CONSTITUTIONAL LAW I First Semester, AY 2006-2007 Prof. Gwen G.

de Vera

On first session, please be sure to have read: M. Feliciano, "The Philippine Constitution: Structure, Operation and Processes" in ASEAN Constitutional/Legal Systems (copies available for photocopying, Library, 3" Floor Reserve Section); and Tile 1987 Constitution (in its entirety).

Selected Introductory Readings

I. SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION A. Fundamental law as overriding standard of validity in case of repugnancy Marburg

v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 B. Supremacy of the constitution enforced through judicial review Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil. 139 Tanacla v. Cuenco, 103 Phil. 1051 C. AcL, of government must conform to the norms of the constitution MUtUC V. COMELEC, 36 SCRA 228 Osmena v. COMELEC, 199 SCRA 752

Ii.

JUDICIAL REVIEW A. Principles Kilosbayan, Inc. v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110 PHILCONSA ~. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506

~ I

B. Justiciability v. Political Question Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17 Miranda v. Aguirre, 314 SCRA 603 C. Standing oI Party David v, Macapagal-Arroyo, G.R. No. 171396 (PP 1017) Pascual v. Secretary, 110 Phil. 331 Joya v. PCGG, 225 SCRA 568

III.

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY AND CONS I I I UENT POWER A. Popular sovereignty and its collective powers

1. 1. 2. 3.

Constituent power Electoral power Legislative power through initiative and referendum Power of Recall

B. Amending or Revisionary Process 1. In general Del Rosario v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 367 Imbong v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 28 Santiago v. COMELEC, 270 SCRA 106

2.

Proposals a. Through the Legislature Almario v. Alba, 127 SCRA 69 Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil, 1 Occena v. Commission, 104 SCRA 1 Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774 Through a Constitutional Convention Tan v. Macapagal, 43 SCRA 677

b.

c. Through the President During Emergency Sanidad v. COMELEC, 73 SCRA 33 3. Submission of Proposed Amendments - Tolentino v. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702 Planas v. COMELEC, 49 SCRA 105 UNIDO v. COMELEC, 104 SCRA 17 4 . R a t i f i c a t i o n Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA

30 -

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION

Review: M. Feliciano, "The Philippine Constitution: Structure, Operation and Processes"

in ASEAN Constitutional/Legal Systems (copies available for photocopying, Library, 3r, Floor Reserve Section) II, The 1987 Constitution A. The Provisional Constitution Proclamation No. 1, February 25, 1986 (Provisional Government) Proclamation No. 3, March 25, 1986 (Provisional Constitution) Lawyers League for a Better Philippines v. Pres. Aquino, G.R. Nos. 73748, 73972 & 73990, May 22, 1986

In Re Saturnine Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 (1986) Phil. Bar Assn. v. COMELEC, 140 SCRA 455 (1986) B. Adoption and Effectivity of the 1987 Constitution Provisional Const., Art. V 1987 Const., Art. XVIII, 27 Proclamation No. 58 (Proclaiming the ratification of the 1987 Constitution) De Leon v. Esguerra, 153 SCRA 602 (1987) III. The Philippines as a State A. Concept aria Definition
See CIR v. Campos Rueda, 42 SCRA 23 (1971)

A. Elements 1. Territory The Philippine Archipelago Article I

See Treaty Limits

a. Article III, Treaty of Paris b. The US-Spain November 7, 1900 Treaty c. The US-Great Britain January 2, 1930 Treaty Determination of the National Territory Seea. R.A. 3046 (June 17, 1961) a. R.A. 5446 (September 8, 1968) b. P.D. No. 1596, June 11, 1978 (other territories) b. P.D. No. 1599, June 11, 1978 (200 Mile Exclusive Economic Zone) c. U.N. Convention on Law of the Sea 2. People a. As Inhabitants Article III, Sections 1 & 2 Article II Sections 15 & 16 b. As Electors Article VII, Section 4 Article XVI, Section 2 Article XVIII, Section 25 c. As Citizens Article II, Sections 1 & 4 Article III, Section 7 3. Government

U.S. vs. Dorr, 2 Phil. 332, at 339

(1903)

a. Government of the Rep. of the Philippines defined Section 2 (1) Administrative Code of 1987 People v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 145951, August 12, 2003 (read relevant portions only) b. Constituent and Ministrant Functions of Government ACCFA v. CUGCO, 30 SCRA 649 (1969) Valmonte vs. Belmonte, 170 SCRA 256 (1989) c. Parens Patrice d. De Jure and De Facto Governments See Co Kim Cham v. Valdez, 75 Phil 113 (1946) Lawyer's League v. Pres. Aquino, supra. 4. Sovereignty Doctrine of State Immunity Article XVI, Section 3 a. When is a suit against a State? Republic v. Feliciano, 148 SCRA 424 (1987) b. Express Consent i. Money claims arising from contract Sayson v. Singson, 54 SCRA 282 (1973) -Republic v. Purisima, 78 SCRA 470 (1977) i. Torts committed by special agents See New Civil Code Article 2180 Meritt v. Government of the Phil. Island, 34 Phil. 311 (1916) ii. Incorporated Government Agencies PNB v. CIR, 81 SCRA 314 (1978) SSS v. CA. 120, SCRA 707 (1983) Rayo v. CFI, 110 SCRA 450(1981) Farolan v. CTA, 217 SCRA 298 (1993) c. Implied Consent i. When government submits itself to the court's jurisdiction i. When the State itself files a complaint Republic v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 85384, Feb. 28, 1990 Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping Co., 95 Phil. 905 (1954) i. Government entering into business contracts Malong v. PNR, 138 SCRA 63 (19850 Fontanilla v. Maliaman, 194 SCRA 486 (1991)

iv. When unequitable for government to claim immunity

Santiago vs. Republic, 87 SCRA 294 (1978) Amigable vs; Cuenca, 43 SCRA 360 (1972) d. Suits against Public Officers United States v. Reyes, G.R. No. 79233, March 1, 1993 Lansang v. CA, G.R. No. 102667, February 23, 2000 Shaul v. Court of Appeals, 191 SCRA 713 (1990) Republic v. Sandoval, 220 SCRA 124 (1993) e. Consent to execution PNB vs. Pabalan, 83 SCRA 595 (1978) Municipality of Makati v. CA, 190 SCRA 206 (1990) Nessia v. Fermin, 220 SCRA 615 (1993) City of Caloocan v. Allarde, G.R. No. 107271, September 10, 2003 IV. C1 I 1ZFNSHIP A. Definition B. Importance of Citizenship Elizabeth Lee. V. Director of Lands, G.R. No. 128195, October 3, 2001 C. Modes of Acquiring Citizenship D. Who are Philippine Citizens - Article IV, Section 1

1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of adoption of the 1987 Constitution a) Citizens under the 1935 Constitution
-The Caram Rule -Those whose fathers were citizens Those who elected upon reaching majority age Those who were naturalized

b) Citizens under the 1973 Constitution

-Those already citizens Those whose fathers and mothers are citizens Those who elected -Those who were naturalized

2. Those whose fathers & mothers are citizens 3. Those who elect Philippine Citizenship 4. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
E. Natural Born Citizens Article IV, Section 2 Advantages of natural born citizens Article XII, Section 8 Article VII, Sections 2 & 3 Article VI, Sections 3 & 6 Article VIII, Section 7 (1) Article XI Section 8

Art. IX-B Section 1(1) Art. IX C Section 1(1) Art. IX D Section 1(1) Article XII, Section 20 Article X111, Section 17 (2) I. Those whose fathers and mother are citizens. 2. Those who elect Filipino citizenship 2. Former natural born citizens who reacquire citizenship by repatriation Tecson v. Comelec, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004 Bengzon v. HRE f, 357 SCRA 545 In re Ching, Bar Matter No. 914, October 1, 1999 Co v. HRET, 199 SCRA 692 (1991) F. Naturalization 1. By Judicial Proceeding a) Com. Act No. 473 (Revised naturalization Law) Sections 2,3,4,5,7,8,15 & 18 b) R.A. No. 530, Section 1 - effect on the wife and children Republic v. De La Rosa, G.R. No. 104654, June 6, 1994 Republic v. Liyao, 214 SCRA 748 (1992) Moya Lim Yao v. Commissioner, 41 SCRA 292 2. By Administrative Proceeding (R.A. No. 9138) 3. By Direct Act of Congress 4. Denaturalization G. Loss o, Citizenship Article IV, Section 3 Coquilla v. Comelec, G.R. No. 151914, July 31, 2002 H. Reacquisition of Citizenship See Com. Act. No. 63, Section 1(2) Yu v. Santiago, 169 SCRA 364 (1989) Frivaldo v. Comelec, 257 SCRA 727 (1996) Angat v. Republic, GR. No. 132244, September 14,1999 Jao v. Republic 121 SCRA 358 (1983) People v. Avengoza I. Dual Citizenship J. Dual Allegiance Article IV, Sections 4 & 5 (See Sec. 40, R.A. 7160, Local Govt. Code) Aznar vs Comelec, G.R. No. 83820, May 25, 1990 Mercado v. Manzano, 307 SCRA 630 (1999) V. Suffrage

Article V Material points of: Macalintal v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 157013 Akbayan-Youth v. COMELEC, 355 SCRA 318 VI. Principles and Policies of the Philippine Government A. Preamble Nature, purpose and aims B. Principles 1. Sovereignty of the People and Republicanism
a. Direct and Indirect Democracy b. Representation and renovation a. Accountability to the people c. Rule of the Majority d. The Rule of Law Article II, Section 1 (sovereignty resides in the people)

Article V 2. Adherence to International Law Article II, Section 2, 7 & 8 (independent foreign/nuclear-free policy) a. Renunciation of War - Article VI, Section 23 (1) b. Adoption of International Law a. Adherence to policy of peace, freedom, amity 3. Supremacy of Civilian Authority Article II, Section 3 Article VII, Section 18 Article XVI, Section 5(4) Article XVI, Section 5(2) 4. Government as protector of People & People as Defenders of the State Article II, Sections 4 and 5 5. Separation of Church and State Article II, Section 6 Article III, Section 5 (freedoni of religion clause) Article IX-C, 2(5) (political party ban on sects) Article VI, Section 5(2) (no sectoral representation from religious sector) Exceptions : Article VI, Section 28(3) (tax exemption of churches) Id., Section 29(2) (no appropriation for sects; exemptions) Article XIV, Section 3(3) (optional religious instruction) Id., Section 4(2) (Filipino ownership for schools, except religious groups and mission boards) C. Policies 1. Independent foreign policy
and

a nuclear-free Philippines

Article II, Sections 7-8 Article XVIII, Sections 4 and 25 (on foreign military bases) Bayan v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 138570, October 10, 2000 Lim v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 151445, April 11, 2002 2. A just and dynamic social order Preamble Article II, Section 9 a. The promotion of social justice Article II, Section 10 Article XIII, Section 1-2 Article II, Section 26 Article VII, Section 13 par. 2 b. Respect for human dignity and human rights Article XIII, Sections 17-19 Article II, Section 11 Article XVI, Section 5(2) c. Fundamental equality of women and men Article II, Section 14 Article III, Sections 14 d. Independent people's organization Article II, Section 23 Article XIII, Sections 15-16 a. The priority of education, science, technology, arts, culture & sports Article II, Section 17 Article XIV, Section 2 e. Urban land reform and housing Article XIII, Section 9-10 b. Reform in agriculture and other natural resources Article II Section 2 Article XIII, Sections 4-8 c. Protection of Labor Art i cle II , Sect i on 18 Article XIII, Section 3 The right of government workers to form unions Article III, Section 8 Article IX-B, Section 2(5) f. Promotion of health and ecology. Article II, Sections 15-16 Article XIII, Sections 11-13 Laguna Lake Development Authority v. Court of Appeals, December 7, 1995 Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792

3. The family as basic autonomous social institution Article II, Section 12 Article XV (The Family) Article II, Section 13 Family Code, Article 1 a. Protection of the Unborn b. Natural Right and Duty of Parents 4. A self-reliant and independent economic order Article II, Sections 19 - 20 Article XII (National economy and patrimony) 5. Communication and information in nation-building Article II, Section 24 Article XVI, Sections 10 - 11 Article XVIII, Section 23 6. Autonomy of local governments Article II, Section 25 Article X (See Local Government Code of 1991 [R.A. No. 7160])
7. Recognition of rights of indigenous cultural communities

Article II, Section 22 Article VI, Section 5(2) Article XII, Section 5 Article XIII, Section 6 Article XIV, Section 17 Article XVI, Section 12 See R.A. No. 8371 (1997), The Indigenous Peoples Rights Act 8. Honest Public Service and Full Public Disclosure Article II, Section 27 Article XI, Sections 4,5,6 (Ombudsman) Article II, Section 28 (full public disclosure) Article XI, Section 17 (statement of assets/liabilities) Article VII, Section 12 (president's health) Article VII, Section 20 (publication of loan applications) Article XII, Section 21 (make public foreign loans) Article XII, Section 2(5) (contracts with foreign groups) Article VII, Sections 12,20 (conflict of interest/books of account) Article IX-D, Section 4 (COA annual report) Article III, Section 7 (right to information) Valmonte v. Belmonte, supra. THE STRUCTURE AND POWERS OF THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT

VII.

Inherent Powers of the State A. Police power 1. In general

Rubi v. Provincial Board, 39 Phil. 660 Roxas & Co., Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 321 SCRA 106 2 . N a t i o n a l s e c u r i t y Lao Ichong v. Hernandez, 101 Phil. 1155 3 . P u b l i c o r d e r U.S. v. Pompeya, 31 Phil. 245 4 . P u b l i c s a f e t y Agustin v. Edu, 88 SCRA 195 5 . P u b l i c h e a l t h U.S. v. Gomez Jesus, 31 Phil. 218 6 . P u b l i c m o r a l s

Ermita-Malate Motel and Motel Operators Assn. v. City Mayor, 20 SCRA 849 7. Public welfare and advancement Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200 8. The national economy Rutter v. Esteban, 93 Phil. 68 U.S. v. Toribio, 15 Phil. 85 B. Eminent Domain 1. In general I.M. Tuason v. LTA, 33 SCRA 882 1. What constitutes taking U.S. v. Causby, 328 U.S. 256 U.S. v. Caltex, 344 U.S. 149 2. Public use Heirs of Juancho Ardona v. Reyes, 125 SCRA 320

3. Eminent domain and police power Guido v. Rural Progress, 84 Phil. 847 4. Just compensation Republic v. Juan, 92 SCRA 26 EPZA v. Dulay, 149 SCRA 305 Manotok v. NHA, 150 SCRA 89

C. Taxation 1. In general Commissioner v. Botelho Corp., 20 SCRA 487 1. Taxation for police purposes

It)

Lutz v. Araneta, 98 Phil. 148 Republic v. Bacolod-Murcia Milling, 17 SCRA 632 VIII. Three Great Departments of Government

A. Congress

1. Composition, Qualifications, and Term of Office a . S e n a t e Art. VI, 2-4 b. House of Representatives Art. VI, 5-8 Art. IX-C, 6-8 Art. XVIII, 7 Dimaporo v. Mitra, 202 SCRA 779 (1991)' Reapportionment Mariano v. COMELEC, 240 SCRA 211 (1995) Aquino v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 400 (1995)

2. Election a. Regular election Art. VI, 8 b. Special election Art. VI, 9 3. Salaries, Privileges and Disqualification a. Salaries Art. VI, 10 Art. XVIII, 17 PHILCONSA v. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300 (1966) Ligot v. Mathay, 56 SCRA 823 (1974) Freedom from arrest Art. VI, 11 Revised Penal Code, Art. 145 Martinez v. Morfe, 44 SCRA 22 (1972) Spe-ec4,ancl Debate Clause rt V I, 1 t_' Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876 (1966) Osmena v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863 (1960) d. Disqualifications and other prohibitions Art. VI, 13-14 - Flores v. Drilon, 223 SCRA 563 (1994) Art. VI, 14

b.

c.

e. Duty to disclose Art. VI, 12 and 20 Art. XI, 17

4.

Internal Government of Congress a. Election of Officers Art. VI, 16 (1) See Santiago v. Guingona, G.R. No. 134577, November 18, 1998

Quorum Id., 16(2) c. Rules of proceedings Id., 16(3) Id., 21 Pacete v. Sec. of the Commission on Appointments, 40 SCRA 58 (1971) /Arroyo v. De Venecia, August 14, 1997,E Osmena v. Pendatun, supra. d. Power over members and right to sit Vera v. Avelino, 77 Phil. 193 (1946) e. Discipline of members 16(3) , /Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil. 83 (1924) Paredes v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. 11836, August 10, 1995 I Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, April 19, 2001 De Venecia v. Sandiganbayan, February 2, 2002 `.,,Osmena v. Pendatun, supra.
id.,

b.

f. Journal and Congressional Records Art. VI, 16(4) 1. The Enrolled Bill Theory Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil. 1 (1947) Casco (Phil.) Chemical Co. v. Gimenez, 7 SCRA 347 (1963) 1. Probative value of the Journal United States v. Pons, supra. 2. Journal Entry Rule v. Enrolled Bill Theory Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714 (1974) Morales v. Subido, 27 SCRA 131 (1969) Congressional Record Art. VI, 16(4), par. 2

3.

J. Electoral Tribunals Art. VI, 17 and 19 a. Composition Tanada v. Cuenco, 103 Phil. 1051 (1957) Abbas v. SET, 166 SCRA 651 (1988)

b . N a t u r e o f Fu n c t i o n 139 (1936) c. d.

Angara v. Electoral Commission, 63 Phil.

Independence of Electoral Tribunals Bondoc v. Pineda, 201 SCRA 792 (1991) P o w e r s Angara v. Electoral Commission, supra.

e. Judicial review of decisions of Electoral Tribunals , Co v. Electoral Tribunal, supra. 1. Commission on Appointments Art. VI, 18-19 Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496 (1989) Coseteng v. Mitra, 187 SCRA 377 (1990) Guingona v. Gonzalez, 214 SCRA 789 (1992) 2. Powers of Congress a. General plenary powers Art. VI, 1 Arnault v. Nazareno, 87 Phil. at 45-46

b.

Limitations on the legislative power (1) Substantive

limitations (a) Express substantive limitations Art. III Art. VI, 25 and 28 Art. XIV, 4(3) Art. VI, 29-31
; 40

(b) Implied substantive limitations - Prohibition against delegation of legislative powers

Criterion of valid delegation

ABAKADA Guro Party List v. Secretary Purisima, <Pimentel v. Executive Secretary (EVAT Cases) U.S. v. Ang Tang Ho, 43 Phil. 6 (1922) -Solicitor General v. MMA, 204 SCRA 837 (1991)

Undue Delegation of Legislative Power

Pelaez v. Auditor General, 15 SCRA 596 (1965)

Proper Delegation

(by express authority of the Constitution) Garcia v. Executive Secretary, 210 SCRA 256 (1992) Art. VI, 23(2) (delegation to the President) Art. Art. X, 2-3 (delegation to local governments) (delegation of power to carry out defined policy according prescribed standards) Osmena v. Orbos, 220 SCRA 703 (1993) Rafael v. Embroidery Board, 21 SCRA 336 (1967) (rules and regulations) Vda. de Pineda v. Pena, 187 SCRA 22 (1990) Prohibition against passage of irrepealable laws (2) Procedural limitations Art. VI, 26-27 c. Question hour A r t . V I , 2 2 Senate of the Philippines v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777 (EO 464) e l ~fpkf c. Legislative investigations ,-Art. VI, 21 A-Arnault v. N azareno, 87 Phil. 29 (1950) Arnault v. Balagtas, 97 Phil. 358 (1955) Bengzon v. Senate Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767 (1991) E.O. 464 Case d. Act as board of canvassers for Presidential and Vice Presidential Elections Art. VII, 4, par. 4 Rep. Act No. 7166, 30 e. Call special election for President and Vice President Art. VII, 10

Concur in treaties Art. VII, 21 (through the Senate) k. Declaration of war and delegation of emergency powers Art. VI, 23 I. m. Be judge of the President's physical fitness Art. VII, 11, par. 4 Power of impeachment Romulo v. Yniguez, 141 SCRA 263 (1986) Lecaroz v. Sandiganbayan, 128 SCRA 324 (1984)

n. o.

Power with regard to utilization of natural resources Art. XII, 2 Amendment of the Constitution Art. XVII, 1-2 3. Legislative process a. Requirements as to bills

(1) As to titles of bills Art. VI, 26(1) Cruz v. Paras, 123 SCRA 569 (1983) Lidasan v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 496 (1967) (2) Requirements as to certain laws Appropriation laws Art. VII, 22 Art. VI, 24-25 and 29 Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221 (1991) Tolentino v. Sec. of Finance, supra. Tax laws Art. VI, 28 Art. XIV, 4(3-4) Tan v. del Rosario, 237 SCRA 324 Garci v. Executive Secretary, 211 SCRA 219 LP.. (iii) Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court b. Procedure for the passage of bills Art. VI, 26(2) Tolentino v. Sec. of Finance, supra. Arroyo v. De Venetia, supra. c. The President's veto power Qualified v. Absolute Veto

Messaged Veto v. Pocket Veto No pocket veto in the Philippines Art. VI, 27

Compare 1935 Const., Art. VI, 20

Bolinao Electronics Corp. v. Valencia, 11 SCRA 486 (1964) Gonzales v. Macaraig, 191 SCRA 452 (1990) Bengzon v. Drilon, 208 SCRA 133 (1992) 'PHILCONSA v. Enriquez, 235 SCRA 506 (1994) d . L e g i s l a t i v e v e t o e s Miller v. Marco, 2 SCRA 898 (1961) e. Effectivity of laws Civil Code, Art. 2 Tanada v. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27 (1985); Res., 146 SCRA 446 (1986) Exec. Order No. 200, June 18, 1987

B. Executive Department
1. The President a. Singular Executive Planas v. Gil, 67 Phil. 73 (1938) Villena v. Secretary, 67 Phil. 451 (1939)

Ang-Angco v. Castillo, 9 SCRA 619 (1963) Qualifications, election, term and oath. Art. VII, 2,4 and 5 PBA v. COMELEC, supra.
b. c.

fIr

Privilege and salary Art. VII, 6

d.

Prohibitions Art. VII, 13 CLU v. Executive Secretary, 194 SCRA 317 (1991) Powers and Functions of the President (1) Executive Power Art. VII, 1 and 17 Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668 (1989); 178 SCRA 760 (1989) A Ople v. Torres, 293 SCRA 141

e.

(2) Control of Executive Departments Art. VII, 17 (3) General supervision of local governments and autonomous regions Art. X, 4 and 16 Pimentel v. Aguirre, 336 SCRA 201 Ganzon v. Court of Appeals, 200 SCRA 271 (1991)

(4) Power of appointment With consent of Commission on Appointments I, armiento v. Mison, 156 SCRA 549 (1987) [Bautista v. Salonga, 172 SCRA 160 (1989)] Quintos-Deles v. Commission on Appointments, 177 SCRA 254 (1989)] Manalo v. $stoza, August 11, 1999 Limitations on appointing power of the President Art. VII, 13 and 15 Aytona v. Castillo, 4 SCRA 1 (1962) Jorge v. Mayor, 10 SCRA 331 (1964) ~Qu imsing v. Tajanglangit, 10 SCRA 446 (1964) Interim or recess appointments Art. VI, 19 Art. VII, 16 Temporary designations Adm. Code of 1987, Bk. III, 17 Limitations on appointing power of the Acting President (5) Executive clemencies Art. VII, 19 Art. IX-C, 5 a. Pardon distinguished from probation ,< People v. Vera, 65 Phil. 56 (1917) b. Pardon distinguished from parole Tesoro v. Director of Prisons, 68 Phil. 154 (1939) Torres .,. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 272 (1987) c . Pa r d o n d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m a mn e s t y Barrioquinto v. Fernandez, 82 Phil. 642 (1949) d. Effect of Pardon Lacuna v. Abes, 24 SCRA 780 (1968) Monsanto v. Factoran, 170 SCRA 190 (1989) Overruled partly, See People v. Salle, Jr., 250 SCRA 581 (1995) e. Sanctions for violations of conditional pardons Torres v. Gonzales, supra. a. Pardon in administrative cases Llamas v. Executive Secretary, 202 SCRA 844 (1991) f.Who may avail of amnesty? Tolentino v. Catoy, 82 Phil. 300 (1948) Macaga-an v. People, 152 SCRA 430 (1987)

l-

(6) Powers as Commander-in-Chief Art. VII, 18 Art. III, 13 Art. VIII, 1, par. 2 Affirmed Lansang v. Garcia, 42 SCRA 448 (1971) IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, August 15, 2000 Lacson v. Perez, G.R. 147180, May 10, 2001 SANLAKAS v. Executive Secretary, G.R. - No. 159085, 3,1 2004 David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, supra. -f7) Emergency powers Art. VI, 23(2) David v. Macapagal-Arroyo, supra. Araneta v. Dinglasan, 84 Phil. 368 (1949) Rodriguez, Sr. v. Gella, 92 Phil. 603 (1953) (8) Contracting and guaranteeing foreign loans Art. VII, 20 Art. XII, 21 Rep. Act No. 4860 (9) Power over foreign affairs a. Recognition of foreign states x U.S. v. Belmont, 301 U.S. 324 b. Conduct of foreign relations U.S. v. Curtis Wright Export Corp., 299 U.S. 204 Phil. International Trading Corp. v. Angeles, 263 SCRA 421 (1996) Settlement of disputes with foreign powers
February

c. d.

Treaty-making Art. VII, 21 X People's Movement v. Manglapus, September 18, 1988 e. Executive Agreements Comissioner of Customs v. Eastern Sea Trading, 3 SCRA 351 (1961) Gonzales v. Hechanova, 9 SCRA 230 (1963) _-PLt, USAFFE Veterans v. Treasurer, 105 Phil. 1030 (1959) CIR v. John Gotamco & Sons, Inc., 148 SCRA 36 (1987)

f. (10)

Deportation of undesirable aliens Go Tek v. Deportation Board, 79 SCRA 17 (1976) Power over legislation

1I

(11)

Immunity from suits In re Bermudez, 145 SCRA 160 (1986) Beltran v. Makasiar, 167 SCRA 393 (1988) Nixon v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 731 Clinton v. Jones, 117 S. Ct. 1636
U.S. v.

(12)

Executive Privilege

Nixon, 418 U.S. 683

2. The Vice President Art. VII, 3-5, 6 and 9 Art. XI, 2-3 Right of succession and membership in Cabinet Art. VII, 8, 11, and 3, par. 2 Estrada v. Arroyo, 353 SCRA 452, 356 SCRA 108
C Judicial Department

1. The Supreme Court a. Composition A r t . V I I I , 4 Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil. 297 (1948) a. Appointment and qualifications Art. VIII, 7(1), 8(5), 9 b. Salary Art. VIII, 10 Art. XVIII, 17 c. Security of Tenure Art. VIII, 2, par. 2 and 11 De la Llana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294 (1982)

d. Removal Art. VIII, 11 Art. XI, 2 e. Fiscal autonomy Art. VIII, 3

9. Jurisdiction (1) The Power of Judicial Review Judicial review and political questions Art. VIII, 1 and 5(2)(a) Angara v. Electoral Commission, supra. (a) Conditions for exercise of judicial review

People v. Vera, supra. PBA v. COMELEC, supra. Dumlao v. COMELEC; Igot

v. COMELEC,

95 SCRA 302 (1980)

(b) All courts can exercise power of review Ynot v. IAC, 148 SCRA 659 (1987) (2) Jurisdiction over criminal cases where penalty imposed is reclusion peg petua Id., 5(2)(d) (3) Art. VII, 18, par. 3 (4) Art. VII, 4, par. 7 (5) Art. IX-A, 7 h. Congressional power over jurisdiction of the Supreme Court Art. VIII, 2, par.1 Art. VI, 30 Administrative powers Art. VIII, 5(3)(4)(6) and 11 (1) Supervision over lower courts Maceda v. Vasquez, 221 SCRA 464 (1993) In re Demetria, A.M. No. 00-7-09-CA, March 27, 2001 (2) Temporarily assign judges to other stations in public interest (3) Order a change of venue or place of trial to avoid miscarriage of justice I. Rule-making Art. VIII, 5(5) Art. XVIII, 10 Art. XII, 14, par. 2 Art. VII, 18

k. No quasi-judicial and administrative work for judges Art. VIII, 12 Manila Electric Co. v. Pasay Trans Co., 57 Phil. 600 (1932) In re Judge Rodolfo Manzano, 166 SCRA 246 (1988) I. Report on the judiciary Art. VIII, 16

m. Manner of sitting and votes required Art. VIII, 4 n. Requirements as to decisions Art. VIII, 13-14 Oil & Gas Nature Corp. v. Court of Appeals, 315 SCRA 296, at 307-308

o. Mandatory period for deciding cases Art. VIIIJ, 15 Art. VII, 18, par. 3 Art. XVIII, 12-14 2 . L o w e r C o u r t s Ynot v. IAC, supra. 3. The Judicial and Bar Council Art. VIII, 8 4. Automatic release of appropriations for the judiciary Art. VIII, 3

IX.

Distribution and Separation of Powers System of Checks and Balances Government v. Springer, 277 U.S. 189 Kilosbayan v. Guingona, 232 SCRA 110 (1994)

A. Legislative Intrusion Into Executive Domain Concepcion v. Paredes, 42 Phil. 599 (1922) B. Legislative Intrusion Into Judicial Domain In Re Cunanan, 94 Phil. 534 (1954) C. -

Executive Intrusion Into Legislative Domain Araneta v. Dinglasan, 84 Phil. 368 (1949) Youngstown Tube and Sheet Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579

D. Executive Intrusion Into Judicial Domain Zaballero v. NHA, 155 SCRA 224 (1987)

X.

The Constitutio,.ial Commissions A. Civil Service Commission 1. Scope of the civil service Art. IX-B, 2(1) Art. XII, 16 a. Terms and conditions of employment in the Civil Service (1) Oath of allegiance Art. IX-B, 4 Art. XI, 18 (2) Merit System a. b. Appointment of larneducks Ban on partisan political activities Art. IX-B, 7

Art. VII, 13 Art. VI, 13 Art. VIII, 8(1)(3) and (12) Art. IX-A, 2 CLU v. Executive Secretary, supra. Flores v. Drilon, supra. (3) Standardization of pay and ban on double compensation Art. IX-B, 5 and 8 Rev. Adm. Code of 1987, 17(2) (4) Ban on partisan political activities Art. IX-B, 2(4) Compare Art. XVI, 5(3) as to members of the AFP (5) Removal or suspension only for cause Art. IX-B, 2(3) (6) Right of self-organization Art. III, 8 Art. IX-B, 2(5) (7) Right to strike 2. Review of decisions of the CSC Art. IX-A, 7 3. Fiscal autunomy Art. IX-A, 5 B. Commission on Elections See Macalintal v. COMELEC, supra. (on scope of power of Congressional committee) 1. Composition and qualifications of Commissioners Art. IX-C, 1(1) Art. VII, 13, par. 2 See Cayetano v. Monsod, 201 SCRA 210 (1991) 1. Appointment and term of office of Commissioners; Rule against reappointment Art. IX, 1(2) Brillantes v. Yorac, 192 SCRA 358 (1990) 2. Powers and functions of the COMELEC Art. IX-C, 2 a. Enforce election laws Art. IX-C, 2(1) Sanchez v. COMELEC, 114 SCRA 454 (1982) b. Decide administrative questions pertaining to election, except the right to vote c. Petition for inclusion and exclusion of voters

II

Art. IX-C, 2(6) d. Prosecute election law violators

Art. IX-C, 2(6)

e. Recommend pardon, amnesty, parole or suspension of sentence of election l a w v i o l a t o r s Art. IX-C, 5

f.

Deputize law enforcement agents and recommend their removal Art. IX-C, Tan v. COMELEC, 237 SCRA 353 (1994) 9. Registration of political parties, organizations and coalitions and accreditation of citizens' arms Art. IX-C, 2(5) Registration under party-list system Art. IX-C, 6-8 Art. VI, 5(2) Art. XVIII, 7

2(4)(8)

h. Regulation of public utilities and media information Art. IX, 4 and 9 Decide election contests Art. IX-C, 2(2) and (3) Rep. Act No. 7166, 22 i. 4. Rule-making Ark. IX-A, 6 Art. IX-C, 3 5. Other functions Art. IX-A, 8 Act as National Board of Canvassers for senators EO No. 144, 1, March 2, 1987

6.

7.

Review of COMELEC decisions, orders and resolutions Art. Art. IX-A, 7

IX-C, 2(2)

8. Fiscal autonomy Art. IX-A, 5 C. Commission on Audit Art. IX-D Art. VII, 12, par. 2 Art. VII, 12, par. 2 Art. XVIII, 17 Art. IX-A, 2, 5-8 Art. XI, 2

Art. VI, 20 XI. OTHER AGENCIES OF GOVERNMENT A. Sandiganbayan Art. XI, 4 PD 1606, December 10, 1979 Nunez v. Sandiganbayan, 111 SCRA 433 (1982) Office of the Ombudsman
See also PD 1630, July 18, 1979

B.

Rep. Act No. 6770, November 17, 1989 Quimpu v. Tanodbayan, supra. C. Office of the Special Prosecutor Art. XI, 7 Zaldivar v. Sandiganbayan, 160 SCRA 843 (1988) See PD No. 1630, 10, 12-15 and 17

D. Central Monetary Authority Art. XII, 20-21 Rep. Act No. 7356 E. Economic and Planning Agency Art. XII, 9-10 F. National Commissions

XII. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS A. Local government units Art. X,1 B. Autonomy of local governments Art. II, 25 Art. X, 2 See Dadole v. COA, December 3, 2002

Vif,t

1. General supervision of local governments by the President Art. X, 4 and 16 2. Local Government Code Art. X,3 Local Government Code of 1991 (Rep. Act No. 7160) Tan v. COMELEC, 142 SCRA 727 (1986) 1. Power of local governments 3. The two autonomous regions a. Creation Art. X, 13, 18-19 a. Powers of autonomous regions

24

Art. X, 17, 20-21 c. General supervision by the President Art. X, 16. 5. Recall

XIII. ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS A. Public office as a public trust A rt. XI, I Id., 18 Art. IX-B, 4 See Rep. Act No. 6713 (Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees) B. Disclosure of assets, liabilities and net worth Art. XI, 17 C. Ban on financial accommodations Id., 16 D. Agencies for insuring public accountability 1. Congress-Impeachment Art. XI, 2-3 Lecaroz v. Sandiganbayan, supra.

2.

Sandiganbayan Art. XI, 4

3 . O m b u d s m a n Art. XI, 5-6, 8-14 4. Office of Special Prosecutor Art. XI, 7 E. Actions to recover unlawfully acquired property do not prescribe Art. XI, 15

XIV. NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY Art. XII, I Tanada v. Angara, G.R. No. 118295, May 2, 1997 A. Natural Resources Art. XII, 2-5 and 7 La Bugal-B'Laan Tribal Association v. Ramos, G.R. No. 127882, January 27, 2004 Private lands

B.

1. Citizenship requirement Art. X11, 7 1973 Const., Art. XVII, 11 Lee v. Republic, 366 SCRA 524 2. Exception (a) Acquisition by legal succession Ramirez SCRA 704 (1982)
v.

Vda. de Ramirez, 111

(b) Acquisition by former natural born citizen Art. XII, 8 3. Agrarian reform Art. XIII, 4-8 4. Urban land reform and housing Art. XIII, 9-10 C. Lease to foreigners of private lands valid Smith, Bell & Co. v. Register of Deeds, 96 Phil. 53 (1954) Civil Code, Art. 1643 D. Regulation of economic activities 1. Rationale Art. XII, 6 and 12-13 2. The NEDA and development program Art. XII, 9-10 Manila Prince Hotel, 267 SCRA 408 (1997) 3. Organization and regulation of private corporations Art. XII, 16 4. Operation of public utilities Art. XII, 11 and 17 5. On mass media and advertising industry Art. XVI, 1011 1. Practice of professions Art. XII, 14 2. State operation of private enterprises Art. XII, 17-18 Agan v. PIATCO, May 5, 2003 Marine Radio Communication Association v. Reyes, November 6, 1990 (optional) 3. Monopolies, combinations, and unfair competition Art. XII, 19 PPA v. Mendoza, 138 SCRA 632 (1985)

9. Money, banking and credit Art. XII, 20-21

9. Cooperatives Art. XII, 15 XV. SOCIAL JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS A. Social justice defined Art. XIII, I Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 (1940) B. Aspects of social justice 1. Labor Art. XIII, 3 2. Agrarian and natural resources reform Art. XIII, 4-8 See Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (Rep. Act No. 6657 and Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987) Assn. of Small Landowners in the Philippines v. Secretary of Agrarian Reform, 175 SCRA 343 (1989)

3. 10 4. 5.

Urban land reform and housing Art. XIII, 9See P.D. No. 1517, June 11, 1978

Health Art. XIII, 11-13 Wo me n Art. XIII, 14 C. People's organizations Art. XIII, 15 D. Human rights Art. XIII, 17-19

XVI. ESTACS A. Education 1. Right to education Art. XIV, I Villar v. TIP, 135 SCRA 706 (1985) Tangonan v. Cruz-Pano, 137 SCRA 245 (1985) Educational mandate of the state

2.

Art. XIV, 2 and 5 Tablarin v. Gutierrez, 152 SCRA 370 ( 1987) University of the Philippines v. Ayson, 176 SCRA 571 (1989) Alcuaz v. PSBR, 178 SCRA 135 (1989) 3. The educational system Art. XIV, 3-4 B . L a n g u a g e Art. XIV, 6-9 C. Science and technology Art.. XIV, 10-13 D. Arts and culture Art. XIV, 14-18 E. S p o r t s Art. XIV, 19

XVII. GENERAL PROVISIONS A. On the flag Art. XVI, 1 See Act No. 2928, March 26, 1920 Ebralinag v. Division Supt. of Schools, 219 SCRA 256 (1993) On the name, anthem and seal Art. XVI, 2 Com. Act No. 382, September 5, 1938

B.

C. On the Armed Forces of the Philippines Art. XVI, 4 and 5 Art. XVIII, 24 D. On the national police Art. XVI, 6 E. On retirement and other benefits Art. XVI, 7 and 8 F. I. On consumer protection Art. XVI, 9 THE AMENDING PROCESS A. Proposal Art. XVII, 1-2 Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774 (1967)

1. By Congress Art. XVII, 1

1935 Cons Art. XV Gonzales v. COMELEC, supra. 2. By Constitutional Convention Art. XVIII, 3 3. By the people through initiative Art. XVIII, 2 Rep. Act No. 6735, 5 and 9(b) B. Ratification 1. In case of amendments proposed by Congress or Convention Art. XVII, 4, par. 1 2. In case of amendments proposed through initiative Art. XVII, 4, par. 2 3. Plebiscite to be called by Congress and supervised by COMELEC, but the initiative on Constitution will be called by COMELEC C. Theories regarding the position of a constitutional convention in our system of government I. Cruz, Constitutional Law, 13-14 (1995) See Tolentino v. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702 (1971) D. Judicial review of the amending process Gonzales v. COMELEC, 21 SCRA 774 (1967) Tolentino v. COMELEC, supra. Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30 (1973) Art. VIII, 1, par. 1 E. When will proposed amendments take effect? Compare Art. XVII, 4 with XVIII, 27. Recall De Leon v. Esguerra, 153 SCRA 602 (1987)

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