions Theoretical background definitions see Experiment#gl. and Principle of the method The Bessel method basedon the factthat - for a givendistance an object is of - we can find two different and a screen position a converging of lens givingsharp imageson the screen- see Fig. 35-1.This fact followsfrom possible exchange of objectand imagespaces.' Of cource, eachsuchposition the lensgivesa different of magnification. first The position giving larger imageis shownin the upper partof Fig.3S-t,andthe second, the giving smaltimage, shown a is belowit. Let us denotethe distance the between objectandscreenas 4 AEd distance the posltions the lensas d. Object between two the of and imagedistances"x,,f conespond respectively indexes the firstor secondposition the tens. to to of Fig.35-1shows that ., :
Xt-Xt ::: , = Xz-Xz = d ,

(35.1)

andthat
Xj = 'X2 i Xz = -X1

(35.2)

Moreover, can write we

d=x,+lx.l;d=*,-lt.l

(35.3)

Substituting above the (35.1) (35.2) (35.3), using thin relations into and and the lensequation (34.2), canexpress fonnula focallength we the for calculation the next in form (d' - 6') i' (35.41 4d Objectivesof the Measurement 1. Usingthe Besselmethod, determine focallengthof a thin concave the lens. 2. Using findings the theory errors, to findthe bestarrangement the of of try yourmeasurement. of Procedureof the Measurement Perform seriesof measurement least5), measure a (at distances and d. d Estimate maximum the errorsof yourmeasurements. t26

larger image

Pi
2. lens position 'ffialbr P,image

xi

of The method focallengthmeasurement Fig.35-1. Bessel Accuracy of the Measurement quantity, the theoryof use of Makea roughestimate the errorsof eachmeasured Eliminate the calculation. of errorsfor the uncertainty focallengthmeasurement as the withtoo largeerrsrs,then calculate focalrlength an arithmetic measurements : . 'i ' ' : . a v e r a g e o f y o u r m e a s u r e ma n dd e t e r m i n e i t s e r r o r . , ' . , , , , , ' ents, Glossary- see Experiment#34 Student's Notes

127