Vladislav SoIirovic

CreaIion o! Ihe !irsI

YugosIavia
How Ihe Kihgdom o! Serbs, CroaIs ahd Slovehes was
esIablished ih 1918
Dr. SoIirovic's book is a welcome ihvesIigaIioh ihIo Ihe poliIical ideas ahd
sIraIegies immediaIely precedihg ahd leadihg Io Ihe creaIioh o! Ihe !irsI
Yugoslav sIaIe. UIilizihg ah apI selecIioh o! primary as well as secohdary
sources Dr. SoIirovic builds a hisIorical harraIive arouhd a cehIral ploI o!
sIaIe- ahd haIioh- buildihg, which is !ocused oh Ihe ihIehse war-years
(1914-1918) alIhough Iakihg deparIure a !ew decades earlier. 1he auIhor
ihvesIigaIes Ihe various opIiohs, ob|ecIives, ahd ideas o! a Yugoslav sIaIe,
such as Ihe quesIioh o! a !ederal or uhiIary sIaIe, a republic or moharchy,
eIc. ahd builds a harraIive arouhd Ihe posiIiohs o! various agehIs ahd Ihe
shi!Iihg relaIiohs beIweeh Ihem. 1hus, especially Ihe Iriad o! Ihe Serbiah
GoverhmehI, Ihe Yugoslav CommiIIee, ahd Ihe NaIiohal Couhcil, ahd Iheir
muIual as well as coh!licIihg ihIeresIs, is ahalyzed ih some deIail. 1heir
respecIive posiIiohs ahd ihIeresIs is ihIerwoveh wiIh ah ahalyzes o! Ihe
shi!Iihg relaIiohs ahd posiIiohs o! Ihe GreaI powers o! Ihe Iime |Jehs
SIilho!! Sorehseh, DocIor o! HisIory ahd CivilizaIioh, Swedish lhsIiIuIe o!
lhIerhaIiohal A!!airs{
VIadisIav 5oIirovic
Dr. Vladislav 8. SoIirovic is ah Assoc. Pro!essor aI Ihe
Mykolas Romeris UhiversiIy ih Vilhius, LiIhuahia aI Ihe
FaculIy o! PoliIics ahd MahagemehI, PoliIical Sciehce
DeparImehI. His areas o! Ieachihg ahd research are
SouIheasI Europeah sIudies, 8alkah haIiohalism ahd
eIhhic coh!licIs, EuropeahizaIioh, mulIiculIuralism
ahd globalizaIioh.
978-3-659-27922-5
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VIadisIav 5oIirovic
CreaIion o! Ihe !irsI YugosIavia
VIadisIav 5oIirovic
CreaIion o! Ihe !irsI YugosIavia
How Ihe Kingdom o! 5erbs, CroaIs and 5Iovenes
was esIabIished in 1918
LAP LAMF1 Academic PubIishing
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LAP LAM8ER1 Academic Publishihg
isI eih lmprihI der / is a Irademark o!
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I5N: 978-3-659-27922-5
CopyrighI 2012 AV Akademikerverlag CmbH & Co. KC
Alle RechIe vorbehalIeh. / All righIs reserved. Saarbrckeh 2012
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),567&+$37(5
THE DEA O THE YUGOSAV UNCATON, 1;qq-1q1q . puge q

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THE RST WAR YEAR AND GERMAN, AUSTRO-HUNGARAN,
BUGARAN AND SERBAN WAR PANS ............. puge zz

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THE TREATY O ONDON, CREATON O THE YUGOSAV
COMMTTEE AND TS PROPAGANDA WORK .......... puge

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DSAGREEMENTS BETWEEN THE YUGOSAV COMMTTEE AND
THE ROYA SERBAN GOVERNMENT UPON THE NTERNA
GOVERNMENTA ORGANSATON O THE NEW STATE AND
CORU DECARATON ..................... puge

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CROATS AND SERBS N ZAGREB AND A PROCAMATON O
THE STATE O SOVENES, CROATS AND SERBS ......... puge ;z

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'urIng LIe IrsL WorId Wur mujorILy oI SouLI SIuvIc peopIes

were IIgILIng Ior creuLIon oI LIeIr own nuLIonuI sLuLe, wIIcI wus
oIIIcIuIIy procIuImed In BeIgrude on December 1
sL
, 1q18 by LIe regenL
oI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu, IuLer YugosIuv kIng, AIeksundur
KuruRUHYL. CreuLIon und exIsLence oI uImosL unILed SouLI SIuvIc
sLuLe (u sLuLe wIIcI encompussed uII SouLI SIuvs excepL BuIgurIuns) Is
LIe IundumenLuI ouLcome oI LIe resuILs oI LIe IrsL WorId Wur In LIe
BuIkuns.
PrucLIcuI work upon LIe esLubIIsImenL oI u sIngIe YugosIuv (uII
SouLI SIuvs excepL BuIgurIuns) nuLIonuI sLuLe cun be Lruced buck Irom
LIe IIrsL wur yeur wIen on December ;
LI
, 1q1q SerbIun purIIumenL
( ) Issued u 'HFODUDWLRQ In wIIcI IL wus cIeurIy
unnounced LIuL LIe muIn wur uIm oI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu Is Lo
creuLe u unILed SouLI SIuvIc (In IucL, YugosIuv sLuLe), I.e. u sIngIe
nuLIonuI sLuLe oI LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes. However, uL LIuL
momenL BuIgurIuns were noL Luken InLo consIderuLIon us members oI
SouLI SIuvIc unILed sLuLe Ior LIe suke oI SerbIun-BuIgurIun unImosILy
over LIe LerrILory oI MucedonIu LIuL provoked SerbIun-BuIgurIun wur
In 1q1.
TIe 5R\DO6HUELDQ*RYHUQPHQW, us LIe execuLIve InsLILuLIon oI
LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu, wus LIe pIvoLuI pIuyer In LIe process oI
creuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe, wIIcI wus IIrsLIy numed us LIe.LQJGRPRI
6HUEV &URDWV DQG 6ORYHQHV (Irom 1q18 Lo 1qzq), und IuLer us LIe
.LQJGRP RI <XJRVODYLD (Irom 1qzq Lo 1qq1). More precIseIy, durIng
LIe perIod oI mukIng YugosIuv sLuLe (1q1q1q18), LIe RoyuI SerbIun
GovernmenL wus u superIor member umong LIe LIree domInunL
IucLors oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc peopIes wIo purLIcIpuLed In LIe process oI
LIeIr poIILIcuI unIIIcuLIon. AnoLIer IucLor wus LIe <XJRVODY
&RPPLWWHH LIuL wus Iounded In ondon on AprII o
LI
, 1q1 us LIe
SouLI SIuvIc (busIcuIIy CrouLIun) response Lo LIe 7UHDW\ RI /RQGRQ,
wIIcI wus sIgned severuI duys beIore beLween LuIy und LIe EnLenLe.
TIe muIn Lusk oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus Lo proLecL LIe InLeresLs
oI LIe SouLI SIuvs (In IucL, CrouLs) In AusLrIu-Hungury prImurIIy In
reIuLIon Lo LIe quesLIon oI DuImuLIu u IILLoruI EusL AdrIuLIc regIon
wIIcI sIgnIIIcunL porLIons were desIgned Lo be IncorporuLed InLo LIe
KIngdom oI LuIy uccordIng Lo LIe TreuLy oI ondon. InuIIy, LIe LIIrd
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
6
IucLor In LIe unIIIcuLIon process oI LIe mujorILy oI SouLI SIuvs wus LIe
1DWLRQDO&RXQFLORI6ORYHQHV&URDWVDQG6HUEV, wIIcI wus creuLed In
Zugreb on OcLober 6
LI
, 1q18 wILI LIe Lusk Lo uboIIsI LIe reuIm oI LIe
DuuI MonurcIy over SouLI SIuvIc popuIuLIon und Lo procIuIm poIILIcuI
Independence oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs wIo IIved unLII LIuL LIme
wILIIn LIe borders oI AusLrIuHungury.
PoIILIcuI reIuLIons beLween LIe YugosIuv CommILLee In ondon,
LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb und LIe RoyuI SerbIun GovernmenL
ure LIe cornersLone oI uny reseurcI wIIcI preLends Lo dIscover und
properIy expIuIn LIe process oI YugosIuv poIILIcuI unIIIcuLIon In 1q18.
n LIe oLIer words, u poIILIcuI LrIungIe beLween LIe RoyuI SerbIun
GovernmenL, purLIcuIurIy ILs PrIme MInIsLer NIkoIu PuL WKH
YugosIuv CommILLee, wILI ILs Ieuder, CrouLIun poIILIcIun Irom
'DOPDWLD 'U $QWH 7UXPEL DQG WKH 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLO ZLWK LWV
3UHVLGHQW D OHDGLQJ 6ORYHQLDQ SROLWLFLDQ 'U $QWRQ .RURHF DUH
crucIuI Ior undersLundIng oI LIe process oI mukIng LIe KIngdom oI
Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes.
TIIs book covers LIe mosL ImporLunL perIod oI YugosIuv
poIILIcuI unIIIcuLIon LIme Irom LIe IounduLIon oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee In ondon on AprII o
LI
, 1q1 Lo LIe procIumuLIon oI LIe
KIngdom oI Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes In BeIgrude on December 1
sL
,
1q18. PurLIcuIurIIy, IL Is deuIIng wILI LIe Ideu oI YugosIuv
unIIIcuLIon, LIe wur pIuns oI Germuny, AusLrIu-Hungury, BuIgurIu
und SerbIu, u creuLIon oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee, poIILIcuI
dIsugreemenLs beLween LIe YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe SerbIun
governmenL upon LIe InLernuI poIILIcuI-udmInIsLruLIve orgunIsuLIon oI
LIe new sLuLe, und wILI LIe poIILIcuI reIuLIons beLween LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee, LIe RoyuI SerbIun GovernmenL und LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb durIng LIe IusL sLuge oI LIe IounduLIon oI
LIe unILed YugosIuv sLuLe.
ReseurcIIng LIe probIem oI LIe creuLIon oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee, LIe quesLIon upon LIe genuIne moLIves oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee's IounduLIon und LIe SerbIun governmenL's roIe und
poIILIcuI InLeresLs In negoLIuLIon wILI LIe CommeeLLee needs u
suLIsIucLory unswer. TIe nexL quesLIon Is oI our purLIcuIur InLeresL Lo
be unswered: ZDV WKH <XJRVODY &RPPLWWHH IRUPHG RQO\ DV D
SURSDJDWLRQDJHQF\RIWKH6HUELDQJRYHUQPHQWRULWZus HVWDEOLVKHG
DVDQLQGHSHQGHQWRUJDQLVDWLRQLQRUGHUWRILJKWIRUWKHXQLRQRIWKH
6RXWK 6ODYV LQWR D VWDWH WKDW ZRXOG EH VHSDUDWH RQH IURP 6HUELD?
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
7
TIereIore, LIIs book wIII revIew LIe LexL oI LIe TreuLy oI ondon,
sIgned In AprII 1q1, us one oI LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL IIsLorIcuI sources
wIIcI cun reveuI LIe orIgInuI reusons Ior creuLIon und poIILIcuI-
dIpIomuLIc IuncLIonIng oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee In ondon.
TIe quesLIon oI dIsugreemenLs beLween LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee und LIe SerbIun governmenL on InLernuI poIILIcuI-
udmInIsLruLIve orgunIsuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe Is oI our specIIIc reseurcI
InLeresL und ImporLunce. TIIs quesLIon wus purLIcuIurIy debuLed
durIng LIe negoLIuLIons beLween LIe YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe
SerbIun governmenL on CorIu IsIund In Greece In June und JuIy 1q1;
ZKHQ WKH &RUIX 'HFODUDWLRQ ZDV VLJQHG E\ 1LNROD 3DL 6HUELDQ
PrIme MInIsLer und MInIsLer oI oreIgn AIIuIrs, und Dr. AnLe
7UXPEL SRIILIcuI Ieuder und LIe PresIdenL oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee. AL LIuL momenL, IL wus ugreed LIuL LIe new sLuLe wouId
be u ConsLILuLIonuI MonurcIy ruIed by LIe KuruRUHYLG\QDVW\ u
ruIIng dynusLy oI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu. However, durIng LIe
negoLIuLIons In Genevu In November 1q18 wILI SerbIun governmenL,
wIen LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb purLIcIpuLed us u IormuI
represenLuLIve oI LIe AusLroHungurIun SouLI SIuvs, LIe sume
probIem wus resoIved In u dIIIerenL wuy. AccordIng Lo LIe Genevu
DecIuruLIon, LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy Ius Lo be Iormed In order Lo
voLe Ior LIe new ConsLILuLIon. TIereIore, LIe debuLes beLween LIe
SerbIun governmenL, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII durIng LIe perIod beLween LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon und LIe
Genevu DecIuruLIon creuLed LIe busIs Ior more deLuIIed InvesLIguLIon
by IIsLorIuns.
TIe IInuI LIeme oI LIIs book Is Lo puL more IIgIL on reIuLIons
beLween LIe YugosIuv CommILLee, LIe RoyuI SerbIun GovernmenL und
LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb durIng LIe IusL sLuge oI LIe creuLIon oI
LIe KIngdom oI Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes In LIe uuLumn oI 1q18. We
wIII cover, more precIseIy, LIe perIod beLween LIe IounduLIon oI LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs, In Zugreb (OcLober
6
LI
, 1q18) unLII LIe oIIIcIuI procIumuLIon oI LIe KIngdom oI Serbs,
CrouLs und SIovenes In BeIgrude (December 1
sL
, 1q18). TIIs LIeme oI
our reseurcI Is deuIIng wILI LIe procIumuLIon oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes,
CrouLs und Serbs, recognILIon oI LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb by
LIe SerbIun governmenW *HQHYD 'HFODUDWLRQ WKH 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLOV
procIumuLIon oI LIe unIIIcuLIon oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und
Serbs wILI SerbIu und MonLenegro, und IInuIIy wILI LIe procIumuLIon
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
8
oI LIe KIngdom oI Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes by LIe regenL
AIeksundur KuruRUHYL
TIe muIn Lusk oI LIIs book Is Lo InvesLIguLe und expIuIn
poIILIcuI reIuLIons wILIIn u LrIungIe LIuL wus composed oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee In ondon, LIe RoyuI SerbIun GovernmenL In exIIe und LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb durIng LIe IusL, und crucIuI, Lwo monLIs oI
LIe process oI creuLIon oI LIe common YugosIuv sLuLe, wIen LIe new
poIILIcuI IucLor LIe NuLIonuI CouncII emerged on LIe scene oI LIe
SouLI SIuvIc poIILIcs. n order Lo uccuruLeIy InvesLIguLe LIIs Issue,
LIree muIn quesLIons sIouId be unswered. IrsLIy, did the Nctioncl
Council in Zcreb replcced the politiccl role oj the Yuoslct
Committee bejore the Serbicn oternment cnd the Entente, cs the
politiccl representctite oj the South Slcts in the Ducl Moncrch?
SecondIy, dId LIe YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe NuLIonuI CouncII
pursued u common poIIcy In LIeIr reIuLIons wILI LIe SerbIun
governmenL und LIe EnLenLe? InuIIy, uhct ucs the recl politiccl
role oj ecch oj these three politiccl subjects in recrd to the jincl
proclcmction oj the neu stcte on December :
st
, :p:8 in elrcde?




TIe modern couL oI urms oI LIe IIrsL 1q
LI
F6HUELDVFDSLWDODVD
PrIncIpuIILy Krugujevuc
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9
),567&+$37(5
THI IIA OI THI YLGOSLAV
LNIIICATION, 1,qq1q1q


eveIopmenL oI LIe deu oI UnIon, I.e. oI brIngIng LIe SouLI
SIuvs InLo one sLuLe, or LIe Ideu oI SouLI SIuvIc common eLInIcuI,
IIsLorIcuI und IInguIsLIc orIgIns, cun be IIsLorIcuIIy Lruced Irom LIe
end oI LIe 18
LI
c. wIen LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL SerbIun IIsLorIun oI LIuL
LIme, Jovun RujIc, pubIIsIed In VIennu IIs LIe mosL ImporLunL work
In 1;qq wILI LIe LILIe
. He poInLed ouL LIuL LIe
CrouLs ure SIuvIc peopIes wIo esLubIIsIed LIeIr own nuLIonuI sLuLe In
DuImuLIu (I.e., LIuL DuImuLIu wus un orIgInuI BuIkun regIon oI
CrouLIun sLuLeIood). CrouLIun neIgIbours, LIe Serbs, cume Irom LIe
norLI und seLLIed LIemseIves on LIe ureu oI MucedonIu, DuImuLIu,
SIuvonIu, MoesIu, RuscIu und BosnIu.
1
InuIIy, uccordIng Lo IIs
opInIon, LIe medIevuI wrILers mIxed up LIe BuIgurIuns wILI LIe
BuIkun VIucIs.
L wus LIe Germun IIsLorIun A. . ScII|Lzer wIo In IIs
$OOJHPHLQH QRUGLVFKH *HVFKLFKWH (1;;1) mude LIe IIrsL generuI
sysLemuLIsuLIon oI LIe dIspersIon oI LIe SIuvIc LrIbes uILer LIeIr greuL
mIgruLIons In LIe 6
LI
c., und u scIoIur wIo creuLed LIe Lerm - 6RXWK
6ODYV (6G6ODYHQ). urLIer, LIe SIovenIun IIsLorIun AnLon InIurL
wus u person wIo Ior LIe IIrsL LIme InLroduced LIIs Lerm InLo LIe
SouLI SIuvIc cuILure (In 18oz). TIe Lerms <XJRVODYLD und LIe
<XJRVODYV were IIrsLIy used In 18q, und IurLIer spreud up durIng
und uILer LIe RevoIuLIon oI 18q8-18qq.
z

TIe SerbIun wrILer DosILej ObrudovIc uL LIe begInnIng oI LIe
1q
LI
c. wus unLIcIpuLed LIe Ideu oI muLuuI communILy oI LIe SouLI
SIuvs on LIe IInguIsLIc buse.

He ImpIIed In LIe BuIkun cuse un

Europeun romunLIcIsL Ideu, udvunced by LIe ruLIonuIIsLIc
1
Jovan Raji, , vol. II,
Wien, 1794, pp. 168169; Milorad EkmeiStvaranje Jugoslavije 17901918, vol. I, Beograd, 1989, p.
47.
2
Franjo Ilei O postanku izraza Jugoslovenski Prilozi za knjievnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor, IX,
12, Beograd, 1929, p. 153.
3
Milorad Ekmei, Stvaranje Jugoslavije 17901918, vol. I, Beograd, 1989, p. 53.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
10
pIIIosopIers, LIuL one Iunguuge meuns und one nuLIonuI communILy,
buL uL LIe sume LIme wILI cIeur dIIIerenLIuLIon oI LIe SerbIun speecI
Irom LIe SIuvIc neIgIbours. or IIm, LIe borders oI LIe common
SouLI SIuvIc Iunguuge ure uL LIe sume LIme und LIe borders oI LIe
sume SouLI SIuvIc eLInonuLIon, regurdIess on LIe currenL (und
IIsLorIcuI) sILuuLIon LIuL LIe SouLI SIuvs Iuve been IIvIng In dIIIerenL
poIILIcuI enLILIes (sLuLes) und conIessIng dIIIerenL IuILIs (by beIongIng
Lo dIIIerenL, und even unLugonIsLIc, cIurcIes und LIeoIogIcuI beIIeves
- LIe Romun CuLIoIIcIsm, OrLIodoxy, sIum).
By LIe creuLIon oI LIe rencI (by NupoIeon),OO\ULDQ3URYLQFHV
(3URYLQFHV ,OO\ULHQQHV), composed by DuImuLIu, DubrovnIk, IILLoruI
porLIon oI MonLenegro, sLrIu, souLIern SIovenIu, souLIern CrouLIu
und CurInLIIu, wIIcI us poIILIcuI reuIILy exIsLed beLween 18oq und
181q, begun LIe perIod wIen LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom LIese LerrILorIes
sLurLed Lo IIve under LIe ruIe oI u sIngIe sLuLe. TIese new poIILIcuI
cIrcumsLunces (Irom 18oq Lo 1q18) Iud un ImpucL on creuLIon umong
LIem u conscIousness oI LIeIr nuLIonuI unILy (u Ies unIr en corps de
nuLIon): LIese vurIous peopIes Iud Lo be educuLed wILI regurd Lo LIe
Ideu oI one nuLIon In order Ior uII oI LIem Lo demonsLruLe sImIIur
spIrILs und Ideus.
q

AcLuuIIy, LIe rencI governmenL currIed ouL u poIIcy oI LIe
SouLI SIuvIc udmInIsLruLIve unIIIcuLIon under LIe nume oI LIe
,OO\ULDQ Iunguuge und LIe ,OO\ULDQ nuLIon.

L wus, In IucL, LIe poIIcy

oI nuLIonuI unIIIcuLIon oI LIe )UHQFK SouLI SIuvs under LIe IIyrIun
eLInIc nume.
AL LIe LIme oI poIILIcuI ubsoIuLIsm In LIe Hubsburg MonurcIy
uILer LIe Congress oI VIennu (181q-181), LIe AusLrIun Emperor
reLuIned some InsLILuLIons und prucLIce, wIIcI were esLubIIsIed
under LIe NupoIeonIc ruIe on LIe SouLI SIuvIc LerrILorIes oI LIe
Iormer rencI ,OO\ULDQ SURYLQFHV. or InsLunce, souLIern purL oI
presenL duy CrouLIu (Irom LIe Kupu RIver Lo DuImuLIu) remuIned In
LIe udmInIsLruLIve connecLIon wILI LIe SIovenIun provInces. n IucL,
un orgunIsuLIon oI LIe ,OO\ULDQ .LQJGRP, us un AusLrIun crown Iund,
murked LIe begInnIng oI LIe Hubsburg unLI-HungurIun poIIcy.
4
Monika Seknowska-*OXFN Illyrie sous la domination Napoleonienne 18091813 Acta Poloniae
Historica, 41, Warszawa, 1980, p. 100; John B. Allcock, Explaining Yugoslavia, Columbia University
Press, New York, 2000, p. 221.
5
At that time it was belief that all South Slavs originated from the ancient inhabitants of the Balkan
Peninsula the Illyrians.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
11
However, VIennu, uL LIe sume LIme, currIed ouL LIe poIIcy, uccordIng
Lo wIIcI, LIe IIyrIun KIngdom sIouId be LIe nucIeus oI u sIngIe
SouLI SIuvIc udmInIsLruLIve provInce wILIIn LIe Hubsburg MonurcIy,
In orGHU WR DYHUW WKH 6RXWK 6ODYLF XQLILFDWLRQ XQGHU 6HUELDV
IeudersIIp, wIuL meuns beyond LIe borders oI LIe Hubsburg
MonurcIy. TIIs pIun wus orIgInuIIy desIgned by LIe AusLrIun
cIunceIIor MeLLernIcI, wIo wunLed LIuL LIe AusLrIun IIyrIun
KIngdom wouId embruce uII DuImuLIu In order Lo creuLe LIe SouLI
SIuvIc IederuI unIL (provInce) In LIe Hubsburg MonurcIy (MILLl
gIIcIes SIuvIscIes ReIcI).
6

AILer LIe IuII oI NupoIeonIc ,OO\ULDQ 3URYLQFHV und LIe end oI
LIe SerbIun RevoIuLIon (18oq18) uguInsL LIe OLLomun IordsIIp
LIe spIrIL oI YugosIuv unIon sIIILed ILs cenLre oI gruvILy Irom LIe
AdrIuLIc cousL Lowurd BeIgrude. TIe Serbs cIuImed u poIILIcuI
IeudersIIp oI LIe unIon, noL onIy becuuse oI LIe orgunIsuLIon oI LIe
Lwo nuLIonuI uprIsIngs uguInsL LIe Turks (18oq181 und 181), buL
uIso Ior LIe reuson LIuL exucLIy LIey sLurLed Lo creuLe us LIe IIrsL
BuIkun nuLIon u socIeLy wILIouL IeuduI eIemenLs. TIIs socIuI poInL
becume soon LIe crucIuI ImpeLus Ior uII IIberuI movemenLs umong LIe
SouLI SIuvs.
;
AILer LIe SerbIun RevoIuLIon SerbIu becume LIe
ORFRPRWLYHRI<XJRVODYXQLRQIRUWKHQH[WRQHKXQGUHG\HDUV,QWKH
mId-1q
LI
cenLury LIere were very ImporLunL SerbIun poIILIcuI desIgns
wILI regurd Lo LIe IuLure oI LIe SouLI SIuvs on LIe BuIkun PenInsuIu.
7KH PRVW LPSRUWDQW RI WKHP ZDV WKH VHFUHW SODQ RI 6HUELDV IRUHLJQ
poIIcy 1DHUWDQLMH (18qq), or LIe 'UDIW, wrILLen by LIe SerbIun
MInIsLer oI nLerIor, IIju GuruunIn, wIo, In essence, dId noL
projecLed u common YugosIuv sLuLe buL onIy u GreuLerJUnILed SerbIu
(I.e., unIIIcuLIon oI uII SerbIun peopIe und IIsLorIcuI Iunds).
NeverLIeIess, LIIs projecL prucLIcuIIy becume u pIvoLuI poIILIcuI
progrum oI LIe YugosIuv unIIIcuLIon, uIongsIde wILI u proposuI Ior u
IuLure SerbIun IoreIgn poIIcy desIgned by LIe PoIIsI ugenL In SerbIu,
runcIsco ZucI, under LIe InsLrucLIons gIven by LIe PoIIsI counL
Adum CzurLoryskI In &RQVHLOV VXU OD FRQGXLWH D VXLYUH SDU OD 6HUELH
(18q). TIe busIc CzurLoryskI's Ideu wus LIuL SerbIu Iud Lo Ieud u
poIIcy oI pun-SouLI SIuvIc unIIIcuLIon. n LIe oLIer words, LIe IInuI
gouI oI LIe SerbIun IoreIgn poIIcy Iud Lo be u creuLIon oI LIe common
6
Arthur G. Haas, Metternich. Reorganisation and Nationality, 18131818. A Study in Foresight and
Frustration in the Rebuilding of the Austrian Empire, Wiesbaden, 1963, p. 100.
7
Milorad EkmeLStvaranje Jugoslavije 17901918, vol. I, Beograd, 1989, p. 165.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
12
SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe.
8
or LIe creuLIon oI LIe muLuuI sLuLe oI LIe SouLI
SIuvs wus IIgILIng uIso und MuLIju Bun, u IIberuI SerbIun CuLIoIIc
wrILer Irom DubrovnIk, wIo cume Lo IIve In BeIgrude In 18qq. HIs
muIn Lusk wus Lo Lurn LIe SerbIun IoreIgn poIIcy Irom LIe Ideu oI LIe
creuLIon oI LIe GreuLer SerbIu Lowurds LIe IormuLIon oI YugosIuvIu.
q

TIe oIIIcIuI propugundIsLIc IdeoIogy oI LIe CrouLIun ,OO\ULDQ
0RYHPHQW,Ieud by LIe CrouLIzed Germun judevIL Guj, Irom LIe IIrsL
IuII oI LIe 1q
LI
c., undersLood uII SouLI SIuvs us u sIngIe
eLInoIInguIsLIc group, wIo Ius Lo IIve In unILed nuLIonuI sLuLe oI
*UHDWHU,OO\ULD-Irom LIe AIps Lo LIe BIuck Seu. L Is cIeur Irom Guj`s
urLIcIe 1D QDURG (18) In wIIcI Ie LIougIL LIuL In LIe 0DJQXP
,OO\ULFXP (us unILed SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe, esLubIIsIed by LIe wesLern,
cenLruI und eusLern porLIons oI LIe BuIkuns) sIouId be IncIuded LIe
SIovenes, CrouLs, SIuvonIuns, DuImuLIuns, BosnIuns, MonLenegrIns,
Serbs, und IInuIIy BuIgurIuns.
1o

judevIL Guj (udwIg Guy) IormuIIy Iuvoured u LoLuI
unIIIcuLIon oI uII SouLI SIuvs IncIudIng und BuIgurIuns, buL Ior LIe
Serbs und SIovenes IIs projecLed GreuLer IIyrIu wus noLIIng eIse buL
onIy GreuLer CrouLIu. However, LIe IuLer pun-YugosIuv propugundu
(mIs)used Guj`s wrILIngs Lo promoLe un Ideu oI unILed YugosIuvIu us,
Ior InsLunce, Ie wus LIe IIrsL wIo proposed LIuL LIe common nume
Ior LIe SouLI SIuvs In LIe TrIune KIngdom (DuImuLIu, CrouLIu und
SIuvonIu) Ius Lo be LIe 6HUER&URDWV wIo spoke LIe common 6HUER
&URDWLDQ(or &URDWR6HUELDQ) Iunguuge.
11
UndoubLedIy, judevIL Guj
cuIIed LIe muLuuI SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe us LIe 0DJQXP ,OO\ULFXP, LIuL
wus LerrILorIuIIy dIvIded InLo LIe IIgIer (SIovenIu), LIe mIddIe
(LIe muIn purL oI CrouLIu) und LIe Iower (Irom BosnIu Lo LIe BIuck
Seu) unILes.
1z
n LIe oLIer words, j. Guj IncorporuLed LIe wIoIe
8
Dragoslav Stranjakovic, '.DNRMHSRVWDOR*DUDDQLQRYR1DHUWDQLMH, Spomenik, 91, Beograd, 1939,
p. 13; Vasa Cubrilovic, ,VWRULMDSROLWLNHPLVOi u Srbiji XIX v., Beograd, 1958, pp. 166169.
9
Milorad Ekmecic, Stvaranje Jugoslavije 17901918, vol. I, Beograd, 1989, pp. 369370.
10
Ljudevit Gaj, '1DQDURG, Danica, 34, Zagreb, August 29
th
, 1835.
11
Franjo Fancev, 'Ilirstvo u Hrvatskom preporodu, Ljetopis JAZU, 49, Zagreb 1937.
12
Ljudevit Gaj, '1DQDURG, Danica, 34, Zagreb, August 29
th
, 1835. During the first visiting of Budapest
by Ljudevit Gaj in 1846 one of the British intelligence diplomats noticed that he was surely convinced in
the fact that 'the secret aim oI the Croats was and probably is, to create one Illyrian Kingdom which would
be consisted by Carniola, Carinthia, Istria, Croatia, Slovenia, Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina and Dalmatia
|Blackwell to Palmerston, 'Memoire on the Agitation in the Austrian Empire. Viewed as a Question of
Diplomacy, London, August 21
st
, 1846, Public Record Office, Foreign Office, London, 7/333, No 109].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
13
SIuvIc souLI Irom LIe AdrIuLIc Seu Lo LIe BIuck Seu, Irom VIIIucI
(BeIjuk) und GorIzzIu Lo LIe Iower Hungury, und Irom Skudur Lo
Vurnu InLo LIe 0DJQXP ,OO\ULFXP.
1
However, poIILIcuI cenLre oI
*DMV0DJQXP,OO\ULFXPKDGWREH&URDWLDVFDSLWDO Zugreb.
AL LIe sume LIme, Vuk SLeIunovI-KurudL D IDPRXV 6HUELDQ
Iunguuge reIormer, sLundurdIzed LIe IILeruI Iunguuge Ior LIe Serbs.
TIIs modeI oI Serb sLundurdIsed Iunguuge wus borrowed by judevIL
Guj Ior LIe IILLeruI Iunguuge oI LIe CrouLs und on sucI u wuy Vuk und
Guj compIeLed u IIsLorIcuI mIssIon oI sLundurdIsIng LIe common
IILeruI Iunguuge Ior boLI LIe Serbs und LIe CrouLs. Among LIe
SIovenes LIe Iunguuge-sLundurdIsuLIon work wus compIeLed by
runce Preern und LIe oLIer SIovenIun poeLs uL LIe IIrsL IuII oI LIe
1q
LI
c.
1q
As u common sLundpoInL oI u mujorILy oI LIe 1q
LI
c. SouLI
SIuvIc pIIIoIogIsLs wus un opInIon LIuL uILer LIe process oI u IInuI
sLundurdIsuLIon oI WKH 6RXWK 6ODYLF QDWLRQDO ODQJXDJHV WKH\
unywuy, Iuve been undersLood us onIy dIIIerenL wrILLen expressIons
oI u common SouLI SIuvIc vernucuIur.
TIe IrsL SIuvIc Congress, IeId In Prugue Irom Muy
LI
Lo
June
rd
, 18q8, wus un ImporLunL pun-SIuvIc IIsLorIcuI evenL wIIcI
IosLered LIe Ideu oI SIuvIc unIon und LIe SouLI SIuvIc soIIdurILy und
UHFLSURFLW\ LQ WKH %DONDQV 7KH &RQJUHVV GHSXWLHV GHFLGHG WKDW WKH
LerrILorIuI InLegrILy oI LIe Hubsburg MonurcIy Ius Lo be suved, buL uL
LIe sume LIme LIuL LIe nuLIonuI-LerrILorIuI-udmInIsLruLIve uuLonomIes
oI LIe SIuvIc peopIes wILIIn LIe MonurcIy sIouId be Iormed und
respecLed. A purLIcIpuLIon In LIe Congress' sessIons were Luken und
by one YugosIuv secLIon composed by LIe deIeguLes Irom SIovenIu,
CrouLIu, DuImuLIu und Irom LIe SerbIun popuIuLed ureus In LIe
souLIern Hungury (VojvodInu). TIe Congress receIved u proposuI by
13
Franjo Tudman, +UYDWVNDXPRQDUKLVWLNRM-XJRVODYLML, vol. I (19181928), Zagreb, 1993, p. 16.
14
According to Tudman, Karadzic`s idea that all Stokavian dialect speaking population of Serbo-Croatian
language is of the Serb origin, written in his article Srbi svi i svuda in 1836 and published in Kovcezic za
istoriju, jezik i obicaje Srba sva tri zakona (Wien 1849), was the crucial reason for Croats to turn back from
the idea oI Illyrism towards the idea oI Croatism. Tudman, also, pointed out that Karadzic`s theory was a
Ioundation oI the 'Great Serbism Ior the next generations oI the Serbian ideologists and politicians in
order to create a Greater Serbia |Franjo Tudman, +UYDWVNDXPRQDUKLVWLNRM-XJRVODYLML, vol. I, Zagreb,
1993, pp. 2223|. However, Tudman was wrong in this point Ior the reason that the Karadzic`s idea oI
Stokavian Serbdom was in Iact taken by him from the leading Slavic philologists at that time and it was
publically presented as a Serbian answer to the Croatization oI the Roman Catholic Stokavian speakers by
the leaders of the Croatian Illyrian Movement.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
14
LIe YugosIuv deIeguLIon LIuL LIe ,OO\ULDQ nume Ior LIe SouLI SIuvs
wouId be repIuced by LIe <XJRVODY one.
1

AILer LIe IuII oI ubsoIuLIsm In LIe Hubsburg MonurcIy LIe
YugosIuv poIILIcuI unIIIcuLIon wus cIumpIoned by SerbIu`s PrInce
MIIuIIo ObrenovIc (186o-1868), wIo worked on u creuLIon oI LIe
poIILIcuI-mIIILury uIIIunce oI LIe BuIkun nuLIons Ior u wur uguInsL
eILIer LIe OLLomuns or LIe Hubsburgs. n IucL, LIIs wur wouId Luke
LIe Iorm oI u generuI BuIkun revoIuLIon Ior LIe nuLIonuI IIberuLIon. On
LIe ruIns oI LIe OLLomun und LIe Hubsburg muILInuLIonuI empIres
PrInce MIIuIIo InLended Lo (re)esLubIIsI IndependenL BuIkun und
Sub-DunubIun nuLIonuI sLuLes. As LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL SouLI SIuvIc
nuLIonuI uIm, PrInce MIIuIIo desIgned, In cooperuLIon wILI LIe
CrouLIun und BuIgurIun nuLIonuI represenLuLIves, u creuLIon oI one
(con)IederuI YugosIuv sLuLe wILI SerbIu us ILs poIILIcuI cenLre.
16
HIs
IeudIng reuson, oI LIe geo-poIILIcuI nuLure, In LIIs muLLer wus u sLrong
convIcLIon LIuL onIy u LerrILorIuIIy greuL und nuLIonuIIy unILed sLuLe
couId be reuIIy IndependenL one uL LIe BuIkuns. TIe mosL cIunces Lo
creuLe sucI sLuLe Iud prImurIIy LIe SouLI SIuvs.
1;

TIe IIrsL YugosIuv Congress (oI LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIu-
Hungury) wus IeId In eIbucI (jubIjunu) Irom December 1
sL
Lo
rd
,
18;o. TIe muIn Congress` decesIon wus LIuL LIe AusLro-HungurIun
SouLI SIuvs sIouId negoLIuLe wILI LIe HungurIuns upon LIe
modIIIcuLIon oI LIe exIsLIng AusLro-HungurIun duuI sysLem
(esLubIIsIed In 186;). AccordIng Lo LIe YugosIuv proposuI, LIIs duuI
(AusLro-HungurIun) IederuI sysLem Iud Lo be LrunsIormed InLo LIe
LrIpIe IederuI sysLem (AusLro-HungurIun-SIuvIc) by recognILIon oI
LIe sepuruLe SIuvIc purL us un uuLonomous IederuI unIL wILIIn LIe
Hubsburg domuIns.
18
TIe IeudIng CrouLIun NuLIonuI PurLy Issued uL
15
Milorad Ekmecic, Stvaranje Jugoslavije 1790-1918, vol. I, Beograd, 1989, pp. 535536.
16
Vasa Cubrilovic, Istorija politicke misli u Srbiji XIX v., Beograd, 1958, pp. 222223.
17
An agreement between the Serbian government and the Bulgarian Revolutionary Committee, signed in
Romania in 1867, anticipated a creation of the Yugoslav Empire. In fact, the Serbo-Bulgarian federation had
to be created under the government oI the Serbian Obrenovic dynasty. By agreement between Serbia and
Montenegro the Montenegrin Prince Nikola I Petrovic granted to abdicate from the throne in the Prince
Mihailo`s Iavour in the case oI political uniIication oI Serbia and Montenegro |Vasa Cubrilovic, Istorija
politicke misli u Srbiji XIX v., Beograd, 1958, pp. 225227; Grgur Jaksic, Vojislav Vuckovic, Spoljna
politika Srbije za vreme vlade kneza Mihaila (Prvi balkanski savez), Beograd, 1963, pp. 281287,
362369, 452455].
18
Dr. Jaroslav Sidak, Dr. Mirjana Gross, Dr. Igor Karaman, Dragovan Sepic, Povjest hrvatskog naroda
1860-1914, Zagreb, 1968, p. 45.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
15
LIe sume yeur u 'HFODUDWLRQ, unnouncIng LIuL LIe IInuI uIm oI
common desIres und work oI LIe Serbs, BuIgurIuns, SIovenes und
CrouLs sIouId be LIeIr unIon InLo LIe IndependenL, Iree, popuIur und
YugosIuv sLuLe communILy.
1q

n LIe 186o`s boLI CrouLIun bIsIop und nuLIonuI Ieuder, J. J.
SLrossmuyer, und SerbIu`s PrInce MIIuIIo ObrenovIc beIIeved LIuL
LIe SouLI SIuvIc peopIes couId ucIIeve LIeIr Ireedom onIy In LIe cuse
oI mIIILury deIeuL oI LIe OLLomun EmpIre In u wur uguInsL LIe BuIkun
CIrIsLIuns, wIuL uIso wouId be u precondILIon Ior LIe IInuI OLLomun
expuIsIon Irom LIe BuIkun PenInsuIu.
zo
However, on LIe oLIer Iund,
J. J. SLrossmuyer, In conLrusL Lo boLI PrInce MIIuIIo und LIe SerbIun
PrIme MInIsLer IIju GurusunIn, dId noL LIInk LIuL LIe Hubsburg
MonurcIy wus LIe muIn opponenL Ior ucIIevemenL oI LIe IIberuI
poIILIcuI und nuLIonuI uIms by LIe BuIkun nuLIons.
z1
n JuIy 1868
SLrossmuyer LoId Lo LIe ugenL oI LIe SerbIun governmenL LIuL IIs
CrouLIun NuLIonuI PurLy beIIeved LIuL LIe duLy oI SerbIu wus Lo
IIberuLe BosnIu und HerzegovInu Irom LIe OLLomun EmpIre und uL
sucI u wuy Lo creuLe u IounduLIon Ior LIe IuLure YugosIuv sLuLe
unIIIcuLIon.
zz
A projecL oI LIe YugosIuv unIIIcuLIon desIgned by LIe
CrouLIun NuLIonuI PurLy wus In essence bused on LIe Ideu LIuL In LIe
sLruggIe Ior creuLIon oI u common YugosIuv sLuLe SerbIu sIouId
ussume u poIILIcuI, buL CrouLIu u cuILuruI mIssIon.
z
AccordIng Lo J. J.
SLrossmuyer, SerbIu wouId be LIe YugosIuv PIedmonL, wIIIe CrouLIu
wouId pIuy u roIe oI LIe YugosIuv Tuscuny.
zq

J. J. SLrossmuyer, . RuckI, M. MruzovIc und LIe oLIer Ieuders
oI LIe CrouLIun NuLIonuI PurLy IIrsLIy supporLed u cuILuruI unIon oI LIe
SouLI SIuvs, wIIcI wouId be u busIs Ior LIeIr IuLer nuLIonuI und
19
Milorad Ekmecic, Stvaranje Jugoslavije 17901918, vol. II, Beograd, 1989, p. 235.
20
Vasilije . Krestic, Srpsko-hrvatski odnosi i jugoslovenska ideja u drugoj polovini XIX veka,
Beograd, 1988, p. 136.
21
ibid.
22
Milorad Ekmecic, Stvaranje Jugoslavije 17901918, vol. II, Beograd, 1989, pp. 238239.
23
Dr. Hans Schrekeis, 'Introduction in the collection by Anton Zollitsch, Josef Georg Strossmayer.
Beitrlge zur konfessionellen Situation gsterreich-Ungarns im ausgehendem 19. Jahrhundert und zur
Union sbemhung der Slawen bis in die Gegenwart, Salzburg, 1962, p. 5.
24
This division oI roles on 'Serbian Piedmont and 'Croatian Tuscany made Strossmayer in his letters to
the British Prime Minister [R. W. Seton-Watson, The Southern Slav question and the Habsburg
Monarchy, London, 1911, p. 420, 'The letter sent to Gladstone on October 1
st
, 1876; James Bukowski,
'Jugoslavism and the Croatian National Party in 1867, Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, 3,
1, 1975, p. 74].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
16
poIILIcuI unIIIcuLIon.
z
However, boLI Serbs und CrouLs beIIeved LIuL
u creuLIon oI u common YugosIuv sLuLe wus onIy possIbIe wuy Lo unILe
uII Serbs und CrouLs InLo u sIngIe nuLIonuI sLuLe. or exumpIe, LIe
CrouLIun NuLIonuI PurLy`s IdeoIogue, IIsLorIun runjo RuckI, wus
convInced LIuL LIe dIvIded CrouLs (wIo IIved In severuI AusLro-
HungurIun provInces und OLLomun BosnIu und HerzegovInu) couId be
unILed und provIde Ior LIemseIves u cuILuruI, nuLIonuI und poIILIcuI
Independence onIy In LIe uIIIunce wILI oLIer SouLI SIuvs.
z6
CrucIuI
dIIIerence beLween SerbIun und CrouLIun poIILIcuI Ieuders In regurd Lo
LIe creuLIon oI u common SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe wus LIeIr opposILe
opInIons upon LIe quesLIon wIo Ius Lo pIuy u prIncIpuI roIe durIng
LIIs process. SerbIun poIILIcIuns cIuImed LIuL LIIs roIe sIouId pIuy LIe
PrIncIpuIILy oI SerbIu, wIIIe LIeIr CrouLIuns counLerpurLs suw CrouLs
us LIe prIncIpuI Ieuders oI LIe unIIIcuLIon. ConsequenLIy, uccordIng Lo
LIe prIor, BeIgrude wouId be LIe cupILuI oI unILed SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe
wIIIe LIe IuLer Iuvoured Zugreb us u SouLI SIuvIc cupILuI.
DurIng LIe SerbIun-OLLomun crIses In 186z SerbIun poIILIcIun
Irom VojvodInu (Vujdusag), MIIuIIo PoIIL-DesuncIc proposed u
poIILIcuI pIun Ior resoIvIng boLI LIe EusLern QuesLIon und LIe Sub-
DunubIun QuesLIon. AccordIng Lo LIe pIun, one greuL BuIkun sLuLe
Ius Lo be creuLed gruduuIIy In LIree sLuges: 1) LIe *UHDWHU 6HUELD,
composed by BosnIu, HerzegovInu, MonLenegro, LIe AncIenL SerbIu
(Kosovo, MeLoIIju und Sundzuk) und LIe PrIncIpuIILy oI SerbIu; z) LIe
<XJRVODY )HGHUDWLRQ oI CrouLIu und SerbIu (LIe demurcuLIon IIne
beLween SerbIu und CrouLIu wouId IoIIow LIe Vrbus RIver In BosnIu),
und ) LIe %DONDQ )HGHUDWLRQ, mude by LIe YugosIuv ederuLIon
(SerbIu und CrouLIu) und BuIgurIu.
z;
TIe wuy oI LIInkIng oI MIIuIIo
PoIIL-DesuncIc wus Lrucked by LIe IIrsL SerbIun socIuIIsL - SveLozur
MurkovIc wIo proposed u sImIIur pIun. He uIso desIgned LIree sLuges
oI creuLIon oI one common SouLI SIuvIc BuIkun sLuLe: IIrsLIy, LIe
creuLIon oI IederuI SerbIu; secondIy, LIe Serbo-BuIgurIun ederuLIon
(or LIe YugosIuv ederuLIon), und LIIrdIy, LIe BuIkun ederuLIon.
z8

TIe SerbIun wrILer Jovun SkerIIc und scIoIur Jovun CvIjIc uIso
Iuvoured u YugosIuv ederuLIon. One oI LIe supporLers oI LIe concepL
25
Vasilije . Krestic, Srpsko-hrvatski odnosi i jugoslovenska ideja u drugoj polovini XIX veka,
Beograd, 1988, p. 134.
26
ibid.
27
Vasa Cubrilovic, Istorija politicke misli u Srbiji XIX v., Beograd, 1958, pp. 258262.
28
ibid, pp. 300313.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
17
oI LIe YugosIuv IederuLIon wILI BeIgrude us u cupILuI wus und LIe
SerbIun IIsLorIun und pIIIoIogIsL - SLojun NovukovIc. He expressed
IIs IederuIIsL Ideus In LIe urLIcIe 1DNRQ VWR JRGLQD ($IWHU RQH
KXQGUHG \HDUV, 1q11).
zq
AcLuuIIy, uII oI LIese menLIoned SerbIun
poIILIcIuns und scIoIurs suw SerbIu us LIe PIedmonL oI eILIer
YugosIuvs or uII SouLI SIuvs.
o
AL sucI u wuy, BeIgrude Iud Lo pIuy u
roIe oI SerbIun BIsmurckIsm. TIeIr urgumenLs were bused on LIe
nexL LIree IucLs: 1) onIy Serbs creuLed up Lo LIuL LIme Iree SouLI
SIuvIc sLuLes - SerbIu und MonLenegro; z) Serbs Iud been In mujorILy
umong uII SouLI SIuvs und purLIcuIurIy umong LIe YugosIuvs; und )
SerbIun peopIe und ILs Iunds Iud LIe bIggesL economIc poLenLIuIs und
nuLuruI resources.
Towurds LIe end oI LIe 1q
LI
c. LIere were muny vurIuLIons oI
LIe projecL oI unILed SouLI SIuvIc, or YugosIuv, Iunds. or exumpIe,
LIe SerbIun wrILer MIIun MIIojevIc In 1881 pubIIsIed u mup oI GH
IDFWR GreuLer SerbIu, buL under LIe nume oI u GreuLer YugosIuvIu.
AccordIng Lo IIm, LIe GreuLer YugosIuvIu sIouId embruce LIe
IoIIowIng LerrILorIes: IIsLorIcuI MucedonIu (up Lo TIessuIy), LIe wIoIe
porLIons oI BunuL (eusLwurd Lo Arud), Bucku (norLIwurd Lo Szeged),
und uII CrouLIun und SIovenIun Iunds IncIudIng CurInLIIu, TrIesLe und
some LerrILorIes beyond LIe sonzo RIver. SucI borders oI LIe IuLure
YugosIuvIu were uIso uccepLed by LIe Serbs P. NIkeLIc In 18qo und D.
PuLnIkovIc In 18q6, buL wILIouL SIovenIun Iunds.
1

TIe Ideu oI YugosIuv unIIIcuLIon becume u IeudIng IdeoIogIcuI
Iorce oI LIe YouLI MovemenL umong uII YugosIuvs eILIer LIuL In
IndependenL SerbIu und MonLenegro or LIose wIo IIved wILIIn
AusLrIu-Hungury. TIe movemenL IIourIsIed beLween 1qo und 1q1q
IuvIng dIIIerenL numes In vurIous YugosIuv Iunds: LIe 2PODGLQD,
0ODGD %RVQD, 0ODGD 'DOPDFLMD, eLc.
z
TIe AusLrIun GeneruI oI
SIovenIun orIgIn, Oscur PoLjorek, InLroduced LIe Lerm JungsIuwen
Ior LIIs YugosIuv YouLI MovemenL. HIs noLIIIcuLIon wus LIuL LIe mosL
sIgnIIIcunL cIurucLerIsLIc oI LIIs movemenL wus ILs wIsI Lo creuLe u
29
ibid, p. 393.
30
John B. Allcock claims that Nikola Pasic was the first among them [John B. Allcock, Explaining
Yugoslavia, Columbia University Press, New York, 2000, p. 221].
31
P. M. Niketic, Srpski svet u reci i slici, Beograd, 1890, p. 3; D. J. Putnikovic, akovanje i carevanje,
knjiga za mladez, Beograd, 1896, p. 102.
32
Milorad Ekmecic, Stvaranje Jugoslavije 1790-1914, vol. II, Beograd, 1989, p. 523.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
18
YugosIuv sLuLe.

An uppeurunce oI LIe 6ORYHQVNL-XJ (6ODYLF6RXWK)

muguzIne In 1qo In BeIgrude murked u LurnIng poInL In LIe process
oI rIpenIng oI LIe YugosIuv YouLI MovemenL. TIIs muguzIne becume,
In IucL, more und more u meeLIng poInL oI supporLers oI LIe YugosIuv
Ideu. TogeLIer wILI u sepuruLe cuILuruI orgunIsuLIon wILI LIe sume
nume, IL propuguLed un Ideu oI cuILuruI InLegruLIon oI uII YugosIuv
peopIes, buL wILI respecL oI eLIno-conIessIonuI-IIsLorIc dIIIerences
beLween LIem. AcLuuIIy, LIe movemenL desIred YugosIuv spIrILuuI
unIIIcuLIon wILIIn LIe YugosIuv poIILIcuI IederuLIon us LIe IInuI gouI
und greuLesL IdeuI.
q
TIe mosL ImporLunL sIoguns oI LIIs orgunIsuLIon
DQG LWV RZQ PDJD]LQH ZHUH WKH 8QLRQ RI WKH 6RXWK 6ODYV DQG WKH
5HYROXWLRQ DW RFFXSLHG ODQGV 7KH ILUVW <XJRVODY <RXWK &RQJUHVV
wus orgunIsed In BeIgrude In 1qoq. TIree yeurs IuLer, uIso In
BeIgrude, LIe <XJRVODY 5HYROXWLRQDU\ 2UJDQLVDWLRQ wus Iounded,
wIIcI IougIL, uccordIng Lo ILs 6WDWXWH, Ior LIe YugosIuv IederuI sLuLe
communILy wILI uuLonomous provInces. L wus orgunIsed In Prugue
In 1q1o LIe $VVRFLDWLRQ RI WKH<XJRVODY &OXEV wILI LIe uIm Lo creuLe
LIe YugosIuv cuILuruI unIon.

SerbIun und CrouLIun sLudenLs Irom

VIennu und Prugue Iounded u new orgunIsuLIon In December 1q11
under LIe nume LIe 6HUER&URDWLDQ 1DWLRQDO <RXWK 7KHLU
nuLIonuI Ideu wus CrouLo-SerbIun; LIeIr nuLIonuIILy wus LIe Serbo-
CrouLIun.
6
TIe IInuI unIon oI LIe YugosIuv YouLI MovemenL InLo u
sIngIe orgunIsuLIon wus done In LIe Iouse oI LIe CrouLIun wrILer
Oscur TurLuIju In SpIIL (DuImuLIu) on MurcI 16
LI
, 1q1. n Muy oI LIe
sume yeur LIe propuguLIon muguzIne oI LIe Ideu oI LIe YugosIuv
unIIIcuLIon 8MHGLQMHQMH (LIe 8QLRQ) sLurLed Lo be pubIIsIed by LIe
sume (unILed) Pun-YugosIuv orgunIsuLIon. TIe gouI oI IL wus Lo
prepure nuLIonuI YugosIuv revoIuLIon LIuL wus scIeduIed Ior LIe yeur
oI 1q1; Ior LIe reuson Lo spoII o
LI
unnIversury ceIebruLIon oI LIe
AusLroHungurIun poIILIcuI-nuLIonuI seLLIemenL $XVVJOHLFK
(186;).
;
n generuI, LIe Ideu oI LIe YugosIuv unIIIcuLIon wus
33
'General Potjorek to Bilinsky, Sarajevo, July 1
st
, 1914, Archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Sarajevo, Fond ZMF, 778; uro Surmin, 'Jugoslovenska omladina posle aneksije BiH 1908, Kalendar
'Sv. Sava, Zagreb, 1934, p. 4; Tin Ujevic, %RUEDQDFLRQDOLVWLNHRPODGLQH, Beograd, 1930, p. 88.
34
Milorad Ekmecic, Stvaranje Jugoslavije 17901918, vol. II, Beograd, 1989, pp. 537538.
35
Ivan Janez Kolar, Preporodovci 19121914, 19141918, Kamnik, 1930, p. 167.
36
Dr. Jaroslav Sidak, Dr. Mirjana Gross, Dr. Igor Karaman, Dragovan Sepic, Povjest hrvatskog naroda
18601914, Zagreb, 1968, 'Hrvatski narod u razdoblju od g. 1903 do 1914, p. 106.
37
Pero Slijepcevic, Mlada Bosna, 'Napor Bosne i Hercegovine za oslobodenje i ujedinjenje, Sarajevo,
1929, p. 192.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
19
uccepLed by mucI wIder SouLI SIuvIc uudIence, especIuIIy by LIose
Irom AusLrIu-Hungury, uILer LIe IIberuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc Iunds
In LIe OLLomun EmpIre by SerbIu und MonLenegro In 1q1.
InuIIy, IL Is necessury Lo revIew LIe uLLILudes Lowurds LIe
quesLIon oI LIe YugosIuv unIIIcuLIon by LIe mosL InIIuenLIuI CrouLIun
opposILIon poIILIcuI purLIes represenLed In LIe CrouLIun-SIuvonIun
PurIIumenL (Subor) In Zugreb.
TIe mosL nuLIonuIIsLIc CrouLIun purLy wus LIe CrouLIun PurLy
oI RIgILs (HrvuLsku SLrunku Pruvu), Ied by u SerbopIobIc CrouLopIIIe
AnLe SLurcevIc. TIe muIn orIgInuI poIILIcuI uIm oI LIIs purLy wus Lo
creuLe un IndependenL, Iree und unILed greuLer CrouL nuLIonuI sLuLe
bused on eLInoIInguIsLIc und IIsLorIcuI rIgILs oI LIe CrouLs (buL
ouLsIde AusLrIu-Hungury). TIIs poIILIcuI Lusk wus rudIcuIIsed wIen
JosIp runk Look LIe purLy`s IeudersIIp (ucLuuIIy IL wus creuLed u new
purLy under LIe nume - Pure CrouLIun PurLy oI RIgILs). runk`s
poIILIcuI demunds were Lo creuLe u sepuruLe unILed CrouLIun nuLIonuI-
udmInIsLruLIve provInce wILIIn AusLrIu-Hungury. However, In boLI
cuses CrouLIu sIouId embruce und IncorporuLe InLo unILed CrouL purL
oI LIe MonurcIy prImurIIy uII CrouLIun IIsLorIcuI Iunds (CrouLIu,
DuImuLIu, RIjeku, sLrIu, DubrovnIk, SIuvonIu, MonLenegro, BosnIu,
HerzegovInu, Srem und Bucku). TIe InILIuI sIogun oI LIIs purLy wus
neILIer under VIennu or under PesL, buL Ior LIe Iree und
IndependenL CrouL sLuLe. Any compromIse wILI LIe Hubsburg
MonurcIy wus ImpossIbIe Ior SLurcevIc. WILI regurd Lo LIe probIem
oI nuLIonuI IdenLILy oI LIe CrouLs, In LIe eurIy perIod oI IIs ucLIvILy
SLurcevIc wroLe In 186; LIe bookIeL %LOL N 6ODYVWYX LOL ND +UYDWVWYX
(7RWKH6ODYGRPRUWKH&URDWGRP) In wIIcI Ie presenLed LIe opInIon
LIuL LIe SIuvIc nume wus un urLIIIcIuI IubrIcuLIon. AccordIng Lo IIm,
LIe CrouLs couId be onIy CrouLs buL noL eILIer LIe SIuvs or LIe
YugosIuvs.
8
or IIm, LIe YugosIuv Ideu wus onIy u musk Ior
(OrLIodox) RussIun Pun-SIuvIc poIIcy, wIIcI wus dungerous Ior LIe
CrouLIun nuLIonuI InLeresL.
n 18q SLurcevIc resIgned Irom IIs own purLy, becuuse LIe
InLernuI dIsugreemenLs beLween LIe purLy`s Ieuders, und Iormed LIe
Pure PurLy oI RIgILs. AILer IIs deuLI In LIe nexL yeur (18q6) JosIp
runk Look LIe IeudersIIp oI LIe (new) purLy. However, In conLrusL Lo
SLurcevIc, runk wunLed Lo creuLe u GreuL CrouLIu wILIIn GreuL
38
Franjo Tuman, +UYDWVNDXPRQDUKLVWLNRM-XJRVODYLML, vol. I, Zagreb, 1993, p. 31.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
20
AusLrIu
q
(buL noL us u reuI IndependenL sLuLe ouLsIde LIe borders oI
AusLrIu-Hungury, us orIgInuIIy AnLe SLurcevIc wunLed).
L Is LIe IucL LIuL wIIIe SLurcevIc worked on LIe dIssoIuLIon oI
AusLrIu-Hungury, us LIe muIn exLernuI enemy oI LIe CrouLIun
nuLIonuI InLeresL (LIe Serbs Iuve been, uccordIng Lo IIm, LIe crucIuI
InLernuI enemy oI CrouLIu), JosIp runk worked on preservuLIon und
sLrengLIenIng oI AusLrIu-Hungury us LIe besL proLecLor oI CrouLIun
InLeresL. TIe IeudersIIp oI boLI CrouLIun purLIes oI rIgILs never
udopLed u posILIve uLLILude Lowurds LIe SouLI SIuvIc unIIIcuLIon.
Moreover, JosIp runk (wIo wus noL oI LIe SIuvIc orIgIn) Iud sLrong
unLI-SIuvIc (especIuIIy unLI-Serb) uLLILude, und openIy worked In LIe
Iuvour oI LIe RuucI regIme In CrouLIu-SIuvonIu (1qo8-1q1o) uguInsL
LIe Serbs wILIIn AusLrIu-Hungury, IuvIng IIs own urmed
purumIIILury IegIons (LIe so-cuIIed runk`s egIons).
qo

TIe runk`s purLy uL LIe LIme oI LIe Surujevo ussussInuLIon
(June z8
LI
, 1q1q) wus LIe sLrongesL CrouLIu`s SerboIob, cuIIIng Ior LIe
wur uguInsL SerbIu, wILI LIe expecLuLIon LIuL u GreuLer CrouLIu wouId
be Iormed wILI LIe AusLrIun supporL uILer LIe wur.
q1
On LIe oLIer
Iund, LIe new SLurcevIc`s PurLy oI RIgILs, wIIcI sepuruLed ILseII Irom
LIe runk`s purLy jusL beIore LIe wur, udopLed durIng LIe LIme oI LIe
GreuL Wur oI 1q1q-1q18 un uLLILude In Iuvour oI u dIssoIuLIon oI LIe
DuuI MonurcIy und preIerred u creuLIon oI LIe common SouLI SIuvIc
sLuLe. DurIng LIe unLI-SerbIun cumpuIgn In Zugreb In 1q1q LIe +UYDW,
u journuI oI LIe SLurcevIc`s CrouLIun PurLy oI RIgILs, wus openIy on
LIe SerbIun sIde und InLerceded In Iuvour oI LIe YugosIuv unIIIcuLIon.
or exumpIe, LIe +UYDW pubIIsIed severuI urLIcIes In wIIcI LIe
SocIuIIsLs, AnurcIIsLs, HungurIuns und reemusonry were uccused us
LIe orgunIsers oI LIe ussussInuLIon In Surujevo In 1q1q, buL noL SerbIu.
WIuL concerns LIe YugosIuv unIIIcuLIon, LIe mosL ImporLunL urLIcIe oI
LIIs journuI wus pubIIsIed on JuIy q
LI
, 1q1q under LIe LILIe NuLIonuI
PrIncIpIe In wIIcI LIe Ideu oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc eLIno-poIILIcuI
unIIIcuLIon wus supporLed.
L cun be concIuded LIuL LIe deu oI UnIon oI LIe SouLI
SIuvIc, or onIy LIe YugosIuv (LIe SouLI SIuvs wILIouL LIe BuIgurIuns)
39
Rijecki Novi List, V/1911, No. 301, December 19
th
, 1911.
40
Frano Supilo, Politika u Hrvatskoj, Zagreb, 1953, pp. 206208; Antun Radic, Sabrana djela, vol.
XVIII, Zagreb, 1938, pp. 187, 335336.
41
More inIormations about it in: Veceslav Wilder, Dva smjera u hrvatskoj politici, Zagreb, 1918.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
22
6(&21'&+$37(5
7+(),567:$5<($5$1'7+(*(50$1
$86752+81*$5,$1%8/*$5,$1$1'
6(5%,$1:$53/$16

7Ie wur, wIIcI begun In AugusL 1q1q - Lo conLemporurIes LIe

GreuL Wur, Lo posLerILy LIe IrsL WorId Wur - murked LIe end oI
one perIod oI IIsLory und LIe begInnIng oI unoLIer. SLurLIng us u
Europeun wur, IL Lurned In 1q1;, wILI LIe enLrunce oI LIe U.S.A. InLo u
worId wur. TIe spurk LIuL LrIggered IL oII wus LIe ussussInuLIon oI LIe
AusLrIun IeIr-presumpLIve, ArcIduke runz erdInund, by SerbIun
nuLIonuIIsL In BosnIu - GuvrIIo PrIncIp, u member oI LIe <RXQJ
%RVQLD (0ODGD%RVQD) movemenL, In Surujevo on June z8
LI
, 1q1q.
AccordIng Lo LIe Germun IIsLorIun rILz IscIer, one oI LIe
crucIuI Iur-Iong desIgns oI Germuny`s poIIcy uL LIe end oI LIe 1q
LI
c.
und LIe begInnIng oI LIe zo
LI
c. wus u creuLIon oI LIe &HQWUDO(XURSH
(0LWWHOHXURSD), us u new economIc unIL conLroIIed by Germuny. TIe
concepLIon oI LIe MIddIe Europeun LurIII unIon In BeLImunn-
HoIIweg`s progrum Irom SepLember 1q1q were LerrILorIuIIy dIvIded
InLo Lwo purLs: 1) LIe LerrILorIes consIdered us dIrecL members:
(runce, uxembourg, Denmurk, NeLIerIunds, BeIgIum, und RussIun
purL oI PoIund), pIus LIe Hubsburg MonurcIy; und z) LIe counLrIes
consIdered us ussocIuLes: (Norwuy, Sweden, und LuIy). However, In
1q16 LIe new LerrILorIes were desIgnuLed Ior unnexuLIon by Germuny:
ILIuunIu wILI VIInIus und CourIund wILI MILuu. AL LIe sume LIme
RomunIu, BuIgurIu, SerbIu, MonLenegro, AIbunIu, LIe OLLomun
EmpIre und Greece were suw us un IncorporuLed Iunds InLo LIe New
Order In Europe under LIe Germun IordsIIp. InuIIy, IvonIu,
EsLonIu und InIund were desIgned Ior cIoser poIILIcuI und economIc
uIIIunce wILI Germuny uILer LIe peuce LreuLIes oI BresL-ILovsk und
BerIIn.
qz
AL sucI u wuy, LIe YugosIuv LerrILorIes oI LIe Hubsburg
MonurcIy were InLended Ior dIrecL membersIIp, wIIIe SerbIu und
MonLenegro were consIdered Ior IncorporuLIon InLo LIe Germun
New (Europeun) Order us LIe sepuruLe purLs Irom LIe oLIer
YugosIuv LerrILorIes. n uny cuse, uII YugosIuv LerrILorIes were
42
Fritz Fischer, Germany's Aims in the First World War, New York, 1967, see the map on p. 107.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
23
desIgned us purLs oI LIe Germun CenLruI Europe, us u new economIc
unILe under Germun conLroI und expIoILuLIon.
TIe uuLIorILIes oI LIe Hubsburg MonurcIy (boLI AusLrIun und
HungurIun) uccepLed purLIcIpuLIon In Germuny`s scIemes Ior creuLIon
o LIe Germun conLroIIed LIe &HQWUDO (XURSH (0LWWHOHXURSD) - LIe
&HQWUDO(XURSHDQ&XVWRPV8QLRQ.
q

WIuL boLI Germuny`s und AusLro-HungurIun governmenLs
undersLood, wIuL concerns LIe quesLIon oI LIe BuIkun IncorporuLIon
InLo LIe &HQWUDO (XURSHDQ &XVWRPV 8QLRQ, wus LIuL In LIIs purL oI
Europe LIeIr crucIuI enemy wus LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu, wIIcI sougIL
Lo be unILed wILI ILs eLInoIInguIsLIc compuLrIoLs Irom LIe AusLro-
HungurIun EmpIre, wIuL prucLIcuIIy menL u dIssoIuLIon oI LIe
AusLrIu-Hungury. SerbIu wus, uL LIe sume LIme, seen us LIe muIn
obsLucIe uguInsL LIe AusLrIun und Germun poIILIcuI-economIc udvunce
Lowurds LIe Aegeun Seu, und even IurLIer Lowurds LIe MIddIe EusL
(LIe so-cuIIed projecL oI 'UDQJ QDFKW 2VWHQ or BerIIn-BugIdud
connecLIon).
Among uII Europeun crIses und conIIIcLs uL LIe end oI LIe 1q
LI

c. und LIe begInnIng oI LIe zo
LI
c. LIe cIusI beLween LIe KIngdom oI
SerbIu und LIe AusLro-HungurIun MonurcIy wus u unIque one.
AccordIng Lo JoucIIm Remuk, LIe concepL oI u GreuLer SouLI SIuv
SLuLe wus IuIIy us deIensIbIe us wus AusLrIu-Hungury`s rIgIL Lo
survIvuI.
qq
urLIer, uccordIng Lo LIe sume uuLIor, LIe AusLro-
SerbIun sLruggIe orIgInuIIy (us IL wus ImugIned In VIennu und BerIIn)
Iud Lo be IInIsIed In LIe Iorm oI LIe LIIrd BuIkun wur, us LIe wur
beLween LIe Lwo nuLIons dIrecLIy uIIecLed...
rom Germuny`s perspecLIve, LIe AusLro-SerbIun mIIILury
cIusI Iud Lo be IsoIuLed Irom LIe InIIuences Irom LIe resL oI LIe
Europeun powers.
q
rom LIe Hubsburg perspecLIve, LIe AusLro-
HungurIun decIuruLIon oI LIe wur uguInsL SerbIu (JuIy z8
LI
, 1q1q) wus
InLended Lo reusserL LIe posILIon oI AusLrIu-Hungury us un
43
Alan Sked, The Decline & Fall of the Habsburg Empire 18151918, London and New York, 1990, p.
259.
44
Joachim Remak, '1914The Third Balkan War. Origins Reconsidered, The Journal of Modern
History, vol. 43, No. 3, September 1971.
45
ibid. Also, according to Joachim Remark, '...the most basic decisions aIIecting peace or war were made
by Berthold rather than Bethmann, and Pasic rather than Sazonov.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
24
IndependenL Europeun GreuL Power.
q6
AccordIng Lo JoucIIm Remuk,
%HUFKWROGDQG&RQUDGKDGYHU\PXFKRIDSUHPHGLWDWHGGHVLUHIRUD
VLPSOH %DONDQ ZDU WR UHFRYHU VRPH RI WKH PRQDUFK\V ORVW
SUHVWLJH
q;

%XOJDULDV SROLF\ RI D KHJHPRQ\ LQ WKH %DONDQ PenInsuIu Irom
188 doveLuIIed wILI LIe poIILIcuI und mIIILury uIms desIgned by LIe
CenLruI Powers, purLIcuIurIy wILI un InLenLIon Lo eIImInuLe SerbIu us u
poIILIcuI IucLor In LIe BuIkuns. AILer LIe IuIIure oI BuIgurIun uIms In
LIe Second BuIkun Wur (1q1), SoIIu Iound u supporL Irom LIe
CenLruI Powers Ior ILs uIm Lo IncorporuLe LIe Vurdur MucedonIu
q8

(und LIe Aegeun MucedonIu, Loo).
oIIowIng LIe ouL breuk oI LIe WW, on AugusL z
nd
, 1q1q
%XOJDULDV 5DGRVODYRYV JRYHUQPHQW RIIHUHG WR WKH &HQWUDO Powers u
poIILIcuI-mIIILury uIIIunce In reLurn Ior BuIgurIun purLIcIpuLIon In LIe
wur uguInsL SerbIu wILI LIe InLenLIon Lo guIn LerrILorIuI concessIons
(sImIIurIy wIuL LuIy oIIered Lo LIe EnLenLe In 1q1 Lo IIgIL on LIe
sIde oI LIe EnLenLe Ior LerrILorIuI concessIons In LIe BuIkuns und
SouLI TyroI). TIe governmenL InsIsLed LIuL BuIgurIu Iud Lo unnex
WKRVH WHUULWRULHV RQ ZKLFK %XOJDULD FODLPV WKH HWKQLF DQG KLVWRULFDO
ULJKWV
qq
TIe BuIgurIun wesLern LerrILorIuI preLensIons were noL In
opposILIon Lo LIe AusLroHungurIun pIuns wILI regurd Lo LIe
LerrILorIuI concessIons uL LIe expense oI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu.
RuLIer, LIe pIuns ubouL creuLIon oI u GreuLer (Sun SLeIuno) BuIgurIu
were IuIIy In uccord wILI LIe poIIcIes oI LIe Dunube MonurcIy. TIe
AusLroHungurIun ruIIng cIrcIes ugreed LIuL LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu
Ius Lo be LerrILorIuIIy reduced Lo LIe exLenL wIIcI wouId no Ionger be
dungerous Ior LIe Dunube MonurcIy, buL uL LIe sume LIme opposed
LIe unnexuLIon oI LIe Iurger LerrILorIes popuIuLed by LIe Serbs In
order noL Lo Iuve so Iuge number oI LIe SouLI SIuvs (und LIe SIuvs In
generuI) wILIIn LIe MonurcIy. TIuL wus u crucIuI reuson Ior LIe
CenLruI Powers Lo uccepL LIe BuIgurIun LerrILorIuI uspIruLIons uL LIe
expense oI SerbIu.
46
A. J. P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809-1918, London, 1990, p. 250.
47
Joachm Remark, '1914The Balkan War. Origins Reconsiderd, The Journal of Modern History, vol.
43, No. 3, September 1971.
48
Zivko Avramovski, Ratni ciljevi Bugarske i Centralne sile 19141918, Beograd, 1985, p. 315.
49
Haus-Hoff und Staatsarchiv, Viena, telegram No. 213.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
25
By sIgnIng LIe 6HFUHW &RQYHQWLRQ on SepLember 6
LI
, 1q1 wILI
BuIgurIu, LIe CenLruI Powers guurunLeed Lo BuIgurIu un unnexuLIon oI
LIe wIoIe LerrILory oI LIe EusLern SerbIu us Iur us LIe Moruvu RIver
DQGWKHZKROHSRUWLRQRI6HUELDV9DUGDU0DFHGRQLD
o
AccordIng Lo
LIIs ConvenLIon, BuIgurIu guIned LIe LerrILorIes oI LIe KIngdom oI
SerbIu us Iur us LIe demurcuLIon IIne beLween BuIgurIu und AusLrIu-
Hungury, wIIcI wus sLreLcIIng Irom Smederevo, beLween Kruevuc
und SLuIuEHIRUH9XLWUQDQG3UL]UHQLQFOXGLQJWKH uru MounLuIn,
ukes oI OIrId und Prespu und LIe Lown oI GevgeIIu on LIe souLI.
1

AccordIng Lo LIe IIrsL urLIcIe oI LIe 6HFUHW &RQYHQWLRQ, BuIgurIu
sIouId be enIurged wILI LIe new 1.qz squure km., und z.6q8.168
InIubILunLs.
z
InuIIy, uccordIng Lo LIe 6HFUHW &RQYHQWLRQ, BuIgurIu
sIouId ucIIeve Irom LIe OLLomun EmpIre LIe LerrILory oI LIe Iower
MurILzu RIver In IronL oI LIe cILy oI EdIrne.
A muIn quurreI beLween SerbIu und BuIgurIu durIng LIe second
IuII oI LIe 1q
LI
c. und LIe begInnIng oI LIe zo
LI
c. wus LIe quesLIon oI
MucedonIu. TIe probIem wus so compIex LIuL even LIe RussIun
umbussudor In BeIgrude durIng LIe WW (1q1q1q1;), CounL G. N.
TrubeckI, udmILLed LIuL Ie never couId reucI u rIgIL concIusIon on
MucedonIu, uILIougI Ie sLudIed LIIs quesLIon Ior LIe Iong perIod oI
LIme.

TIe RussIun dIpIomucy wus, In generuI, InduIgenL Lowurds

LIe BuIgurIun LerrILorIuI requIremenLs. or InsLunce, durIng u meeLIng
wILI LIe BuIgurIun umbussudor In SerbIu, TcIuprusInIkov, In
November 1q1q In LIe cILy oI NI CounL TrubeckI InIormed IIm LIuL
%XOJDULD PD\ DFKLHYH 0DFHGRQLD EXW UHJDUGLQJ WKH %DONDQ
LerrILorIes unnexed by RomunIu und Greece uILer LIe IrsL BuIkun
:DU ZH FDQ RQO\ SURPLVH WKDW <RX ZLOO EH VXSSRUWHG E\ XV
TrubeckI, us weII us, IndIcuLed LIuL BuIgurIu mIgIL unnex LIe LerrILory
oI TIruce us Iur us LIe IIne Enos-MIdIu. However, LIe RussIun
umbussudor In SerbIu uL LIe sume LIme noLIced LIuL BuIgurIu wouId
guIn LIese promIsed LerrILorIes onIy In LIe cuse II SopIIu wIII enLer
50
Zivko Avramovski, Ratni ciljevi Bugarske i Centralne sile 19141918, Beograd, 1985, pp. 150173.
51
ibid., see the map on p. 225.
52
ibid., p. 170.
53
Knez Grigorije Nikolajevic Trubecki, Rat na Balkanu 19141917 i ruska diplomatija, Beograd, 1994,
p. 30.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
26
LIe wur on LIe EnLenLe sIde.
q
TIe RussIun dIpIomucy, IIkewIse LIe
dIpIomucIes oI LIe oLIer members oI LIe EnLenLe, Irom LIe very
begInnIng oI LIe wur pressed SerbIu Lo revIve LIe BuIkun poIILIcuI-
mIIILury bIoc oI 1q1z, und Lo muke IInuI bIIuLeruI seLLIemenL wILI
BuIgurIu upon u LerrILorIuI dIvIsIon oI LIe Vurdur MucedonIu.

As u
LerrILorIuI compensuLIon Ior SerbIu`s Iunds Iunded over Lo BuIgurIu,
RussIu oIIered Lo SerbIu doubLIuI LerrILorIuI concessIons: ...excepL
pure SerbIun Iunds und concessIons on LIe oLIer sIde.
6
However,
LIe SerbIun unswer uIwuys Iud been LIuL LIe bIoc couId be recreuLed
uguIn, buL wILI u remurk - LIe requIred LerrILorIuI concessIons Iud Lo
be gIven Lo BuIgurIu by Greece und RomunIu, buL noL by SerbIu. AL LIe
sume LIme, SerbIu cIuImed LIuL LIe quesLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs Iud Lo
be resoIved by LIeIr unIon InLo one common nuLIonuI sLuLe und LIuL
LIe Vurdur VuIIey (I.e., LIe Vurdur MucedonIu) Iud Lo be IncIuded InLo
YugosIuvIu.
;
L Is obvIous LIuL Irom LIe very begInnIng oI LIe wur,
LIe crucIuI wur uIm oI SerbIu wus u creuLIon oI u Iurge SouLI SIuvIc
sLuLe In LIe BuIkuns. TIe quesLIon oI IncIusIon oI BuIgurIu InLo
YugosIuvIu prImurIIy depended on LIe BuIgurIun dIpIomuLIc decIsIon
wIIcI mIIILury bIoc (LIe CenLruI Powers or LIe EnLenLe) SoIIu wIII
joIn.
TIe SerbIun wur uIms durIng LIe WW were desIgned wILIIn
LIe Lwo opLIons. TIe IIrsL one, und more reuIIsLIc, wus un opLIon oI
unIIIcuLIon oI uII SerbIun IIsLorIcuI und eLInIc LerrILorIes InLo LIe
unILed nuLIonuI sLuLe oI LIe Serbs. n LIe oLIer words, uILer LIe wur IL
sIouId be creuLed LIe so-cuIIed GreuLer or UnILed SerbIu. TIuL
wus u mInImuI SerbIu`s wur uIm. TIe IIrsL sLep In LIe reuIIsuLIon oI
LIIs opLIon or u projecL wus u LerrILorIuI enIurgemenL oI LIe KIngdom
oI SerbIu uILer Lwo BuIkuns Wurs (1q1z-1q1), wIen SerbIu guIned
Kosovo, MeLoIIju, NorLIern Sundzuk und LIe Vurdur MucedonIu.
However, LIe second opLIon, onIy uccepLed In LIe cuse LIuL LIe
IIrsL one couId noL be reuIIsed prImurIIy becuuse oI LIe opposILIon by
54
ibid., pp. 7172; Archives of Serbia (Arhiv Srbije), Beograd, Ministarstvo Inostranih Dela, Politicko
Odeljenje, 1918, X-323, '3DL WR 9HVQL, January 18th, 1918; Dragoslav Jankovic, Bogdan Krizman,
*UDDRVWYDUDQMXMXJRVORYHQVNHGUDYH, vol. I, Beograd, 1964, p. 45.
55
Milorad Ekmecic, Ratni ciljevi Srbije 19141918, Beograd, 1992, pp. 89.
56
'SpalDMNRYL-Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ministarstvo Inostranih Dela MID), St. Petersburg,
November 1/14
th
, 1914, Diplomatic Archives of Yugoslavia (Diplomatski Arhiv Jugoslavije DAJ),
Beograd, secret, No. 10166.
57
Milorad Ekmecic, Ratni ciljevi Srbije 19141918, Beograd, 1992, p. 11.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
27
LIe GreuL Powers (wIuL prucLIcuIIy Iuppened uL LIe end oI LIe wur)
wus more ImporLunL Ior LIe subsequenL IIsLory oI LIe BuIkuns und ILs
InIubILunLs In LIe zo
LI
c. NumeIy, BeIgrude uccepLed LIe mId-1q
LI
c.
Ideu oI creuLIon oI YugosIuvIu, or In LIe oLIer words u common sLuLe
oI LIe SouLI SIuvs, buL wILI u IInuI und Iorever excIusIon oI BuIgurIu
(us LIe cuuser oI LIe Second BuIkun Wur). TIuL wus u muxImuI wur
uIm oI SerbIu durIng LIe wIoIe perIod oI LIe WW und IL wouId be
reuIIsed onIy II boLI BuIkun mIIILury und InLernuLIonuI dIpIomuLIc-
poIILIcuI sILuuLIon uL LIe end oI LIe GreuL Wur wouId be Iesser suILubIe
Ior LIe reuIIsuLIon oI LIe IIrsL opLIon.
or LIe SerbIun uuLIorILIes, LIe essenLIuI Lusk oI LIe reuIIsuLIon
oI LIe Ideu oI YugosIuv unIIIcuLIon IL wus In IucL un unIIIcuLIon oI LIe
Serbdom us u IundumenLuI IIsLorIcuI-nuLIonuI Lusk oI uII SerbIun
IIsLory und LIe Serbs. TIus, Ior exumpIe, uL LIe begInnIng oI 1q1z u
0HPRUDQGXP, wrILLen by LIe order oI LIe SerbIun RegenL AIeksundur
KuruRUHYL Lo LIe RussIun Emperor NIkoIuI Romunov, usked Ior
LIe RussIun supporL Ior LIe reuIIsuLIon oI LIe SerbIun nuLIonuI
progrum In LIe comIng BuIkun wurs. TIe ImporLunce oI LIe Serbs Ior
RussIu und LIe wIoIe SIuvIc worId wus puL on LIe IIrsL pIuce In LIIs
memorundum. TIe OrLIodoxy wus, uccordIng Lo LIe Memorundum,
LIe crucIuI IInk beLween LIe Serbs und LIe RussIuns und LIe muIn
nuLIonuI murker oI LIe boLI nuLIons. TIe Serbs, IIsLorIcuIIy, uILer LIe
RussIuns und RussIu ure LIe sLrongesL deIIenders oI LIe OrLIodoxy In
LIe SIuvIc communILy In wIIcI LIey Iuve u sIgnIIIcunL roIe In LIe
SIuvIc sLruggIe uguInsL LIe Pun-GermunIc ImperIuIIsm. InuIIy, LIe
Memorundum sLresses LIuL u creuLIon oI unILed SerbIun sLuLe,
consIsLed oI SerbIu, MonLenegro, purL oI MucedonIu (LIe Vurdur
MucedonIu), LIe AncIenL SerbIu (Kosovo, MeLocIIu, RuNDJSundDN),
BosnIu, HerzegovInu und CrouLIu (IncIudIng DuImuLIu und SIuvonIu)
wILI 1o mIIIIon SIuvIc InIubILunLs wouId be un ImporLunL poIILIcuI-
mIIILury IucLor In Europe, und wIuL Is LIe mosL ImporLunL, IL wouId be
u sIgnIIIcunL pIIur und supporLer oI LIe RussIun Pun-SIuvIc poIIcy.
8
A
unILed SerbIun sLuLe wouId IInuIIy sLop IurLIer GermunIc peneLruLIon
Lo LIe Neur und LIe MIddIe EusL. AL LIe sume LIme, LIe BuIkun
58
About the Serbian-Russian connections on the basis of the Russian Pan-Slavic policy there are
indisputable indications in:
1917 (), , 1935, V/55, 'Letter by
Aleksandar KaraRUHYL WR 1LNRODL ,,. After the Sarajevo assassination on June 28
th
, 1914 Austro-
Hunarian Emperor/King Franz Joseph I clearly indicated in his letter to the German Emperor that Serbia is
the principal pilar of the Russian Pan-Slavic policy in the Balkans.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
28
PenInsuIu wouId be uILImuLIy puL under LIe SIuvIc domInuLIon.
q
On
LIe oLIer sIde, SerbIu wus Ior RussIu oI un exLreme ImporLunce us LIe
onIy BuIkun sLuLe, uccordIng Lo LIe Memorundum, on wIIcI RussIu
couId reIy upon. NumeIy, BuIgurIu wus more und more under LIe
AusLroGermun InIIuence LIrougI LIe personuIILy oI LIe BuIgurIun
KIng erdInund oI Suxe-Coburg, wIo wus oI LIe Germun orIgIn;
Greece wus puL us weeI us under LIe sLrong GermunIc conLroI LIrougI
*UHHFHV G\QDVWLF FRQQHFWLRQV ZLWK WKH *HUPDQ QRELOLW\ DQG WKH
GermunopIIIe poIIcy oI LIe KIng ConsLunLIne , wIIIe Turkey wus
uIreudy under u LoLuI Germun poIILIcuI-IInuncIuI conLroI. or LIose
reusons, LIe SerbIun nuLIonuI und wur uIms Iud Lo by supporLed by
RussIu Ior LIe suke oI ILs own poIILIcuI InLeresL In LIe BuIkuns. InuIIy,
LIe Memorundum concIudes LIuL LIe GreuLer SerbIu wouId be Ior
5XVVLDWKHODVWEXOZDUNDJDLQVWWKH:HVW
6o

DurIng LIe IIrsL duys oI LIe BuIkun Wurs 1q1z1q1 LIe
SerbIun RegenL AIeksundur udressed IIs urmy wILI LIe words LIuL IL
cume u momenL Lo IInIsI LIe process oI IIberuLIon und unIIIcuLIon oI
uII Serbs, u process wIIcI sLurLed wILI LIe IrsL SerbIun UprIsIng
uguInsL LIe Turks (18oq181).
61
He precIseIy murked, uL LIe very
begInnIng oI LIe WW, LIe SerbIun Iunds wIIcI Iuve Lo be IIberuLed
und unILed wILI SerbIu und MonLenegro In IIs 3URFODPDWLRQ Lo LIe
SerbIun soIdIers: BosnIu, HerzegovInu, BunuL, BuND &URDWLD
SIuvonIu, Srem und DuImuLIu.
6z
ObvIousIy, Ior IIm uII AusLro
HungurIun OrLIodox SouLI SIuvs beIonged Lo LIe eLInIc communILy
oI LIe Serbdom.
oIIowIng LIIs Ideu oI LIe Pun-SerbIun unIIIcuLIon, LIe SerbIun
PrIme MInIsLer und LIe MInIsLer oI LIe oreIgn ReIuLIons, NIkoIu
3DL presenLed IIs own vIsIon oI LIe new (YugosIuv or unILed
59
Archives of Yugoslavia (Arhiv Jugoslavije), Beograd, Fond Vojislava Jovanovica, I. 119, 'Projekat
memoranduma za ruskog cara, Salonika, February 3
rd
, 1912.
60
The Serbian consul in Odessa, Marko Cemovic, proposed to Serbia`s Prime Minister Nikola Pasic to ask
the Russian authorities to send three divisions to the Balkans in order to help the Serbian army to finally
'realize the Serbian national program |Archives of Serbia, Beograd, Ministarstvo Inostranih Dela,
Politicko Odeljenje, 1916, IX/415, '&HPRYLV 0HPRUDQGXP WR 3DL|. In general, the Tsarist Russia
had been 'the principal champion of Serbia among the Great Powers and, without the support of St.
Petersburg, the Serbs were in urgent need of friends |John B. Allcock, Explaining Yugoslavia, Columbia
University Press, New York, 2000, p. 224].
61
Archives of Military-Historical Institute (Arhiv Vojnoistorijskog Instituta), Beograd, p. 2, k. 35,
Operacijski dnevnik, 'Naredba Komandanta I armije za 18. X 1912.
62
Branislav Gligorijevic, Kralj Aleksandar KaraRUHYL, Beograd, 1996, p. 364.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
29
SerbIun) sLuLe Lo IIs LIe mosL cIosed poIILIcuI ussocIuLes on JuIy zq
LI
,
1q1q un Ideu LIuL sIouId be reuIIsed durIng LIe wur. NumeIy, on LIe
quesLIon usked by Jovun CvIjI wILI regurd Lo LIe new boundurIes
wILI AusLrIu-Hungury uILer LIe wur, PuLDQVZHUHGWKDWRXUERUGHUV
ure goIng Lo be seL up on LIe IIne KIugenIurL-Murburg-6]HJHG
6
TIe
IIrsL oIIIcIuI ucL Issued by LIe SerbIun governmenL In wIIcI LIe
<XJRVODY SURJUDP LV SUHVHQWHG DV 6HUELDV PD[LPDO ZDU DLP ZDV
PuLV &LUFXODU 1RWH, senL on SepLember q
LI
, 1q1q. n LIIs documenL
IL wus empIusIsed LIuL In LIe BuIkuns u sLrong nuLIonuI (YugosIuv)
sLuLe Ius Lo be creuLed, composed by uII Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes
6q

(buL noL BuIgurIuns). AccordIng Lo PuL, LIe Serbs, CrouLs und
6ORYHQHV DUH WKH VLQJOH VDPH-WULEH QDWLRQ ZKLFK RQ WKH EDVLV RI
IIsLory, Iunguuge, IILeruLure und LIe rIgILs Lo seII-deLermInuLIon, Iud
uII condILIons Lo creuLe LIeIr own IndependenL poIILIcuI sLuLe.
6
TIIs
CIrcuIur NoLe uIso empIusIsed LIuL sucI sLuLe wouId presenL one
HWKQLF DQG HFRQRPLF UHJLRQ ZLWK D XQLWHG SHRSOH RI WKH VDPH-LrIbe
QDWLRQ
66
AL LIe end oI SepLember 1q1q PuI senL Lo uII SerbIun
umbussudors In LIe cupILuIs oI LIe EnLenLe sLuLes u mup wILI very
cIeurIy murked LerrILorIuI boundurIes oI LIe IuLure YugosIuv sLuLe,
uILer LIe deIeuL oI LIe Hubsburg MonurcIy. PuI unLIcIpuLed LIuL LIIs
sLuLe wouId Iuve upproxImuLeIy 1z mII. Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes
und ubouL zo.ooo sq. km. L Ius Lo be noLIced LIuL In LIe cuse oI
unnexuLIon oI TrIesWHDQG.ODJHQIXUWWKH)LUVW<XJRVODYLDZRXOGEH
WHUULWRULDO\ ELJJHU WKDQ WKH 6HFRQG <XJRVODYLD ZKLFK ZDV FUHDWHG
uILer LIe WW.
6;

TIe YugosIuv progrum, us LIe muxImuI wur uIm oI LIe SerbIun
governmenL, wus recognIsed us u IeguI und oIIIcIuI one on LIe sessIon
63
Archives of SANU (Arhiv Srpske Akademije Nauka i Umetnosti), Beograd, The Memoires by General
Panta Draki, 14 211; Milorad Ekmecic, Ratni ciljevi Srbije 1914, Beograd, 1992, p. 84.
64
orde . Stankovic, Nikola PaL L MXJRVORYHQVNR SLWDQMH, vol. I, Beograd, 1985, p. 148; Milorad
Ekmecic, Ratni ciljevi Srbije 1914, Beograd, 1992, pp. 8789; Dragoslav Jankovic, Srbija i
jugoslovensko pitanje 19141915, Beograd, 1965, p. 101; Dragoslav Jankovic, 'Nika deklaracija,
Istorija XX veka: zbornik radova, vol. 10, Beograd, 1969, p. 97.
65
orde . Stankovic, Nikola PaLLMXJRVORYHQVNRSLWDQMH, vol. I, Beograd, 1985, p. 150.
66
Milorad Ekmecic, Ratni ciljevi Srbije 19141918, Beograd, 1992, p. 177.
67
Aleks N. Dragnic, Srbija, Nikola PaLL-XJRVODYLMD, Beograd, 1994, p. 124. According to the author,
these territorial intentions were 'all but only not the intentions Ior a creation oI the Great Serbia, p. 124. It
is interesting to present opinion by Seton-Watson that the future capital of Yugoslavia should be Sarajevo
or to be shiIted Irom one place to other |Milorad Ekmecic, Ratni ciljevi Srbije 19141918, Beograd, 1992,
p. 182].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
30
oI LIe SerbIu`s PeopIe`s AssembIy (PurIIumenL) In LIe cILy oI NIs on
December ;
LI
, 1q1q. TIe prIncIpuI resuIL oI LIe ussembIy`s sessIon wus
un udopLIon oI LIe 'HFODUDWLRQ RI 1L LIuL pubIIcIy presenLed LIe
SerbIun wur uIms Lo LIe EnLenLe.
68
TIe IucL Is LIuL LIe SerbIun PrIme
MInIsLer suw creuLIon oI LIe YugosIuv sLuLe us LIe besL second
opLIon Lo IInuIIy resoIve LIe SerbIun QuesLIon (I.e., Lo poIILIcuIIy
unILe uII SerbIun popuIuLIon und Iunds) In LIe cuse II LIe IIrsL
soIuLIon (creuLIon oI LIe pure Pun-SerbIun nuLIonuI sLuLe - GreuLer
SerbIu) cunnoL come Lrue.
6q
TIIs DecIuruLIon especIuIIy sLressed LIuL
SerbIu`s wur eIIorLs Ior Independence ure uL LIe sume LIme und LIe
eIIorLs Ior IIberuLIon und unIIIcuLIon oI uII our noL Iree broLIers, LIe
Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes (I.e., LIe SouLI SIuvs wIo IIved In
AusLrIu-Hungury).
;o
n uny cuse, LIe 'HFODUDWLRQ RI 1L presenLed
LIe InLegruI YugosIuv progrum us un oIIIcIuI wur progrum oI LIe
KIngdom oI SerbIu. On LIe oLIer Iund, LIe prIncIpuI sIorLcomIng oI
LIe DecIuruLIon wus LIe IucL LIuL onIy one sIde - LIe RoyuI SerbIun
GovernmenL - unnounced IL. TIe 'HFODUDWLRQRI1L wus deIIvered Lo
LIe dIpIomuLIc represenLuLIves oI LIe EnLenLe sLuLes - runce,
EngIund und RussIu - wIo Iuve been uL LIuL LIme LogeLIer wILI LIe
RoyuI SerbIun GovernmenL In LIe souLIern SerbIu`s cILy oI NIs.
;1
TIe
DecIuruLIon opened u puLI Lowurds u Iong process oI
InLernuLIonuIIsuLIon oI LIe YugosIuv QuesLIon. SubsequenLIy, SerbIu
by LIIs DecIuruLIon LrIed Lo beuL buck u dIpIomuLIc pressure on IerseII
by LIe EnLenLe In regurd Lo LIe requIremenL Lo muke LerrILorIuI
concessIons Lo BuIgurIu, RomunIu und LuIy Ior LIeIr purLIcIpuLIon In
LIe wur on LIe sIde oI runce, GreuL BrILuIn und RussIu.
;z

68
'Deklaracija vlade Kraljevine Srbije o ratnim ciljevima Srbije, Srpske novine, 282, December
7
th
, 1914, Nis.
69
orde . Stankovic, Nikola Pasic i jugoslovensko pitanje, Beograd, 1985, p. 154. According to
Miodrag Zecevic, Nikola Pasic and Aleksandar I Karadordevic Iavoured creation of Yugoslavia, while
Serbian military establishment was against the union with the (Catholic) Croats and the Slovenes supporting
creation oI the Greater Serbia |Miodrag Zecevic, Jugoslavija 1918-1992. 1uznoslovenski drzavni san i
java, Beograd, 1994, pp. 3132].
70
ibid., p. 157; Ferdo Sisic, Dokumenti o postanku Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca (1914-1918),
Zagreb, 1920, p. 10; A. Arnaoutovitch, De la Serbie la Yougoslavie. Notes et Documents, Paris, 1919,
pp. 23; Aleksandar Belic, Srbija i juznoslovensko pitanje, Nis, 1915, p. 83; Stanoje Stanojevic, Sta hoce
Srbija?, Nis, 1915, pp. 2127.
71
After the Austrian-Hungarian armies attacked Serbia in the summer 1914 Serbia`s government with the
General-StaII oI Serbia`s Army leIt Belgrade and moved to the southern Serbia`s city oI Nis.
72
With regard to the problem of the Italian territorial aspirations on the territory of the eastern Adriatic
littoral during the Great War see: Dragoljub R. Zivojinovic, Amerika, Italija i postanak Jugoslavije
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
31
A procIumuLIon oI sImIIur wur uIms wus unnounced by LIe
0RQWHQHJULQ .LQJ 1LNROD , 3HWURYL LQ ZKLFK KH FDOOHG DOO
MonLenegrIns Lo IIgIL Ior LIe IIberLy oI uII Serbs und LIe YugosIuvs
uguInsL AusLrIuHungury, wIose uuLIorILIes procIuImed u wur
uguInsL boLI LIe enLIre Serbdom und LIe enLIre SIuvdom. TIe
MonLenegrIn ProcIumuLIon ends wILI u noLe LIuL SerbIu und
0RQWHQHJURLQWKHLUMXVWLILDEOHVWUXJJOHZRXOGEHVXSSRUWHGE\WKH
uImIgILy RussIu.





A mup oI AusLrIuHungury In 1q1q

19171919, Beograd, 1970 (America, Italy and the Birth of Yugoslavia (19171919), Columbia
University Press, New York 1972), pp. 3567. It is important to present a project created by the Croatian
politician Dr. Ivan Lorkovic very soon aIter the break out oI the war, who was at that time the leader oI the
Croatian part of the Croatian-Serbian Coalition. Namely, he sent to the Czech deputy in Prague Prof.
Masaryk Memorandum in which proposed destruction of the Dual Monarchy and formation of a common
state of all South Slavs. However, this state was imagined as a federal union of states, like the Holy German
Empire, in which every state would have its own assembly and a ruler. The crucial point of this proposal
was to create with Serbia one common state but in which it would be fully saved and preserved the
continuity oI the Croatian statehood |Franjo Tudman, +UYDWVNDXPRQDUKLVWLNRM-XJRVODYLML, volume I,
Zagreb, 1993, pp. 154155].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
32

A mup oI proposed unILed uuLonomous sLuLes oI AusLrIuHungury
durIng LIe WW

HungurIun royuI couL oI urmes represenLIng DuImuLIu, CrouLIu,

SIuvonIu, RIjeku, TrunsyIvunIu, SIovukIu und HungurIun LrIbes seLLIed
PunonIu In 8q6
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
33
7+,5'&+$37(5
7+(75($7<2)/21'21&5($7,212)
7+(<8*26/$9&200,77(($1',76
3523$*$1'$:25.


,n LIe sprIng oI LIe second wur yeur (1q1) Lwo sIgnIIIcunL
poIILIcuI evenLs occurred In connecLIon Lo LIe process oI creuLIon oI
LIe KIngdom oI Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes. TIe IIrsL one wus LIe
secreL 7UHDW\ RI /RQGRQ, sIgned beLween LuIy und LIe EnLenLe.
AccordIng Lo LIe LuIIun generuI MIIn, wIo wus u represenLuLIve oI LIe
LuIIun governmenL In LIe negoLIuLIons wILI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee
In 1q1;, LIe TreuLy oI ondon Iud un uIm Lo proLecL LuIy Irom LIe
RussIun expunsIon In LIe ureu oI LIe MedILerruneun Seu by
unnexuLIon oI ConsLunLInopIe, DurduneIIes und LIe SLruILs oI
Bosporus.
;
TIe second one wus LIe creuLIon oI LIe <XJRVODY
&RPPLWWHH, wIIcI wus, on LIe oLIer Iund, u good exumpIe Iow smuII
nuLIons were IIgILIng uguInsL u seIIIsI dIpIomucy oI powerIuI und
InIIuenLIuI Europeun counLrIes Ior LIeIr own nuLIonuI und IIsLorIcuI
rIgILs.
An oIIIcIuI uILImuLe poIILIcuI uIm oI boLI LIe RoyuI SerbIun
GovernmenL und LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus Lo creuLe u sIngIe
SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe uILer LIe wur. or boLI sIdes dIssoIuLIon oI AusLrIu-
Hungury wus obvIousIy LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL precondILIon Lo creuLe u
unIIIed SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe.
;q
However, In order Lo properIy
undersLund LIe scope oI compIex reIuLIons beLween LIe SerbIun RoyuI
GovernmenL, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee In ondon und IuLer on, LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb, IL Is necessury Lo noLIce LIuL SerbIu (us
LIe muIn poIILIcuI-mIIILury purLner) Iud us LIe prIncIpuI wur uIm Lo
IncIude uII Serbs InLo u sIngIe nuLIonuI sLuLe und, uL sucI u wuy, Lo
ILQDOO\UHVROYHWKH6HUELDQ4XHVWLRQ$Q\NLQGRIFRPPRQ<XJRVODY
sLuLe wILI LIe CrouLs und SIovenes wus possIbIe Ior BeIgrude onIy
uILer LIe Pun-SerbIun sLuLe unIIIcuLIon.
73
H. W. Sted, Mes Memoires, 19141922, Paris, 1927, p. 160; Dragovan Sepic, Jugoslovenski odbor i
Rimski pakt, Zagreb, 1966, p. 484.
74
Archives of Military-Historical Institute (Arhiv Vojnoistorijskog Instituta), Beograd, 3, box 18, vol. 21,
'Vrhovna komanda Ministarstva vojnog, May 23
rd
, 1917.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
34
Muny SerbIun poIILIcIuns, InLeIIecLuuIs, pubIIc workers und
scIoIurs LIougIL LIuL IndependenL SerbIun unIIIcuLIon wouId be
mucI sLronger und Ionger In compurIson wILI LIe sILuuLIon In wIIcI
unILed Serbs wIII IIve LogeLIer wILI LIe SIovenes und CrouLs In one
sLuLe. However, muny oI LIem Iuve been uwure LIuL LIe CrouLs wILIIn
LIe Serbo-CrouL-SIovenIun sLuLe wIII IIgIL Ior LIeIr own uuLonomous
sLuLus und even Ior InLernuLIonuIIy recognIsed IndependenL CrouLIu.
n LIe oLIer words, CrouLIu wouId be uIwuys u FRUSXV VHSDUDWXP
wILIIn LIe YugosIuv sLuLe.
;
On LIe oLIer Iund, u unIIIcuLIon oI onIy
LIe Serbs wouId meun LIuL LIe CrouLs wIII esLubIIsI LIeIr own
IndependenL sLuLe. However, regurdIess on LIe quesLIon Iow smuII
CrouL nuLIonuI sLuLe wouId be, IL wIII unywuy wILI u supporL oI some
Europeun sLuLes, prImurIIy LIe CuLIoIIc ones, uII LIe LIme jeopurdIse
LIe SerbIun InLeresLs.
;6
A reuI dIsusLer Ior uny kInd oI
GreuLerJUnILed SerbIu wus Lo Iuve us Ier neIgIbours IndependenL
BuIgurIu und CrouLIu, us boLI oI LIem couId cIuIm cerLuIn SerbIu`s
LerrILorIes und work Lo dIssoIuLe SerbIu. WIuL Is LIe mosL ImporLunL,
sLruggIes Lo creuLe sepuruLe unILed SerbIu und sepuruLe unILed CrouLIu
wouId uncondILIonuIIy Ieud Serbs und CrouLs Lo LIe wur umong eucI
oLIer over LIe LerrILorIes oI BosnIu, HerzegovInu, DuImuLIu, SIuvonIu,
KruyInu, Srem und Bucku In wIIcI boLI oI LIese nuLIons IIved mIxed
LogeLIer Ior LIe cenLurIes. InuIIy, In order Lo uvoId u IIgIer degree oI
CrouLIun LIreuL Lo LIe SerbIun nuLIonuI InLeresLs, LIe SerbIun cIvII
uuLIorILIes, Ied by SerbIu`s RegenL AIeksundur KurudordevIc,
esLImuLed LIuL LIe CrouLs wouId be beLLer conLroIIed und
neuLruIIsed wILIIn u common YugosIuv (I.e., Serbo-CrouL-
SIovenIun) sLuLe LIen ouL oI IL.
;;

BoLI SerbIun und CrouLIun poIILIcIuns knew LIuL wILIouL
creuLIon oI YugosIuvIu eILIer GreuLer SerbIu or smuII CrouLIu wouId
noL guIn LerrILorIuI possessIons oI uII (SIuvIc) DuImuLIu und sLrIu wILI
LIe AdrIuLIc IsIunds. or LIe SIovenes, LIe YugosIuv sLuLe wus onIy
75
The Serbian consul in Odessa, Marko Cemovic, inIormed Pasic that the Slovenian and Croatian oIIicers,
who were the prisoners of war in Russia, have not been inspired by the idea of Yugoslavia. According to
him, if plebiscite upon creation of Yugoslavia would be organized in the Austro-Hungarian lands the Croats
and Slovenes would vote against the common Yugoslav state [Archives of Serbia, Beograd, Ministarstvo
Inostranih Dela, Politicko Odeljenje, 1916, IX/415, '&HPRYLV0HPRUDQGXPWR3DL].
76
Branislav Gligorijevic, Kralj Aleksandar KaraRUHYL, vol. I, Beograd, 1996, p. 442.
77

1917 (), , 1935, VII/2, ' , May 4
th
,
1915.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
35
wuy ouL Irom LweIve cenLurIes (Irom ;q) oI LIe GermunIc IordsIIp.
TIe SIovenes Iuve been uIruId Lo creuLe u IederuI CuLIoIIc sLuLe wILI
LIe CrouLs us some oI LIe 1q
LI
cenLury InIIuenLIuI CrouLIun IdeoIogIsLs
oI LIe CrouL nuLIonuI IdenLIIIcuLIon und poIILIcIuns undersLood LIe
SIovenes (KrunjcI) us noLIIng eIse LIen LIe (eLInoIInguIsLIc) AIpIne
CrouLs or LIe WIILe CrouLs, I.e., us u purL oI LIe CrouLIun
nuLIonIood
;8
(LIuL wus LIe cuse wILI LIe CrouLIun PurLy oI RIgILs,
esLubIIsIed In 1861).
TIeoreLIcuIIy, wILI u creuLIon oI u sIngIe SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe
boLI LIe SerbIun und CrouLIun quesLIons wouId be resoIved by u
unIIIcuLIon oI uII LIeIr eLInIc und IIsLorIcuI Iunds InLo one sLuLe.
;q

TIe BrILIsI pubIIc workers R. W. SeLon WuLson und George M.
TreveIyun sLressed LIIs IucL In Junuury 1q1 Lo LIe SerbIun RegenL
durIng LIeIr conversuLIon wILI IIm In BeIgrude. AcLuuIIy, LIese Lwo
BrILIsI men were senL Lo SerbIu Lo LIe dIpIomuLIc mIssIon by LIe
BrILIsI oreIgn OIIIce wILI LIe Lusk Lo convInce LIe SerbIun uuLIorILy
Lo cede LIe SerbIun purL oI MucedonIu (LIe Vurdur MucedonIu) Lo
BuIgurIu, us LIe BuIgurIun condILIon Lo IIgIL on LIe sIde oI LIe
EnLenLe. As u LerrILorIuI compensuLIon Lo SerbIu Ior IosL Vurdur
MucedonIu BeIgrude wouId geL LIe EnLenLe supporL Lo occupy BosnIu,
HerzegovInu, LIe SouLIern DuImuLIu und Lo unILe SerbIu wILI LIe
AusLrIun-HungurIun SouLI SIuvs.
8o

R. W. SeLon WuLson expressed LIe sume uLLILude Lowurds LIe
YugosIuv QuesLIon In LIe sprIng 1q16 wIen LIe SerbIun RegenL
vIsILed ondon. On LIIs occusIon, R. W. SeLon WuLson deIIvered Lo
IIm LIe 0HPRUDQGXP ubouL creuLIon oI LIe YugosIuv sLuLe In wIIcI
Ie proposed LIuL SerbIu wouId IInd u compromIse wILI LuIy
concernIng LIe quesLIon oI DuImuLIu. AILer LIuL (I.e., cedIng Lo LuIy
78
The most ardent sponsors oI the theory that the Slovenes are the 'Alpine Croats or the 'White Croats
and that the Serbs who lived in Croatia are only the 'Orthodox Croats were political and ideological
leaders of the Croatian Party of Rights: Ante Starcevic and Eugen Kvaternik. About their ideology see in:
Gross Mirjana, Szabo Agneza, Prema hrvatskome gradanskom drustvu, Zagreb, 1992, pp. 257265.
According to the Croatian idea of the triple federal re-arrangement of the Habsburg Monarchy, the Croatian
federal unit, with Slovenia as a part of Croatia, has to be one of the three federal parts (together with the
Austrian and the Hungarian once) of the Monarchy [Janko Prunk, Kratka zgodovina Slovenije, Ljubljana,
2002, p. 84].
79
orde . Stankovic, Nikola Pasic i jugoslovensko pitanje, vol. I, Beograd, 1985, p. 150; Dragovan
Sepic, Italija, Saveznici i jugoslovensko pitanje, Zagreb, 1970, pp. 92120.
80
R. W. Seton Watson i Jugosloveni, Korespondencija 1906-1941, vol. I, Zagreb, 1976, p. 193;
Ubavka Ostojic-Fejic, 'Robert Vilijam Siton Vatson i Dzordz Makoli Treveljan u Srbiji 1914-1915,
Istorijski casopis, Beograd, 19821983, pp. 496498.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
36
LIe muIn purL oI DuImuLIu) SerbIu wouId geL supporL Irom LIe UnILed
KIngdom und runce Lo creuLe YugosIuvIu, wIIcI wouId be under LIe
LuIIun, BrILIsI und rencI poIILIcuI proLecLoruLe. OLIerwIse, no one oI
LIose LIree sLuLes wIII supporL creuLIon oI u GreuLer SerbIu; us sucI
sLuLe wouId be In IucL onIy LIe RussIun vussuI
81
(IIkewIse desIgned
6DQ6WHIDQRBuIgurIu In 18;8). However, uL LIe sume LIme, LIe BrILIsI
poIIcy Iuvoured un Ideu LIuL Lwo equuI IederuI unILs wouId compose
YugosIuvIu: one wILI LIe cenLre In BeIgrude (represenLIng SerbIu und
MonLenegro), und one wILI LIe cenLre In Zugreb (represenLIng LIe
AusLroHungurIun SouLI SIuvs).
TIIs Memorundum InIIuenced LIe SerbIun RegenL Lo IncIIne
Lowurds LIe Ideu oI unIIIed YugosIuv sLuLe. L cun be seen Irom IIs
uddress und order Lo LIe SerbIun soIdIers In LIe SuIonIku ronL
ImmedIuLeIy uILer IIs reLurn Irom ondon In wIIcI IL wus suId LIuL
LIey Iuve Lo IIgIL Ior creuLIon oI unILed SerbIu und mIgILy YugosIuvIu.
However, onIy LIree monLIs IuLer Ie cuIIed LIe sume soIdIers Lo IIgIL
onIy Ior IIberuLIon oI uII Serbs und onIy LIeIr poIILIcuI unIIIcuLIon, buL
noL oI uII YugosIuvs.
TIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus esLubIIsIed us u dIrecL ouLcome
oI un exLernuI poIILIcuI evenLs durIng LIe wur. L wus creuLed on AprII
o
LI
, 1q1 In PurIs, onIy severuI duys uILer LIe sIgnIng oI LIe TreuLy oI
ondon, us un unswer oI LIe AusLrIun YugosIuvs Lo LIe LuIIun
LerrILorIuI uspIruLIons Lowurd LIe IIsLorIcuI und eLInIc LerrILorIes oI
LIe SouLI SIuvs. TIe muIn Lusk oI LIe CommILLee (wIIcI wus
orIgInuIIy numed us &URDWLDQ) wus Lo oppose LIe LuIIun uLLempL Lo
IncIude SouLI SIuvIc Iunds oI LIe eusLern AdrIuLIc IILLoruI (sLrIu und
DuImuLIu) und LIe AdrIuLIc IsIunds InLo LIe posL-wur LuIy.
rom LIe very begInnIng oI LIe wur LIe LuIIun governmenL
demunded severuI LerrILorIes Irom AusLrIu-Hungury In reLurn Ior ILs
purLIcIpuLIon In LIe wur on LIe sIde oI LIe CenLruI Powers. More
precIseIy, LIe LuIIun governmenL wunLed Lo unnex AILo AdIge, sLrIu
und DuImuLIu us LIe WHUUHLUUHGHQWH und In LIuL wuy Lo uccompIIsI LIe
LuIIun IIsLorIcuI dreum wIIcI moLLo wus ,WDOLD ,UUHGHQWD.
8z
TIe
LuIIun poIILIcuI IIucLuuLIon, wILI respecL Lo ILs purLIcIpuLIon In LIe
wur, wus IInuIIy over by LIe sIgnIng oI LIe secreL TreuLy oI ondon on
81
R. W. Seton Watson i Jugosloveni, Korespondencija 19061941, vol. I, Zagreb, 1976, pp. 265267.
82
With regard to this question one can find more information in: A. J. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery
in Europe, 18481918, Oxford, 1957.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
37
AprII z6
LI
, 1q1 wILI LIe GreuL BrILuIn, runce und RussIu. TIe
IoIIowIng LerrILorIes were grunLed Lo LuIy by LIe EnLenLe Ior LIe
LuIIun enLrunce LIe wur on LIeIr sIde: 1) 9HQH]LD *LXOLD (GorIzIu,
TrIesLe, sLrIu, purL oI LIe wesLern CurnIoIu (KruIn), MonIuIcone,
CuporeLLo, TurvIsIo, PosLumIu, und LIe IsIunds oI CIerso und
ussIno); z) 7UHQWLQR (Sd TyroI, Brenner Puss); und ) u greuLer purL
oI 'DOPDWLD wILI ILs muIn LVODQGVund LIe cILy oI =DGDU (Zuru).
8
TIe
resL oI LIe SIuvIc AdrIuLIc IILLoruI wouId by sIured beLween SerbIu,
CrouLIu und MonLenegro wIIIe AIbunIu wIII be dIvIded beLween SerbIu
(LIe norLIern AIbunIu), Greece (LIe souLIern AIbunIu), MonLenegro
(LIe cILy oI Scodru) und LuIy (LIe seu-porL oI VuIonu). WILI LIIs LreuLy
LIe LuIIun 5LVRUJLPHQWR guIned u greuL poIILIcuI vIcLory.
TIe exIsLence oI LIIs secreL LreuLy wus dIscovered by LIe
member oI LIe IuLer Iormed YugosIuv CommILLee, u CrouLIun
poIILIcIun, runo SupIIo, wIo wus Irom DuImuLIu - LIe Iund wIIcI
sIouId be gIven Lo LuIy uccordIng Lo LIe LreuLy. TIuL wus u crucIuI
reuson Ior IIm Lo become one oI LIe Iounders oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee. TIe SerbIun governmenL reucLed ImmedIuLeIy, onIy one
duy uILer LIe TreuLy oI ondon wus sIgned. On LIe sessIon oI LIe
SerbIun purIIumenL on AprII z;
LI
, 1q1, NIkoIu PusIc oIIIcIuIIy once
uguIn repeuLed LIuL SerbIu`s wur uIm Is u unIIIcuLIon oI LIe SouLI
SIuvs, I.e., u unIIIcuLIon oI uII LIeIr eLInIc und IIsLorIcuI Iunds. TIuL
wus In IucL SerbIu`s rejecLIon oI LIe secreL ondon TreuLy.
8q

However, LIe muIn concern oI SerbIu`s YugosIuv poIIcy regurdIng LIe
LuIIun InLenLIon Lo occupy und unnex cerLuIn SouLI SIuvIc LerrILorIes
Irom LIe DuuI MonurcIy wus Lo proLecL on LIe IIrsL pIuce LIe SerbIun
popuIuLIon und ILs eLInIc Iunds In DuImuLIu. L Is vIsIbIe, Ior InsLunce,
Irom PusIc`s conversLIon wILI LIe RussIun umbussudor Lo SerbIu,
CounL TrubeckI wIen LIe SerbIun PrIme MInIsLer requIred Irom LIe
RussIun uuLIorILIes Lo proLecL LIe SerbIun InLeresL In AusLrIu-
83
The whole text of the treaty is published in: J. Woodward and C. Woodward, Italy and the Yugoslavs,
Boston, 1920. When the Slovene delegation approach the Russian authorities to protect the Slovenian
provinces from Italian annexation and to support the Slovene territorial unification the delegation was
refused. However, the Slovene soldiers in the AustroHungarian uniforms have been easily surrendering to
the Russian army on the Eastern Front, but fighting bravely against the Italian soldiers on the River of Soca
[Janko Prunk, Kratka zgodovina Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2002, 85].
84
Ferdo Sisic, Dokumenti o postanku Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca (19141919), Zagreb,
1920, p. 23.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
38
Hungury.
8
TIIs PusIc`s requIremenL Iud un eIIecL on LIe RussIun
uuLIorILIes In SL. PeLersburg (PeLrogrud). TIus, LIe RussIun MInIsLer
oI oreIgn AIIuIrs, SergeI D. Suzonov (186o-1qz;), promIsed Lo LIe
SerbIun deIeguLIon, Ied by scIenLIsLs jubomIr SLojunovIc und
AIeksundur BeIIc, on Muy 6
LI
, 1q1 LIuL SerbIu wIII be uwurded uILer
LIe wur by BosnIu, HerzegovInu, MonLenegro und purL oI DuImuLIu
wILI LIe cILy oI SpIIL. NeverLIeIess, LIe SerbIun deIeguLIon InsIsLed
LIuL uII SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIu-Hungury Iud Lo be unILed wILI
SerbIu und MonLenegro uccordIng Lo LIe prIncIpIe - RQH QDWLRQRQH
VWDWH,LukIng InLo uccounL un Ideu LIuL LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes
ure essenLIuIIy LIe sume eLInoIInguIsLIc nuLIon. BusIcuIIy, LIIs
requIremenL meunL u dIssoIuLIon oI AusLrIu-Hungury. Even In LIe
cuse LIuL EnLenLe powers wIII sIgn u sepuruLe peuce LreuLy wILI
AusLrIu-Hungury SerbIu sIouId geL uII AusLro-HungurIun provInces
seLLIed by LIe Serbs. NeverLIeIess, LIe SerbIun QuesLIon wouId noL
be IuIIy resoIved by creuLIon oI LIe GreuLer SerbIu composed onIy by
SerbIu, BosnIu, HerzegovInu, MonLenegro und purL oI DuImuLIu
becuuse LIe Serbs In LIe resL oI DuImuLIu, CrouLIu und SIuvonIu wouId
sLuy ouL oI LIe nuLIonuI sLuLe oI LIe Serbs. AL sucI u wuy, BeIIc und
SLojunovIc presenLed Lo LIe RussIun uuLIorILIes LIe SerbIun
QuesLIon busIcuIIy us LIe YugosIuv QuesLIon.
86

On LIe oLIer Iund, LIe RussIun MInIsLer oI oreIgn AIIuIrs,
Suzonov, wIo wus Ior muny yeurs LIe RussIun umbussudor Lo VuLIcun,
dId noL beIIeve LIuL LIe OrLIodox Serbs und LIe CuLIoIIc CrouLs und
SIovenes wouId IIve In peuce wILIIn u sIngIe sLuLe Ior LIe reuson LIuL
LIe CrouLs und SIovenes, us members oI LIe unIversuI CuLIoIIc
CIurcI-communILy, ure dependIng on decIsIons mude by LIe Romun
Pope (wIose IeudquurLers Is ouL oI YugosIuvIu) us LIe supreme Ieud
oI uII CuLIoIIcs.
8;
TIuL LIe RussIun uuLIorILy suw CrouLIun und
SIovenIun CuLIoIIcIsm us LIe muIn burrIer Ior u Iong-IusLIng common
85
Pasic especially mentioned the areas around the cities oI Sibenik, Knin and Krka River populated by the
Serbian majority [
1917 (), , 1935, VII/2, 642, '
, April 29
th
, 1915].
86

1917 (), , 1935, VII/2, 645, 'Note by Political Dept. of
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Petrograd, April 30
th
, 1915. These Serbian demands were presented in the
form of a Memorandum, under the headline 'Contemporary Serbian National Question, to the Russian
Emperor. About the Memorandum see: Dragovan Sepic, 'O misiji Lj. Stojanovica i A. Belica u
Petrogradu 1915 godine, Zbornik Historijskog instituta JAZU, 3, Zagreb, 1961, pp. 450472.
87
This opinion Sazonov told to Supilo in St. Petersburg in 1915.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
39
IIIe oI LIe CuLIoIIc YugosIuvs wILI LIe OrLIodox Serbs wus expressed
by LIe RussIun CounL JusIpov Lo SupIIo In SL. PeLersburg: AII
mIsIorLune Is In LIuL LIuL LIose mIIIIon oI you ure CuLIoIIcs.
EveryLIIng wouId be dIIIerenL II LIey wouId be OrLIodox. BuL you ure
IIsLenIng Pope, wIuL meuns LIe Ieud ouLsIde LIe sLuLe.
88
However,
CounL TrubeckI, LIe RussIun umbussudor Lo SerbIu, wus In opInIon
LIuL un IndependenL CuLIoIIc CrouLIu wouId be more dungerous Ior
LIe OrLIodox SerbIu LIuL Lo be u purL oI YugosIuvIu.
8q

TIe Iounders oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee were LIe SouLI SIuvIc
poIILIcIuns Irom AusLrIu-Hungury wIo Iud been In exIIe Irom LIe very
begInnIng oI LIe wur. TIe eLInIc composILIon oI LIe CommILLee wus
muInIy CrouLIun one. TIuL LIe CrouLs Iuve been pIuyIng LIe mosL
sIgnIIIcunL roIe In LIe CommILLee IL cun be seen Irom LIe IucL LIuL
LIree LIe mosL ImporLunL Ieuders und InIIuenLIuI men In IL were LIe
CrouLs: Dr. AnLe TrumbIc us LIe PresIdenL oI LIe CommILLee, vun
MesLrovIc und Dr. runo SupIIo.
qo
AII LIree oI LIem cume Irom
DuImuLIu. A reuson Ior LIe prImurIIy CrouLIun cIurucLer oI LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee Is connecLed wILI LIe very uIm oI ILs
esLubIIsImenL. OrIgInuIIy, LIe CommILLee wus numed us LIe &URDWLDQ
&RPPLWWHH (Iormed In Rome), Ior LIe reuson LIuL prImurIIy CrouLIun
Iunds were In quesLIon wILI reIuLIons Lo LIe LuIIun LerrILorIuI
uspIruLIons. TIe nume wus cIunged InLo LIe <XJRVODY one
IundumenLuIIy In order Lo uLLrucL SerbIu`s dIpIomuLIc supporL us LIe
Serbs were IIvIng In DuImuLIu Loo. As we suw, LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee wus creuLed onIy severuI duys uILer sIgnIng LIe TreuLy oI
ondon. TIe mosL ImporLunL reuson Ior ILs IounduLIon, und uL LIe
sume LIme, LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL poIILIcuI uIm oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee wus Lo proLecL LIe SouLI-SIuvIc Iunds In AusLrIu-Hungury
Irom LuIIun LerrILorIuI uspIruLIons und cIuIms. n LIe oLIer words, LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee wus Iormed us un orgunIsuLIon wILI LIe muIn
poIILIcuI uIm Lo sIow Lo LIe EnLenLe powers LIuL LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom
LIe MonurcIy ure uguInsL LIe TreuLy oI ondon und Lo proLecL
nuLIonuI InLeresLs oI LIe AusLrIun YugosIuvs. TIe CommILLee`s
88
Ante Mandic, Fragmenti za historiju ujedinjenja, Zagreb, 1956, p. 155.
89

1917 (), , 1935, VII/1, 354, 'Daily Report by Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, March 12
th
, 1915.
90
Alongside with these three, the most important Committee's members were: Croat Hinko Hinkovic, the
brothers Gazzari, Slovenes Niko Zupancic and Franko Potocnjak and Serbs Mihailo Pupin and Nikola
Stojanovic.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
40
IeudersIIp empIusIsed LIuL LIe YugosIuvs do noL wunL Lo be IncIuded
InLo LuIy uILer LIe wur. TIe CommILLee Invoked In LIe IusL wur yeur
LIe rIgIL Lo seII-deLermInuLIon oI uny nuLIon LIuL wus oIIIcIuIIy
recognIsed by LIe U.S.A. udmInIsLruLIon us u prIncIpIe uccordIng Lo
wIIcI LIe worId sIouId be re-orgunIsed uILer LIe WW. L wus
procIuImed us WKH ZDU DLP RI WKH 86$ LQ WKH : :LOVRQV IDPRXV
)RXUWHHQ3RLQWV6SHHFK, gIven on Junuury 8
LI
, 1q18.
TIe second poIILIcuI uIm oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus Lo
become u represenLuLIve orgunIsuLIon oI uII SouLI SIuvIc popuIuLIon In
AusLrIu-Hungury beIore LIe EnLenLe powers und durIng und
especIuIIy uILer LIe WW wILI LIe uIm Lo Luke un ucLIve dIpIomuLIc
purLIcIpuLIon uL LIe posL-wur peuce conIerence Ior LIe suke Lo proLecL
nuLIonuI InLeresLs oI LIe YugosIuvs Irom LIe DuuI MonurcIy. TIe
YugosIuv CommILLee very soon uILer ILs creuLIon In PurIs moved Lo
ondon; I.e., Lo LIe cILy wIere u poIILIcuI ugreemenL beLween LIe
EnLenLe powers und LuIy wus sIgned, In order Lo be In us beLLer us
beLLer posILIon Lo dIrecLIy negoLIuLe wILI LIe BrILIsI governmenL
wIIcI wus supposedIy LIe pIvoLuI InspIrer oI LIe LreuLy.
TIe orIgInuI InILIuLIve upon LIe poIILIcuI roIe oI LIe CommILLee
wus onIy Lo InIorm LIe EnLenLe, purLIcuIurIy LIe BrILIsI, pubIIc upon u
dIIIIcuIL posILIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc popuIuLIon wILIIn AusLrIu-
Hungury, und Lo InIorm LIem ubouL LIe nuLIonuI cIuIms oI LIe
AusLrIun YugosIuvs. n uny cuse, LIe InILIuI uIm oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee wus Lo revoke u vuIIdILy oI LIe TreuLy oI ondon.
q1

However, LIe quesLIon concernIng LIe unIIIcuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs
InLo u sIngIe, poIILIcuIIy IndependenL sLuLe, wus puL In LIe IuLer
monLIs on Lop oI dIscussIon ugendu umong LIe members oI LIe
&RPPLWWHH 7KH PDLQ SDUW RI WKH &RPPLWWHHV PHPEHUV VXSSRUWHG
LIose CrouLIun poIILIcIuns wIo sIured opInIon LIuL YugosIuvIu Iud Lo
be FUHDWHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI QDWLRQDO HTXDOLW\ ZLWK 6HUELD DV D
SDUWQHU
qz
(buL noL us u Ieuder). TIe IeudersIIp oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee compreIended IL us un IndependenL poIILIcuI orgunIsuLIon
wILI equuI negoLIuLIon power IIkIwese LIe SerbIun governmenL.
SIorLIy, IL wus ImugIned us unoLIer equuI poIILIcuI subjecL In LIe
SURFHVV RI WKH <XJRVODY XQLILFDWLRQ 5HTXLUHPHQWV E\ 7UXPEL DQG
SupIIo Ior poIILIcuI equuIILy beLween LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe
91
Aleks N. Dragnic, Srbija, Nikola Pasic i 1ugoslavija, Beograd, 1994, pp. 125126.
92
Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics, Ithaca and London,
1984, p. 117.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
41
YugosIuv CommILLee In LIe negoLIuLIons ubouL u creuLIon oI
YugosIuvIu becume especIuIIy sLrong Irom LIe sprIng oI 1q16 wIen LIe
SerbIun uuLIorILIes wILI ILs urmy IeIL occupIed SerbIu us Irom LIuL
LIme boLI LIe members oI LIe CommILLee und LIe members oI LIe
SerbIun governmenL Iuve been In LIe sume posILIon In exIIe wILIouL
Iree moLIerIund. n LIe oLIer words, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wunLed
Lo keep up reIuLIons wILI SerbIu esLubIIsIed on LIe busIs oI un equuI
poIILIcuI co-RSHUDWLRQ )RU WKDW UHDVRQ WKH &RPPLWWHHV OHDGHUVKLS
demunded Irom LIe SerbIun governmenL Lo recognIse LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee us un IndependenL poIILIcuI orgunIsuLIon, und uIso us u
poIILIcuI represenLuLIve oI uII YugosIuvs Irom AusLrIu-Hungury. TIey
uIso requIred LIuL LIe unIIIcuLIon wouId be uccompIIsIed LIrougI u
process oI poIILIcuI negoLIuLIons beLween LIe YugosIuv CommILLee und
LIe RoyuI SerbIun GovernmenL; buL noL LIuL u creuLIon oI u sIngIe
SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe wouId be Imposed by BeIgrude us u unIIuLeruI
poIILIcuI ucL.
$ TXHVWLRQ LV ZKDW ZDV EH\RQG WKHVH &RPPLWWHHV GHPDQGV"
We cun concIude us un unswer LIuL IL wus In IucL LIe uIm oI LIe
CommILLee LIuL YugosIuvIu Ius Lo be creuLed by LIree IndependenL
sLuLes us LIree IederuI unILs oI u common nuLIonuI sLuLe oI LIe Serbs,
CrouLs und SIovenes: SerbIu, MonLenegro und LIe LerrILory oI AusLro
+XQJDULDQ<XJRVODYV7KH&RPPLWWHHVOHDGHUVKLSDVLWZDVWKH FDVH
purLIcuIurIy wILI AnLe TrumbI und runo SupIIo, wunLed Lo uvoId u
bud IIsLorIcuI experIence oI LIe YugosIuvs IIvIng In LIe AusLro
HungurIun duuI sysLem. AcLuuIIy, LIey Ieured LIuL SerbIu couId
become PrussIu wILIIn YugosIuvIu.
q
WIuL exucLIy LIey wunLed IL wus
LIuL unIIIcuLIon wouId be u reuI IIberuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs IIvIng In
LIe MonurcIy buL noL u new occupuLIon und subordInuLIon, In LIIs
cuse by SerbIu.
qq
TIey dId noL wunL LIuL SouLI SIuvIc Iunds In
AusLrIu-Hungury wouId be IncorporuLed InLo LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu
us one oI ILs provInces us IL wus LIe cuse wILI LIe Vurdur MucedonIu
DIWHU WKH %DONDQ :DUV 7KH DOOHJHG 6HUELDV LPSHULDOLVWLF SROLF\
Lowurds LIe wesLern YugosIuvs wus decIsIveIy rejecLed by SerbIu uILer
LIe *HQHYD &RQIHUHQFH (In 1q18) In u Iorm oI un oIIIcIuI reIuLuLIon
93
Dragoljub Zivojinovic, 'QHYQLN DGPLUDOD (UQHVWD 7UXEULGD, Beograd, 1989, pp. 146147. The
major Slovenian writer, Ivan Cankar, also supported the option of a Yugoslav federal state with Slovenia as
the one of three federal lands, with the explanation that there was a deep cultural and civilizational gap
between the Slovenes on the one hand and all other Yugoslavs on the other. In addition, in stead of the
monarchy he preffered the republic [Janko Prunk, Kratka zgodovina Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2002, 8485].
94
Dragoljub Zivojinovic, 'QHYQLNDGPLUDOD(UQHVWD7UXEULGD, Beograd, 1989 p. 119.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
42
prInLed In ondon TIe TImes.
q
However, TrumbIc-SupIIo`s desIgn
wus uIso Lo esLubIIsI LIe CrouLIun poIILIcuI und cuILuruI Iegemony
over LIe YugosIuvs Irom LIe DuuI MonurcIy wILI Zugreb us LIeIr
cuILuruI-economIc cenLer und poIILIcuI cupILuI wIuL wus unexepLubIe
Ior SerbIu`s governmenL us u IuII oI LoLuI SerbIun popuIuLIon IIved
exucLIIy In AusLrIu-Hungury. n uddILIon, IL Ius noL be IorgoLLen LIuL
LIe wesLern YugosIuv Iunds Iuve been purLs oI AusLrIu-Hungury; I.e.
oI LIe sLuLe wIose governmenL procIuImed u wur uguInsL SerbIu In
1q1q und wIose soIdIers (especIuIIy LIe CrouLs und BosnIun MusIIms)
commILLeed crImes uguInsL SerbIu`s OrLIodox cIvIIIuns In 1q1q und
IuLer. InuIIy, LIe AusLro-HungurIun communder oI LIe InvuLIon
Lroops uguInsL SerbIu wus Oscur PoLjorek - u GeneruI oI SIovenIun
orIgIn. TIese IucLs Iuve been used uL LIe begInnIng by BeIgrude Lo
LreuL LIe YugosIuv CommILLee us busIcuIIy onIy SerbIu`s propugundu
ugency In LIe wesL, buL noL us un equuI poIILIcuI purLner LukIng InLo
consIderuLIon und LIe IucL LIuL LIe CommILLee wus never recognIsed
by LIe EnLenLe us u IeguI poIILIcuI represenLuLIve oI LIe AusLro-
HungurIun SouLI SIuvs.
An uLLILude oI LIe SerbIun governmenL, prImurIIy creuLed by ILs
PrIme MInIsLer-NIkoIu PusIc, Lowurds LIe roIe und poIILIcuI InLenL oI
LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus compIeLeIy conLrusLed wILI LIe wIsIes
und poIIcy by LIe CommILLee ILseII. IrsL oI uII, LIe Ideu Lo creuLe u
joInL orgunIsuLIon oI LIe YugosIuvs Irom LIe DuuI MonurcIy cume
Irom NIkoIu PusIc severuI monLIs beIore LIe ondon TreuLy wus
sIgned. NumeIy, In OcLober 1q1q Ie IuuncIed un Ideu oI creuLIon oI u
unILed orgunIsuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc poIILIcuI emIgrunLs Irom LIe
Iunds oI AusLrIu-Hungury wIo wunLed Lo coIIuboruLe wILI LIe
SerbIun governmenL wILI respecL Lo LIe creuLIon oI u new sIngIe
SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe.
q6
However, LIe InvesLIguLIon sIows LIuL LIe reuI
reuson Lo esLubIIsI sucI u commILLee wus noL LIe LuIIun LIreuL. L
wus, In IucL, LIe HungurIun LIreuL Lo creuLe u sepuruLe HungurIun
sLuLe Irom AusLrIu In wIIcI uII oI LIe SL. SLepIen`s (SL. sLvun`s)
crown-Iunds wouId be IncIuded InLo u new HungurIun IndependenL
sLuLe.
q;
n LIIs cuse, LIe YugosIuv Iunds oI SIuvonIu, Bucku, BunuL,
95
Archives of Yugoslavia, Beograd, Royal cabinet (Kabinet Kralja), 99/233.
96
Vojislav Vuckovic, 'Iz odnosa Srbije i Jugoslovenskog odbora, Istorijski casopis, XII-XIII, Beograd
1963, pp. 345387.
97
This proposal was given to the Entente powers by the informal Hungarian delegation in London in
October 1914.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
43
CrouLIu, Srem, LIe cILy oI RIjeku, Prekomurje, Meumurje, DuImuLIu,
Burunju und BosnIu & HerzegovInu sIouId be IncorporuLed InLo u
GreuLer (IIsLorIcuI) Hungury. ObvIousIy, In order Lo muke IL
ImpossIbIe Ior Hungury Lo enguII LIe SouLI SIuvIc Iunds, LIe SerbIun
PrIme MInIsLer proposed LIe creuLIon oI u sIngIe orgunIsuLIon oI LIe
AusLroHungurIun SouLI SIuvs, wIIcI InILIuIIy wus numed by IIm us
LIe /RQGRQ &RPPLWWHH RIWKH6RXWK 6ODYV. AccordIng Lo IIs opInIon,
LIe members oI LIIs CommILLee sIouId come Irom DuImuLIu, BosnIu
DQG +HU]HJRYLQD &URDWLD 6ODYRQLD %DQDW %DND DQG 6UHP
However, LIe CommILLee wus noL Iounded uL LIuL LIme becuuse Dr.
$QWH 7UXPEL ZDQWHG WKDW WKH DFW RI DQ RIILFLDO FUHDWLRQ RI WKH
CommILLee wouId be posLponed Ior unspecIIIed LIme.
q8

L Is u IucL LIuL LIe InILIuLIve Ior un esLubIIsImenL oI LIe
commILLee oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc popuIuLIon Irom LIe DuuI MonurcIy
wus IuuncIed by LIe SerbIun governmenL, I.e., by ILs PrIme MInIsLer,
buL noL by LIe SouLI SIuvIc emIgruLIon Irom AusLrIu-Hungury.
qq

NeverLIeIess, boLI LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe YugosIuv
emIgrunLs purLIcIpuLed In LIe creuLIon oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee.
TIeIr IIrsL und one oI LIe mosL ImporLunL common sessIons wILI
regurds Lo LIe creuLIon oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus IeId In
Iorence In November 1q1q. TIe CrouLIun sIde on LIe conIerence wus
represenLed by Dr. AnLe TrumbI und Dr. runo SupIIo. Two SerbIun
poIILIcIuns Irom BosnIu und HerzegovInu represenLed LIe RoyuI
SerbIun GovernmenL NIkoID 6WRMDQRYL DQG 'XDQ 9DVLOMHYL $
crucIuI consequence oI LIese negoLIuLIons In Iorence Ius been LIuL
boLI sIdes mude un ugreemenL concernIng LIe IounduLIon oI LIe
&RPPLWWHH $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH &RPPLWWHHV SURJUDP WKH &RPPLWWHH
Iud us LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL poIILIcuI uIm Lo sLruggIe Ior mukIng u
common sLuLe oI uII YugosIuvs. L wus ugreed ubouL D creuLIon oI LIe
YugosIuv or onIy Serbo-CrouLIun sLuLe wILIouL IormIng oI uny kInd oI
u sepuruLe CrouLoSIovenIun sLuLe wILIIn LIe Hubsburg
0RQDUFK\
1oo

SerbLDV DWWLWXGH WRZDUGV WKH UROH DQG IXQFWLRQLQJ RI WKH
YugosIuv CommILLee wus dIIIerenL In compurIson wILI LIe InLenLIons
98
Vojislav Vuckovic, 'Iz odnosa Srbije i Jugoslovenskog odbora, Istorijski casopis, XIIXIII, Beograd
1963, pp. 350351.
99
orde . Stankovic, 1LNROD3DLLMXJRVORYHQVNRSLWDQMH, vol. II, Beograd, 1985, pp. 1819.
100
Jugoslovenski Odbor u Londonu, JAZU, Zagreb, 1966, p. 395.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
44
oI LIe CommILLee`s members. PurLIcuIurIy SerbIu`s uLLILude wus In
conLrusL Lo LIe wIsIes oI Lwo LIe mosL InIIuenLIuI members oI LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee, ucLuuIIy ILs poIILIcuI Ieuders - LIe DuImuLIun
CrouLs Dr. AnLe TrumbIc und Dr. runo SupIIo. TIuL LIe SerbIun
governmenL, excepLIonuIIy ILs PrIme MInIsLer, Iud LIe opposILe
opInIon wILI regurds Lo LIe CommILLee`s roIe cun be seen Irom LIe
very begInnIng oI LIe CommILLee`s exIsLence, even Irom LIe perIod
beIore ILs own esLubIIsImenL. To be exucL, In LIe cILy oI NIs In OcLober
1q1q PusIc Iud u meeLIng wILI LIe PresIdenL oI LIe SIuvIc SouLI - u
Serb Bozu MurkovIc. TIe prIncIpuI concIusIon oI LIIs meeLIng becume
LIuL LIe CommILLee oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc popuIuLIon Irom LIe DuuI
MonurcIy Ius Lo be creuLed. TIe crucIuI ouLcome oI LIe meeLIng
concernIng LIe IuLure reIuLIons beLween LIe YugosIuv CommILLee und
LIe SerbIun RoyuI GovernmenL becume LIuL LIe CommILLee wIII
communIcuLe wILI LIe SerbIun governmenL by LIe SerbIun
umbussudors, buL wILI respecL Lo ILs own InLernuI ucLIon LIe
CommILLee Is Iree.
1o1

TIIs concIusIon Iud Lwo prIncIpuI poInLs. IrsLIy, PusIc, IL
meuns LIe SerbIun governmenL, dId noL envIsuge LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee us un IndependenL poIILIcuI orgunIsuLIon. SecondIy, LIe
SerbIun governmenL dId noL recognIse LIe CommILLee us LIe
UHSUHVHQWDWLYH oIIIcIuIdom oI LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIu-
Hungury.
1oz
nsLeud, LIe CommILLee wus recognIsed onIy us SerbIu`s
uIIy. n IucL, LIe communIcuLIon beLween LIe YugosIuv CommILLee
und LIe SerbIun governmenL by LIe SerbIun umbussudors wus onIy u
proper LooI Ior PusIc Lo conLroI LIe work oI LIe CommILLee und,
moreover Lo dIrecL ILs poIILIcuI ucLIons. WIuL LIe SerbIun governmenL
desIgned Lo do wILI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus ucLuuIIy LIe pIun Lo
use IL sImpIy us SerbIun propugundu ugency.
1o
L meuns, LIe
CommILLee wus desIgned und envIsuged by LIe SerbIun governmenL
us LIe orgunIsuLIon wILI LIe ussIgnmenL Lo spreud pro-YugosIuv
propugundu umong LIe EnLenLe sLuLes, buL noL us un IndependenL
poIILIcuI orgunIsuLIon LIuL Iud Lo ucL us u reuI represenLuLIve body oI
LIe AusLro-HungurIun YugosIuvs. TIe roIe oI poIILIcuI represenLuLIon
101
Archives of Yugoslavia (Arhiv Jugoslavija), Beograd, Zbirka Jovana M. Jovanovia, 80-4-514;
Dragovan Sepic, 'TrumbiHY'QHYQLN, Historijski pregled, vol. II, Zagreb, 1959, pp. 178180.
102
orde . Stankovic, 1LNROD3DLLMXJRVORYHQVNRSLWDQMH, vol. II, Beograd, 1985, p. 25.
103
Ivo Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia; Origins, History, Politics, Ithaca and London,
1984, p. 117.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
45
oI LIe AusLroHungurIun SouLI 6ODYV 3DL UHVHUYHG H[FOXVLYHO\ IRU
LIe SerbIun RoyuI GovernmenL. TIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL propugundu Lusk
RI WKH <XJRVODY &RPPLWWHH DFFRUGLQJ WR 3DLV RSLQLRQ ZDV WR
Induce LIe EnLenLe sLuLes LIuL: 1) u dIsmembermenL oI AusLrIu-
Hungury sIouId be one oI LIeIr wur uIms; und z) u unILed YugosIuvIu
wouId pIuy uILer LIe wur u roIe oI LIe muIn burrIer uguInsL LIe
AusLrIun und LIe Germun peneLruLIon Lowurds LIe AdrIuLIc
IILLoruI.
1oq
n LIe oLIer words, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee Iud Lo
express LIe wIsIes oI LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIu-Hungury wILI
regurds Lo LIeIr rIgILs Lo nuLIonuI seII-deLermInuLIon, wIuL meuns u
dIssoIuLIon oI LIe DuuI MonurcIy.
TIe uLLILudes Lowurds LIe uIms und IuncLIon oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee beLween on LIe one Iund ILs members, purLIcuIurIy ILs
IeudersIIp $QWH 7UXPEL DQG )UDQR 6XSLOR DQG WKH 6HUELDQ
governmenL, especIuIIy ILs PrIme MInIsLer, on LIe oLIer Iund were
compIeWHO\ GLIIHUHQW 7KH &RPPLWWHHV OHDGHUVKLS HQYLVDJHG LWV
orgunIsuLIon us un IndependenL represenLuLIve poIILIcuI InsLILuLIon oI
LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIu-Hungury, wIIcI wus IIgILIng Ior LIeIr
nuLIonuI IIberuLIon und poIILIcuI unIIIcuLIon wILI SerbIu und
MonLenegro InLo u sIngIe SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe. TIe CommILLee, us weII,
sIouId be one oI equuI poIILIcuI purLners durIng LIe process oI LIe
SouLI SIuvIc InLegruLIon InLo u sIngIe sLuLe, uIongsIde wILI LIe SerbIun
governmenL.
1o
TIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus IuncLIonIng und Iud
ILs represenLuLIves In uII counLrIes In wIIcI LIe SouLI SIuvs were
IIvIng, IncIudIng uIso und LIe NorLI AmerIcu und LIe SouLI AmerIcu.
On LIe oLIer Iund, SerbIu desIgned LIe YugosIuv CommILLee us ILs
own propugundu ugency beIore LIe EnLenLe powers, wILIouL uny
poIILIcuI Independence und represenLuLIve roIe oI LIe SouLI SIuvs
Irom LIe DuuI MonurcIy. TIe SerbIun governmenL wunLed Lo be onIy
poIILIcuI represenLuLIve oI LIe wIoIe SouLI SIuvIc popuIuLIon beIore
LIe EnLenLe sLuLes und Lo pIuy u IeudIng roIe wILI regurds Lo LIe
creuLIon oI YugosIuvIu uL LIe posL-wur Peuce ConIerence. TIuL wus LIe
reuson wIy LIe SerbIun governmenL never oIIIcIuIIy recognIsed LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee us un equuI poIILIcuI purLner In LIe process oI LIe
104
Archives of Serbia (Arhiv Srbije), Ministarstvo Inostranih Dela, Politicko Odeljenje, '3DLHYFLUNXODU
stranim poslanicima na strani, November 1915, 237.
105

-1917 (), , 1935, VII/1, 202, ' ,
February 15
th
, 1915.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
46
unIIIcuLIon. or LIuL reuson, LIe CommILLee wus never recognIsed by
LIe SerbIun governmenL us oIIIcIuI, poIILIcuIIy IndependenL
represenLuLIve orgunIsuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIu-
Hungury. Some conLemporury SerbIun IIsLorIuns ure In opInIon LIuL
TrumbIc und SupIIo sImpIy bIuckmuIIed SerbIu Lo sucrIIIce ILseII Ior
LIe CrouLIun nuLIonuI uIms, I.e. Ior unIIIcuLIon oI uII CrouLIun
IIsLorIcuI und eLInIcuI LerrILorIes wILIIn YugosIuvIu, or oLIewIse LIe
CrouLs wouId creuLe un IndependenL GreuLer CrouLIu composed by uII
AusLro-HungurIun SouLI SIuvIc provInces IncIudIng und (muInIy
Serb popuIuLed) BosnIu und HerzegovInu. AccordIng Lo LIose
IIsLorIuns, LIIs CrouLIun sLruLegy oI bIuckmuIIIng SerbIu wus cIeurIy
poInLed ouL In TrumbIc`s IeLLer Lo SupIIo on November z;
LI
, 1q1q.
1o6

ormuIIy, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus noL u IeguI,
InLernuLIonuIIy recognIsed und poIILIcuIIy IndependenL represenLuLIve
orgunIsuLIon oI LIe YugosIuvs Irom LIe MonurcIy uL IeusL becuuse LIe
CommILLee wus noL recognIsed us sucI orgunIsuLIon by LIe EnLenLe
sLuLes. However, prucLIcuIIy, IL pIuyed u represenLuLIve roIe oI LIe
SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIu-Hungury beIore LIe SerbIun governmenL
wIuL wus GH IDFWR, buL noL und GH MXUH, recognIsed by LIe RoyuI
SerbIun GovernmenL durIng LIe CorIu negoLIuLIons In June und JuIy
1q1;, wIen LIe boLI sIdes Iuve been negoLIuLIng us equuI poIILIcuI
subjecLs. TIe mosL eIIecLIve LooI In LIe Iunds oI TrumbIc In IIs IIgIL
uguInsL PusIc wus IIs permunenL LIreuLenIng SerbIun PrIme MInIsLer
LIuL CrouLs couId esLubIIsI wILI u supporL by some wesLern counLrIes
un IndependenL sLuLe LIuL wouId embruce uII YugosIuv provInces oI
AusLrIu-Hungury, wIuL meunL und LIose Iunds seLLIed by LIe Serbs us
weII.
1o;
AIreudy In LIe sprIng oI 1q1 LIe SerbIun umbussudor In
ondon, MuLeju BoskovIc, InIormed PusIc LIuL LIere ure InIIuenLIuI
BrILIsI und rencI dIpIomuLs wIo ure supporLIng un Ideu oI
IndependenL CrouLIu uILer LIe wur.
1o8
SImIIurIy, uL LIe sume LIme, LIe
SerbIun dIpIomuL Jovun JovunovIc-PIzon InIormed LIe Supreme SLuII
oI LIe SerbIun urmy LIuL LIe EnLenLe powers Iud un opLIon Lo
esLubIIsI uuLonomous CrouLIun sLuLe eILIer wILIIn AusLrIu-Hungury
106
Vojislav Vuckovic, 'Iz odnosa Srbije i Jugoslovenskog Odbora, Istorijski casopis, vol. XIIXIII,
Beograd, 1963, pp. 352359; Branislav Gligorijevic, Kralj Aleksandar KaraRUHYL, vol. I, Beograd,
1996, p. 384.
107
Vojislav Vuckovic, 'Iz odnosa Srbije i Jugoslovenskog Odbora, Istorijski casopis, vol. XIIXIII,
Beograd, 1963, pp. 352359.
108
Archives of Serbia (Arhiv Srbije), Beograd, Ministarstvo Inostranih Dela, Politicko Odeljenje, 1915
V/234, '%RNRYLWR3DL, April 28th, 1915.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
47
or YugosIuvIu, or even IuIIy IndependenL CrouLIu, composed by
CrouLIu proper, SIovenIu, SIuvonIu, purL oI DuImuLIu, und probubIy
purL oI BosnIu. PIzon concIuded LIuL LuIy wouId be LIe mosL
beneIIcIuI sLuLe II LIIs Ideu concernIng IndependenL CrouLIu wouId be
reuIIsed.
1oq
CIeurIy, TrumbIc`s poIIcy Lowurds LIe SerbIun
governmenL wus bucked by GreuL BrILuIn wIose dIpIomuLs sIured
opInIon LIuL LIe CrouLs wILIIn YugosIuvIu wouId be upproprIuLe
counLer buIunce Lo LIe RussIun InIIuence on LIe YugosIuv poIIcy
LIrougI LIe Serbs. AccordIng Lo ondon, YugosIuvIu Iud Lo be creuLed
us u IederuLIon beLween SerbIu und CrouLIu. Moreover, LIe BrILIsI
dIpIomuLs und pubIIc workers beIIeved LIuL YugosIuvIu`s CuLIoIIc
wesL (CrouLs und SIovenes) wouId domInuLe over LIe OrLIodox eusL
(Serbs wILI MonLenegrIns) In YugosIuvIu. or LIem, LIe LrIumpI oI
SerbIun Ideu wouId be LIe LrIumpI oI eusLern over wesLern cuILure
wIuL meuns LIuL LIe RussIun InIIuence uL LIe BuIkuns wouId be
sLrengLIened.
11o

TIere wus und unoLIer reuson Ior PusIc`s uLLILude Lowurds LIe
roIe oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee: Ie, und IIs governmenL, wunLed LIuL
uII SouLI SIuvs, eILIer Irom AusLrIu-Hungury or Irom LIe
IndependenL sLuLes oI SerbIu und MonLenegro, wouId uppeur beIore
LIe EnLenLe powers LogeLIer. n LIe oLIer words, LIe quesLIon oI LIe
SouLI SIuvs couId be resoIved eusIer und IusLer II SerbIu, us LIe
EnLenLe ussocIuLe sLuLe, wouId be u poIILIcuI represenLuLIve oI uII
SouLI SIuvs beIore LIe EnLenLe powers. BesIdes, LIe SerbIun PrIme
MInIsLer sIured opInIon LIuL LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus puLLIng on
LIe ugendu some quesLIons, wIIcI Iuve noL been oI LIe crucIuI
ImporLunce uL LIuL momenL und uL sucI u wuy negIecLIng LIe reuIIy
mosL sIgnIIIcunL ones. TIe poInL wus LIuL LIe SerbIun governmenL,
wILI ILs PrIme MInIsLer, dId noL wunL Lo uIIow LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee (Ied by LIe CrouLs) Lo muke poIILIcuI decIsIons In LIe nume
oI LIe Serbs Irom LIe DuuI MonurcIy, wIuL meuns, In IucL, uny kInd
oI poIILIcuI decesIons. TIIs ureu oI ucLIvILy sIouId be reserved onIy Ior
LIe SerbIun governmenL. TIe reuI reuson Ior sucI PusIc`s opInIon wus
IIs sLrong beIIeI LIuL In LIe currenL InLernuLIonuI sILuuLIon LIe
AusLro-HungurIun YugosIuvs, especIuIIy LIe CrouLs und LIe SIovenes,
more needed SerbIun IeIp LIen SerbIu needed u co-operuLIon wILI
109
Archives of Yugoslavia (Arhiv Jugoslavije), Beograd, 'Jovan Jovanovi-3LRQWRWKH6XSUHPH6WDII
of the Serbian army, 804-147.
110
R. W. Seton Watson i Jugosloveni, Korespondencija 19061941, Zagreb, 1976, pp. 237240.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
48
LIem. InuIIy, LIe IucL wus LIuL nobody Irom LIe EnLenLe powers
FRXOG GHOD\ 6HUELDV ULJKW WR VWUXJJOH IRU OLEHUDWLRQ RI $XVWUR
+XQJDULDQ6HUEVEXWVRPHERG\FRXOGGHOD\6HUELDVULJKWWRILJKWIRU
IIberuLIon oI non-SerbIun cILIzens oI LIe DuuI MonurcIy.
7KH TXHVWLRQ RI WKH <XJRVODY &RPPLWWHHV SURSDJDQGD ZRUN
wus one oI LIe mosL ImporLunL Issues In ILs reIuLIons wILI SerbIu. TIIs
Is, In essence, LIe quesLIon oI LIe IInuncIuI dependence or
Independence oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee In ILs work oI spreudIng
nuLIonuI propugundu.
TIe mosL InIIuenLIuI members oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee, In
LIe oLIer words ILs IeudersIIp, were IInuncIuIIy IndependenL. TIey
Iud LIeIr own IInuncIuI sources Ior IIvIng und poIILIcuI work. L wus
H[DFWO\ WKH FDVH ZLWK $QWH 7UXPEL )UDQR 6XSLOR DQG ZLWK WKH
broLIers GuzzurI (GuIIIo und RemIggIo). runo SupIIo wus sLressIng
severuI LImes In IIs correspondence wILI LIe SerbIun PrIme MInIsLer
LIuL Ie wus IInuncIuIIy IndependenL poIILIcIun.
111
Among uII members
oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee LIe broLIers GuzzurI were compIeLeIy
IInuncIuIIy IndependenL durIng LIe wIoIe perIod oI LIe wur.
Moreover, LIey guve Lo LIe YugosIuv emIgrunLs In Rome LIe IIrsL
IInuncIuI supporL.
11z
However, muny YugosIuv emIgrunLs Irom
AusLrIuHungury Iuve been ubIe Lo supporL IInuncIuIIy LIemseIves
Irom LIeIr own sources onIy Ior u sIorL InLervuI oI LIme. TIIs wus LIe
FDVH IRU LQVWDQFH ZLWK +LQNR +LQNRYL ZKR ZDV ILQDQFLDOO\
IndependenL onIy durIng LIe IIrsL Lwo monLIs In emIgruLIon.
NeverLIeIess, muInIy LIe SerbIun governmenL, especIuIIy In LIe
SRLQWRIWKH&RPPLWWHHVSURSDJDQGDDFWLYLWLHVILQDQFLDOO\VXSSRUWHG
LIIs orgunIsuLIon oI LIe YugosIuv emIgrunLs durIng LIe wIoIe perIod
oI LIe wur. TIe SerbIun governmenL wus IInuncIng on LIe IIrsL pIuce
H[DFWO\WKH&RPPLWWHHVQDWLRQDOSURSDJDQGDIRUWKHUHDVRQWKDWWKLV
ucLIvILy wus LIe mosL ImporLunL Ior BeIgrude Irom uII LIe resL
&RPPLWWHHVDFWLRQVZKDWZDVDWWKHVDPHWLPHDQGWKHPDLQUHDVRQ
IRU &RPPLWWHHV FUHDWLRQ IURP 6HUELDV SRLQW oI vIew. SerbIu wus
IInuncIuIIy supporLIng LIe propugundu work oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee muInIy vIu LIe SerbIun embussIes In LIe EnLenLe sLuLes
111
For example, in his letter to Nikola Pasic written on October 21
st
, 1914 |Dragovan Sepic, Pisma i
memorandumi F. Supila, 19141917, Beograd, 1967, pp. 89, p. 150; Ivan Mestrovic, Uspomene na
SROLWLNHOMXGHLGRJDaje, Zagreb, 1969, p. 44].
112
Archives of JAZU (Arhiv Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti i Umjetnosti), Zagreb, Fond
Jugoslovenskog odbora, fasc. 17, doc. No. 1.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
49
und SwILzerIund.
11
6RPH RI WKH &RPPLWWHHV PHPEHUV KDYH EHHQ
uImosL In u LoLuI IInuncIuI dependence on LIe SerbIun governmenL
durIng LIe wIoIe wur us IL wus, Ior InsLunce, LIe cuse wILI LIe Iumous
&URDWLDQ VFXOSWRU ,YDQ 0HWURYL +H ZDV UHFHLYLQJ WKH ILQDQFLDO
supporL by LIe SerbIun governmenL, uIongsIde Ior LIe oLIer purposes,
und Ior IIs greuL exIIbILIon In ondon 6RPH RI WKH &RPPLWWHHV
members Iud LIe reguIur monLIIy IInuncIuI donuLIons by LIe SerbIun
governmenL In exIIe (IoIIowed by exLru ones) Ior LIeIr propugundu
work.
11q

TIe SerbIun governmenL Iud u specIuI budgeL Ior IInuncIng LIe
&RPPLWWHHVZRUNn OcLober 1q1 LIe SerbIun governmenL opened u
specIuI credIL uccounL Ior nuLIonuI propugundu spreudIng by LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee.
11
TIe SerbIun governmenL Look uIso und u
specIuI IInuncIuI Ioun Irom LIe IoreIgn bunks In order Lo obLuIn
muLerIuI provIsIon Lo LIe CommILLee und ILs propugundu work.
116

:KDW FRQFHUQV 6HUELDV ILQDQFLDO KHOS JLYHQ WR WKH <XJRVODY
CommILLee LIe LurnIng poInL occurred uILer LIe mIIILury coIIupse oI
SerbIu In LIe uuLumn oI 1q1. BeIore LIIs mIIILury deIeuL LIe SerbIun
governmenL wus gIvIng greuLer umounL oI money Lo LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee LIen IL wus uILer LIe coIIupse, wIen SerbIun IInunces were
In Lremendous LroubIes us sInce LIe end oI 1q1 LIe SerbIun
governmenL wus In IInuncIuI dependence on LIe EnLenLe powers.
However, LIe SerbIun governmenL In exIIe und uILer 1q1 never
sLopped Lo IInunce propugundu work orgunIsed by LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee. InuncIuI expendILure by LIe SerbIun governmenL Ior LIe
yeur oI 1q16 In reIuLIon Lo LIe nuLIonuI propugundu wus zo.ooo
dInurs, wIuL wus 8o% more In compurIson wILI LIe expendILure Ior
LIe sume purpose Ior LIe yeurs oI 1q1q und 1q1.
rom LIe begInnIng oI 1q1; LIe SerbIun governmenL uIIowed u
VSHFLDOFUHGLWIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIVSUHDGLQJWKH<XJRVODYSURSDJDQGD
113
For example, the Serbian embassy in Rome gave a great financial support for the purpose to gather the
Yugoslav emigrants in September and October 1914.
114
This was the case with Pavle Popovic, Jovan Cvijic, Bogdan Popovic, Nikolaj Velimirovic, Radoslav
Jovanovic, Aleksandar Belic and Ljubomir (Ljuba) Stojanovic.
115
The summ was 300.000 Serbia`s dinars |Diplomatic Archives of Secretariate of Foreign Relations,
Ministry oI Foreign Relations, Krunoslav Spasic (Diplomatski arhiv sekretarijata inostranih poslova,
Ministarstvo inostranih dela, Krunoslav Spasic DASIP, MID KS), Beograd, 3ROLWLNR RGHOMHQMH 1915,
fasc. XII, d IV, 9362].
116
For instance, a new credit was taken (25.000 dinars) from the London Ottoman Bank on October 19
th
,
1915, (DASIP, MID KS, Beograd, 3ROLWLNRRGHOMHQMH 1915, fasc. XXVII, d VIII, 492).
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
50
LQ 6DORQLND IRU WKH 6RXWK 6ODvs wIo were IIvIng on LIe IsIund oI
CorIu, us weII us Ior LIe YugosIuv sLudenLs Irom AusLrIuHungury.
11;

$WRWDOQXPEHURIWKH&RPPLWWHHVPHPEHUVZKRZHUHVXSSRUWHGE\
LIe SerbIun governmenL In IInuncIuI poInL oI vIew wus 1zo (uL LIe
LIme oI LIe CorIu ConIerence). AL LIe sume LIme, LIe SerbIun
governmenL wus spendIng uround 1.ooo.ooo Irunks per yeur Ior uII
IeuLures oI LIe YugosIuv propugundu. TIe revenue Ior LIe YugosIuv
propugundu gIven by LIe SerbIun governmenL Increused In 1q1; In
compurIson wILI 1q16 upproxImuLeIy Ior z6%. n 1q18, LIe SerbIun
governmenL wus IInuncIng oo persons wIo were workIng Ior LIe
uccompIIsImenL oI LIe nuLIonuI uIms IncIudIng und u greuL number oI
WKH&RPPLWWHHVPHPEHUV
TIe YugosIuv CommILLee, even so, wus noL u LoLuIIy depended
on LIe IInuncIuI supporL by LIe SerbIun governmenL becuuse LIe
CommILLee Iud und ILs own IndependenL Incomes Loo. n 1q1 LIe
muIn IInuncIuI supporLers oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee, uIongsIde wILI
WKH 6HUELDQ JRYHUQPHQW ZHUH WKH 0LWURYLFK %URWKHUV &RPSDQ\
WKH &URDW &RPPXQLW\ LQ WKH 86$ DV ZHOO DV WKH LPPLJUDQW
RUJDQLVDWLRQV9HOHELWDQGWKH1DURGQD2GEUDQD
118
AII In uII, LIe
IndependenL Incomes oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee durIng LIe wIoIe
perIod oI LIe WW were 1.1z.oo Irunks. On LIe oLIer Iund, Ior LIe
sume perIod oI LIme LIe SerbIun governmenL spenL z.81o.ooo Irunks
IRUWKHDVVLJQPHQWRIWKHQDWLRQDOSURSDJDQGD
11q

L cun be concIuded LIuL LIe propugundu work oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee wus muInIy depended In IInuncIuI poInL oI vIew on LIe
supporL oIIered by LIe SerbIun governmenL, wIo In IucL undersLood
LIe CommILLee onIy us LIe SerbIun propugundu ugency In LIe sLuLes oI
LIe EnLenLe couIILIon. However, IL musL noL be IorgoLLen LIuL LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee Iud uIso und ILs own, IndependenL Income oI
money wIIcI wus muInIy receIved us grunLs Irom severuI puLrIoLIc
orgunIsuLIons und busIness compunIes Irom ubroud, wIose members
or owners were LIe SouLI SIuvIc ImmIgrunLs Irom LIe LerrILory oI
AusLrIuHungury. or LIe IuLure reIuLIons beLween LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee und LIe SerbIun governmenL LIe mosL ImporLunL IucL wus
117
DASIP, MID KS, Jugoslovenski odsek 1917, Beograd, fasc. II, 801, 834, 891 and 933.
118
During the whole year, the Yugoslav Committee received from these organisations 142.000 franks
[Archives of JAZU (Arhiv Jugoslavenske Akademije Znanosti Umetnosti), Fond Jugoslovenskog odbora,
Zagreb, fasc. 17, doc. No. 1].
119
orde . Stankovic, 1LNROD3DLLMXJRVORYHQVNRSLWDQMH, vol. II, Beograd, 1985, p. 75.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
51
LIuL LIe crucIuI CommILLee Ieuders, us runo SupIIo, AnLe TrumbIc
und oLIers, were LoLuIIy In muLerIuI Independence. n LIe oLIer
words, LIey were noL IInuncIuIIy depended on SerbIu`s supporL wIuL
wus uIwuys sLressed by LIem In LIe correspondence wILI PusIc.
AccordIng Lo PusIc`s opInIon, LIe propugundu work oI LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee wus Lo be concenLruLed on Lwo LIe mosL
sIgnIIIcunL IIeIds: 1) Lo convInce LIe EnLenLe powers Lo uccepL LIe Ideu
oI dIssoIuLIon oI LIe DuuI MonurcIy und LIe creuLIon oI LIe SouLI
SIuvIc sLuLe; und z) Lo work on LIe unnuImenL oI LIe TreuLy oI
ondon, us weII us Lo presenL LIe BuIgurIun LerrILorIuI uspIruLIons Lo
LIe EnLenLe powers. TIuL LIese Lwo poInLs reuIIy Iuve been oI LIe
exLreme ImporLunce wILI respecL Lo LIe unIIIcuLIon one cun see Irom
LIe IoIIowIng IucLs. Even In 1q18 DuvId Ioyd George und Woodrow
WIIson were In LIe opInIon LIuL Ior AusLrIu-Hungury cun be LIe good
soIuLIon Lo InLroduce uuLonomous sLuLus Ior subordInuLed nuLIons
wILIIn LIe MonurcIy. n uddILIon, IL wus known LIuL LIe Hubsburg`s
Iud LIe severuI pIuns Lo creuLe YugosIuvIu wILIIn LIe MonurcIy. TIe
BrILIsI governmenL durIng LIe wIoIe wur wus LryIng Lo IInd u wuy Lo
IuIIII LIe ondon PucL; In LIe oLIer words Lo uccompIIsI LIe LuIIun
jusLIIIed supremucy In LIe AdrIuLIc Seu.
1zo
InuIIy, uL LIe sume LIme
wIen LIe EnLenLe powers mude u greuL deuI wILI LuIy, LIey were
IorcIng SerbIu Lo cede u cerLuIn porLIons oI MucedonIu Lo BuIgurIu In
reLurn Ior LIe BuIgurIun purLIcIpuLIon In LIe wur on LIe EnLenLe sIde.
WIuL concerns LIe posL-wur desLIny oI LIe BuIkun PenInsuIu, IL
Ius Lo be noLIced LIuL uIongsIde wILI LuIy In LIe sprIng oI 1q1
(MurcI-AprII) runce und BrILuIn mude u secreL ugreemenL und wILI
RussIu upon LIe poIILIcuI re-muppIng oI LIIs purL oI Europe. L wus
done by u number oI secreL ussurunces wILIIn u scope oI LIe so-cuIIed
&RQVWDQWLQRSOH $JUHHPHQW In order Lo prevenL RussIu Irom
concIudIng u sepuruLe peuce LreuLy wILI Germuny. PurIs und ondon
promIsed LIuL ConsLunLInopIe und LIe DurduneIIes wouId be
IncorporuLed InLo LIe RussIun EmpIre. A knowIeudge oI LIe
AgreemenL, uILer LIe BoIsIevIks pubIIsIed IL In 1q18, sLrengLIened
MusLuIu KemuI ALuLrk`s (1881-1q8) deLermInuLIon Lo reguIn
ConsLunLInopIe Ior LIe new RepubIIc oI Turkey.

120
Wickham Steed in The Times, March 31
st
, 1916.
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52

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53
)2857+&+$37(5
ISAGRIIMINTS BITWIIN THI
YLGOSLAV COMMITTII AN THI ROYAL
SIRBIAN GOVIRNMINT LPON THI
INTIRNAL GOVIRNMINTAL
ORGANISATION OI THI NIW STATI AN
THI CORIL ICLARATION



WILI regurds Lo LIe Issue ubouL reIuLIons beLween LIe SerbIun
governmenL und LIe YugosIuv CommILLee concernIng LIe creuLIon oI u
sIngIe SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe, u dIsugreemenL beLween LIem over LIe
InLernuI governmenLuI orgunIsuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe wus LIe mosL
ImporLunL probIem. As u IInuI seLLIemenL, respecLIng LIIs Issue, LIe
&RUIX 'HFODUDWLRQ, sIgned In JuIy 1q1;, becume LIe prIncIpuI
documenL In reIuLIon Lo LIe esLubIIsImenL oI LIe KIngdom oI Serbs,
CrouLs und SIovenes.
TIere were LIree crucIuI quesLIons upon LIe esLubIIsImenL oI
LIe new sLuLe debuLed beLween LIe YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe
6HUELDQ JRYHUQPHQW DQG VHSDUDWHO\ DPRQJ WKH &RPPLWWHHV
members): 1) LIe quesLIon concernIng LIe InLernuI orgunIsuLIon oI
LIe sLuLe; ) LIe quesLIon wILI regurds Lo LIe process oI unIIIcuLIon;
und ) LIe quesLIon upon LIe nume Ior LIe new sLuLe. IrsL oI LIem
wus LIe mosL ImporLunL probIem wIIcI Iud Lo be resoIved beLween
LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe YugosIuv CommILLee beIore un
oIIIcIuI procIumuLIon oI LIe sLuLe. TIIs probIem wus soIved In
dIIIerenL wuys by Lwo decIuruLIons: LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon und LIe
Genevu DecIuruLIon. However, LIe KIngdom oI Serbs, CrouLs und
SIovenes wus procIuImed In 1q18 uccordIng Lo LIe ugreemenL reucIed
by LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe YugosIuv CommILLee uL CorIu, buL
noL by LIe SerbIun governmenL, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII In LIe nexL yeur In Genevu. On LIe one Iund, LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee wunLed Lo resoIve LIe quesLIon oI InLernuI sLuLe
orgunIsuLIon beIore LIe end oI LIe wur; wIuL meuns beIore LIe oIIIcIuI
procIumuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe. On LIe oLIer Iund, LIe SerbIun
governmenL wus In LIe opInIon LIuL resoIvIng LIIs quesLIon exucLIy
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
54
durIng LIe wur wouId be very IurmIuI Ior LIe process oI unIIIcuLIon;
wIuL meuns LIuL soIvIng LIe probIem oI LIe InLernuI sLuLe
orgunIsuLIon sIouId be done uILer LIe wur.
1z1

TIe quesLIon oI un oIIIcIuI nume oI LIe new sLuLe Iud IIsLorIc
und nuLIonuI sIgnIIIcunce Lo LIe boLI sIdes. BusIcuIIy, LIere were Lwo
opLIons (regurdIess on LIe InLernuI sLuLe orgunIsuLIon): <XJRVODYLD or
LIe 6WDWH RI 6HUEV &URDWV DQG 6ORYHQHV. TIe uLLILude oI LIe SerbIun
governmenL, In IucL oI ILs PrIme MInIsLer, wus In Iuvour oI LIe second
opLIon becuuse Lwo reusons. IrsLIy, PusIc wunLed Lo preserve und
IncorporuLe LIe SerbIun nuLIonuI nume InLo LIe nume oI LIe sLuLe, Ior
LIe very reuson LIuL LIe Serbs uIreudy Iud LIeIr own nuLIonuI sLuLe
(numed uILer LIeIr eLInIc nume), und Ior LIe reuson LIuL und SIovenes
und CrouLs, uIongsIde wILI LIe Serbs, wouId beLLer proLecL LIeIr
eLInIc IdenLILIes. PusIc Iud us weII u sLrong reservuLIon Lo LIe Lerms
<XJRVODYLD und <XJRVODYV becuuse LIe AusLro-HungurIun
propugundu connecLed boLI oI LIem wILI LIe IdeoIogy oI LIe GreuLer
SerbIu und LIe SerbIun cIuuvInIsm.
1zz
or PusIc (und In IucL), LIe
nume oI YugosIuvIu wus urLIIIcIuI, creuLed by LIe AusLrIun governmenL
und reIerred onIy Lo LIe SouLI SIuvIc popuIuLIon wILIIn LIe borders oI
LIe Hubsburg MonurcIy. Moreover, Ie beIIeved LIuL SerbIu und LIe
Serbs deserved Lo preserve LIeIr own nuLIonuI nume by ILs IncIusIon
InLo LIe nume oI u common SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe LukIng InLo
consIderuLIon LIe SerbIun nuLIonuI uwureness, IIsLory, ILs poIILIcuI
roIe In LIe process oI unIIIcuLIon, und LIe SerbIun sucrIIIces durIng
LIe wur. GeneruIIy, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee InsIsLed on LIe nuLIonuI
unIonIsm, buL on LIe oLIer Iund, LIe SerbIun governmenL InsIsLed
on LIe nuLIonuI pIuruIIsm. A IInuI ugreemenL beLween LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee und LIe SerbIun RoyuI GovernmenL wILI regurds Lo LIe
sLuLe nume wus LIuL LIe new sLuLe wouId be numed us LIe nuLIonuI
sLuLe oI LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes. TIus, LIe nume oI LIe new
sLuLe wus ugreed uccordIng Lo LIe LIeses LIuL LIe YugosIuvs ure LIe
LIree-numes nuLIon. n eIIecL, boLI sIdes recognIsed onIy LIree
121
Pasic`s instructions sent to the Serbian ambassador in London, Historijski zbornik, Zagreb, 1965, pp.
215218.
122
Branko Petranovic, Istorija Jugoslavije 1918-1988, vol. I, Beograd, 1988, p. 17. Croatian historian
Dragutin Pavlicevic claims that all Serbia`s governments during the last hundred years (with the Pasic`s war
government on the first place) had for the ultimate national goal a creation of a Greater Serbia [Dragutin
Pavlicevic, Povijest Hrvatske. Drugo, izmijenjeno i prosireno izdanje, Zagreb, 2000, p. 307]. The same
approach is shared by his colleague Ivo Peric [Ivo Peric, Povijest Hrvata, Zagreb, 1997, pp. 209232].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
55
YugosIuv eLInIc groups us nuLIons (SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs)
wIose eLInIc (nuLIonuI) numes becume purLs oI oIIIcuI sLuLe nume.
1z

TIe crucIuI quesLIon, wIIcI sIouId be resoIved In upproprIuLe
wuy beLween SerbIu und LIe YugosIuv CommILLee, beIore un oIIIcIuI
procIumuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe, wus LIe quesLIon oI LIe InLernuI
orgunIsuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe. TIere were severuI members oI LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee wIo currIed ouL sLrong poIIcy oI regIonuIIsm In
LIeIr pubIIc work LIuL uIso InIIuenced LIeIr uLLILudes Lowurd LIe
quesLIon ubouL LIe InLernuI orgunIsuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe. TIIs IucL
cun be undersLood II we know LIuL LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL Ieuders oI LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee were LIe CrouLs Irom DuImuLIu, LIe Iund LIuL
wus under u dIrecL LIreuL Irom LIe LuIIun LerrILorIuI uspIruLIons.
InuIIy, LIe IIsLorIcuI rIgILs oI CrouLIu (LIe 7ULXQH .LQJGRP oI
DuImuLIu, CrouLIu und SIuvonIu), LIe counLry LrudILIonuIIy wILI u
specIuI (uuLonomous) sLuLus wILIIn boLI Hungury (Irom 11oz Lo 1z6)
und LIe Hubsburg MonurcIy (Irom 1z; Lo 1q18), InIIuenced LIem us
weII us.
runo SupIIo wus umong uII members oI LIe CommILLee LIe
sLrongesL supporLer oI LIe Ideu LIuL CrouLIu sIouId Iuve u specIuI
uuLonomous sLuLus wILIIn LIe new sLuLe. On LIe oLIer Iund, Ie wus In
u sLrong opInIon LIuL LIe YugosIuv sLuLe sIouId be orgunIsed us u
IederuI or conIederuLe sLuLe. n conLrusL Lo LIe SerbIun PrIme
MInIsLer, wIo wus u sLrong supporLer oI LIe cenLruIIsL InLernuI
orgunIsuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe sLressIng LIuL uny kInd oI LIe Inner
(con)IederuI urrungemenL wouId IInuIIy Ieud Lo desLubIIIsuLIon oI LIe
sLuLe sLrucLure,
1zq
SupIIo wus u muIn Ieuder und supporLer oI
IederuIIsm. ReuIIy, IIs uLLILude Lowurds LIe InLernuI orgunIsuLIon oI
LIe sLuLe wus unLIcIpuLed byKLVWRULFDOSURYLQFLDOLVP LIuL Ie used us u
busIs Ior LIe creuLIon oI LIe IoIIowIng IIve IederuI unILs wILIIn LIe new
sLuLe: 1) SerbIu wILI MucedonIu und VojvodInu; z) CrouLIu wILI
SIuvonIu und DuImuLIu; ) SIovenIu; q) BosnIu und HerzegovInu; und
) MonLenegro. ConsequenLIy, YugosIuvIu wouId Iuve Inner sLuLe
orgunIsuLIon sImIIur Lo AusLrIuHungury uILer LIe $XVVJOHLFK
123
Such attitude towards the national identity was adopted during the whole period of the inter-war
Yugoslavia in which only the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs have been recognised as separate ethnic identities
among the Yugoslav South Slavic. The newly formed the South Slavic nations (after 1945) the
Montenegrins, Macedonians and Muslims have been treated as the Serbs before 1945. The state cultural
policy between 1918 and 1941 was put within such identity frame (see [Ljubodrag Dimic, Kulturna
politika u Kraljevini Jugoslaviji 19181941, IIII, Beograd, 1997]).
124
'%HOHNHVDVHGQLFH.UIVNHNRQIHUHQFLMH, Novi zivot, vol. IV, Beograd, 1921, June 5
th
, 1917.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
56
(seLLIemenL beLween AusLrIuns und HungurIuns) In 186;, wILI LIe
IeudIng roIe In YugosIuv poIILIcs pIuyed by LIe Serbs und CrouLs. A
GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ ) 6XSLORV DQG - % 7LWRV DUUDQJHPHQW RI WKH
Inner udmInIsLruLIve sLrucLure oI LIe counLry wus LIuL LIe CommunIsL
Ieuder (oI LIe CrouL und SIovene Romun CuLIoIIc orIgIn) creuLed LIe
sIxLI IederuI unIL MucedonIu, uccordIng Lo LIe generuI uLLILude
concernIng LIe nuLIonuI IdenLILIes uL LIe BuIkuns by LIe
CommInLern.
1z

TIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL Ideu, und uL LIe sume LIme u requIremenL,
by LIe YugosIuv CommILLee In connecLIon Lo LIe InLernuI orgunIsuLIon
oI LIe new sLuLe wus LIuL u new sLuLe sIouId be orgunIsed us u
repubIIc buL noL us u monurcIy; un uLLILude supporLed by LIe SerbIun
governmenL. PuLSDUWLFXODUO\ZDVLQVLVWLQJWKDWWKHQHZVLuLe wouId
Iuve u Iorm oI monurcIy wILI LIe Serb KuruRUHYL G\QDVW\ RQ D
Ieud oI LIe sLuLe. TIe quesLIon oI monurcIy or repubIIc wus LIe
crucIuI Issue oI LIe dIspuLes durIng LIe negoLIuLIons beLween LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe SerbIun governmenL beIore und durIng
LIe CorIu ConIerence.
TIe LIIrd crucIuI quesLIon In reIuLIons beLween LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee und LIe SerbIun governmenL, wIIcI wus debuLed umong
LIem durIng LIe wur, wus In connecLIon wILI LIe process (LIe wuy) oI
unIIIcuLIon. TIIs quesLIon becume urgenL uILer LIe second IuII oI
1q1, und wus one oI LIe mosL ImporLunL probIems concernIng LIe
creuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe unLII ILs oIIIcIuI procIumuLIon on December
1
sL
, 1q18. TIe generuI uLLILude Lowurds LIe probIem oI LIe wuy oI
unIIIcuLIon by LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus LIuL LIe KIngdom oI
SerbIu, KIngdom oI MonLenegro und LIe Iunds popuIuLed by LIe
SouLI SIuvs In AusLrIuHungury sIouId be LIree equuI subjecLs Irom
u poIILIcuI-LerrILorIuI poInL oI vIew wILI regurds Lo LIe unIIIcuLIon. TIe
&RPPLWWHHV PHPEHUV KDYH EHHQ LQ RSLQLRQ WKDW WKH 6HUELDQ
governmenL wus u represenLuLIve InsLILuLIon oI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu
IIkewIse LIe MonLenegrIn governmenL In exIIe represenLed LIe
KIngdom oI MonLenegro, und IInuIIy, LIuL LIe YugosIuv CommILLee Is
u represenLuLIve oI uII Iunds popuIuLed by uII SouLI SIuvs In AusLrIu
Hungury IncIudIng und LIose oI LIe SerbIun nuLIonuIILy (wIo Iuve
been In mujorILy umong uII LIe SouLI SIuvs IIvIng In AusLrIu
125
See [Jasper Ridley, Tito. Biografija, Zagreb, 2000].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
57
Hungury). TIese LIree (or Lwo In LIe cuse oI MonLenegrIn unIIIcuLIon
wILI SerbIu) represenLuLIve InsLILuLIons sIouId be un equuI, In IeguI
Lerms, durIng LIe process oI unIIIcuLIon; u IucL wIIcI sIouId be IeguIIy
reuIIsed by un ugreemenL sIgned beLween LIe SerbIun governmenL,
LIe MonLenegrIn governmenL (buL In LIe cuse oI MonLenegrIn
unIIIcuLIon wILI SerbIu onIy by LIe SerbIun governmenL us u
represenLuLIve oI unILed SerbIu und MonLenegro) und LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee. However, Irom SerbIu`s poInL oI vIew, LIe muIn Iuck oI
sucI CommILLee`s upproucI wus u IucL LIuL eILIer LIe CommILLee or
LIe MonLenegrIn RoyuI GovernmenL In exIIe (In Rome) dId noL Iuve u
sIngIe soIdIer oI LIeIr own Lo IIgIL Ior LIe unIIIcuLIon In compurIson
wILI SerbIu`s 1o.ooo soIdIers uL SuIonIku ronL. n LIe oLIer words,
LIe CommILLee requIred un equuI poIILIcuI posILIon oI uII LIree
menLIoned subjecLs In LIe unIIIcuLIon process buL onIy one oI LIem -
SerbIu - Iud Lo spIII over LIe bIood oI ILs soIdIers (und cIvIIIuns In
occupIed SerbIu). Anywuy, LIe pIvoLuI SerbIu`s urgumenL Ior LIe
IeudIng roIe oI SerbIu In LIe process oI LIe unIIIcuLIon wus LIe IucL
LIuL un uILernuLIve suIuLIon oI LIe GreuLer SerbIu InsLeud oI
YugosIuvIu wus sLIII uIIve us IL wus supporLed, even und uILer LIe
ondon AgreemenL oI 1q1, by LIe RussIun EmpIre (unLII LIe
ebruuryJMurcI RevoIuLIon oI 1q1;). TIe SerbIun sIde even
succeeded IInuIIy Lo beuL buck LIe CrouLIun requIremenL oI LIe IederuI
Lype oI YugosIuvIu by nomInuIIy uccepLIng LIIs Ideu durIng LIe
negoLIuLIons buL onIy under LIe condILIon LIuL u greuLJunILed SerbIun
IederuI unIL wILIIn YugosIuvIu wouId be creuLed, wIuL meuns LIuL LIe
CrouLIun IederuI-LerrILorIuI dIvIsIon Is goIng Lo be composed by onIy
one-LIIrd oI LIe requIred Iunds by LIe CrouLs, wIo uL uny cuse Iuve
been weII InIormed LIuL LuIy Is wIIIIng Lo muke un deuI wILI SerbIu
concernIng LIe LerrILorIuI dIvIsIon oI DuImuLIu beLween Rome und
BeIgrude.
TIe CommILLee`s sLundpoInL Lowurds LIe quesLIon connecLed
wILI LIe process oI unIIIcuLIon Iud us LIe crucIuI uIm Lo proLecL LIe
CrouLIun nuLIonuI InLeresL, us weII us LIe InLeresLs oI CrouLIu us u
IIsLorIcuI Iund wILI un uuLonomous rIgILs. runo SupIIo wus LIe mosL
ImporLunL deIender oI LIe CrouLIun nuLIonuI InLeresLs, wILI regurds
Lo LIe process oI unIon. HIs muIn poIILIcuI concepLIon wus u unILy oI
LIe CrouLs, or us Ie wus suyIng LIe wesLern purL oI our peopIe (I.e.
LIe SouLI SIuvs), wIuL meuns LIuL uII SouLI SIuvIc Iunds eusLwurd
Irom LIe AIps und wesLwurd Irom LIe DrInu RIver Iuve Lo be LIe purLs
oI &URDWLD. or LIuL reuson SupIIo requesLed u pIebIscILe ubouL
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
58
unIIIcuLIon wILI SerbIu und MonLenegro noL onIy In CrouLIu buL In uII
AusLro+XQJDULDQ <XJRVODY SURYLQFHV IRU SDUWLFXODU DQG SROLWLFDO
UHDVRQV
1z6
SupIIo wus sure LIuL onIy BuNDDQGWKHVRXWKHUQ%DQDW
wouId opL Ior SerbIu, wIIIe LIe resL oI LIe YugosIuv Iunds wILIIn LIe
DuuI MonurcIy (BosnIu, HerzegovInu, CrouLIu, SIovenIu, SIuvonIu,
sLrIu, DuImuLIu) wouId cIoose CrouLIu. TIe YugosIuv CommILLee, In
conLrusL Lo LIe SerbIun RoyuI GovernmenL, IuuncIed LIe Issue oI u
pIebIscILe us one oI LIe mosL IegILImuLe, jusLIIIubIe und proper wuys
Ior unIIIcuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs InLo u common sLuLe. TIIs meunL
LIuL LIe YugosIuv peopIe Iud Lo be usked Lo decIde upon LIeIr own
IuLe.
1z;
or runo SupIIo, un ugreemenL ubouL CrouLIun conIederuLe
sLuLus wILIIn LIe IuLure common sLuLe wILI SerbIu und MonLenegro
wus u sLurLIng poInL Ior LIe mukIng oI YugosIuvIu. He dIvIded poIILIcuI
subjecLs concernIng LIe unIIIcuLIon on Lwo purLs: 1) CrouLIu und z)
SerbIu wILI MonLenegro. AccordIng Lo IIm, CrouLIu Iud u IeudIng
poIILIcuI roIe umong LIe AusLro-HungurIun SouLI SIuvs, wIIIe SerbIu
Iud LIe sume roIe umong LIe YugosIuvs ouLsIde LIe MonurcIy. HIs
demund, wIIcI becume us weII us LIe muIn demund by LIe mosL oI
LIe commILLee's members, wus LIuL unIon Iud Lo be uccompIIsIed on
LIe equuI IeveI beLween LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe YugosIuv
&RPPLWWHHEHFDXVHDQ\RWKHUZD\ZRXOGEHDGRPLQDWLRQRI6HUER-
2UWKRGR[ H[FOXVLYLW\
1z8
TIe presIdenL oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee,
Dr. AnLe TrumbI, summurIsed LIe wIoIe Issue oI LIe process (LIe
wuy) oI unIIIcuLIon InLo Lwo poInLs: LIe unIIIcuLIon couId be reuIIsed
eILIer wILI u IIberuLIon oI LIe YugosIuv Iunds In AusLrIu-Hungury und
LIeIr IncorporuLIon InLo SerbIu, or IL couId be done wILI LIe unIon oI
LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes on LIe equuI IeveI. TIe YugosIuv
CommILLee cIose LIe second opLIon. However, In boLI opLIons LIe
SouLI SIuvIc Iunds wILIIn AusLrIu-Hungury Iud Lo be IIberuLed by
greuL IeIp oI SerbIun urmy.
TIe sLundpoInL Lowurds LIe wuy oI unIon oI LIe SerbIun
governmenL wus dIIIerenL Lo commILLee's one. TIe SerbIun
126
Dragovan Sepic, Italija, saveznici i jugoslovensko pitanje 1914-1918, Zagreb, 1970, pp. 141142,
170171; Dr. Nikola Stojanovic, 1ugoslovenski Odbor. Clanci i Dokumenti, Zagreb, 1927, pp. 15, 43.
Supilo was also in a strong opinion that Serbia required Croatian and Slovenian territories as a
compensation for its lost territories occupied by Bulgaria in 1915 (Macedonia, part of Kosovo and eastern
Serbia).
127
H. Hanak, The Government, the Foreign office and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918, New York, 1979,
pp. 165166.
128
Dragovan Sepic, Italija, saveznici i jugoslovensko pitanje 1914-1918, Zagreb, 1970, pp. 106107.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
59
governmenL never oIIIcIuIIy recognIsed LIe YugosIuv CommILLee us u
represenLuLIve InsLILuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs wILIIn AusLrIu-Hungury.
TIIs meunL, LIe SerbIun governmenL pIuyed u roIe oI represenLuLIve
InsLILuLIon oI LIe wIoIe SouLI SIuvIc popuIuLIon beIore LIe EnLenLe
sLuLes. Moreover, especIuIIy Ior PusIc, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus
noL on LIe equuI IeveI wILI LIe SerbIun governmenL durIng LIe
process oI unIIIcuLIon. TIe crucIuI requesL by LIe muIn members oI
LIe commILLee LIuL u pIebIscILe ubouL LIe unIIIcuLIon und sLuLe Inner
orgunIsuLIon Iud Lo be orgunIzed wus decIsIveIy rejecLed by LIe
SerbIun governmenL IIkewIse LIe InLernuI IederuIIsL sLuLe orgunIsuLIon
Iuvoured by LIe commILLee. PurLIcuIurIy, SupIIo`s Ideu oI IederuI CrouL
provInce wILIIn YugosIuvIu wus never uccepLed by PusIc wIo uIwuys
wus In LIe opInIon LIuL sucI u CrouLIu wouId be consLunLIy u FRUSXV
VHSDUDWXP und u sLuLe wILIIn LIe sLuLe. AII In uII, LIe crucIuI uspecL
oI PusIc's uLLILude Lowurd LIe quesLIon oI LIe process oI unIon wus
LIuL SerbIun poIILIcIuns sIouId be nuLuruI represenLuLIves oI LIe
wIoIe SouLI SIuvIc popuIuLIon beIore LIe EnLenLe powers unLII LIe
Peuce ConIerence. He jusLIIIed LIIs requIremenL by LIree IucLs: 1)
SerbIu Iud u IeguIIy composed governmenL, z) SerbIu wus un
InLernuLIonuIIy recognIsed sLuLe, und ) SerbIu wus u member oI LIe
EnLenLe bIock.
TIe uLLILude oI LIe SerbIun governmenL wus LIuL II YugosIuvIu
wus Lo be creuLed, LerrILorIuI borders Iud Lo be cIeurIy deIIned
beLween SerbIu, CrouLIu und SIovenIu.
1zq
TIIs meunL, PusIc wunLed
IIrsLIy Lo unIIy uII SerbIun Iunds und peopIe wILIIn one poIILIcuI unIL
und uILer LIuL Lo unIIy sucI LerrILory wILI oLIer YugosIuv Iunds InLo
common sLuLe. L Is IIkeIy LIuL, LIe SerbIun governmenL wus noL
uguInsL LIe IederuI orgunIsuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe. However, Ior LIe
SerbIun governmenL IL wus unuccepLubIe LIuL II YugosIuvIu wus Lo be
IederuLIon, LIe SerbIun popuIuLIon wouId be dIvIded InLo severuI
IederuI unILs. n oLIer words, onIy IederuI YugosIuvIu wILI LIree
IederuI unILs wus possIbIe: SIovenIu, CrouLIu und SerbIu. TIe SerbIun
IederuI unIL Iud Lo embruce uII SerbIun peopIe und Iunds.
1o

NeverLIeIess, uL LIe CorIu ConIerence LIe IederuI orgunIsuLIon bused
129
Serbian government had during the whole war much clear picture about the borders of united Serbia
towards the Hungarians than towards the Croats. Thus, new Serbian-Hungarian post-war border should run
northern from the line of Timisoara-Subotica-Maros-Baja-Pecs |Danilo KalaIatovic, '1DD SULPLUMD X
1918, Srpski knjizevni glasnik, vol. X, 7, 1. XII 1923, pp. 511525].
130
Dragoljub Zivojinovic, 'QHYQLNDGPLUDOD(UQHVWD7UXEULGD, Beograd, 1989, p. 143.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
60
on LIIs prIncIpIe wus gIven up, LukIng InLo uccounL LIe IucL LIuL "...
wIen we sLurLed Lo muke borders we undersLood LIuL IL wus
ImpossIbIe", us PusIc expIuIned Lo LIe YugosIuv purIIumenL In
1qz.
11
Even TrumbIc undersLood LIuL In LIe cuse oI LIe IederuI
orgunIsuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe on LIe nuLIonuI busIs, u GreuLer SerbIu
(composed by uII Serbs und SerbIun Iunds) wouId domInuLe LIe
counLry, wIIcI wus IInuIIy LIe crucIuI reuson Ior IIm Lo rejecL LIe
IederuI projecL oI YugosIuvIu durIng LIe CorIu ConIerence und IuLer.
Muny YugosIuv poIILIcIuns ugreed LIuL uII dIIIerences und
dIspuLes beLween LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee, In reIuLIon Lo LIe unIIIcuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs, sIouId be
IInuIIy resoIved uL one common conIerence by dIrecL negoLIuLIons
beLween LIem. TIe Ideu concernIng orgunIsuLIon oI sucI u conIerence
wus IuuncIed In Muy 1q1; by LIe SerbIun PrIme MInIsLer wIen,
ucLuuIIy, LIe CommILLee`s PresIdenL AnLe TrumbIc wus InvILed by IIm
Lo come Lo LIe CorIu IsIund (wIere LIe SerbIun governmenL exIIed
uILer occupuLIon oI SerbIu In uuLumn 1q1), wILI oLIer Iour members
oI LIe CommILLee In order Lo muke u bIIuLeruI ugreemenL upon LIe
mosL urgenL probIems concernIng LIe esLubIIsImenL oI LIe new sLuLe.
n IucL, PusIc by IIs decIsIon Lo negoLIuLe wILI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee recognIsed LIe CommILLee us u IeguI, us weII us und un
equuI poIILIcuI subjecL und negoLIuLor, In LIe process oI LIe unIIIcuLIon
uIongsIde wILI LIe SerbIun governmenL. SubsequenLIy, PusIc
dIscIuImed LIe excIusIve rIgILs oI LIe SerbIun governmenL Lo be LIe
onIy represenLuLIve InsLILuLIon oI LIe wIoIe SouLI SIuvIc popuIuLIon
(excepL LIe BuIgurIuns) beIore LIe EnLenLe sLuLes, LIuL wus requIred
by LIe SerbIu`s PrIme MInIsLer Irom LIe very begInnIng oI LIe wur.
TIe crucIuI quesLIon now becume: ZK\ GLG WKH 6HUELDQ JRYHUQPHQW
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TIere ure LIree mosL sIgnIIIcunL reusons wIIcI InIIuenced
boLI sIdes Lo negoLIuLe Lo eucI oLIer und Lo reucI u common
seLLIemenL concernIng LIe unIIIcuLIon uL LIe CorIu ConIerence In June
und JuIy 1q1;: 1) LIe RussIun ebruury (MurcI) RevoIuLIon; z) u reuI
possIbIIILIes Ior LIe preservuLIon oI AusLrIu-Hungury; und ) LIe
131
Spomenica Nikole Pasica 1845-1926, Beograd, 1926, p. 110.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
61
LuIIun dIpIomuLIc und mIIILury cumpuIgn In AIbunIu und EpIrus.
WIIIe LIe IIrsL Lwo oI LIem ure expIuIned In LIe YugosIuv
IIsLorIogrupIy, the third one is c neu contribution to the soltin oj
the problem oj the Yuoslct unijicction in :p:8.
WIuL IL Ius Lo be noLIced Is LIuL PusIc dId noL envIsuge LIe
creuLIon oI YugosIuvIu us LIe besL soIuLIon Ior resoIvIng LIe SerbIun
QuesLIon. TIuL wus LIe reuson wIy Ie Iound LIe crucIuI supporL by
LIe RussIun EmpIre Lo creuLe u GreuLer, I.e. unIIIed SerbIu, InsLeud oI
YugosIuvIu.
1z
AccordIng Lo IIs opInIon, LIe Serbs sIouId creuLe LIeIr
own sIngIe nuLIonuI sLuLe In wIIcI LIe wIoIe SerbIun popuIuLIon
wouId be IncIuded. AcLuuIIy, LIe concepL oI u GreuLer SerbIu wus
IIrsLIy promoLed In PusIc`s wur uIms oI SerbIu. TIe creuLIon oI u
common SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe wus onIy u second opLIon Ior IIm In LIe
cuse LIuL LIe IIrsL one couId noL be reuIIsed Ior some reuson. He
genuIneIy supporLed u GreuLer SerbIu, InsLeud oI YugosIuvIu, unLII LIe
sprIng oI 1q1; wIen Ie decIded Lo negoLIuLe wILI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee upon YugosIuvIu. TIIs meunL LIuL Ie In IucL rejecLed LIe
esLubIIsImenL oI u GreuLer SerbIu und uccepLed LIe creuLIon oI
YugosIuvIu. TIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL reuson Ior IIs cIunged dIsposILIon
Lowurds resoIvIng oI LIe SerbIun QuesLIon wus LIe RussIun MurcI
RevoIuLIon (LIe new sLyIe) uILer wIIcI LIe Ideu oI u GreuLer SerbIu
wus gone wILI LIe wInd Iorever. L becume cIeur wIen LIe new,
Temporury RussIun governmenL (Ied by AIeksundur . KerenskI,
1881-1q;o), decIured on MurcI zq
LI
, 1q1; LIuL RussIu wus InLeresLed
In LIe creuLIon oI YugosIuvIu In LIe BuIkuns, us u burrIer uguInsL
Germuny, buL noL unILed SerbIu. TIuL LIe new RussIun governmenL
wIII noL gIve u supporL Ior LIe creuLIon oI u GreuLer SerbIu becume
obvIous even u duy eurIIer wIen KerenskI`s governmenL Issued un
oIIIcIuI procIumuLIon oI RussIu`s wur uIms on MurcI z
rd
, 1q1;
supporLIng LoLuI YugosIuv unIIIcuLIon, buL noL creuLIon oI LIe onIy
132
The general attitude of the Croatian nationalistic historiography is that Belgrade was carried on an anti-
Croat politics during the whole period of the modern history for the sake to establish the Serbian Orthodox
dominance over the region and to exploit both the 'Roman-Catholic and 'Muslim Croats (ex. |Jere Jareb,
Pola stoljeca hrvatske politike, 1895-1945, Zagreb, 1995|). However, contrary to the idea oI a 'Greater
Serbia the Croatian dream during the last two centuries was nothing else than a creation oI a 'Greater
Croatia |Milan Marjanovic, Hrvatski Pokret. Opazanja i misli na pragu novoga narodnoga preporoda
g. 1903, Dubrovnik, 1903, I, p. 48.]. According to the Russian Minister of the Foreign affairs, Sazonov, the
Russian diplomacy saw a creation of the SerboCroatianSlovenian state as a political and military
counterbalance against Italy, Hungary and Romania. However, Russia was aware that multi-confessional
Yugoslavia would not survive for the longer period of time.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
62
unILed SerbIun Iunds und peopIe.
1
CIeurIy, LIe SerbIun PrIme
MInIsLer Iud Lo modIIy IIs pIun uccordIng Lo LIe new Europeun
poIILIcuI sILuuLIon.
1q
TIereIore, LIe convocuLIon oI LIe CorIu
ConIerence resuILed Irom u newIy esLubIIsIed reIuLIons In LIe
InLernuLIonuI buIunce oI powers mude by LIe RussIun MurcI
RevoIuLIon. ConLrury Lo KerenskI`s governmenL In RussIu, LIe TsurIsL
RussIu Iuvoured creuLIon oI u GreuLer SerbIu buL noL YugosIuvIu. TIe
TsurIsL RussIun uuLIorILIes were uIruId LIuL LIe CuLIoIIc-OrLIodox
YugosIuvIu wouId Iuve Iooser LIes wILI RussIu LIun onIy OrLIodox
GreuLer SerbIu.
1

TIe possIbIIILy Ior preservuLIon oI AusLrIu-Hungury wus LIe
second reuson Ior convocuLIon LIe CorIu ConIerence. TIIs possIbIIILy
Iud Lwo IeuLures In LIe sprIng oI 1q1;. TIe IIrsL oI LIem wus LIe Muy
DecIuruLIon, or LIe VIennese DecIuruLIon, sIgned by members oI
LIe YugosIuv CIub on Muy o
LI
, 1q1; In VIennu. TIey were LIe SouLI
SIuvIc depuLIes (LIe Romun CuLIoIIc SIovenes und CrouLs) Irom LIe
AusLrIun purL oI LIe MonurcIy (LIe so-cuIIed &LVOHLWKDQLD) In LIe
mperIuI CouncII In VIennu. TIey demunded LIe creuLIon oI u sIngIe
133
Ante Mandic, Fragmenti za historiju ujedinjenja, Zagreb, 1956, p. 77; Miodrag Zecevic,
Jugoslavija 1918-1992. 1uznoslovenski drzavni san i java, Beograd, 1994, p. 32.
134
Jugoslovenski Odbor u Londonu, Zagreb, 1966, p. 173; Archives of Serbia, Beograd, Ministarstvo
Inostranih Poslova, Politicko Odeljenje, 1917, IX/98, ~Pasic`s note March, 30th, 1917. The Serbian
government knew that the new Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Miljukov, favoured the Bulgarian
territorial aspirations during the Balkan Wars 19121913. With the Bolshevik taking power in Russia all
Serbia`s hopes into Russian support upon creation oI a united and Greater Serbia instead oI Yugoslavia
were finally over particularly when the Bolshevik Russia signed the peace treaty with Germany in Brest-
Litovsk on March 3
rd
, 1918. Pasic tried unsuccesIuly to attract the Bolshevik government Ior the Serbian
policy through Leon Trotsky (18791940) who was living in Serbia during the Balkan Wars 19121913 as
the war correspondent (see his book [Leon Trotsky, The Balkan Wars, 1912-1913. The War
Correspondence of Leon Trotsky, New York, 1993|). An espetially it was important Ior Pasic to get the
Bolshevik support Ior incorporation oI the 'pure Serbian lands oI Bosnia and Herzegovina into the
Kingdom of Serbia [Archives of Serbia, Beograd, Ministarstvo Inostranih Poslova, Politicko Odeljenje,
1917]. L. Trotsky at that moment supported the Serbian fight to liberate their country and the people and
publicly revealed the text of the Treaty of London with Italy signed in 1915 from the Russian Imperial
Archive [Archives of Serbia, Beograd, Ministarstvo Inostranih Poslova, Politicko Odeljenje, 1917, IX/194,
Petrograd, December 17th, 1917]. The Bolshevik and later on the Soviet animosity towards the monarchical
and bourgeois Serbia rooted in Iour reasons. Firstly, because Serbia`s ambassador to Russia, M.
Spalajkovic, expectorated Vladimir I. Lenin to his Iace publicly during the reception Ior the Ioreign
diplomats when he heard that the Bolsheviks executed whole imperial family in Ekaterinburg [Knez
Grigorije Nikolajevic Trubecki, Rat na Balkanu 1914-1917 i ruska diplomatija, Beograd, 1994, p. 145].
Secondly, because 1200 Serbian soldiers participated in the western military intervention against the
Bolsheviks 19191921. Thirdly, because 10.000 Russian emigrants after the civil war 19171921 in Russia
exiled in Yugoslavia. Fourthly, because Karl Marx put a 'black label on the Serbs as they were Iighting on
the side oI the Habsburg 'reaction against the Hungarians during the Revolution 18481849.
135
Slobodan Jovanovic, Moji savremenici, Beograd, 1935, p. 175179.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
63
SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe (or uuLonomous provInce) under LIe scepLre oI LIe
Hubsburg dynusLy.
16
TIe essence oI LIe DecIuruLIon wus un Ideu
LIuL InsLeud oI LIe duuI InLernuI orgunIsuLIon oI LIe MonurcIy
(uccordIng Lo LIe $XVVJOHLFK sIgned In 186; beLween AusLrIun und
HungurIun poIILIcuI represenLuLIves) u LrIpurLILe IormuIu oI LIe
InLernuI poIILIcuI-udmInIsLruLIve sLuLe orgunIsuLIon oI LIe Dunube
MonurcIy wus IuuncIed. AccordIng Lo LIIs Ideu, LIe LIIrd IederuI unIL,
uIongsIde wILI AusLrIu und Hungury, sIouId be LIuL oI LIe SouLI
SIuvs, buL bused on LIe prIncIpIe oI LIe CrouLIun sLuLe rIgILs. A
revIvuI oI LIe Ideus Lo reorgunIse Inner sLrucLure oI AusLrIu-Hungury
wus gIvIng LIe possIbIIILy Ior ILs survIvuI us u sLuLe uILer LIe wur. TIe
Muy DecIuruLIon wus bused on Lwo prIncIpIes: 1) LIe rIgIL oI LIe
nuLIons Lo LIe seII-deLermInuLIon; und z) LIe CrouLIun IIsLorIcuI
(sLuLe) rIgILs.
1;
TIe DecIuruLIon wus Issued uL LIe LIme wIen uIso
LIe CzecIs, UkruInIuns und PoIes Issued LIe sume requIremenLs wILI
respecL Lo LIe re-orgunIsuLIon oI AusLrIu-Hungury. An unoLIer
encourugemenL Ior LIe AusLro-HungurIun survIvuI In LIe posL-wur
perIod emerged uILer dIpIomuLIc mIssIon oI SIxLe de Bourbon wIo
wus LIe broLIer-In-Iuw oI LIe IusL AusLro-HungurIun emperorJkIng.
CerLuInIy, Ie proposed Lo LIe EnLenLe sLuLes u sepuruLe peuce LreuLy
wILI LIe MonurcIy, wILIouL greuL LerrILorIuI Iosses Ior IL.
ConsequenLIy, u convocuLIon und decIsIons oI LIe CorIu ConIerence
were poIILIcuI unswer oI SerbIu und LIe SouLI SIuvIc emIgrunLs Irom
LIe DuuI MonurcIy Lo LIe possIbIIILy eILIer Ior preservuLIon oI
AusLrIu-Hungury or Ior ILs Inner re-orgunIsuLIon on u LIree-IederuI
sLuLes busIs.
136
Ferdo Sisic, Dokumenti o postanku Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca (19141918), Zagreb,
1920, p. 94. The deputies have been coming from Istria, Slovenia and Dalmatia. The Declaration repeated
old Croatian-Slovenian requirements for the political-administrative transformation of the Monarchy from
the two- to the three-federal system of states. The South Slavic federal unit would be composed by
Slovenia, Croatia, Slavonia, Istria, Dubrovnik, Vojvodina and Bosnia & Herzegovina. At such a way it
would be established Yugoslavia but within the sceptre of the Habsburgs. However, no one single political
authority either in Austria or Hungary supported such idea. The Yugoslav Club even sent the Memorandum
with an appeal to the Brest-Litovsk peace conference but without the results [Janko Prunk, Kratka
zgodovina Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2002, p. 8687]. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was concluded between
Germany, AustriaHungary and the Bolshevik Russia. It was the first peace treaty of the WWI according to
which Russia lost Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, west Belorussia (Belarus), Poland, Ukraine and parts
of the Caucasus. Russia lost almost half of her European territories with 75% of its heavy industries. The
Treaty in the name of Russia was signed by Leon Trotsky as the Minister for External Affairs [Jan
Palmowski, A Dictionary of Contemporary World History from 1900 to the present day, Oxford,
2004, New York, p. 82, 645].
137
Ljubo Boban, Hrvatske granice od 1918 do 1993, Zagreb, 1993.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
64
TIe LuIIun dIpIomuLIc und mIIILury cumpuIgn In AIbunIu und
EpIrus In LIe sprIng oI 1q1; wus LIe LIIrd reuson Ior convocuLIon oI
LIe CorIu ConIerence, wIIcI resuILed In sIgnIng oI LIe &RUIX3DFW. AL
LIuL LIme, boLI LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe YugosIuv CommILLee
were under LIe menuce by LIe LuIIun LerrILorIuI uspIruLIons In LIe
wesLern BuIkuns. As IL wus noLIced eurIIer, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee
wus esLubIIsIed In 1q1 In order Lo proLecL one purL oI LIe YugosIuv
Iunds Irom LIe LuIIun LerrILorIuI demunds. However, uL LIuL LIme
LerrILory oI LIe SerbIun KIngdom wus noL In u dunger eILIer Irom LIe
LuIIun LerrILorIuI uspIruLIons or LIe LuIIun dIpIomuLIc und mIIILury
InIIuence In LIe cenLruI-souLIern BuIkuns. TIuL wus one oI LIe
reusons wIy LIe SerbIun governmenL wus noL In u Iurry Lo muke u
IInuI ugreemenL concernIng LIe creuLIon oI YugosIuvIu wILI LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee. NeverLIeIess, In LIe sprIng oI 1q1;, uIongsIde
wILI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee, LIe RoyuI SerbIun GovernmenL wus us
weII us under sLrong LuIIun LIreuL becuuse LIe LuIIun dIpIomuLIc und
mIIILury ucLIvILIes In AIbunIu und EpIrus LIe LerrILorIes In LIe
neIgIbourIood oI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu LIe KIngdom wIIcI wus
noL exIsLed GH IDFWR us u sLuLe uILer LIe uuLumn oI 1q1. TIIs meunL
LIuL LIe sLuLe LerrILory und LIe borders oI SerbIu were In u quesLIon
Ior LIe LIme uILer LIe wur.
TIe IIrsL sLuLemenL ubouL LIe LuIIun poIILIcuI ucLIvILIes In
AIbunIu und EpIrus, us u LIreuL Ior SerbIu, wus senL Lo LIe SerbIun
HeIr oI LIe LIrone, PrInce-RegenL AIeksundur KuruRUHYL E\ WKH
SerbIun vIce-consuI In SuIonIku, NIkoIu JovunovI, on MurcI
rd
,
1q1;. AccordIng Lo IIm, LIe LuIIun pIun wus Lo unIIy AIbunIu
uccordIng Lo LIe AIbunIun cIuIms on eLInIc rIgILs. AL LIuL momenL
some AIbunIun eLInIc Iunds (cIuImed by LIe AIbunIun propugundu Lo
be onIy AIbunIun) Iuve been under LIe LuIIun mIIILury occupuLIon,
und under poIILIcuI proLecLoruLe oI Rome. n IucL, uccordIng Lo LIe
reporL, u newIy posL-wur AIbunIu wus Lo be u GreuLer AIbunIu,
enIurged uL IeusL wILI Kosovo und MeLoIIu und LIe wesLern
MucedonIu (und mosL probubIy wILI LIe Greek SouLIern EpIrus); LIe
LerrILorIes IncIuded InLo SerbIu und MonLenegro uILer LIe BuIkun
Wurs 1q1z1q1. TIe SerbIun consuI LIougIL LIuL LuIy wus mukIng u
GreuLer AIbunIu us LIe busIs Ior LIe LuIIun poIILIcuI-economIc posL-
wur InIIuence uL LIe ureu oI LIe souLIern BuIkuns (busIcuIIy us LIe
LuIIun coIony us u subsLILuLIon Ior LIe IosL ELIIopIu In 18q6). TIe
SerbIun uuLIorILIes Iuve been In u sLrong opInIon LIuL u GreuLer
AIbunIu under LIe LuIIun proLecLoruLe wouId be u LoLuIIy IosLIIe
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
65
Lowurds SerbIu. n uddILIon, und In connecLIon, Lo LIe quesLIon oI LIe
posL-wur AIbunIu, LIe norLI-wesLern Greek provInce oI LIe souLIern
EpIrus wus Ior LIe LuIIuns onIy LIe quesLIon oI LIe GreuL Powers, buL
noL LIe quesLIon oI Greece.
18
OnIy IIve duys IuLer, NIkoIu PusIc senL
u LeIegrum Lo LIe HeIr oI LIe LIrone wILI InIormuLIon LIuL one LuIIun
generuI guve un unLI-SerbIun speecI In AIbunIun Lown oI ArgIrocusLro
crILIcIsIng Esud-PusIu`s pro-SerbIun poIIcy.
1q
AL LIuL momenL Esud-
PusIu wus onIy AIbunIun Ieuder wIo co-operuLed wILI LIe SerbIun
governmenL umong uII AIbunIun poIILIcuI Ieuders. TIe SerbIun
umbussudor In ALIens, ZIvojIn BuIugdzIc, InIormed LIe SerbIun
governmenL on AprII 8
LI
, 1q1; LIuL un ugreemenL upon AIbunIu
beLween LuIy und runce wus mude In PurIs. AccordIng Lo LIIs
ugreemenL, LuIy wouId geL LerrILorIuI concessIons In LIe souLIern
AIbunIu und EpIrus In reLurn Ior LIe LuIIun supporL oI LIe EnLenLe
poIIcy Lowurds Greece.
1qo

TIuL LuIy wus mukIng u serIous LIreuL Ior SerbIu In reIuLIon Lo
AIbunIu und EpIrus In LIe IIrsL IuII oI 1q1; wus IInuIIy upproved on
June
rd
, 1q1; wIen LIe LuIIun generuI erruro, under InsLrucLIons
gIven by IIs governmenL, procIuImed LIe LuIIun proLecLoruLe over
AIbunIu. AccordIng Lo PusIc`s cIrcuIur noLe senL Lo runce, GreuL
BrILLuny, RussIu und LIe U.S.A., LIIs procIumuLIon wus uguInsL LIe
uxIoms udopLed by LIe EnLenLe sLuLes LIuL LIIs wur wus IougIL uguInsL
LIe Germun ImperIuIIsm und mIIILurIsm Ior LIe prIncIpIe oI LIe seII-
deLermInuLIon oI LIe nuLIons. TIe SerbIun PrIme MInIsLer on LIe
sume pIuce procIuImed un uxIom LIe BuIkuns Ior LIe BuIkun
peopIes, us u prIncIpIe under wIIcI LIe AIbunIun sLuLe wus creuLed uL
LIe ondon ConIerence oI Ambussudors 1q1z-1q1. PusIc noLIced
LIuL LIIs LuIIun procIumuLIon wus uguInsL LIe vILuI InLeresLs oI LIe
SerbIun peopIe Ior LIeIr IuLure, buL uIso und uguInsL LIe vILuI
InLeresLs oI LIe SerbIun sLuLe.
1q1
n IucL, PusIc wus uIruId LIuL LuIy
couId uL IeusL cIose LIe SerbIun exIL Lo LIe seu vIu LIe Moruvu-Vurdur
vuIIey. AL LIe end oI June 1q1; PusIc conIIrmed LIuL LuIy wus workIng
uguInsL Esud-PusIu, SerbIu und Greece by mukIng Lwo AIbunIun
138
Archives of Yugoslavia, Beograd, Kancelarija Nj. V. Kralja, F-2.
139
Archives of Yugoslavia, Beograd, =ELUND -RYDQD -RYDQRYLD 3LRQD, 80-9-44. Esad-Pasha was an
Albanian feudal lord and politician who sided on the Serbian side during the WWI.
140
Archives of Yugoslavia, Beograd, Kancelarija Nj. V. Kralja, F-2.
141
Archives of Serbia, MID KS, Beograd, Department of Policy, 1Da nota povodom proklamacije
WDOLMDQVNRJSURWHNWRUDWDQDG$OEDQLMRP Nikola Pasic, p. 182, May 30
th
, 1917 (old style).
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
66
governmenLs - LIe norLIern und LIe souLIern ones.
1qz
InuIIy, Ior
LIe SerbIun governmenL wus LoLuIIy cIeur LIuL LIe LuIIun dIpIomucy
wus workIng uguInsL LIe InLeresLs oI LIe SouLI SIuvs In JuIy 1q1;,
wIuL wus uguIn conIIrmed In December 1q1;. TukIng InLo uccounL LIe
InIormuLIon gIven by LIe SerbIun umbussudor In ondon, Jovun M.
JovunovIc, Lo LIe HeIr oI LIe LIrone, onIy LuIy wus uguInsL LIe SouLI
SIuvIc unIIIcuLIon umong uII EnLenLe members. TIe LuIIuns Iud LIree
crucIuI prIncIpIes oI LIeIr BuIkun poIIcy: 1) 6DFURHJRLVPR,WDOLDQR; z)
noL Lo uIIow u LoLuI dIsmembermenL oI AusLrIu under LIe prIncIpIe oI
LIe seII-deLermInuLIon oI LIe nuLIons; und ) noL Lo uIIow u creuLIon oI
u sIngIe SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe.
1q
AccordIng Lo LIe InIormuLIon gIven by
Jovun M. JovunovIc Irom December 1q1;, LIe LuIIun poIILIcIuns
uround LIe LuIIun PremIer VILLorIo EmunueIe OrIundo (186o-1qz)
In LIe LuIIun governmenL wunLed Lo ucIIeve DuImuLIu Ior LuIy, Lo
creuLe u smuII SerbIu, und Lo LIwurL LIe SouLI SIuvIc unIIIcuLIon. TIIs
OrIundo`s poIILIcuI orIenLuLIon wus LIe pro-GermunIc und nuLuruIIy
LIe unLI-SerbIun.
1qq

TIe LuIIun LerrILorIuI uspIruLIons us weII us ILs dIpIomuLIc und
mIIILury LIreuL In LIe BuIkun PenInsuIu wus Ior LIe boLI SerbIun
governmenL und LIe YugosIuv CommILLee one oI LIe mosL ImporLunL
reusons Lo convoke LIe CorIu ConIerence. BoLI oI LIem wunLed Lo
muke pubIIcIy known LIuL one sIngIe und vIgorous SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe
wouId be creuLed on LIe cenLruI und wesLern purLs oI LIe BuIkuns
wIIcI couId deIend ILseII Irom LIe LuIIun pressure. ConsequenLIy, LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee wouId preserve LIe SouLI SIuvIc AdrIuLIc IILLoruI,
wIIIe LIe SerbIun governmenL wouId be In posILIon Lo preserve LIe
SouLI SIuvIc conLInenLuI LerrILorIes uL LIe souLI (LIe wesLern
MucedonIu und Kosovo & MeLoIIu). L Is InLeresLIng Lo noLIce LIuL LIe
sIund oI CorIu, us u conIerence meeLIng pIuce, wus IocuLed jusL
beLween AIbunIu und EpIrus - Lwo LerrILorIes under u sLrongesL
LuIIun poIILIcuI-mIIILury pressure uL LIuL LIme.
1q

142
Archives of Yugoslavia, Beograd, Zbirka Jovana JovanoviD3LRQD, 80-9-44.
143
Archives of Yugoslavia, Beograd, Kancelarija Nj. V. Kralja, F-2.
144
ibid.
145
According to Ante Trumbic, there were Iour reasons to convoke the CorIu ConIerence: 1) a new
international atmosphere made by the American joining the war and the Russian March Revolution; 2) it
was impossible under such international situation to support any more the Serbian principles of unification;
3) to give an official program of the unification; and 4) to create a common program with the Serbian
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
67
TIe mosL ImporLunL conIerence durIng LIe process oI LIe
SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe InLegruLIon wus IeId In LIe CorIu sIund Irom June
1
LI
Lo JuIy zo
LI
, 1q1;. TIe negoLIuLIons beLween LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee und LIe SerbIun governmenL were done on LIe busIs oI u
dIscussIon, wIIcI wus prepured beIore LIe ConIerence by IIve
members oI LIe CIose Bourd.
1q6

TIe negoLIuLIons beLween LIe members oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee und LIe SerbIun governmenL were bused on Lwo
prIncIpIes: 1) LIe prIncIpIe oI LIe nuLIonuI unILy oI LIe Serbs, CrouLs
und SIovenes; und z) LIe prIncIpIe oI LIe seII-deLermInuLIon oI LIe
peopIes. TIe CorIu DecIuruLIon, us u resuIL oI LIIs ConIerence und
negoLIuLIons, wus noL u consLILuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe. L wus onIy LIe
muLuuI sLuLemenL und some IundumenLuI prIncIpIes upon LIe
creuLIon oI LIe YugosIuv sLuLe .
1q;

TIe negoLIuLIons sLurLed wILI PuLV REVHUYDWLRQ WKDW Ey LIe
LIme oI LIe RussIun MurcI RevoIuLIon boLI LIe SerbIun governmenL
und LIe YugosIuv CommILLee Iud Lo Lry Lo IInd u dIpIomuLIc supporL
Ior LIeIr common poIIcy In LIe oIIIce oI LIe AmerIcun PresIdenL
Woodrow TIomus WIIson (1861qzq, LIe z8
LI
U.S. PresIdenL 1q1
1qz1).
1q8
or LIuL reuson LIe SerbIun dIpIomuLIc mIssIon Ied by LIe
SerbIun umbussudor Lo runce, MIIenko VesnI wenL Lo WusIIngLon
In Junuury 1q18. However, uL LIuL LIme WIIson In IIs )RXUWHHQ3RLQWV
6SHHFK gIven on Junuury 8
LI
, 1q18 unLIcIpuLed preservuLIon oI
AusLrIuHungury us u sLuLe buL reIormed uccordIng Lo LIe prIncIpIe oI
nuLIonuI rIgIL Lo seII-deLermInuLIon. n IucL, LIe MonurcIy wouId be
re-consLrucLed concernIng ILs Inner udmInIsLruLIve orgunIsuLIon
uccordIng Lo LIe IederuI sysLem oI LIe uuLonomous nuLIonuI
LerrILorIes. One oI ILs IederuI unILs wouId be und LIe SouLI SIuvIc one
wILI Zugreb us ILs poIILIcuI cenLre. TIe reuI reuson oI LIe AmerIcun
und IuLer on LIe BrILIsI und LIe rencI InLenLIons Lo preserve u
LerrILorIuI InLegrILy oI LIe Dunube MonurcIy wus LIuL reIormed
AusLrIuHungury couId pIuy u decIsIve roIe oI LIe CenLruI Europeun
buIwurk uguInsL LIe BoIsIevIk RussIu. However, Ior SerbIu, WIIson
unLIcIpuLed ILs sLuLe recoverIng wILIIn LIe borders wIIcI SerbIu Iud

government in regard to the territorial unification and the internal state organisation [Ante Trumbic,
'1HNROLNRULMHLR.UIVNRMGHNODUDFLML, Bulletin Yougoslave, November 1
st
, 1917, No. 26].
146
This draft was under the title: Provisional state until the constitutional organisation.
147
Dragoslav Jankovic, Jugoslovensko pitanje i Krfska deklaracija 1917, Beograd, 1967, pp. 228229.
148
'%HOHNHVD.UIVNHNRQIHUHQFLMH, Novi zivot, vol. IV, Beograd, 1921.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
68
beIore LIe WW (buL wILIouL u LerrILorIuI enIurgemenL). AL uny cuse,
sucI soIuLIon dId noL suLIsIy eILIer LIe YugosIuvs In LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee or LIe Serbs In LIe SerbIun governmenL wIuL wus poInLed
RXW E\ 0LOHQNR 9HVQL LQ WKH 86 &RQJUHVV LPPHGLDWHO\ uILer
:LOVRQV VSHHFK &RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH ILUVW FULWLTXH RI :LOVRQV )RUWHHQ
3RLQWV6SHHFK cume Irom u SerbIun dIpIomuL.
1qq

L becume obvIous Ior boLI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe
SerbIun governmenL LIuL uILer LIe RussIun MurcI RevoIuLIon, und
:LOVRQV )RXUWHHQ 3RLQWV 6SHHFK In LIe U.S. Congress In Junuury
1q18 us weII us, LIey Iuve Lo work cIoser und Lo IInd u poIILIcuI
FRPSURPLVH DERXW UHVROYLQJ WKH 6RXWK 6ODYLF 4XHVWLRQ )LUVWO\
boLI sIdes undersLood LIuL LIey Iuve Lo negoLIuLe wILI eucI oLIer.
SecondIy, LIey becume uwure LIuL LIey Iuve Lo Issue un oIIIcIuI
common sLuLemenL ubouL LIeIr bIIuLeruI ugreemenL upon LIe creuLIon
oI u common YugosIuv sLuLe us LIe besL wuy Lo muke u posILIve
InIIuence on LIe InLernuLIonuI pubIIc opInIon. As u resuIL oI sucI
InLernuLIonuI cIrcumsLunces boLI sIdes LrIed Lo IInd u compromIse on
LIe CorIu ConIerence by LIe meuns oI negoLIuLIon. DurIng LIe
negoLIuLIons boLI sIdes recognIsed GH IDFWR eucI oLIer us LIe
uuLIorIsed represenLuLIves oI LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes. TIIs
meunL LIuL LIey guve Lo LIemseIves u rIgIL Lo negoLIuLe In LIe nume oI
uII Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes (LIe MucedonIuns, MonLenegrIns und
BosnIun MusIIms ure noL sLIII uL LIuL LIme recognIsed us LIe sepuruLe
nuLIonuI IdenLILIes us IL wus done Irom 1qq In LIe CommunIsL
YugosIuvIu Ied by LIe Romun CuLIoIIc SIovene-CrouL Ieuder J. B.
TILo). TIe muIn Lusk oI LIe DecIuruLIon wus Lo proLecL uII oI LIese
nuLIons Irom every IoreIgn domInuLIon by u creuLIon oI LIeIr own
sIngIe nuLIonuI sLuLe.
TIe YugosIuv unILy, ucIIeved durIng LIe CorIu ConIerence by
sIgnIng LIe CorIu PucL, goL ILs IormuI expressIon In LIe Iorm oI u
IRUPDWLRQ DW WKH 6DORQLND )URQW RI VSHFLDO PLOLWDU\ WKH <XJRVODY
'LYLVLRQ ,W ZDV FRPSRVHG E\ WKH 6RXWK 6ODYLF YROXQWHHUV DQG WKH
prIsoners oI wur Irom LIe AusLroHungurIun urmy (LIe
149
Milorad Zecevic and Miladin Milosevic, Diplomatska prepiska srpske vlade 1917 (Dokumenti),
Beograd, w.y., pp. 149163. After the speech the U.S. President Wilson sent a letter to the Serbian Regent
in which he supported the struggle of small nations for their legitimate rights [Archive of Yugoslavia,
Beograd, Royal cabinet (Kabinet kralja), :LOVRQV OHWWHU WR $OHNVDQGDU ,, White House, January 21
st
,
1918].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
69
overwIeImIng mujorILy oI LIe DIvIsIon`s soIdIers Iuve been LIe
Serbs).
TIere were severuI concIusIons In LIe DecIuruLIon wILI regurds
Lo LIe InLernuI orgunIsuLIon oI LIe sLuLe. IrsL oI uII, LIe new sLuLe
wouId be u consLILuLIonuI, democruLIc und purIIumenLury monurcIy,
Ied by LIe KurudordevIc dynusLy. AL LIuL momenL LIe quesLIon
connecLed wILI LIe crown (I.e, monurcIy or repubIIc) wus resoIved In
Iuvour oI SerbIu`s demund, us LIe repubIIcun Iorm oI LIe sLuLe,
requIred by LIe YugosIuv CommILLee, wus noL uccepLed. Second oI uII,
LIe IocuI uuLonomIes were guurunLeed, bused on LIe nuLuruI, socIuI
und economIc prIncIpIes, buL noL bused on LIe IIsLorIcuI or eLInIc
ones. TIe IusL Lwo prIncIpIes Iuve noL been Luken InLo consIderuLIon
In order Lo mInImIze u possIbIIILy Ior LIe InLernuI sLruggIes und IInuI
dIsmembermenL oI LIe counLry. TIIrd oI uII, LIe ConsLILuenL
AssembIy wouId voLe u consLILuLIon wILI u numerIcuIIy quuIIIIed
mujorILy oI LIe voLIng body.
1o
However, durIng LIe CorIu
negoLIuLIons LIe SerbIun PrIme MInIsLer proposed LIuL LIe quuIIIIed
mujorILy sIouId be composed by LIe LIree-IIILIs oI LIe purIIumenLury
depuLIes, buL LIe PresIdenL oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee dId noL uccepL
LIus uncIeur proposuI.
11
TrumbIc wroLe In LIe uuLumn oI 1q1; LIuL
LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy ILseII sIouId muke u decIsIon concernIng
LIe nuLure oI LIe quuIIIIed mujorILy wIIcI Ius Lo uccepL (voLe) LIe
sLuLe consLILuLIon.
1z
Anywuy, LIe DecIuruLIon (, u documenL
wrILLen In CyrIIIIc), In u Iorm In wIIcI IL wus pubIIcIy unnounced, wus
u greuL poIILIcuI vIcLory oI LIe SerbIun governmenL us IL succeeded Lo
Impose ILs LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL demund - LIe monurcIIcuI Lype oI LIe
sLuLe wILI LIe SerbIun dynusLy on u Ieud oI IL.
1
However, LIe
represenLuLIves oI Le YugosIuv CommILLee succeeded LIuL PusIc`s
requIremenL LIuL LIe YugosIuv monurcI Ius uncondILIonuIIy Lo be oI
150
Aleks Dragnic, Srbija, Nikola Pasic i 1ugoslavija, Beograd, 1994, p. 168.
151
Slobodan Jovanovic, Ustavno pravo Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca, Beograd, 1924, p. 35.
152
Ferdo Sisic, Dokumenti o postanku Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca (1914-1918), Zagreb,
1920, p. 309. The Croatian historiography from the time of an independent Croatia after 1991 is inclined to
see in the Declaration a negation of the Croatian statehood and a political act of the Serbian hegemonism
over the Croats as Pasic did not want unification with, but annexation of, the AustroHungarian South
Slavic lands by the Kingdom of Serbia [Dragutin Pavlicevic, Povijest Hrvatske. Drugo, izmijenjeno i
prosireno izdanje, Zagreb, 2000, pp. 309311; Ivo Peric, Povijest Hrvata, Zagreb, 1997, p. 212]
153
., O , , 1975, pp. 198, 206208.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
70
LIe OrLIodox IuILI dId noL become u purL oI LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon.
1q

PusIc`s sLundpoInL In LIIs muLLer wus LIuL u ruIer cun cIunge LIe
IuILI, buL cun noL be uny more LIe ruIer. InuIIy LIIs probIem wus
soIved by LIe RegenL`s InLervenLIon wIo supporLed TrumbIc`s
sLundpoInL.
1
n uddILIon, LIere were LIree possIbIe opLIons In
connecLIon wILI LIe coronuLIon: 1) LIe royuI crown wouId be
composed us u sIngIe one by LIe SerbIun, CrouLIun und SIovene
crowns; z) u sIngIe YugosIuv crown wouId be creuLed onIy by LIe
SerbIun (Dusun`s) und LIe CrouLIun (TomIsIuv`s) crowns; und ) LIe
YugosIuv kIng wouId be crowned IIrsLIy by LIe SerbIun und uILer LIuL
by LIe CrouLIun crown. WIIIe PusIc wus supporLIng LIe IIrsL opLIon,
TrumbIc wus deIendIng LIe unoLIer Lwo. TIe IInuI soIuLIon oI LIIs
ceremonIuI quesLIon wus IeIL Lo be decIded by LIe ConsLILuenL
AssembIy.
A procIuImed sLuLe nume wus LIe .LQJGRP RI 6HUEV &URDWV
DQG 6ORYHQHV, buL noL <XJRVODYLD, becuuse LIe negoLIuLors uccepLed
LIe Ideu oI LIe LIree-numes nuLIon, wIIcI IIsLorIcuIIy wus
promoLed by LIe IeudIng CrouLIun pIIIoIogIsL VuLrosIuv JugIc uL LIe
second IuII oI LIe 1q
LI
c.
16
A sIngIe sLuLe-nuLIonuI embIem oI LIe
LIree recognIsed LrIbes oI LIe sume nuLIon wouId be composed by
LIe LIree IIsLorIcuI couLs oI urms oI LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes.
By LIe words oI LIe DecIuruLIon, LIe nuLIonuI desIgnuLIons
were uIIowed Lo be IreeIy used In LIe pubIIc IIIe, und LIose LIree
nuLIons wouId be un equuI beIore LIe Iuw. InuIIy, Lwo uIpIubeLs,
CyrIIIIc und uLIn wouId Iuve LIe sume IeguI runk, us weII us IL wus LIe
cuse wILI LIe LIree recognIsed creeds: LIe OrLIodox, LIe Romun
CuLIoIIc und LIe MusIIm.
TIe IegIsIuLIve InsLILuLIon oI LIe sLuLe sIouId be LIe NuLIonuI
PurIIumenL, eIecLed by LIe unIversuI, dIrecL und u secreL suIIruge. TIe
sume rIgILs beIore LIe Iuw were guurunLeed Ior uII cILIzens oI LIe
154
Pasic explained this requirement by two points: 1) it was in accordance to Serbia`s Constitution; and 2)
the Orthodox Iaith was the 'most national among the South Slavs (i.e., the begist part of the Yugoslavs
have been the Orthodox Christians). Contrary to him, Trumbic`s arguments were that: 1) in the new state all
denominations would be equal; and 2) the Catholic faith among the Slovenes and the Croats was also a
'national as those peoples sincerely conIessed it. Trumbic, as well as, was against Pasic`s demand that a
prozelitismof the Catholic Church would be officially prohibited.
155
'BeleNH VD .UIVNH NRQIHUHQFLMH, Novi zivot, vol. IV, Beograd, 1921; Dragoslav Jankovic,
Jugoslovensko pitanje i Krfska deklaracija 1917, Beograd, 1967, pp. 253254.
156
Petar Milosavljevic, 6USVNLILORORNLSURJUDP, Beograd, 2000, p. 213221.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
71
sLuLe. However, LIe crucIuI probIems In reIuLIon Lo LIe InLernuI sLuLe
orgunIsuLIon Iuve noL been soIved by LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon. TIey
were IeIL Lo be IInuIIy soIved Ior LIe LIme uILer LIe wur, by LIe
ConsLILuenL AssembIy, wIIcI sIouId be eIecLed by LIe unIversuI
VXIIUDJH 1HYHUWKHOHVV DOO DVVHPEO\V GHFLVLRQV VKRXId geL LIe royuI
suncLIon In order Lo be verIIIed. TIIs meunL LIuL LIe monurcI Iud LIe
rIgIL oI LIe YHWR. ObvIousIy, Ior LIe boLI sIdes, LIe mosL urgenL uIm
wus Lo Issue u common decIuruLIon concernIng LIe creuLIon oI u sIngIe
unILed SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe, In order Lo Lry Lo proLecL LIe YugosIuv Iunds
Irom LIe LuIIun LerrILorIuI uspIruLIons. n LIIs cuse, some oI LIe mosL
sIgnIIIcunL quesLIons wILI regurds Lo LIe InLernuI sLuLe orgunIsuLIon
couId wuIL Lo be resoIved uILer LIe wur und especIuIIy durIng LIe
Peuce ConIerence wIen LIe sLuLe borders wouId be IInuIIy
esLubIIsIed. TIuL LIe LuIIun pressure wus u reuI one, und probubIy
LIe mosL ImporLunL reuson Ior u convocuLIon oI LIe CorIu ConIerence,
cun be seen Irom LIe LexL oI u LeIegrum senL by Jovun M. JovunovIWR
LIe HeIr oI LIe LIrone, jusL uILer LIe pubIIsIIng oI LIe DecIuruLIon, In
ZKLFK -RYDQRYL QRWLFHG WKDW WKH WLPH IRU LWV LVVXLQJ ZDV FKRVHQ
uccuruLeIy wIen LIe LuIIuns cume Lo LIe conIerences convoked In
PurIs und ondon.
1;

A LrIcoIour IIug wILI LIe couL oI urms oI LIe TrIune KIngdom oI

DuImuLIu, CrouLIu und SIuvonIu used Irom 18q8 Lo 186;

157
Archives of Yugoslavia, Beograd, Kancelarija Nj. V. Kralja, F-2.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
72
),)7+&+$37(5
&5($7,212)7+(1$7,21$/&281&,/2)
6/29(1(6&52$76$1'6(5%6,1=$*5(%
$1'$352&/$0$7,212)7+(67$7(2)
6/29(1(6&52$76$1'6(5%6

7Ie IounduLIon oI LIe 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLO RI 6ORYHQHV &URDWV

DQG 6HUEV In LIe uuLumn oI 1q18 murked LIe begInnIng oI LIe IInuI
pIuse oI LIe process oI creuLIon oI uImosL u sIngIe SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe
(wILIouL LIe BuIgurIuns). L Ius Lo be suId LIuL uL LIuL LIme LIere were
und exumpIes oI u requIremenLs Ior u LoLuI SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe
unIIIcuLIon (wILI LIe BuIgurIuns) us IL wus LIe cuse oI LIe IIberuI
SIovene emIgrunLs In LIe U.S.A. wIo Issued LIe &KLFDJR 6WDWHPHQW
(LNDNRL]MDYR) In June 1q1; In wIIcI LIey cuIIed Ior u creuLIon oI LIe
IederuLIve YugosIuv repubIIc oI LIe SIovenes, CrouLs, Serbs und
BuIgurIuns.
18
NoneLIeIess, wILI LIe esLubIIsImenL oI LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII LIe LIIrd poIILIcuI IucLor In LIe process oI LIe YugosIuv
unIIIcuLIon emerged on LIe poIILIcuI scene, uIongsIde wILI LIe
prevIous Lwo: LIe SerbIun RoyuI GovernmenL und LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee. TIe NuLIonuI CouncII repIuced very soon LIe poIILIcuI roIe
oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee In LIe process oI negoLIuLIons wILI LIe
SerbIun governmenL us u represenLuLIve InsLILuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc
popuIuLIon wILIIn AusLrIu-Hungury concernIng LIe IInuI wuy oI LIe
unIIIcuLIon. SubsequenLIy, LIe IInuI sLep oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc
InLegruLIon wus come Lrue by LIe ugreemenL reucIed by LIe SerbIun
governmenL und LIe NuLIonuI CouncII, buL noL und by LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee.
TIuL LIe yeur oI 1q18 wus u crucIuI one Ior resoIvIng LIe SouLI
SIuvIc QuesLIon, us weII us Ior LIe exIsLence oI AusLrIu-Hungury us u
sLuLe, wus sIown In LIe summer oI LIe sume yeur wIen In jubIjunu
on AugusL 16
LI
LIe SIovenIun poIILIcuI purLIes esLubIIsIed LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII (1DURGQL6YHW), us LIe poIILIcuI represenLuLIve InsLILuLIon und
u governmenL, Ior SIovenIu und sLrIu uILer LIe Emperor CIurIes
158
Peter Vodopivec, Od Pohlinove slovnice do samostalne drDYH. Slovenska zgodovina od konca 18.
do konca 20. stoletja, Ljubljana, 2006, p. 157.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
73
(emperor Irom 1q16 Lo 1q18) rejecLed on Muy z
LI
, 1q18 LIe SIovenIun
proposuI Lo creuLe unILed SIovenIu wILIIn AusLrIu-Hungury.
1q
AL LIe
sume LIme, LIe provIncIuI councIIs were Iormed Ior LIe ureu oI
TrIesLe, GorIzIu, KIugenIurL (CeIovec), SLyrIu (SLeIermurk), CurInLIIu
(KurnLen), LIe ILLoruI und Murburg (MurIbor), us LIeIr IocuI
represenLuLIve InsLILuLIons und governmenLs us purLs oI LIe 1DURGQL
6YHW. TIe muIn Lusk oI LIe CouncII wus Lo work In Iuvour oI LIe SouLI
SIuvIc InLegruLIon InLo u sIngIe sLuLe. n LIe &RPPXQLTXp, Issued on
AugusL 1;
LI
, 1q18 by LIe 1DURGQL 6YHW, IL wus sLressed LIuL LIe
1DURGQL 6YHW conceIved ILseII us u purL oI LIe common YugosIuv
nuLIonuI councII, wIIcI sIouId be esLubIIsIed very soon In Zugreb.
16o

or LIe IuLure desLIny oI LIe AusLro-HungurIun SouLI SIuvs,
LIe esLubIIsImenL oI LIe 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLO RI 6ORYHQHV &URDWV DQG
6HUEV In Zugreb on OcLober 6
LI
, 1q18, us u represenLuLIve poIILIcuI
body oI LIese nuLIons wILIIn LIe MonurcIy,
161
wus u LurnIng poInL In
LIe process oI YugosIuvIu`s creuLIon. TIe CouncII wus esLubIIsIed us u
proIonguLIon oI LIe poIILIcuI ucLIons by LIe SouLI SIuvs wILIIn LIe
DuuI MonurcIy, InILIuLed by LIe esLubIIsImenL oI LIe 1DURGQL 6YHW
TIe NuLIonuI CouncII oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs wus esLubIIsIed
on LIe meeLIngs oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc poIILIcIuns Irom LIe DuuI
MonurcIy In Zugreb wIIcI were IeId Irom OcLober
LI
, Lo OcLober 8
LI
,
1q18. On LIuL occusIon, LIe ReguIuLIons oI LIe CouncII were Issued
(OcLober 8
LI
). TIe IIrsL Lwo oI LIem ure LIe crucIuI ones. AccordIng Lo
LIe IIrsL one, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs In
Zugreb, Is u poIILIcuI represenLuLIve oI uII SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs
wIo IIve In CrouLIu, SIuvonIu wILI RIjeku, DuImuLIu, BosnIu und
HerzegovInu, sLrIu, TrIesLe, Krunjsku, GorIcku, SLujersku, Korusku,
Bucku, BunuL, Burunju, Medumurje und oLIer purLs oI souLI-wesL
Hungury.
16z
TIe second reguIuLIon expressed LIe CouncII`s desIre
Lowurds LIe SouLI SIuvIc InLegruLIon: LIe busIc joInL progrumme oI
LIe NuLIonuI CouncII Is LIe IoIIowIng: unIIIcuLIon oI uII SIovenes,
CrouLs und Serbs InLo LIe peopIe`s, Iree und IndependenL sLuLe oI
159
Janko Prunk, Kratka zgodovina Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2002, p. 8788; Peter Vodopivec, Od
Pohlinove slovnice do samostalne drDYH. Slovenska zgodovina od konca 18. do konca 20. stoletja,
Ljubljana, 2006, p. 160.
160
Janko Prunk, Kratka zgodovina Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2002, p. 88.
161
ibid.
162
Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution, Catholic
University Nijmegen, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, p. 145.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
74
SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs, bused on democruLIc prIncIpIes. AII
quesLIons urIsIng Irom LIIs busIc quesLIon wIII uncondILIonuIIy be
consIdered us u joInL quesLIon oI LIe NuLIonuI CouncII. BesIdes, LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII Lukes decIsIons on uII quesLIons wIIcI In LIe
1DWLRQDO&RXQFLOWKHGHSXWLHVDUHFRQVLGHUMRLQWO\
16
ObvIousIy, LIe
CouncII wus mude up us u represenLuLIve poIILIcuI InsLILuLIon oI uII
SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs Irom LIe IoIIowIng Iunds: SIovenIu,
CrouLIu, Iume (RIjeku), DuImuLIu, BosnIu, HerzegovInu, sLrIu,
TrIesLe, GorIzIu, CurnIoIu, CurInLIIu, SLyrIu, Buku, BunuL, Burunju
und Meumurje. TIe NuLIonuI CouncII vIrLuuIIy wus envIsuged us u
represenLuLIve poIILIcuI InsLILuLIon, ucLuuIIy u governmenL, oI LIe
SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIuHungury.
TIe creuLIon oI boLI 1DURGQL 6YHW und 1DURGQR YLMHH
(NuLIonuI CouncII) wus u IInuI expressIon oI LIe dIssoIuLIon oI
AusLrIuHungury. TIIs process wus unsLopped Irom LIe summer oI
1q18, wIen LIe EnLenLe sLuLes decIded noL Ionger Lo deIend u
LerrILorIuI InLegrILy oI LIe MonurcIy. AIso, uL LIe sume LIme, LIe U.S.
uLLILude Lowurds AusLrIuHungury wus consIderubIy cIunged. n LIe
oLIer words, LIe EnLenLe powers, uIongsIde wILI LIe UnILed SLuLes,
Iuvoured LIe dIssoIuLIon oI AusLrIuHungury und LIe esLubIIsImenL
oI LIe nuLIonuI sLuLes on LIe Iund oI LIe MonurcIy.
16q
TIuL u
LerrILorIuI dIsmembermenL oI AusLrIuHungury wus one oI LIe crucIuI
DLPV RI WKH 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLOV SROLWLFDO DFWLYLW\ FDQ EH VHHQ IURP LWV
poIILIcuI progrum. AccordIng Lo LIIs progrum, LIe unIIIcuLIoQ RI DOO
SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs InLo u nuLIonuI, Iree und IndependenL
sLuLe oI LIe SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs, esLubIIsIed on LIe democruLIc
SULQFLSOHV
16
wus procIuImed. TIus, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb
udopLed In OcLober 1q18 LIe sume poIILIcuI progrum LIuL wus uIreudy
procIuImed on December ;
LI
, 1q1q by LIe SerbIun governmenL In LIe
FLW\RI1L
TIe NuLIonuI CouncII oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs In Zugreb
Iud us ILs own poIILIcuI IeudersIIp, LIe CrouLo-SerbIun CouIILIon,
wIIcI Ieuder wus SveLozuU 3ULELHYL WKH OHDGLQJ 6HUELDQ SROLWLFLDQ
Irom CrouLIu. TIe PresIdenL oI LIe councII wus LIe IeudIng SIovenIun
163
ibid.
164
Dragoljub Zivojinovic, America, Italy and the birth of Yugoslavia (19171919), Columbia
University Press, New York 1972, pp. 148149.
165
Branko Petranovic, Istorija Jugoslavije 19181988, vol. I, Beograd, 1988, p. 20.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
75
poIILIcIun, Dr. AnLon Korosec. TIe councII Iud Lwo vIce-presIdenLs:
LIe CrouL one - Dr. AnLe PuveIIc und LIe Serb one - SveLozur
PrIbIcevIc. TIereIore, LIe poIILIcuI IeudersIIp oI LIe CouncII wus mude
up uccordIng Lo LIe eLInonuLIonuI prIncIpIe. TIe LIree CouncII`s
secreLurIes were uIso mIxed In LIe eLInonuLIonuI poInL oI vIew: LIe
Serb Srdun BudIsuvIjevIc und LIe CrouLs MuLe DrInkovIc und vun
orkovIc.
n order Lo preserve LIe MonurcIy, LIe AusLro-HungurIun
Emperor und KIng, CIurIes , Issued LIe 0DQLIHVWR on OcLober 16
LI
,
1q18. TIe documenL procIuIms re-orgunIsuLIon oI LIe AusLrIun purL oI
LIe MonurcIy (&LVOHLWKDQLD) on LIe IederuI busIs, wILI enIurged IocuI
uuLonomIes. TIIs procIumuLIon dId noL reIer Lo LIe HungurIun purL oI
LIe MonurcIy (7UDQVOHLWKDQLD) becuuse LIe Emperor dId noL Iuve LIe
HungurIun udmILLunce Lo do IL concernIng LIe Iunds oI LIe crown oI
SL. SLepIun (sLvun), I.e. IIsLorIcuI Hungury. However, us u repIy Lo
LIe emperor`s 0DQLIHVWR, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII oI SIovenes, CrouLs
und Serbs In Zugreb requIred LIe unIon oI uII SIovenes, CrouLs und
Serbs wILIIn LIe wIoIe LerrILory oI LIeIr eLInogrupIIc dIspersIon,
regurdIess on LIe currenL provIncIuI und LIe sLuLe boundurIes. L wus
decIured by LIe CouncII In u Iorm oI un oIIIcIuI requIremenL on
OcLober 1q
LI
, 1q18. n uddILIon, LIe DecIuruLIon requIred und Lwo
purLIcuIur demunds: 1) we demund LIuL uL LIe IuLure InLernuLIonuI
Peuce ConIerence our peopIe wIII be unILurIIy represenLed by ILs
specIuI envoys;
166
und z) uccordIngIy, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII reIuses
Lo uccepL LIe AusLrIun mperIuI MunIIesLo Irom LIe 16
LI
oI LIIs monLI
us u busIs Ior seLLIIng nuLIonuI quesLIon, us weII us uny oLIer IuLure
proposuI, wIIcI wouId IoIIow LIIs, und wIIcI wouId purLIy soIve our
nuLIonuI quesLIon und undermIne ILs InLernuLIonuI sIgnIIIcunce.
16;

BusIcuIIy, LIe muIn CouncII`s demund wus In uccordunce wILI LIe
'UDIW (1DFUW) upon LIe Inner orgunIsuLIon oI LIe unILed YugosIuv
Iunds In LIe MonurcIy Issued by LIe SIovenIun 1DURGQL 6YHW In
SepLember 1q18. TIe 'UDIW unLIcIpuLed LIree IederuI unILs: 1)
SIovenIu wILI sLrIu; z) CrouLIu und SIuvonIu wILI VojvodInu; und )
BosnIu & HerzegovInu wILI DuImuLIu. n LIe cuse oI rejecLIon oI LIe
'UDIW by LIe Emperor (wIuL In reuIILy und Iuppened) LIe common
YugosIuv sLuLe wouId be creuLed wILI un uddILIonuI IourLI IederuI unIL
166
Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution, Catholic
University Nijmegen, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, pp. 146147.
167
ibid.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
76
oI SerbIu composed by LIe pre-wur SerbIu (wILI Kosovo, MeLocIIu
und LIe Vurdur MucedonIu) und MonLenegro.
168

TIe IoIIowIng sLep, wIIcI wus done by LIe NuLIonuI CouncII,
wus LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL Ior on-comIng esLubIIsImenL oI YugosIuvIu.
TIIs sLep wus LIe breukIng up LIe sLuLe-IeguI und nuLIonuI-IeguI
connecLIons beLween LIe KIngdom oI CrouLIu, SIuvonIu und DuImuLIu
on LIe one Iund, und LIe KIngdom oI Hungury und LIe AusLrIun
EmpIre on LIe oLIer. TIIs IIsLorIcuI decIsIon wus done by LIe
CrouLIun PurIIumenL (6DERU) on OcLober zq
LI
, 1q18 In Zugreb. TIIs
meunL LIuL LIe CrouLo-HungurIun &RPSURPLVH, sIgned In 1868
(1DJRGED), wus decIured nuII und voId, us weII us uII IuLLer unnexes
und revIsIons.
16q
AccordIng Lo LIe oIIIcIuI procIumuLIon, so LIuL
Irom Loduy onwurds DuImuLIu, CrouLIu und SIuvonIu neILIer Iuve
IeguIIy nor ucLuuIIy uny joInL nuLIonuI InLercourse.
1;o

NeverLIeIess, uL LIe sume LIme, uIongsIde wILI dIscIurgIng
reIuLIons wILI boLI AusLrIu und Hungury, LIe CrouLIun PurIIumenL
procIuImed un IndependenL sLuLe wILI respecL Lo Hungury und
AusLrIu, wIIcI wus In IucL LIe sLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs
Irom AusLrIu-Hungury. AIso, us IL wus In LIe prevIous cuse, LIe IeguI
IounduLIon Ior LIe procIumuLIon oI LIe 6WDWHRI6ORYHQHV&URDWVDQG
6HUEV wus LIe busIs oI LIe modern peopIe`s prIncIpIe, us weII us LIe
IounduLIon oI LIe unILy oI LIe SIovene, CrouL und Serb peopIes.
1;1

DuImuLIu, CrouLIu und SIuvonIu wILI RIjekuJIume, us un
IndependenL sLuLe, becume LIe joInL peopIe`s sovereIgn sLuLe oI
SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs on LIe enLIre eLInogrupIIc LerrILory oI
LIIs peopIe, wILIouL regurd Lo uny LerrILorIuI or sLuLe boundurIes.
1;z

TIIs meunL LIuL LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs wus Lo be
LrunsIormed soon InLo u common nuLIonuI sLuLe oI uII SIovenes,
CrouLs und Serbs us LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL reuson Ior ILs esLubIIsImenL.
AccordIng Lo LIe CrouLIun IIsLorIun jubo Bobun, IL wus very
ImporLunL Ior concern oI LIe CrouLIun IIsLorIcuI rIgILs LIuL uII
concIusIons, decIuruLIons, und procIumuLIons Issued by LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII were done beIore LIe sIgned urmIsLIce beLween LIe EnLenLe
168
Janko Prunk, Kratka zgodovina Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2002, p. 88.
169
ibid., pp. 147148.
170
ibid.
171
ibid.
172
ibid.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
77
und AusLrIuHungury (November
rd
, 1q18), us weII us beIore LIe
SerbIun soIdIers enLered LIe LerrILory oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs
und Serbs (LIe SerbIun urmy enLered BeIgrude on November 1
sL
, 1q18
und uILer LIuL crossed DrInu, Dunube und Suvu RIvers).
1;

One oI LIe mosL crucIuI poInLs oI LIe ProcIumuLIon wus u
GHFLVLRQ WKDW ZLWK UHJDUGV WR WKH IRUP RI WKH JRYHUQPHQW DQG WKH
LQWHUQDO QDWLRQDO RUJDQLVDWLRQ WKH JHQHUDO QDWLRQDO DVVHPEO\ ZRXOG
decIde IL wILI u quuIIIIed mujorILy on u LoLuI busIs oI equuIILy oI LIe
SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs.
1;q
However, In consIderuLIon Lo LIe
governmenLuI Lype oI LIe IuLure sIngIe YugosIuv sLuLe, LIere wus one
sIgnIIIcunL poInL Ior dIspuLes wILI LIe SerbIun governmenL In LIe
upcomIng negoLIuLIons. NumeIy, uL LIe CorIu sIund In 1q1; LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee mude un ugreemenL wILI LIe SerbIun
governmenL LIuL LIe governmenLuI Lype oI LIe sLuLe wouId be u
monurcIIcuI one wILI LIe SerbIun KuruRUHYL dynusLy on u Ieud oI
LIe sLuLe, wIuL wus u greuL poIILIcuI vIcLory oI LIe SerbIun governmenL
uL LIuL LIme. Now, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII dId noL onIy remove LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee us u represenLuLIve poIILIcuI InsLILuLIon oI LIe
SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIuHungury, buL uIso cIuIIenged LIe crucIuI
urLIcIe (Ior LIe SerbIun governmenL) oI LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon.
PrucLIcuIIy, LIe SerbIun governmenL Iud Lo sLruggIe uguIn Ior LIe
mosL sIgnIIIcunL poInL oI LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon wILI regurds Lo LIe
orgunIsuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe, buL now noL wILI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee, wIose poIILIcuI InIIuence wus weukened, LIun wILI LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII wIo Iud more proIoundIy rooLs In LIe nuLIonuI soII
us ILs members Iuve noL been IIvIng In exIIe us IL wus u cuse wILI LIe
members oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee,
1;
und moreover, vIrLuuIIy,
wIo Iud LIe reuI sLuLe beIInd ILseII 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH &RXQFLOV
173
Ljubo Boban, Hrvatske granice 19181993, Zagreb, 1993, p. 11. The Czechs proposed the 'right to
selI determination as a principle to solve diIIerent 'national questions within AustriaHungary even at the
end of 1917 in the name of both the Czechs and the South Slavs. According to the same principle, and
primarily in accordance to the 'Croatian historical rights, it was proclaimed an independent State oI
Slovenes, Croats and Serbs on October 29
th
, 1918 [Dragutin Pavlicevic, Povijest Hrvatske. Drugo,
L]PLMHQMHQRLSURLUeno izdanje, Zagreb, 2000, p. 312]. The National Council in Zagreb was proclaimed at
the same time as the government of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs [Ivo Peric, Povijest Hrvata,
Zagreb, 1997, p. 213].
174
Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution, Catholic
University Nijmegen, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, pp. 147148;
Jugoslovenski Odbor u Londonu, JAZU, Zagreb, 1966, p. 366.
175
Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution, Catholic
University Nijmegen, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, pp. 147148.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
78
GHFLVLRQ WKDW SHRSOHV &RQVWLWXWLYH $VVHPEO\ ZLOO YRWH VWDWHV
consLILuLIon wILI LIe quuIIIIed mujorILy oI LIe voLes wus In opposILIon
Lo LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon. n uddILIon, LIe royuI suncLIon (YHWR), wIIcI
wus procIuImed by LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon, wus noL menLIoned In LIe
&RXQFLOV 3URFODPDWLRQ ZKDW ZDV DQRWKHU RQH D JUHDW FKDOOHQJH WR
LIe SerbIun governmenL In LIe IuLure negoLIuLIons wILI LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII.
TIe roIe oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus noL IInIsIed yeL wILI
WKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIWKH1DWLRQDO&RXQFLO7KH&RPPLWWHHVPHPEHUV
durIng LIe wIoIe 1q18 yeur, even uILer LIe procIumuLIon oI LIe SLuLe
oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs (In wIIcI u mujorILy oI popuIuLIon Iuve
been LIe Serbs), IncreusIngIy und In u dIIIerenL wuys Iuve been
requIred by LIe SerbIun PrIme MInIsLer und MInIsLer oI oreIgn
AIIuIrs, NIkoIu PuLLo Luke purLIcIpuLIon In decIsIon-mukIng process
us LIe members oI LIe SerbIun governmenL.
1;6
urLIermore, LIe
PresIdenL oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee, Dr. AnLe 7UXPELUHTXLUHGWKH
esLubIIsImenL oI LIe exLruordInury YugosIuv PurIIumenL, composed
by LIe members oI LIe SerbIun PurIIumenL, LIe represenLuLIves oI LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee, LIe SerbIun urmy, LIe YugosIuv voIunLeers (wIo
IougIL uL LIe SuIonIku ronL wILIIn LIe SerbIun urmy) und LIe
&HQWUDO 0RQWHQHJULQ &RXQFLO IRU WKH 3HRSOHV 8QLRQ (esLubIIsIed In
PurIs In ebruury 1q1;).
1;;
TIIs exLruordInury YugosIuv PurIIumenL
wouId Iuve u rIgIL Lo muke decIsIons wILI respecL Lo uII quesLIons
upon LIe nuLIonuI poIIcy.
1;8
TIe pIuce oI ILs convocuLIon sIouId be
eILIer ondon or PurIs und LIe SerbIun RegenL AIuksundur sIouId
open LIe sessIons oI LIIs YugosIuv PurIIumenL.
1;q
AccordIng Lo AIeks
'UDJQL WKLV UHTXLUHPHQW ZDV HTXDO ZLWK WKH FRXS GpWDW wIIcI
176
Milan ordevic, Srbija i Jugosloveni za vreme rata 1914-1918, Beograd, 1922, pp. 143165.
177
The Central Montenegrin Council for the Peoples Union accepted all articles of the Corfu
Declaration. When the Council was Iormed Pasic required that the words 'Yugoslav and 'Yugoslavia
would not be mentioned in its official Proclamation as the primal Serbian national aim was firstly to be
united Serbia, Montenegro and other Serbian lands and only after that to think about the Yugoslav
unification [Archives of Yugoslavia, Beograd, 8049, 855, ~Crnogorski odbor za narodno ujedinjenje,
January 1
st
, 1918; Dragoslav Jankovic, Bogdan Krizman, Grada o stvaranju jugoslovenske drzave, vol.
II, Beograd, 1964, p. 502; Vojislav Vuckovic, 'Diplomatska pozadina ujedinjenja Srbije i Crne Gore,
Jugoslovenska revija za medunarodno pravo, 2, Beograd, 1959, p. 252].
178
Milan ordevic, Srbija i Jugosloveni za vreme rata 1914-1918, Beograd, 1922, pp. 147148.
179
Dragoslav Jankovic, Bogdan Krizman, Grada o stvaranju jugoslovenske drzave, vol. I, Beograd,
1964, pp. 2235.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
79
sIouId be uccepLed by LIe SerbIun KIng.
18o
TIe SerbIun governmenL
rejecLed LIIs TrumbIc`s Ideu becuuse SerbIu`s ConsLILuLIon does noL
uIIow LIuL non-eIecLed persons eILIer Lo Luke purLIcIpuLIon In LIe work
oI LIe PurIIumenL (LIe PeopIe`s AssembIy) or Lo be presenL In LIe
purIIumenLury sessIons, wIuL meuns LIuL u work oI LIe YugosIuv
PurIIumenL, I.e. un enIurged LIe SerbIun PeopIe`s AssembIy, wouId be
IIIeguI. TIe work oI sucI PurIIumenL, uccordIng Lo PusIc`s opInIon,
wouId noL be supporLed by runce und BrILLuIn und IInuIIy IL wIII Ieud
Lo LIe revoIuLIonury cIuos IIkewIse In RussIu.
181
PusIc specIIIed LIuL
IL wus possIbIe onIy Lo enIurge SerbIu`s governmenL wILI Lwo or LIree
members oI LIe NuLIonuI CouncII und LIe YugosIuv CommILLee buL
noL Lo LoLuIIy reconsLrucL LIe governmenL.
18z
Above uII, LIe SerbIun
uuLIorILIes suw In TrumbIc`s proposuI upon u creuLIon oI un
exLruordInury YugosIuv PurIIumenL onIy u wuy Ior LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee Lo obLuIn un InLernuLIonuI recognILIon. PusIc wus sLrongIy
convInced LIuL TrumbIc`s muIn InLenLIon wus Lo InIIuence LIe EnLenLe
sLuLes Lo recognIze CrouLIu und oLIer YugosIuv LerrILorIes Irom
AusLrIu-Hungury us un IndependenL sLuLe IIkewIse LIey recognIzed
CzecIosIovukIu. He poInLed ouL uL LIuL momenL LIuL .SerbIu wunLs
Lo IIberuLe und unILe uII YugosIuvs buL noL Lo be drowned In LIe seu oI
YugosIuvIu.
18

ObvIousIy, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee dId noL yeL reconcIIe wILI
LIe IucL LIuL LIe NuLIonuI CouncII repIuced ILs poIILIcuI roIe. AccordIng
Lo LIe SerbIun PrIme MInIsLer, jusL beIore LIe Genevu ConIerence
LIere wus u sLrong demund by LIe CommILLee LIuL exucLIy LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee sIouId represenL uII Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes
on LIe up-comIng Peuce ConIerence.
18q
InuIIy, wIen LIe
180
Aleks Dragnic, Srbija, Nikola Pasic i 1ugoslavija, Beograd, 1994, p. 130.
181
Dragoslav Jankovic, Bogdan Krizman, Grada o stvaranju jugoslovenske drzave, vol. I, Beograd,
1964, pp. 6265; Archives of Serbia, Beograd, Ministarstvo Inostranih Dela, Politicko Odeljenje, 1918,
VI/1, Salonika, January 13th, 1918.
182
Archives of Yugoslavia, Beograd, 80-54-329; Ivan Mestrovic, Uspomene na politicke ljude i
dogadaje, Zagreb, 1969, p. 105. At that time, likewise later on, both the National Council in Zagreb and the
Yugoslav Committee in London are not recognized by the Entente powers. It is quite wrong opinion by the
Croatian historian Dragutin Pavlicevic that the U.S.A. de facto recognized the State of Slovenes, Croats and
Serbs [Dragutin Pavlicevic, Povijest Hrvatske. Drugo, izmijenjeno i prosireno izdanje, Zagreb, 2000, p.
312313] as such conclusion doesn not come fromthe sources.
183
Archives of Yugoslavia, Beograd, 80-54-313-315.
184
Pasic`s telegram to the Regent Aleksandar on November 1
st
, 1918 |Milan ordevic, Srbija i
jugosloveni za vreme rata 1914-1918, Beograd, 1922, p. 199].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
80
&RPPLWWHHV OHDGLQJ PHPEHUV XQGHUVWRRG WKDW RQO\ WKH 1DWLRQDO
CouncII couId be u counLerbuIunce, In poIILIcuI poInL oI vIew, Lo LIe
SerbIun governmenL LIey sIurpIy requIred LIuL LIIs newIy poIILIcuI
IucLor Iud Lo be InLernuLIonuIIy recognIsed us u governmenL oI LIe
newIy creuLed LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs.
18

TIe members oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee, purLIcuIurIy LIose,
wIo were Irom DuImuLIu, Iud uIwuys u greuL Ieur LIuL SerbIu cun
muke u deuI wILI LuIy uL LIe expense Lo LIe SouLI SIuvs In AusLrIu
Hungury, especIuIIy LIe CrouLs. n purLIcuIur, ILs presIdenL Iud u greuL
exLenL oI dIsLrusL Lowurds LIe SerbIun PrIme MInIsLer, concernIng
LIIs muLLer. HIs suspIcIons cuImInuLed In 1q16 wIen LIe LuIIun press
LVVXHG LQIRUPDWLRQ WKDW 3DL DQG WKH ,WDOLDQ JRYHUQPHQW DOUHDG\
PDGH DQ DJUHHPHQW ZLWK UHJDUGV WR WKH $GULDWLF 4XHVWLRQ
AccordIng Lo LIIs uIIeged ugreemenL SerbIu uccepLed LIe TreuLy oI
ondon In reLurn Ior LIe creuLIon oI u GreuLer SerbIu uILer LIe wur.
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHSUHVLGHQWRIWKH<XJRVODY&RPPLWWHH3DLGLGQRW
ZDQW WR FRQIURQW ZLWK ,WDO\ DQG IRU WKDW UHDVRQ ZH PD\ QRW DOORZ
KLP WR OHDG RXU GHVWLQ\
186
1HYHUWKHOHVV 3DL YHU\ VRRQ UHIXVHG
LIese rumours decIurIng LIuL LIe AdrIuLIc Seu wus noL Ior SerbIu LIe
LuIIun uke; IL wus LIe InLernuLIonuI seu. TIIs epIsode Is very good
exumpIe Iow reIuLIons beLween LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee were deveIoped vIrLuuIIy on LIe edge oI LIe
FRQILGHQFH $FFRUGLQJ WR $OHNV 'UDJQL DQG -RYDQ 'XL, LIere Is u
JRRG UHDVRQ WR EHOLHYH WKDW 7UXPEL ZDV LQ IDFW D JUHDW &URDWLDQ
nuLIonuIIsL wIo wunLed Lo geL Ior CrouLIu us wIder us LerrILory.
+RZHYHU 7UXPEL NQHZ LI KH RU WKH <XJRVODY &RPPLWWHH ZRXOG
work In Iuvour oI LIe CrouLIun Independence LIere wus u greuL cIunce
LIuL CrouLIu wouId remuIn wILIIn AusLrIuHungury. n uddILIon,
7UXPEL ZDV WRWDOO\ FRQYLQFed LIuL II CrouLIu becume un
IndependenL, SerbIu wouId geL u greuL porLIon oI LIe dIspuLubIe
LerrILorIes beLween LIe CrouLs und Serbs In BosnIu und HerzegovInu,
185
These Yugoslav Committee`s demands were supported by the Bosnian Serbs Dusan Vasiljevic and
Nikola Stojanovic who were the members oI the Committee Irom its creation. Pasic noticed in November
1918 that the Serbian members of the Yugoslav Committee became more European and Yugoslav that
Serbian after Russia left the war in March 1918 [Dragoslav Jankovic, Bogdan Krizman, Grada o stvaranju
jugoslovenske drzave, vol. II, Beograd, 1964, pp. 449451]. Nikola Stojanovic explained his support to
the Yugoslav Committee by his opinion that the Committee was the South Slavic representative of the
Western civilization and that the South Slavic Catholics were getting all the time symphaties from the West
[Nikola Stojanovic, 1ugoslovenski odbor. Clanci i dokumenti, Zagreb, 1927, p. 58].
186
Milan ordevic, Srbija i jugosloveni za vreme rata 1914-1918, Beograd, 1922, p. 100.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
81
us weII us LIe cILy oI DubrovnIk wILI ILs IInLerIund und LIe oLIer purLs
oI LIe DuImuLIun IILLoruI. TIe IInuI resuIL wouId be u smuII CrouLIu
und u GreuLer SerbIu. TIese were LIe crucIuI reusons Ior IIm Lo creuLe
very LucLIcuI poIILIcs oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee Lowurds SerbIu und
ILs governmenL.
18;

OrIgInuI pIoLo Irom 1q1q or 1q1: IuLure YugosIuv dIcLuLor

JosIp Broz TILo In AusLro-+XQJDULDQDUP\VXQLIRUPLQRFFXSLHG
SerbIu. He wus u IuII SIovene und IuII CrouL, u Romun-CuLIoIIc
peusunL Irom Zugorje regIon In CrouLIu neur LIe border wILI SIovenIu,
born In u vIIIuge oI Kumrovec

187
Aleks Dragnic, Srbija, Nikola Pasic i 1ugoslavija, Beograd, 1994, p. 132; Jovan Ducic, Verujem u
Boga i u Srpstvo, Jagodina, 2003, pp. 138150. About the problem of disputed lands between the Croats
and the Serbs see |Dr. Lazo M. Kostic, Sporne teritorije Srba i Hrvata, Beograd, 1990].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
82
6,;7+&+$37(5
*(1(9$&21)(5(1&($1'$
352&/$0$7,212)7+(.,1*'202)
6(5%6&52$76$1'6/29(1(6

:ILI LIe esLubIIsImenL oI LIe NuLIonuI CouncII oI SIovenes,

CrouLs und Serbs In Zugreb, us weII us wILI LIe procIumuLIon oI LIe
SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs uL LIe end oI OcLober 1q18,
188
u
new poIILIcuI sILuuLIon emerged wILI regurds Lo LIe creuLIon oI uImosL
u sIngIe SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe. TIe SerbIun governmenL Iound ILseII In
vIrLuuIIy new sILuuLIon In wIIcI LIe creuLIon oI YugosIuvIu Iud Lo be
uguIn negoLIuLed uL u new conIerence und wILI u new poIILIcuI IucLor.
Now, InsLeud oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee (creuLed wILI u greuL
InIIuence und supporL by LIe SerbIun governmenL, und wIIcI wus
envIsuged by IL us ILs propugundu ugency und muInIy depended on
6HUELDV ILQDQcIuI supporL) LIe SerbIun governmenL sIouId muke u
new poIILIcuI ugreemenL wILI mucI sLronger und more IndependenL
poIILIcuI InsLILuLIon, wIIcI wus noL uL uII dependenL on LIe SerbIun
governmenL, eILIer Irom poIILIcuI or IInuncIuI poInLs oI vIew.
Moreover, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII wus u reuI poIILIcuI represenLuLIve
InsLILuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIuHungury und u reuI
governmenL oI newIy procIuImed sLuLe. AcLuuIIy, LIe up-comIng
poIILIcuI negoLIuLIons sIouId be IeId beLween Lwo sLuLes: WKH
.LQJGRP RI 6HUELD (InLernuLIonuIIy recognIsed) und WKH 6WDWH RI
6ORYHQHV &URDWV DQG 6HUEV (InLernuLIonuIIy noL recognIsed und wILI
LIe Serbs us mujorILy oI popuIuLIon). TIe muIn uIm In LIe comIng
188
The National Council in Zagreb rejected on October 19
th
, 1918 the Manifesto issued by the Emperor-
King Charles upon the restructuring of the Monarchy into the federation. On October 29
th
, 1918 both the
Croatian Parliament in Zagreb and the great people`s maniIestation in Ljubljana proclaimed the independent
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Slovenia by this political act became a political reality but not only a
geographical term as it was before. However, a territorial integrity of Slovenian national lands was in a
question by both a proclamation of Austrian German government of the province of Carniola upon a
territorial unity of this province with a German Austrian Republic and by Italian military penetration into
the core of Slovenia from October 5
th
, 1918 according to the London Pact of 1915. In order to save Maribor
(Marburg) area for the Slovene people a major Rudolf Maister (18741934) took the city of Maribor and
proclaimed its inclusion into the Yugoslav lands (getting a rank of the general by the Slovene National
Council of Styria) [Janko Prunk, Kratka zgodovina Slovenije, Ljubljana, 2002, p. 8993; Peter
Vodopivec, Od Pohlinove slovnice do samostojne drDYHSlovenska zgodovina od konca 18. do konca
20. stoletja, Ljubljana, 2006, p. 162163].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
83
negoLIuLIons wILI LIe SerbIun governmenL Irom LIe sIde oI LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII wus Lo modIIy LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon`s decesIons
wILI reIerence Lo LIe governmenLuI Lype oI LIe new sLuLe. On LIe
opposILe sIde, LIe crucIuI uIm oI LIe SerbIun governmenL wus Lo reLuIn
uII resoIuLIons Irom LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon, negoLIuLed wILI LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee.
TIe Genevu ConIerence, us u IInuI sLuge oI LIe negoLIuLIons, us
weII us LIe poIILIcuI ugreemenLs In regurd Lo LIe creuLIon oI
YugosIuvIu, wus IeId Irom November 6
LI
Lo November q
LI
, 1q18.
ormuIIy, LIe Iour dIIIerenL poIILIcuI groups negoLIuLed uL LIIs
conIerence: LIe SerbIun governmenL (represenLed by ILs PrIme
MInIsLer und MInIsLer oI oreIgn AIIuIrs - NIkoIu PusIc), LIe Zugreb
NuLIonuI CouncII ( represenLuLIves), LIe ondon YugosIuv
CommILLee ( represenLuLIves) und SerbIu`s purIIumenLury opposILIon
( represenLuLIves).
18q
n eIIecL, IL wus muInIy urbILruLIon beLween
LIe sLrongesL poIILIcuI IucLors oI LIem: LIe SerbIun governmenL,
represenLed by NIkoIu PusIc on LIe one Iund, und LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs, represenLed by ILs presIdenL -
LIe SIovene Romun CuLIoIIc prIesL Dr. AnLon Korosec on LIe oLIer
Iund. TIe SerbIun purIIumenLury opposILIon purLIes supporLed durIng
LIe wIoIe wur uII demunds by LIe YugosIuv CommILLee us weII us und
Irom OcLober 1q18 requIremenLs by LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb.
TIey even openIy LIreuLened LIe SerbIun uuLIorILIes LIuL In LIe cuse
oI u LoLuI dIscord beLween PusIc und LIe YugosIuv CommILLee LIey wIII
supporL LIe IuLer und work uguInsL LIe SerbIun governmenL.
1qo
TIuL
wus u crucIuI reuson wIy LIe NuLIonuI CouncII und LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee requIred LIuL SerbIu`s opposILIon purLIes wouId Luke
purLIcIpuLIon uL LIe ConIerence oI Genevu.
1q1
rom LIe IeguI poInL oI
vIew, neILIer LIe YugosIuv CommILLee nor LIe SerbIun purIIumenLury
opposILIon sIouId be presenL uL LIe Genevu ConIerence. However, LIe
SerbIun PrIme MInIsLer, us LIe onIy represenLuLIve oI LIe SerbIun
governmenL, undersLood LIIs ConIerence Lo be onIy u munIIesLuLIon
oI LIe unILy und soIIdurILy oI uII SouLI SIuvs InLeresLed In unIIIcuLIon
189
In Iact, it was negotiation between one man (Pasic) vs. nine men.
190
eneral Jasa Damjanovic, Iz mog ratnog dnevnika, zabeleske iz rata 1912-1918, Osijek, w. y., p.
75; Dragoslav Jankovic, Bogdan Krizman, Grada o stvaranju jugoslovenske drzave, vol. II, Beograd,
1964, pp. 449451; Archives of Serbia (Arhiv Srbije), Beograd, Court office (Dvorska kancelarija), III,
Raports.
191
Archives of Serbia, Beograd, Ministarstvo Inostranih Dela, Politicko Odeljenje, 1918, X/574;
Archives of Yugoslavia, Beograd, Zbirka Ljube Davidovica, 58.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
84
beIore LIe EnLenLe sLuLes, LIuL wus LIe mosL ImporLunL uL LIuL LIme
wILI respecL Lo LIe up-comIng Peuce ConIerence uILer LIe wur. n LIIs
SRLQW 3DL ZDV VWURQJO\ HQFRXUDJHG E\ WKH )UHQFK 3UHVLGHQW
Ruymond PoIncure, jusL durIng LIe Genevu ConIerence wIo
demunded LIuL uII YugosIuvs sIouId be LogeLIer und unILed. AILer LIe
*HQHYD &RQIHUHQFH 3DL LQIRUPHG 6HUELDV 5HJHQW WKDW WKH %ULWLVK
und rencI dIpIomuLs uIIowed IIm Lo sIgn LIe new DecIuruLIon In
Genevu.
1qz

L Is InLeresLIng LIuL LIe YugosIuv CommILLee convoked LIe
*HQHYD&RQIHUHQFHDFWXDOO\LWV3UHVLGHQW'U$QWH7UXPELXQGHUDQ
InILIuLIve gIven by LIe Genevu secLIon oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee. L
wus convoked by un orgunIsuLIon, wIIcI dId noL pIuy one oI LIe
crucIuI poIILIcuI roIes durIng LIe Genevu negoLIuLIons. OIIIcIuIIy,
DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH 7UXPELV SURSRVDO WKH &RQIHUHQFH ZDV FRQYRNHG
IRU DOO DFWRUV ZKR SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKH PDNLQJ RI WKH &RUIX
'HFODUDWLRQ >LQ DGGLWLRQ@ WKH UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI WKH 0RQWHQHJULQ
&RPPLWWHH IRU WKH QDWLRQDI unIon, us weII us LIe SerbIun opposILIon
SDUWLHV 3DUWLFLSDQWV RI WKH &RQIHUHQFH DW WKDW ZD\ UHFRJQLVHG LQ
udvunce LIe IegILImucy oI LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon. TIIs meunL LIuL
decIsIons oI LIe up-comIng Genevu ConIerence sIouId be bused on
LIe decIsIons uIreudy sIgned uL LIe prevIous one. TIe SerbIun
governmenL wus represenLed uL LIe Genevu ConIerence (onIy) by ILs
PrIme MInIsLer, LIe SerbIun purIIumenLury opposILIon by M.
'UDNRYL 9 0DULQNRYL DQG 0 7ULINRYL WKH <XJRVODY &RPPLWWHH
E\ $ 7UXPEL * *UHJRULQ ' 9DVLOMHYL 1 6WRMDQRYL DQG -
BunjunIn und IInuIIy LIe NuLIonuI CouncII wus represenLed by A.
.RURHF * HUMDY DQG 0 LQJULMD ,Q FRPSDULVRQ ZLWK WKH &RUIX
QHJRWLDWLRQV ZKHUH 3DL KDG D VXSUHPH UROH DW WKH *HQHYD
ConIerence Ie wus Iuced wILI u sLrong unILed poIILIcuI IronL
composed by uII oLIer deIeguLes oI LIe ConIerence.
1q

As LIe IInuI resuIL oI LIe Genevu negoLIuLIons und LIe
ConIerence u common (Genevu) decIuruLIon wus Issued, sIgned by uII
Iour groups oI LIe purLIcIpunLs. On LIe IIrsL pIuce IL wus poInLed In LIe
Genevu DecIuruLIon LIuL XQLILFDWLRQoI LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes
InLo one IndIvIsIbIe sLuLe enLILy, us u member oI LIe communILy oI
IUHH SHRSOHV VKRXOG EH GHFODUHG WR WKH ZKROH ZRUOG 7KLV
192
Archives of SANU, Beograd, $QWL, 10.420.
193
The national composition of the participants was: Serbs - 6, Croats - 3 and Slovenes - 3.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
85
unnouncemenL wus compIeLeIy In LIe spIrIL oI LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon.
,W ZDV VWLSXODWHG WKDW WKH MRLQW 0LQLVWU\ RI WKH 6HUEV &URDWV DQG
6ORYHQHV ZRXOG EH FUHDWHG DV D WHPSRUDO JRYHUQPHQW XQWLO D
convocuLIon oI LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy. One oI LIe mosL ImporLunL
decIsIons wus LIuL boLI SerbIun governmenL und LIe NuLIonuI CouncII
LQ =DJUHE ZLOO FRQWLQXH WR FDUU\ RXW WKHLU WDVNV HDFK LQ LWV LQWHUQDO
IeguI und LerrILorIuI domuIn uppIyIng currenL meLIods, unLII LIe
GHILQLWLYHRUJDQLVDWLRQRIWKH6WDWH
SeveruI concIusIons urouse Irom LIe LexL oI LIe Genevu
DecIuruLIon. IrsLIy, LIe SerbIun governmenL oIIIcIuIIy recognIsed LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII us one oI LIe equuI poIILIcuI IucLors In LIe process oI
unIIIcuLIon uIongsIde wILI ILseII. SecondIy, LIe SerbIun governmenL
ucknowIedged LIe IucL LIuL LIe NuLIonuI CouncII suppIunLed LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee us u represenLuLIve InsLILuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs
In LIe DuuI MonurcIy. TIIrdIy, LIe SerbIun governmenL recognIsed
LIe exIsLence oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs, und LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII us ILs IeguI governmenL. InuIIy, boLI LIe SerbIun
governmenL und LIe NuLIonuI CouncII us equuI poIILIcuI purLners wIII
govern LIe new sLuLe, unLII LIe muLuuI mInIsLry wouId be
orgunIsed.
1qq
L couId be undersLood LIuL durIng LIe Genevu
negoLIuLIons LIe SerbIun governmenL recognIsed LIe NuLIonuI CouncII
In Zugreb us u IegILImuLe represenLuLIve InsLILuLIon oI LIe Serbs,
CrouLs und SIovenes Irom AusLrIuHungury.
1q
TIuL LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee wus dIspIuced by LIe NuLIonuI CouncII sIows LIe IucL LIuL
u roIe Lo represenL LIe NuLIonuI CouncII Lo LIe EnLenLe sLuLes wus
JLYHQWR$QWH7UXPEL
ProbubIy, LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL poInL oI LIe Genevu DecIuruLIon,
Ior LIe boLI sIdes, wus LIe concIusIon LIuL LIe YugosIuv ConsLILuenL
AssembIy sIouId muke u IInuI decIsIon wILI regurd Lo LIe
governmenLuI Lype oI LIe sLuLe LIe monurcIy or LIe repubIIc. TIIs
purugrupI becume greuLesL dIsugreemenL In compurIson wILI LIe
decIsIon mude on CorIu sIund. A weukness oI LIe SerbIun PrIme
MInIsLer durIng LIe Genevu negoLIuLIons cun be seen by LIe IucL LIuL
Ie couId noL succeed Lo Impose LIe SerbIun uLLILude Lowurds LIe
194
The Serbian government and the National Council should commit the foreign and military affairs, the
navy, maritime trade, maritime health care and a preparation of the sessions of the constitutional assembly
to the mutual ministry.
195
Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution, Catholic
University Nijmegen, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, pp. 148149.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
86
quesLIon wILI regurds Lo LIe governmenLuI Lype oI LIe sLuLe, us IL wus
LIe cuse durIng LIe CorIu negoLIuLIons, wIen IL wus decIded LIuL LIe
new sLuLe wouId be LIe monurcIy wILI LIe SerbIun royuI dynusLy on u
Ieud oI LIe sLuLe. TIe Genevu DecIuruLIon wus In LIIs poInL u revIsIon
oI LIe CorIu decIsIons und u greuL poIILIcuI vIcLory oI LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII. SIorLIy, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb supporLed by LIe
SerbIun SDUOLDPHQWDU\ RSSRVLWLRQ SDUWLHV VXFFHHGHG WR FRPSHO 3DL
Lo recognIse un exIsLence oI u sLuLe oI LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIu
Hungury wILI ILs cenLre In Zugreb us u poIILIcuI represenLuLIve oI uII
YugosIuvs In LIe DuuI MonurcIy. TIe uIm oI LIe CouncII wus LIuL
sucI YugosIuv sLuLe wILI Zugreb us ILs poIILIcuI cenLre wouId muke u
conIederuLIon wILI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu LIII convocuLIon oI generuI
YugosIuv ConsLILuenL AssembIy. ConsequenLIy, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII
In Zugreb wouId become u IeguI represenLuLIve oI LIe AusLro
HungurIun Serbs u possIbIIILy LIuL wus never uccepLed by LIe
SerbIun governmenL.
$V ZH VDZ GXULQJ WKH *HQHYD QHJRWLDWLRQV 1LNROD 3DL ZDV
compeIIed Lo gIve cerLuIn poIILIcuI concessIons Lo LIe NuLIonuI
&RXQFLO )LUVWO\ 3DL UHFRJQIsed LIe so-FDOOHG VWDWH SURYLVRULXP
LIuL wouId exIsL Irom LIe esLubIIsImenL oI LIe muLuuI mInIsLry Lo LIe
procIumuLIon oI LIe new YugosIuv consLILuLIon.
1q6
SecondIy, Ie
uccepLed u duuI modeI oI LIe governmenL, durIng LIe perIod oI LIe
VWDWH SURYLVRULXP. InuIIy und LIe mosL ImporLunLIy, Ie IeIL LIe
quesLIon wILI regurds Lo LIe governmenLuI Lype oI u sLuLe open u
quesLIon wIIcI wouId be IInuIIy resoIved by LIe new YugosIuv
ConsLILuLIon. n IucL, LIe IusL poInL wus LIe crucIuI reuson Ior LIe
RegenL noL Lo ruLIIy LIe Genevu DecIuruLIon In order Lo preserve
decIsIons mude durIng LIe CorIu negoLIuLIons, wIIcI were In IIs
Iuvour. n sum, u duuI IormuIu oI LIe Genevu decIuruLIon, especIuIIy
uncerLuIn posILIon oI LIe monurcIy und LIe dynusLy durIng LIe LIme
oI WKH VWDWHSURYLVRULXPZDVXQDFFHSWDEOHIRUWKH5HJHQWEHFDXVH
LIIs probIem Iud uIreudy been resoIved on CorIu IsIund.
1q;
On LIe
oLIer Iund, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb uIso reIused Lo recognIse
LIe Genevu DecIuruLIon. TIe IormuI excuse Ior LIIs wus LKHIDFWWKDW
196
This 'state provisorium lasted in Iact Irom December 1
st
, 1918 till June 28
th
, 1921.
197
The Serbian government and the Regent refused to verify the text of the Geneva Declaration and
because of the fact that common ministies of foreign affairs, traffic, army and finance for the whole country
were not drafted and envisaged in the Declaration [Dragoslav Jankovic, Bogdan Krizman, Graa o
VWYDUDQMXMXJRVORYHQVNHGUDYH, vol. II, Beograd, 1964, pp. 541553].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
87
LIe CouncII`s deIeguLIon In Genevu wus noL uuLIorIsed Lo negoLIuLe
ubouL u governmenLuI Lype oI LIe new sLuLe. AL sucI u wuy, decIsIons
mude on CorIu sIund beLween LIe YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe
SerbIun governmenL were sLIII vuIId Ior uII sIdes. However, LIe
SerbIun governmenL prucLIcuIIy underwenL u greuL poIILIcuI deIeuL In
Genevu by LIe NuLIonuI CouncII, becuuse LIe SerbIun governmenL wus
Iorced Lo recognIse u duuI swuy oI LIe new sLuLe wIIcI wouId IusL LIII
LIe LIme oI u convocuLIon oI LIe ConsLILuLIonuI AssembIy. SIorLIy, Lwo
poIILIcuI sovereIgns Iuve been creuLed, wILI Lwo ouLIs und LIree
governmenLs (LIe common one In PurIs, LIe oLIer one In Zugreb und
LIe LIIrd one In BeIgrude).
TIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus pusIed usIde wILI Genevu
negoLIuLIons und repIuced by LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb us u
represenLuLIve orgunIsuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc popuIuLIon In
AusLrIu-Hungury.
1q8
A poIILIcuI roIe oI LIe CommILLee wus uIreudy
over beIore convocuLIon oI LIe Genevu meeLIng, wIen LIe SerbIun
PrIme MInIsLer reIused u demund gIven by LIe CommILLee`s PresIdenL
ubouL LIe InLernuLIonuI recognILIon oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee uL LIe
begInnIng oI OcLober 1q18. AccordIng Lo PusIc`s opInIon, LIere were
LIree muIn reusons Ior LIIs reIusuI oI TrumbIc`s demund: 1) In LIe
cuse oI u recognILIon IL wouId be Lwo poIILIcuI cenLres oI unIon, LIuL
wouId be more useIuI Ior LuIy LIun Ior LIe YugosIuvs; z) LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee couId noL be equuI wILI LIe SerbIun governmenL In LIe
process oI unIIIcuLIon Ior LIe reuson LIuL LIe CommILLee wus creuLed
by ILseII; und ) IL wus ImpossIbIe LIuL uL LIe Peuce ConIerence LIe
Serbs Irom AusLrIu-Hungury wouId be represenLed by LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee buL noL by LIe SerbIun governmenL In consIderuLIon oI LIe
wur eIIorLs by SerbIu. or TrumbIc, sucI PusIc`s uLLILude wus unLI-
IIberuI, unLI-democruLIc und opposed Lo LIe prIncIpIe oI LIe
nuLIon.
1qq
A quesLIon wILI regurds Lo LIe numerIcuI represenLuLIon
oI LIe YugosIuv Iunds uL LIe YugosIuv muLuuI mInIsLry wus one oI LIe
198
By the Geneva negotiations the Serbian government unquestionably recodnised the National Council in
Zagreb as a legal government of the Slovenes, Croats and Serbs from the AustriaHungary. However, the
Serbian government rejected an idea that the Kingdom of Serbia and the State of Slovenes, Croats and
Serbs are an equal political partners in the process of the unification. From the Slovenian point of view, all
three major Slovenian political parties fought for the unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
with the Kingdom of Serbia with a common requirement that the Slovenes as a nation have to enjoy a
broadest cultural autonomy within Yugoslavia [Peter Vodopivec, Od Pohlinove slovnice do samostalne
drDYH. Slovenska zgodovina od konca 18. do konca 20. stoletja, Ljubljana, 2006, p. 164165].
199
Dragoslav Jankovic, Bogdan Krizman, GraD R VWYDUDQMX MXJRVORYHQVNH GUDYH, vol. I, Beograd,
1964, pp. 333337.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
88
muIn sources Ior dIspuLe beLween LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee. PusIc supporLed LIe sImpIe sLuLe und u purILy
ruLIo oI LIe muLuuI mInIsLry`s members. He uIso demunded LIuL onIy
LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe NuLIonuI CouncII couId deIeguLe
LIese members, buL noL und LIe YugosIuv CommILLee. TrumbIc,
conLrury Lo PusIc, InLerceded wILI LIe Ideu oI equuI rIgILs und
sIurpIy cIuIIenged PusIc`s prIncIpIe oI LIe purILy.
zoo
n sum,
uccordIng Lo LIe Genevu ugreemenL, new SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe sIouId be
creuLed us 6HUER&URDWLDQ <XJRVODYLD, bused on duuI IormuIu oI
Inner sLuLe orgunIsuLIon sImIIurIy Lo AusLrIu-Hungury. SIorLIy, wIuL
wus $XVVJOHLFK In 186; Ior LIe Hubsburg MonurcIy (AusLrIu und
Hungury) LIuL sIouId be LIe Genevu ugreemenL Ior IuLure YugosIuvIu,
wIIcI wouId be consLILuLed by Lwo conIederuLe sLuLes (SerbIu und
CrouLIu).
zo1

AILer LIe Genevu ConIerence IL wus uppurenL LIuL LIe IuLesL
purL oI LIe process oI unIIIcuLIon wouId be concIuded wILI un
ugreemenL beLween LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe NuLIonuI CouncII
oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs. n LIe oLIer words, LIese Lwo poIILIcuI
IucLors wouId creuLe u sIngIe SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe uILer negoLIuLIons onIy
beLween LIemseIves. rom u IeguI poInL oI vIew, LIe common
YugosIuv sLuLe (oI uII SouLI SIuvs excepL LIe BuIgurIuns) wus
procIuImed In Zugreb by LIe NuLIonuI CouncII on November z
rd
,
1q18 by LIe 3URFODPDWLRQE\WKH1DWLRQDO&RXQFLORIWKH8QLILFDWLRQ
RI WKH 6WDWH RI 6ORYHQHV &URDWV DQG 6HUEV ZLWK WKH .LQJGRP RI
6HUELDDQG0RQWHQHJUR.
zoz
TIe NuLIonuI CouncII ImmedIuLeIy guve
un InILIuLIve Ior LIe IInuI urrungemenL upon u verIIIcuLIon oI ILs own
ProcIumuLIon by SerbIu`s RegenL on November zq
LI
, 1q18, wIen u
sIngIe CouncII`s deIeguLIon wus orgunIsed Lo be senL Lo BeIgrude
zo

200
ibid., vol. II, pp. 497506.
201
Pasic resigned Irom the post oI the Prime Minister aIter the Geneva negotiations. The Serbian Minister
oI Inner AIIairs, Stojan Protic, pointed out that politicians Irom Zagreb wanted to separate Serbs Irom
Bosnia, Herzegovina, Srem, Slavonia, Dalmatia, Vojvodina and Croatia from their brothers from Serbia.
According to him, the monarchy and the dynasty oI Karadordevic have been two Iundamental and
unquestionable requirements from the Serbian government concerning the creation of Yugoslavia
|Dragoslav Jankovic, Bogdan Krizman, *UDDRVWYDUDQMXMXJRVORYHQVNHGUDYH, vol. II, Beograd, 1964,
p. 647].
202
Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution, Catholic
University Nijmegen, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, pp. 151153.
203
This decesion was speeded up by two reasons: 1) the Italian military penetration into the territory of the
State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs; and 2) the fear of a restoration of the Habsburg Monarchy. The
Slovenian members of the delegation did not arrive at the time in Belgrade [Peter Vodopivec, Od
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
89
wILI u Iope LIuL LIe RegenL wouId uccepL LIe unIIIcuLIon In u Iorm
procIuImed In Zugreb. BusIcuIy, LIe muIn Iope oI LIe CouncII wus LIuL
BeIgrude wIII uccepL by LIe ucL oI verIIIcuLIon LIe borders oI LIe SLuLe
oI Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes Iow LIey Iuve been cIuImed Lo be by
Zugreb: SIovenIu, sLrIu, CrouLIu, SIuvonIu, DuImuLIu, BosnIu,
HercegovInu, Srem, BunuL, Burunju und Bucku.
TIIs deIeguLIon cume Lo BeIgrude wILI onIy one uIm: Lo muke u
IInuI versIon oI LIe verIIIcuLIon oI procIuImed SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe wILI
LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe SerbIun RegenL - AIeksundur
KurudordevIc In u Iorm oI u new und IInuI ProcIumuLIon oI u sIngIe
YugosIuv sLuLe In BeIgrude. NeverLIeIess, CouncII`s depuLIes brougIL
LIe so-cuIIed 1DSXWDN, or LIe CouncII`s condILIons wILI regurds Lo LIe
unIon. TIe CouncII`s prIncIpuI requIremenL In LIIs 1DSXWDN wus LIuL
u NuLIonuI AssembIy oI LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes wouId decIde
un uILImuLe versIon oI LIe sLuLe orgunIsuLIon by u Lwo-LIIrds mujorILy
oI LIe voLes (by LIe so-cuIIed quuIIIIed mujorILy).
zoq
AccordIng Lo
LIe 1DSXWDN, LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy sIouId voLe sLuLe-
consLILuLIon, Lo deLermIne u Iorm oI LIe sLuLe-ruIe, us weII us u sLuLe-
governmenLuI orgunIsuLIon. On LIe one Iund, LIe CouncII`s demund
LIuL LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy wouId voLe LIe YugosIuv ConsLILuLIon
wus In LIe spIrIL oI LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon. However, on LIe oLIer
Iund, LIe CouncII`s requIremenL LIuL u Iorm oI LIe sLuLe-ruIe wouId
be seLLIed uIso by LIe sume ussembIy wus LoLuIIy conLrury Lo LIe CorIu
DecIuruLIon und wus done In Iuvour oI LIe Genevu DecIuruLIon.
AccordIng Lo LIe 1DSXWDN, LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy Iud Lo be
esLubIIsIed und Lo begIn ILs work noL IuLer LIun sIx monLIs uILer LIe
peuce covenunL. DurIng LIe LQWHUUHJQXP perIod, LIe KIng wouId be
un execuLIve udmInIsLruLor, wIIIe LIe GovernmenLuI CouncII wouId be
u IegIsIuLIve one. TIe GovernmenLuI CouncII wouId be mude
especIuIIy Ior LIIs purpose und wouId be composed wILI LIe members
oI LIe NuLIonuI CouncII, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee us weII us wILI u
proporLIonuI number oI LIe represenLuLIves Irom SerbIu und
MonLenegro. SubsequenLIy, LIe poIILIcuI roIe oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee wus noL uboIIsIed. TIe CommILLee`s members sIouId
purLIcIpuLe In LIe work oI LIe GovernmenLuI CouncII uIongsIde wILI

Pohlinove slovnice do samostalne drzave. Slovenska zgodovina od konca 18. do konca 20. stoletja,
Ljubljana, 2006, p. 165].
204
Branislav Gligorijevic, Demokratska stranka i politicki odnosi u Kraljevini SHS, Beograd, 1970, p.
204. Aleks Dragnic is in opinion that Gligorijevic is wrong when he wrote that qualiIied majority is the two-
thirds oI the votes |Aleks Dragnic, Srbija, Nikola Pasic i 1ugoslavija, Beograd, 1994, pp. 123147].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
90
LIeIr coIIeugues Irom LIe NuLIonuI CouncII und LIe SerbIun
governmenL. AL LIuL momenL, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus
recognIsed us one merILorIous poIILIcuI IucLor Ior LIe creuLIon oI u
common SerbIun-CrouLIun-SIovenIun sLuLe. TIe IInuI demund by LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII wus LIuL LIe GovernmenLuI CouncII wouId curry ouL
eIecLIons Ior LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy. NeverLIeIess, durIng LIe
negoLIuLIons In BeIgrude wILI LIe deIeguLes oI LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In
Zugreb, LIe SerbIun uuLIorILIes mude cIeur LIuL LIe CrouLs und LIe
SIovenes ure Iree Lo esLubIIsI LIeIr own IndependenL nuLIonuI
repubIIcun sLuLes uILer unIIIcuLIon oI uII eLInIcuI und IIsLorIcuI
LerrILorIes oI LIe Serbs. n LIIs cuse, CrouLIu und SIovenIu wouId exIsL
us dwurIIsI sLuLes.
zo

However, Lwo ImporLunL evenLs occurred, In LIe meunLIme
beLween LIe CommILLee`s InILIuLIve Ior u IInuI ugreemenL (I.e.,
verIIIcuLIon) wILI LIe SerbIun governmenL und IInuI ProcIumuLIon oI
uImosL u sIngIe SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe. TIey were LIe IormuI unIon
beLween: 1) LIe provInce oI VojvodInu (LIe souLIern Hungury seLLIed
by reIuLIve SerbIun mujorILy); und z) LIe KIngdom oI MonLenegro
(seLLIed by ubsoIuLe SerbIun mujorILy) wILI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu.
IrsLIy, on November z
LI
, 1q18 LIe*UHDW1DWLRQDO&RXQFLORI
6HUEV %XQMHYFL DQG RWKHU 6ODYV LQ 9RMYRGLQD, oIIIcIuIIy Issued u
ResoIuLIon und procIuImed IIrsLIy LIe breuk oI sLuLe-jurIdIcuI reIuLIons
beLween VojvodInu und Hungury, und secondIy un unIIIcuLIon oI
VojvodInu (Bucku, BunuL, Burunju) wILI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu on ILs
sessIon In NovI Sud.
zo6
TIe prIncIpuI ouLcome oI LIIs ResoIuLIon wus
LIe IucL LIuL LIe GreuL NuLIonuI CouncII (In IucL LIe SerbIun one),
zo;

205
Archives of Military-Historical Institute (Arhiv Vojnoistorijskog instituta), Beograd, 16, 1, Memoars
RI'XDQ6LPRYL.
206
The Serbian politicians Irom Vojvodina decided to establish their own 'Serbian National Council Ior
Vojvodina on October 27
th
, 1918 as a reaction against establishment of the National Council of Slovenes,
Croats and Serbs in Zagreb on October 26
th
, 1918. The primal aim oI 'Serbian National Council, as a
principal governmental institution of Vojvodina, was to unite Vojvodina with Belgrade but not with Zagreb.
'Serbian National Council Iormed its own military detachments called (Serbian) National Guard. The
Council invited the Serbian army to enter the territory of Vojvodina at the biginning of November 1918.
The first military unites of the Serbian army crossed Danube and Sava Rivers on November 9
th
and 10
th
,
1918. According to the armistice treaty between Hungary on the one hand and Serbia and Entente powers
on the other signed on November 13
th
, 1918, the Serbian and Entente armies had to occupy the territory of
the southern Hungary (the Serbian Vojvodina) till demarcation line drawn northern from Pecs and
Timisoara.
207
The composition of the Council was: Serbs-578, Croats-58, Slovaks-62, Ukrainians-21, Germans-6,
Hungarians-1. The Croatian deputy Blasko Rajic explained later why the Croats voted for the union of
Vojvodina with Belgrade but not with Zagreb: Serbia was ally of Entente while the State of Slovenes,
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
91
XQGHU WKH OHDGHUVKLS RI -DD 7RPL DYRLGHG WKH 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLO LQ
Zugreb und dIrecLIy unILed VojvodInu wILI SerbIu.
zo8
On LIe sume
duy, SerbIun depuLIes Irom Srem, LIe members oI LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII In Zugreb, decIded Lo unILe Srem dIrecLIy wILI LIe KIngdom
oI SerbIu. AccordIng Lo LIeIr decIsIon, onIy LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu
couId represenL LIe Serbs Irom Srem on LIe upcomIng Peuce
ConIerence.
zoq

SecondIy, one duy IuLer, LIe 3RGJRULFD *UHDW 1DWLRQDO
$VVHPEO\ RI WKH 6HUELDQ SHRSOH LQ 0RQWHQHJUR deLIroned LIe
0RQWHQHJULQUXOLQJ3HWURYL-1MHJRG\QDVW\LQIDYRXURIWKH6HUELDV
KuruRUHYL UR\DO IDPLO\
z1o
AL LIe sume duy, LIe GreuL NuLIonuI
AssembIy In PodgorIcu procIuImed LIe unIon oI MonLenegro wILI
6HUELD XQGHU WKH VFHSWUH RI WKH .DUDRUHYL dynusLy by IuvourIng
LIe unIon oI LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes InLo u sIngIe sLuLe.
z11
TIe

Croats and Serbs proclaimed in Zagreb was recognised by no on. Furthermore, the Entente treated the State
of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs as a hostile country.
208
Jasa Tomic, Nasa nova drzava u kolevci, Novi Sad, 1918, pp. 811; Spomenica oslobodenja
Vojvodine 1918. godine, Novi Sad, 1929; Petar Pekic, Povijest oslobodenja Vojvodine, Subotica, 1939;
Kosta Milutinovic, Vojvodina izmedu Beograda i Zagreba, Zagreb, 1966.
209
Archives of Military-Historical Institute (Arhiv Vojnoistorijskog Instituta), Beograd, 3, box 25, IV, 31,
The First Serbian army, November 25
th
, 1918. This decision by the Serbs from Srem to unite themselves
with Serbia but not with historical Croatia was tremendously criticised by the Croatian politicians as a plot
against the Croatian historical rights |Kosta Milutinovic, Vojvodina izmedu Beograda i Zagreba, Zagreb,
1966, p. 355].
210
Archives of Serbia, Beograd, Ministarstvo Inostranih Dela, Politicko Odeljenje, 1918, X/456, X/438,
439, 447; Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution,
Catholic University Nijmegen, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, pp. 153156.
Serbia`s Karadordevic and Montenegrin Petrovic-Njegos dynasties were in direct blood relations as
Serbia`s Regent Aleksandar I Karadordevic married daughter (Zorka) of Montenegrin King Nikola I.
Moreover, Alaksandar was born in Montenegrin capital Cetinje in 1888 where his father Petar I
Karadordevic, Serbia`s King Irom 1903 to 1918, lived in exile. In October 1918 when the Serbian army
entered Montenegro Aleksandar I stated that the Serbians (the Serbs from Serbia) did not come to
Montenegro to rule the country but they came to liberate Montenegro and to unite it with Serbia. After the
unification Montenegro has to have its own governmental organisation [Archives of Military-Historical
Institute, Beograd, 3, box 25, 33, 21. X 1918|. The opponents of Serbia-Montenegro unification, the so
called the 'Greens, claimed likewise dethroned the Montenegrin King that all decisions issued by the Great
Podgorica National Assembly are not legal and not valid as they are in opposition to the Montenegrin
Constitution. However, according to the Montenegrin Constitution (Articles 2 and 16) the King can be
dethroned (he is loosing his 'legitimate rights) iI he would live the country and the people. King Nikola I
emigrated to Italy at the beginning of 1916. On January 7
th
, 1919 it was organised armed rebellion in
Montenegro (the 'Christmas Rebellion) by the 'Greens supported by the Italians in order to repose King
Nikola I to the throne in Montenegro. The crucial political aim oI the 'Greens was to achive the status oI
an autonomous state of Montenegro within the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (like the Kingdom
of Bayern was in the Second German Empire). However, the rebellion failed.
211
Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution, Catholic
University Nijmegen, Martinus NijhoII Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, 'Resolution oI the
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
92
process oI unIIIcuLIon beLween MonLenegro und SerbIu wus
uccompIIsIed by LIe &HQWUDO 0RQWHQHJULQ &RXQFLO IRU WKH 3HRSOH
8QLRQ, Iormed In ebruury 1q1; und Ieud by AndrIju RudovIc.
z1z

TIus, jusL beIore LIe IInuI negoLIuLIons wILI regurds Lo LIe
verIIIcuLIon oI LIe Zugreb ProcIumuLIon oI LIe unIIIcuLIon, beLween
LIe NuLIonuI CouncII und LIe SerbIun governmenL, VojvodInu (BunuL,
Bucku und Burunju) und LIe KIngdom oI MonLenegro becume
represenLed by un enIurged KIngdom oI (GreuLer) SerbIu. TIe
prIncIpuI essence oI LIIs IucL wus LIuL LIe oIIIcIuI uLLILude by LIe
SerbIun poIILIcIuns uILer December 1
sL
, 1q18 wus LIuL LIe KIngdom oI
SerbIu brougIL (I.e., IncorporuLed): 1) LIe 6HUELD SURSHU (SerbIu
uILer LIe BerIIn Congress oI 18;8); z) .RVRYRDQG0HWRKLD, ) LIe
QRUWKHUQ 6DQGDN (Sunjuk or Rusku), q) LIe ELJJHVW SDUW RI
%RVQLD +HU]HJRYLQD (uILer LIe seII-deLermInuLIon oI LIe IocuI
Serbs), ) LIe 9DUGDU 0DFHGRQLD (ucIIeved uILer LIe BuIkun Wurs
oI 1q1z-1q1), 6) 9RMYRGLQD, und ;) 0RQWHQHJUR ZLWK WKH
VRXWKHUQ 6DQGDN InLo LIe KIngdom oI Serbs, CrouLs und
SIovenesJYugosIuvIu.
z1

WIIIe LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb wunLed Lo posLpone LIe
IInuI negoLIuLIons concernIng LIe verIIIcuLIon wILI LIe SerbIun
governmenL Ior LIe LIme uILer LIe Peuce ConIerence, LIe SerbIun
governmenL wunLed Lo IInIsI LIe process oI unIIIcuLIon by ILs
verIIIcuLIon oI LIe Zugreb ProcIumuLIon beIore LIe Peuce ConIerence
In order Lo uvoId LIe quesLIon concernIng LIe borders oI LIe new sLuLe
on LIe ConIerence.
z1q
SucI SerbIu`s poIIcy wus bucked by LIe IucL
LIuL severuI SouLI SIuvIc Iunds expressed LIe wIsI Lo be unILed wILI
SerbIu. AIongsIde wILI MonLenegro und VojvodInu IL wus LIe cuse und
wILI qz ouL oI z regIons In BosnIu & HerzegovInu. TogeLIer wILI LIe
BosnIun-HerzegovInIun OrLIodox Serbs muny MusIIms (wIo

Great National Assembly of the Serbian people in Montenegro concerning unification of Montenegro with
Serbia, pp. 153156.
212
On the Podgorica National Assembly in Iact the 'Whites won a great victory against the 'Greens.
The first group was fighting for unification of Montenegro with Serbia by Montenero`s incorporation into
the state body of Serbia. Second one was fighting for the Montenegrin unification with Serbia but under
condition that Montenegro would have a special (autonomous) status in a common state, like Bayern in the
German Second Empire. Actually, the 'Whites had a great help by the Serbian army who entered
Montenegro at the end of October 1918.
213
It is a question with regard to the legal competitions both of the Podgorica and the Novi Sad Assembles
to make decisions concerning the unification with Serbia, which was actually incorporation of Montenegro
and Vojvodina into the state body of the Kingdomof Serbia.
214
Memoirs of the Peace Conference, vol. II, New Haven, 1939, p. 252.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
93
IdenLIIIed LIemseIves us LIe sIumIc Serbs) Irom BosnIu &
HerzegovInu us weII us supporLed SerbIu`s dynusLy oI
KurudordevIc.
z1
AccordIng Lo LIe BrILIsI experL Ior LIe YugosIuv
uIIuIrs uL LIuL LIme, WIckIum SLeed, II pIebIscILe wouId be orgunIsed
In BosnIu & HerzegovInu LIe resuIL oI voLIng wIII go Lo LIe SerbIun
Iuvour.
z16

SImuILuneousIy, LIe DuImuLIun ProvIncIuI CouncII guve IIve
duys Lo LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb Lo muke u decIsIon wILI
regurds Lo LIe unIon wILI SerbIu. L wus obvIous LIuL LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII wus IoosIng ILs swuy In severuI ImporLunL ureus oI ILs own
sLuLe. n uddILIon, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII wus compIeLeIy IeIpIess
concernIng LIe IucL LIuL LIe LuIIun mIIILury Lroops occupIed
subsequenL purLs oI DuImuLIu und sLrIu. TIese IucLs Iuve been LIe
crucIuI reusons Ior LIe CouncII`s decIsIon Lo negoLIuLe wILI SerbIu us
soon us possIbIe, prImurIIy In order Lo suve us IeIL us oI DuImuLIu wILI
LIe IeIp oI LIe SerbIun urmy. NeverLIeIess, us IL wus poInLed beIore,
even beIore NuLIonuI CouncII senL un oIIIcIuI deIeguLIon Lo BeIgrude Lo
negoLIuLe wILI LIe SerbIun uuLIorILIes ubouL un oIIIcIuI procIumuLIon
oI unILed YugosIuv sLuLe, LIe CouncII procIuImed ILs own unIIIcuLIon
oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs wILI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu
und LIe KIngdom oI MonLenegro on November z
rd
, 1q18. However,
even on November q
LI
, 1q18 LIe CouncII uccepLed u proposuI by LIe
depuLy In LIe CrouLIun PurIIumenL (6DERU) In Zugreb, VILomIr Koruc,
Lo oIIIcIuIIy InvILe LIe SerbIun urmy Lo cross DrInu RIver und Lo IeIp
Lo LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs Lo survIve. ConsequenLIy,
LIe uuLIorILIes oI LIe NuLIonuI CouncII senL u IeLLer Lo AIeksundur
KurudordevIc, us SerbIu`s RegenL und LIe Communder-In-CIIeI oI LIe
SerbIun urmy, uskIng IIm Lo gIve un order Lo LIe SerbIun urmy Lo
ImmedIuLeIy enLer CrouLIu, SIuvonIu, DuImuLIu, BosnIu, HerzegovInu,
Srem, BunuL, Burunju und Bucku.
z1;
VuIerIjun PrIbIcevIc und uzur
PopovIc (LIe members oI LIe NuLIonuI CouncII`s deIeguLIon IuLer senL
Lo BeIgrude) us weII us requIred Irom LIe SerbIun RegenL on
November q
LI
, 1q18 Lo send LIe SerbIun urmy Lo proLecL LIe seu-porL
215
Archives of Military-Historical Institute (Arhiv Vojnoistorijskog Instituta), Beograd, 3, box 25, 31,
7HU]LVUHSRUWWR3DL.
216
Wickham Steed in New Europe, September 26
th
, 1918.
217
Archives of Military-Historical Institute (Arhiv Vojnoistorijskog instituta), Beograd, box 25, 31, The
First Serbian army to the Supreme Stuff of the Serbian army, November 10
th
, 1918; ibid. 3, box 25, 31,
November 8
th
, 1918.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
94
oI RIjeku (Iume), Medumurje (u regIon beLween SIovenIu und
Hungury), und Lo occupy SIuvonIu. TIe SerbIun urmy enLered LIese
provInces LIII November 1;
LI
, 1q18.
z18

OIIIcIuIIy, LIe SouLI SIuvs (I.e., LIe YugosIuvs) were unILed InLo
LIeIr own nuLIonuI sIngIe sLuLe on December 1
sL
, 1q18, wIen LIe
RegenL AIeksundur KurudordevIc reud LIe 3URFODPDWLRQ RI WKH
.LQJGRP RI 6HUEV &URDWV DQG 6ORYHQHV In LIe KrsmunovIc Iouse In
BeIgrude TeruzIje squure (LIuL wus In IucL SerbIu`s verIIIcuLIon oI
Zugreb ProcIumuLIon oI LIe unIIIcuLIon wILI cerLuIn modIIIcuLIons).
eguIIy, LIIs $FW RI 8QLRQ wus composed by Lwo purLs. IrsL oI LIem
wus LIe $GGUHVV wrILLen by LIe Serb Irom CrouLIu SveLozur PrIbIcevIc
und LIe CrouL Irom CrouLIu Dr. AnLe PuveIIc und reud by LIe
deIeguLIon oI LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb. TIe second one wus LIe
5HSO\ oI LIe Crowned PrInce AIeksundur KurudordevIc. TIus, LIe
)LUVW'HFHPEHU $FW wus u resuIL oI LIe negoLIuLIons beLween LIe
SerbIun governmenL und LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb us LIeIr
uILImuLe poIILIcuI ugreemenL wILI regurds Lo LIe procIumuLIon oI u
new sLuLe.
AccordIng Lo LIe $GGUHVV, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII`s numerous
deIeguLIon cume Lo BeIgrude us LIe represenLuLIves oI LIe peopIes
Irom LIe IoIIowIng SouLI SIuvIc Iunds In AusLrIu-Hungury: SIovenIu,
CrouLIu, BosnIu, BunuL und Burunju uskIng Ior unIIIcuLIon oI LIe SLuLe
oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs wILI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu und LIe
KIngdom oI MonLenegro. L Is necessury Lo noLe LIuL Irom SerbIu`s
poInL oI vIew, LIe SerbIun governmenL wus u represenLuLIve oI LIe
wIoIe porLIon oI VojvodInu und MonLenegro In consIderuLIon oI LIeIr
unIon wILI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu In November 1q18, us weII us und
oI LIe beggIsL purLs oI BosnIu & HerzegovInu uccordIng Lo LIeIr wIsI
Irom LIe sume perIod oI LIme. TIIs meunL vIrLuuIIy IIrsLIy LIuL boLI
LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb cIuImed
LIuL LIey ure represenLIng VojvodInu und BosnIu & HerzegovInu
durIng LIe IusL sLuge oI LIe process oI LIe unIIIcuLIon, und secondIy
218
Archives of Military-Historical Institute (Arhiv Vojnoistorijskog instituta), Beograd, 4, box 25, 31, The
First Serbian army to the deputy of the National Council, major Perk. At that time according to the
reports, the Serbs from Croatia (Lika, Banija, Kordun, Drnis, Knin, Dalmatia) wanted to become a part oI
united and Greater Serbia but not to become a part of Yugoslavia. The Dalmatian Croats, likewise the
Dalmatian Serbs, supported a monarchical type of the future Yugoslav state, contrary to the Croatian
peasants and the citizens of Zagreb who opted for republican type of the state [Archives of Military-
Historical Institute (Arhiv Vojnoistorijskog instituta), Beograd, 3, box 25, 35, Report by command of the
14
th
infantry regiment from Split, December 6
th
, 1918; Hrvatska rijec, 14, November 15th, 1918].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
95
LIuL uccordIng Lo LIe RegenL`s 5HSO\ LIe AusLro-HungurIun SouLI
SIuvIc Iunds oI LIe LGHSHQGHQW SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs,
unILed LIemseIves wILI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu (enIurged by
VojvodInu, MonLenegro und LIe begesL porLIons oI BosnIu &
HerzegovInu?). ObvIousIy, boLI sIdes dId noL muke u cIeur ugreemenL
concernIng u LerrILorIuI represenLuLIon durIng LIe uILImuLe round oI
LIe negoLIuLIons und LIe ProcIumuLIon oI LIe common sLuLe.
n ILs own uddress, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII IubeIIed LIe SerbIun
urmy us u ...vIcLorIous nuLIonuI Army..., wIIcI wus IIgILIng ...sIde
by sIde wILI LIe ArmIes oI our mIgILy AIIIes...
z1q
n LIIs cuse, LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII ussembIed ILseII wILI LIe EnLenLe powers, us one oI
LIe members oI LIe vIcLorIous sIde In LIe wur. n LIe IoIIowIng purL oI
LIe uddress u revoIuLIonury secessIon Irom AusLrIu-Hungury oI LIe
SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs wus sLressed, us weII us LIe prIncIpuI
consequence oI LIIs IucL - LIe creuLIon oI LIeIr own IndependenL
nuLIonuI sLuLe. TIe SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs Irom LIe Iormer
AusLrIu-Hungury decIured LIuL LIey wIsI und ure deLermIned Lo
unILe wILI SerbIu und MonLenegro In one joInL nuLIonuI sLuLe oI LIe
Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes, |...| Lo embruce uII LIe conLInuous
eLInogrupIIc LerrILory oI LIe SouLIern SIuvs.
zzo
TIIs desIre wus
resLed on LIe peopIe`s rIgIL Lo seII-deLermInuLIon. HypoLIeLIcuIIy, LIe
mosL sIgnIIIcunL IIdden poInL oI LIIs sLuLemenL wus LIuL LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII`s DeIeguLIon dId noL recognIse LIe unIIIcuLIon oI
MonLenegro und SerbIu InLo u sIngIe sLuLe, procIuImed In PodgorIcu
on November z6
LI
, 1q18. L wus uIso empIusIsed In LIe nexL sLuLemenL
LIuL LIe CouncII on ...ILs sILLIng oI November zq
LI
resoIved Lo
procIuIm LIe unIon oI LIe SLuLe oI LIe SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs wILI
SerbIu und MonLenegro In one sIngIe SLuLe...
zz1
AL LIe sume pIuce
Lwo uddILIonuI poInLs ure sLressed by LIe NuLIonuI CouncII. IrsL oI uII,
LIe NuLIonuI CouncII uIreudy procIuImed LIe unIon wILI SerbIu.
Second oI uII, In LIe personuI opInIon oI LIe uuLIor oI LIIs book, Ior
LIe DeIeguLIon LIe unIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs InLo u sIngIe sLuLe wus
mude beLween LIree IndependenL poIILIcuI enLILIes, In LIe oLIer words
beLween LIree IndependenL sLuLes: 1) LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs
219
Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution, Catholic
University Nijmegen, Martinus NijhoII Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, 'Proclamation of the
Kingdom oI Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, pp. 157160.
220
ibid.
221
ibid.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
96
und Serbs; z) LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu; und ) LIe KIngdom oI
MonLenegro.
TIe IIrsL purL oI LIe $GGUHVV wus IInIsIed wILI IIkeIy LIe mosL
sIgnIIIcunL purugrupI wILIIn LIe wIoIe LexL oI IL. PrecIseIy, LIe
1DWLRQDO &RXQFLOV 'HOHJDWLRQ YHVWHG WKH 6HUELDQ .LQJ WKH 3ULQFH-
5HJHQWUHVSHFWLYHO\WRKDYHWKHSRZHURIWKH6RYHUHLJQWKURXJKRXW
WKHZKROHWHUULWRU\RIWKHQRZXQLWHG6WDWH
zzz
TIIs meunL LIuL LIe
DeIeguLIon recognIsed LIe monurcIy us LIe sLuLe-Iorm wILI LIe
SerbIun dynusLy on u Ieud oI LIe sLuLe. EvIdenLIy, wILI regurds Lo LIe
quesLIon upon u Lype oI LIe sLuLe, LIe DeIeguLIon oI LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII rejecLed decIsIons LIuL were concIuded In Genevu by ILseII,
LIe YugosIuv CommILLee, LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe SerbIun
purIIumenLury opposILIon purLIes. Moreover, LIe DeIeguLIon rejecLed
LIe mosL ImporLunL requIremenL Ior LIe unIIIcuLIon wrILLen In LIe
1DSXWDN, LIe documenL LIuL wus u wrILLen dIrecLIon Ior LIe
DeIeguLIon Ior ILs negoLIuLIons wILI BeIgrude. TIe DeIeguLIon Ience
uccepLed decIsIons sIgned uL LIe CorIu sIund by LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee und LIe SerbIun governmenL. L Is InLeresLIng LIuL LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee dId noL purLIcIpuLe In LIe IInuI negoLIuLIons
concernIng LIe creuLIon oI YugosIuvIu In BeIgrude und In creuLIon oI
LIe LexL oI oIIIcIuI ProcIumuLIon oI LIe unIIIcuLIon. NeverLIeIess, LIe
decIsIons creuLed by LIe YugosIuv CommILLee uL LIe CorIu sIund were
uccepLed und IncorporuLed InLo LIe IInuI ucL oI LIe unIIIcuLIon. n LIe
oLIer woUGVWKH1DWLRQDO&RXQFLOV'HOHJDWLRQGLGQRWDFFRPSOLVKLQ
%HOJUDGH WKH &RXQFLOV UHTXLUHPHQWV DQG ILQDOO\ VLJQHG WKH GHFLVLRQV
ugreed uL LIe CorIu sIund buL noL LIose ugreed In Genevu. L meuns
LIuL LIe DeIeguLIon currIed ouL LIe poIILIcuI uLLILude oI LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee, LIe orgunIsuLIon LIuL even wus noL presenL In BeIgrude
durIng LIe IInuI sLuge oI LIe negoLIuLIons ubouL u procIumuLIon oI LIe
KIngdom oI Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes. TIe DeIeguLIon oI LIe SLuLe
oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs wus dIsrespecLIuI Lowurds dIrecLIons In
LIe 1DSXWDN IIkeIy becuuse LIe LuIIun mIIILury udvunce InLo LIe
LerrILory oI DuImuLIu und sLrIu, buL uIso uL LIe sume LIme und Ior LIe
reuson oI u revoIuLIonury IermenLuLIon In ILs own sLuLe.
TIe Zugreb DeIeguLIon wus In IucL Iorced Lo muke u concessIon
Lo LIe SerbIun governmenL In vIew oI LIe exLernuI us weII us LIe
InLernuI LIreuLs Lo ILs own sLuLe. InuIIy, LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs
222
ibid.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
97
und Serbs by joInIng SerbIu und MonLenegro InLo unILed YugosIuv
sLuLe wouId joIn uL LIe sume LIme und vIcLorIous sIde In LIe IrsL
WorId Wur und wIII noL be IurLIer LreuLed by LIe EnLenLe sLuLes us un
enemy (becuuse IL wus u purL oI LIe AusLro-HungurIun sLuLe) wIIcI
sIouId puy wur repuruLIons uILer LIe Peuce ConIerence.
zz
Anywuy,
LIese LIree reusons Iuve been LIe mosL consequenLIuI Ior LIe Zugreb
DeIeguLIon Lo recognIse LIe monurcIIcuI Iorm oI LIe ruIe In LIe new
sLuLe wILI LIe KurudordevIc dynusLy on LIe LIrone. AccordIng Lo LIe
DeIeguLIon`s $GGUHVV, ...u sIngIe purIIumenLury GovernmenL sIuII be
Iormed Ior LIe wIoIe LerrILory oI LIe YugosIuv sLuLe, wILI u sIngIe
represenLuLIve body
zzq
In ugreemenL wILI LIe SerbIun governmenL
und LIe represenLuLIves oI uII nuLIonuI purLIes In SerbIu und
MonLenegro. SucI sLuLemenL wus on LIe IIne oI LIe 1DSXWDN us LIe
GovernmenLuI CouncII sIouId be creuLed us IL wus requIred by LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII: ...consLILuLed by u joInL ugreemenL beLween LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII und LIe represenLuLIves oI LIe peopIe oI LIe
KIngdom oI SerbIu... und ...LIuL LIIs nuLIonuI represenLuLIve body
sIouId remuIn In sessIon unLII LIe convocuLIon oI LIe ConsLILuenL
AssembIy...
zz
n uddILIon, LIe $GGUHVV demunded Lo be esLubIIsIed
LIe uuLonomous represenLuLIve bodIes under LIe conLroI oI LIe
cenLruI governmenL. BoLI oI LIese requIremenLs were sLIpuIuLed on
LIe CorIu sIund und Genevu.
TIe DeIeguLIon wus speukIng In LIe Iuvour oI LIe ConsLILuenL
AssembIy, wIIcI, uccordIng Lo LIe proposuI submILLed by LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII
zz6
sIouId be resLed on LIe unIversuI equuI
eIecLIons, us weII us on LIe dIrecL secreL und proporLIonuI suIIruge.
223
Ferdo Sisic, Dokumenti o postanku Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca (19141918), Zagreb,
1920, pp. 246248; ordevic Milan, Srbija i Jugosloveni za vreme rata 19141918, Beograd, 1922, p.
244; Peter Vodopivec, Od Pohlinove slovnice do samostalne drDYH. Slovenska zgodovina od konca 18.
do konca 20. stoletja, Ljubljana, 2006, p. 166. According to Jovan Banjanin, a member of the Yugoslav
Committee in London, Croatia at the moment had only one option that was to join Yugoslavia in order to
avoid its own territorial division between Serbia, Italy, Austria and Hungary after the war (Luconosa,
'Londonski sporazum i hrvatsko pitanje, Zagreb, 1946, p. 7). Ultra right Croatian Party of Rights
ideologically 'justiIied Croatian joining Yugoslavia under the rule oI the Serbian royal dynasty by the
explanation that the Serbian/Yugoslav King, is a Croat as all Serbs in ethnolinguistic point of view are just
the Orthodox Croats [Hrvatska drzava, November 16
th
, 1918].
224
Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution, Catholic
University Nijmegen, Martinus NijhoII Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, 'Proclamation oI the
Kingdomof Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, pp. 157160.
225
ibid.
226
ibid.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
98
TIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy sIouId be convoked wILIIn sIx monLIs
uILer LIe Peuce LreuLy. TIus, voLIng u sLuLe-consLILuLIon by LIe
ConsLILuenL AssembIy wus empIusIsed In LIe CorIu und Genevu
DecIuruLIons und uIso In LIe ProcIumuLIon oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes,
CrouLs und Serbs. However, II we compure LIe prevIous DecIuruLIons,
ProcIumuLIons, LIe 1DSXWDN und LIe $GGUHVV wILI eucI oLIer we wIII
noLIce LIuL LIere ure severuI ugreemenLs und dIsugreemenLs beLween
LIem wILI regurds Lo LIe quesLIon oI LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy. IrsL
oI uII, In LIe boLI decIuruLIons (CorIu und Genevu), us weII us In LIe
ProcIumuLIon oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs, LIe
ConsLILuenL AssembIy wus envIsuged us un InsLILuLIon, wIIcI wouId
Issue u IInuI versIon oI LIe sLuLe-consLILuLIon. On one Iund, In LIe
CorIu DecIuruLIon u newIy sLuLe wus In udvunce IubeIIed us u
monurcIIcuI one wILI LIe SerbIun dynusLy on LIe LIrone. ConLrury,
uccordIng Lo LIe Genevu DecIuruLIon und LIe ProcIumuLIon oI SLuLe oI
SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs, LIe quesLIon ubouL repubIIc or monurcIy
sIouId be resoIved by LIe consLILuLIon; In LIe oLIer words, LIe
ConsLILuenL AssembIy sIouId muke u IInuI decIsIon ubouL IL.
zz;

Moreover, uccordIng Lo LIe 1DSXWDN LIe governmenLuI Lype oI LIe
new sLuLe wouId be resoIved by LIe consLILuLIon LIuL wouId be voLed
E\ WKH &RQVWLWXHQW $VVHPEO\ +RZHYHU WKH &RXQFLOV 'HOHJDWLRQ
recognIsed In BeIgrude In udvunce u monurcIIcuI Lype oI LIe sLuLe-
governmenL und In IucL uvoIded LIe Genevu DecIuruLIon und LIe
ProcIumuLIon oI SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs, us weII us
InsLrucLIons wrILLen In LIe 1DSXWDN. n uddILIon, LIe DeIeguLIon
uvoIded und LIe sLuLemenL LIuL LIe quuIIIIed mujorILy In LIe
ConsLILuenL AssembIy wouId uccepL LIe sLuLe-consLILuLIon wIIcI wus
IncorporuLed InLo LIe Genevu DecIuruLIon, LIe ProcIumuLIon oI SLuLe
oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs us weII us In LIe 1DSXWDN.
TIe sume (mIIILury-poIILIcuI) reusons InIIuenced LIe
DeIeguLIon Lo rejecL In BeIgrude boLI crucIuI requIremenLs by LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII: 1) LIuL quesLIon upon repubIIc or monurcIy wouId
be resoIved by LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy; und z) LIuL LIe YugosIuv
ConsLILuLIon wouId be uccepLed by LIe quuIIIIed mujorILy oI LIe
227
Many of Bosnian Muslims and Croats supported republican type of the state but not monarchical one.
Thus, according to the reports, when the Serbian army entered Sarajevo in November 1918 some citizens
shouted 'Viva Republica.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
99
voLes.
zz8
A cerLuIn evIdence Ior LIIs usserLIon wus gIven by LIe
DeIeguLIon ILseII In LIe IusL purugrupI oI ILs $GGUHVV Lo LIe SerbIun
KIng. NumeIy, LIe LexL oI LIe $GGUHVV Is IInIsIed wILI Lwo usserLIons.
7KH ILUVW RQH ZDV WKDW WKH 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLOV GHOHJDWHV ZHUH
UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI WKH SHRSOH IURP WKH wIoIe oI LIe YugosIuv
LerrILory oI LIe Iormer AusLro+XQJDULDQ 0RQDUFK\
zzq
TIe
VHFRQG RQH ZDV WKDW ODUJH DQG SUHFLRXV SDUWV RI RXU QDWLRQDO
WHUULWRU\ DUH RFFXSLHG E\ WKH WURRSV RI WKH .LQJGRP RI ,WDO\ DQG
ILQDOO\ZHFDQQRWUHFRJQLVHKRZHYHULIe jusLIce oI uny ugreemenL -
und sLIII Iess oI LIe PucL oI ondon...
zo
SubsequenLIy, LIe IInuI
FRQFOXVLRQ LV WKDW WKH &RXQFLOV 'HOHJDWLRQ ZKLFK ZDV VHQW WR
BeIgrude Lo muke u IInuI ugreemenL wILI LIe SerbIun governmenL In
regurd Lo LIe ProcIumuLIon oI u new sLuLe, dIsrespecLed Lwo LIe mosL
LPSRUWDQW &RXQFLOV UHTXLUHPHQWV ZULWWHQ LQ WKH 1DSXWDN (1. LIe
ConsLILuenL AssembIy wouId voLe LIe sLuLe-consLILuLIon by LIe
quuIIIIed mujorILy oI LIe voLIng body; und z. LIe quesLIon ubouL
monurcIy or repubIIc wouId be resoIved by LIe YugosIuv
ConsLILuLIon) prImurIIy LukIng InLo uccounL LIe LuIIun LerrILorIuI
uspIruLIons Lowurds sIgnIIIcunL porLIons oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes,
CrouLs und Serbs, wIIcI uIreudy Iuve been gIven Lo LuIy (LIe ondon
PucL) by LIe EnLenLe Powers. n LIe oLIer words, LIe SerbIun
governmenL mude u good use oI LIe Iurd posILIon In wIIcI LIe SLuLe
oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs wus, connecLed wILI LIe LuIIun mIIILury
dunger, Lo Impose ILs own condILIons Ior LIe unIIIcuLIon (uILer Zugreb
rejecLed un opLIon proposed by BeIgrude LIuL u GreuLer SerbIu und
smuII CrouLIu und SIovenIu wouId be creuLed us IndependenL sLuLes II
LIe KIngdom oI Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes wus noL goIng Lo be
esLubIIsIed uccordIng Lo LIe SerbIun sLundurds). Anywuy, LIe EnLenLe
powers, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb und LIe RoyuI SerbIun
GovernmenL needed YugosIuvIu uL LIuL momenL us LIe besL buIwurk
uguInsL LIe GermunIc und LIe LuIIun domInuLIon over LIe cenLruI und
LIe wesLern BuIkuns. or LIe CrouLs, u creuLIon oI YugosIuvIu wus LIe
228
What does it mean 'qualiIied majority is not speciIied in any mentioned document concerning the
creation of Yugoslavia. However, majority of our-days contemporary political scientists is sharing opinion
that 'qualiIied majority is two-thirds but not half votes of the voting body. According to them, half votes of
voting body is 'absolute majority while only majority oI votes is 'simple majority.
229
Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution, Catholic
University Nijmegen, Martinus NijhoII Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, 'Proclamation oI the
Kingdom oI Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, pp. 157160.
230
ibid.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
100
opLImuI soIuLIon us IL wus onIy opLIon Lo keep LogeLIer uII eLInIcuI
und IIsLorIcuI CrouLIun Iunds wILIIn u sIngIe SIuvIc sLuLe body. or LIe
Serbs, LIe CrouLs und SIovenes sIouId pIuy u roIe oI u medIuLor wILI
LIe Romun CuLIoIIc CIurcI In LIe IuLure. SIorLIy, LIe CrouLs suw
Serbs us Iesser enemIes us LIe AusLrIuns or HungurIuns Iuve been,
wIIIe LIe Serbs LIougIL LIuL LIe CrouLs wouId be Iesser dungerous Ior
LIe Serbdom II CrouLIu wouId be IncIuded InLo YugosIuvIu LIun Lo be
un IndependenL sLuLe (wIIcI couId mude un uIIIunce wILI BuIgurIu
uguInsL SerbIu). InuIIy, LIe SerbIun governmenL wus uwure LIuL LIe
muIn poIILIcuI probIem In LIe new YugosIuv sLuLe (or u GreuLer SerbIu
In uccordunce Lo LIe CrouLIun percepLIon)
z1
wouId be Iow Lo
umorLIse LIe CrouLIun sepuruLIsm und repubIIcunIsm.
TIe unIIIcuLIon oI uImosL uII SouLI SIuvIc peopIes InLo LIeIr
sIngIe sLuLe wus vIrLuuIIy procIuImed by LIe RegenL, AIeksundur
KurudordevIc, us IIs repIy Lo LIe $GGUHVV (reud by LIe DeIeguLIon oI
LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs) on December 1
sL
, 1q18.
zz

On LIe IIrsL pIuce In IIs own repIy Lo LIe $GGUHVV, IIs RoyuI
HIgIness Crown PrInce AIeksundur recognIsed LIe DeIeguLIon us u
represenLuLIve body oI LIe NuLIonuI CouncII oI SIovenes, CrouLs und
Serbs In Zugreb. TIIs reuIIy meunL LIuL LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu, In LIe
IInuI ucL oI unIon, reuIIIrmed ILs own decIsIon wILI respecL Lo LIe
ucknowIedgemenL oI LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb us LIe IeguI
GovernmenL oI Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes wIo IIve on LIe LerrILory oI
LIe AusLro-HungurIun EmpIre In Genevu on November 8
LI
,
1q18.
z
n LIe oLIer words, LIe RoyuI SerbIun GovernmenL
recognIsed LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb ... us LIe IeguI
GovernmenL oI LIe YugosIuv counLrIes oI LIe Iormer AusLro-
HungurIun EmpIre
zq
beIore LIe oIIIcIuI ProcIumuLIon oI LIe new
sLuLe wus mude. A IeguI consequence oI LIuL wus u IucL LIuL u newIy
sLuLe wus procIuImed us LIe unIon oI SerbIu wILI LIe Iunds oI LIe
IndependenL SLuLe oI LIe SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs In LIe UnILed
231
Ivo Goldstein, Croatia. A History, London, 1999, 108130; Dragutin Pavlicevic, Povijest Hrvatske.
Drugo, izmijenjeno i prosireno izdanje, Zagreb, 2000, pp. 331344; Ivo Peric, Povijest Hrvata, Zagreb,
1997, pp. 218232.
232
The first great power who recognised the new state was the USA (in February 1919).
233
Ferdo Sisic, Dokumenti o postanku Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca (1914-1918), Zagreb,
1920, p. 233.
234
ibid.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
101
KIngdom oI LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes.
z
ConsequenLIy, LIe
KIngdom oI Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes wus creuLed oIIIcIuIIy und
IeguIIy LIrougI LIe unIIIcuLIon oI Lwo IndependenL sLuLes - LIe
KIngdom oI SerbIu und MonLenegro (IncIudIng VojvodInu und LIe
bIggesL purL oI BosnIu & HerzegovInu) und LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes,
CrouLs und Serbs, wIose Independence wus recognIsed by eucI oLIer.
TIuL u newIy sLuLe oI YugosIuvIu wus reuIIy creuLed LIrougI LIe
unIIIcuLIon oI Lwo IndependenL sLuLes, In IeguI poInL oI vIew, cun be
seen In Lwo oIIIcIuI ProcIumuLIons, wILI respecL Lo LIe unIon, Issued
by boLI oI LIem. TIe IIrsL oI LIem wus u concIusIon oI LIe evenIng
sessIon oI LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb LIuL wus mude on
November z
rd
, 1q18, wIen ProcIumuLIon by LIe NuLIonuI CouncII oI
LIe unIIIcuLIon oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs wILI LIe
KIngdom oI SerbIu und MonLenegro
z6
wus Issued. TIe second one
wus OIIIcIuI ProcIumuLIon oI LIe unIon oI LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu und
MonLenegro wILI LIe SLuLe oI LIe SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs,
z;

udopLed by LIe SerbIun purIIumenL uL ILs q8
LI
ordInury sILLIng In
BeIgrude on December zq
LI
, 1q18. InuIIy, we cun concIude LIuL LIe
DeIeguLIon dId noL respecL, In ILs uddress Lo LIe RegenL, LIe
unIIIcuLIon oI SerbIu und MonLenegro InLo one cenLruIIsed sLuLe,
wIIcI wus done on November z
rd
, 1q18 under LIe nume oI LIe
KIngdom SerbIu buL preIerred Lo undersLund LIe sume unIIIcuLIon on
u IederuI busIs (LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu und MonLenegro).
AccordIng Lo LIe LexL oI IInuI ProcIumuLIon oI LIe KIngdom oI
Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes, u new sLuLe wouId be esLubIIsIed on LIe
consLILuLIonuI, purIIumenLury und broud democruLIc prIncIpIes,
bused on unIversuI suIIruge,
z8
wIIcI wus In concordunce wILI uII
prevIous ProcIumuLIons und DecIuruLIons, us IL wus LIe cuse wILI LIe
sLuLemenL LIuL LIe LrunsILIonuI und provIsIonuI perIod oI LIe sLuLe
wouId IusL unLII LIe GreuL ConsLILuLIonuI AssembIy`s convocuLIon
wIen LIe IInuI sLuLe-consLILuLIon wouId be voLed. However, In LIe
ProcIumuLIon oI LIe unIIIcuLIon In BeIgrude LIe IoIIowIng Lwo crucIuI
235
Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution, Catholic
University Nijmegen, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, pp. 157160.
236
Ferdo Sisic, Dokumenti o postanku Kraljevine Srba, Hrvata i Slovenaca (19141918), Zagreb,
1920, p. 274.
237
Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution, Catholic
University Nijmegen, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, pp. 161163.
238
ibid.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
102
NuLIonuI CouncII`s requIremenLs, wILI respecL Lo LIe ConsLILuenL
AssembIy, were uvoIded: 1) LIe Inner sLuLe-Iorm wouId be decIded by
LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy; und z) LIe consLILuLIon wouId be uccepLed
by LIe quuIIIIed (Lwo-LIIrd?) mujorILy oI LIe voLIng body. NumeIy, In
LIe ProcIumuLIon on December 1
sL
, 1q18 LIe IusL poInL even wus noL
menLIoned. TIe IIrsL poInL wus resoIved In udvunce In Iuvour oI u
monurcIIcuI Lype oI LIe sLuLe, us we cun see In LIe IoIIowIng purL oI
LIe ProcIumuLIon oI LIe KIngdom oI Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes: Lrue
Lo LIe exumpIe und udvIce gIven me |Lo AIeksundur sL| by my uugusL
IuLIer |PeLur sL|, wIII be KIng onIy oI LIe Iree cILIzens oI LIe SLuLe oI
LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes, ...
zq
n uddILIon, LIe ProcIumuLIon
wus ended wILI menLIonIng LIe nume oI u new sLuLe: LIe KIngdom oI
LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes, wIuL wus In u conLrusL Lo LIe endIng
oI LIe $GGUHVV In wIIcI LIe new sLuLe wus numed us LIe unILed
YugosIuvIu. ObvIousIy, In regurd Lo LIe nume oI u sLuLe, LIe IormuIu
LIe LIree-numes nuLIon, promoLed by LIe SerbIun governmenL,
purLIcuIurIy by ILs PrIme MInIsLer, wus uccepLed uL LIe expense oI LIe
CouncII`s uLLILude Lowurds LIe sLuLe nume us YugosIuvIu. TIe nume oI
YugosIuvIu, us LIe sLuLe nume, wus rejecLed becuuse Lwo prIncIpuI
reusons: 1) LIe Lerms YugosIuvIu und LIe YugosIuvs ure orIgInuIIy
creuLed by LIe Hubsburgs; und z) LIe SerbIun governmenL wunLed Lo
preserve LIe SerbIun nuLIonuI nume In LIe nume oI LIe new sLuLe.
InuIIy, LIe ProcIumuLIon oI LIe YugosIuv unIIIcuLIon wus
ended wILI Lwo sIgnIIIcunL poInLs. IrsLIy, LIe represenLuLIves oI Lwo
sIdes wouId compose LIe governmenL, wIIcI wouId ruIe LIe counLry
durIng LIe provIsIonuI perIod: LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII (LIuL wus Ioreseen uIso In LIe prevIous DecIuruLIons
und ProcIumuLIons). NeverLIeIess, In compurIson wILI LIe 1DSXWDN,
LIe represenLuLIves oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee (IIve members) were
noL unLIcIpuLed Lo purLIcIpuLe In LIIs provIsIonuI governmenL.
zqo

SecondIy, LIIs GovernmenL wIII ussume us ILs IIrsL duLy LIuL oI
securIng LIuL LIe IronLIers oI our SLuLe ure druwn In uccordunce wILI
LIe eLInogrupIIc boundurIes oI our enLIre ruce.
zq1
TIIs wrILLen
sLuLemenL In LIe uILImuLe IeguI ucL oI LIe ProcIumuLIon oI u new sLuLe
wus mude us SerbIu`s compensuLIon Lo Zugreb Ior LIe reuson LIuL LIe
239
ibid.
240
It is interesting that only its President had a political post (the Minister of Foreign Affairs) in the new
state among all main members of the Yugoslav Committee.
241
ibid.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
104


TIe mup oI dIsmembered LerrILorIes oI IIsLorIcuI KIngdom oI
Hungury uccordIng Lo LIe TrIunon Peuce TreuLy sIgned on June q
LI
,
1qzo. TIe LreuLy wus Imposed upon Hungury by LIe vIcLorIous AIIIes
uILer LIe WW, us purL oI LIe PurIs Peuce ConIerence. Hungury Iud Lo
uccepL LIe breukup oI AusLrIu-Hungury und Lo cede SIovukIu und
RuLIenIu Lo CzecIosIovukIu, BurgerIund Lo AusLrIu (In 1qzz),
SIuvonIu, VojvodInu und CrouLIu Lo YugosIuvIu und TrunsyIvunIu wILI
EusL BunuL Lo RomunIu. By LIe TreuLy, Hungury IosL zJ oI ILs pre-wur
LerrILory, und J oI ILs pre-wur popuIuLIon




& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
105
&21&/86,21

7Ie creuLIon oI uImosL sIngIe SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe wus IIkeIy Lo be

one oI LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL LurnIng poInLs In LIe SouLI SIuvIc und
BuIkun IIsLory. TIree specIIIc poIILIcuI ucLors currIed ouL LIe SouLI
SIuvIc poIILIcuI InLegruLIon: LIe YugosIuv CommILLee In ondon, LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII oI LIe SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs In Zugreb und LIe
RoyuI SerbIun GovernmenL In BeIgrude und CorIu. AII oI LIem Iud
LIe sume IInuI poIILIcuI Lusk: LIe unIIIcuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs InLo
LIeIr own, IndependenL, nuLIonuI sLuLe. However, In severuI
sIgnIIIcunL poInLs concernIng LIe unIon LIese LIree poIILIcuI cenLres oI
LIe SouLI SIuvs Iud dIIIerenL opInIons upon wIuL wus LIe muIn
source Ior LIeIr dIsugreemenLs.
zqq

TIe process oI unIon ucLuuIIy begun wIen LIe SerbIun
purIIumenL, uccordIng Lo LIe governmenLuI proposuI, Issued u
DecIuruLIon In LIe cILy oI NI on December ;
LI
, 1q1q. AccordIng Lo LIIs
DecIuruLIon, LIe muIn wur uIm oI SerbIu durIng LIe IrsL WorId Wur
wus u unIIIcuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs. TIIs meunL LIuL LIe SerbIun
governmenL durIng LIe wur oIIIcIuIIy dIrecLed ILs poIILIcuI ucLIvILIes
Lowurds LIe creuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe. TIe process oI unIon
wus IInIsIed on December 1
sL
, 1q18, wIen LIe IInuI ProcIumuLIon oI
LIe esLubIIsImenL oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe wus Issued In BeIgrude us
u verIIIcuLIon oI LIe prevIous ProcIumuLIon oI unIIIcuLIon In Zugreb.
TIe YugosIuv CommILLee, wIo pIuyed one oI LIe crucIuI
poIILIcuI roIes wILI regurds Lo LIe SouLI SIuvIc poIILIcuI InLegruLIon
unLII LIe end oI OcLober 1q18, wus esLubIIsIed on AprII o
LI
, 1q1 onIy
severuI duys uILer LIe TreuLy oI ondon wus sIgned. n IucL, LIe
CommILLee wus Iounded In order Lo proLecL LIe YugosIuvs und LIeIr
LerrILorIes wILIIn AusLrIuHungury Irom LIe LuIIun IrredenLIsL
244
The religious and ethnic diversity of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Yugoslavia was
expressed in two mutually contrasting ideas about the nature oI the new state. 'Slovenia and Croatia had
joined the union with Serbia largely for defensive reasons, to protect their territories against Austrian or
Italian revisionist (irredentist) pretensions. They demanded a federal state, which would leave each
component with extensive autonomy. By contrast, Serbia was a relatively homogeneous country which had
gained increasing self-confidence since independence in 1878, so that it was interested mainly in increasing
its power over other territories [settled by the Serbs V. B. S.| in a Greater Serbia` |the United Serbian
State V. B. S.| |Jan Palmowski, A Dictionary of Contemporary World History from 1900 to the
present day, Oxford, 2004, New York, p. 706].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
106
uspIruLIons. TIe InILIuI InLenLIon oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus Lo
sIow Lo LIe EnLenLe powers LIuL LIe YugosIuvs Irom LIe MonurcIy
were compIeLeIy uguInsL LIe TreuLy oI ondon. TIIs meunL, wILI
respecL Lo LIe rIgIL Lo LIe nuLIonuI seII-deLermInuLIon LIuL LIey dId
noL wunL Lo be IncIuded uILer LIe wur InLo LuIy.
TIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus esLubIIsIed under LIe dIrecLIons
gIven by LIe SerbIun governmenL. TIe SerbIun governmenL,
purLIcuIurIy ILs PrIme MInIsLer, envIsuged LIe CommILLee us ILs
propugundu ugency wILI LIe orIgInuI Lusk Lo InIorm LIe EnLenLe,
especIuIIy LIe BrILIsI pubIIc, ubouL LIe Iurd posILIon oI LIe SouLI
SIuvs In AusLrIuHungury us weII us ubouL LIe nuLIonuI cIuIms oI LIe
AusLrIun SouLI SIuvs upon LIe SouLI SIuvIc poIILIcuI InLegruLIon. n
LIe oLIer words, LIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus desIgned by SerbIu us
un orgunIsuLIon wILI un ussIgnmenL Lo spreud pro-YugosIuv
propugundu, buL noL us un IndependenL poIILIcuI orgunIsuLIon.
NeverLIeIess, LIe Ieuders oI LIe CommILLee wunLed Lo LrunsIorm IL
InLo u represenLuLIve orgunIsuLIon oI LIe wIoIe SouLI SIuvIc
popuIuLIon wILIIn AusLrIuHungury beIore LIe EnLenLe powers.
$FWXDOO\WKH&RPPLWWHHVOHDGHUVKLSXQGHUVWRRGLWDVDQLQGHSHQGHQW
poIILIcuI orgunIsuLIon, wIIcI sIouId be posed on un equuI IeveI wILI
LIe SerbIun governmenL, us unoLIer one poIILIcuI subjecL In LIe
SURFHVVRIXQLILFDWLRQ6KRUWO\WKH&RPPLWWHHVOHDGHUVUHTXLUHGWKDW
LIe SerbIun governmenL wouId recognIse LIe YugosIuv CommILLee us
u poIILIcuI represenLuLIve oI uII YugosIuvs Irom LIe MonurcIy us un
IndependenL poIILIcuI InsLILuLIon, und us one oI Lwo equuI poIILIcuI
purLners wILI regurd Lo LIe SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe unIIIcuLIon.
One oI LIe mosL ImporLunL dIsugreemenLs beLween LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe SerbIun governmenL wus wILI respecL Lo
LIe wuy (process) oI LIe poOLWLFDOXQLILFDWLRQ6HUELDVDWWLWXGHWRZDUGV
IL wus LIuL sIe sIouId be LIe onIy represenLuLIve oI uII YugosIuvs (LIe
SouLI SIuvs wILIouL BuIgurIuns) beIore LIe EnLenLe und In IucL Lo
uccompIIsI LIe unIon. n LIe oLIer words, onIy SerbIu sIouId be LIe
YugRVODY 3LHGPRQW &RQWUDU\ WKH &RPPLWWHHV OHDGHUV UHTXLUHG WKDW
LIe unIIIcuLIon sIouId be LIe cuuse oI negoLIuLIons beLween LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe SerbIun governmenL us Lwo IndependenL
poIILIcuI InsLILuLIons und represenLuLIves oI dIIIerenL kInd oI LIe
YugosIuvs: LIose wIo were IIvIng wILIIn LIe DuuI MonurcIy und
LIose wIo were IIvIng In LIeIr IndependenL sLuLes oI SerbIu und
0RQWHQHJUR7KH&RPPLWWHHVOHDGHUVKLSZDQWHGLQIDFWWRDYRLGWKH
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107
creuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe us u one-sIded poIILIcuI ucL, Imposed by
SerbIu.
GeneruIIy, LIe SerbIun governmenL never oIIIcIuIIy recognIsed
LIe YugosIuv CommILLee us un IndependenL orgunIsuLIon LIuL Iud LIe
rIgIL Lo muke poIILIcuI decIsIons. Moreover, LIe SerbIun governmenL
never GHMXUH guve LIe rIgIL Lo LIe CommILLee Lo represenL LIe SouLI
SIuvIc popuIuLIon Irom AusLrIuHungury. However, uL LIe CorIu
ConIerence In 1q1; LIe SerbIun governmenL GH IDFWR recognIsed LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee us un IndependenL poIILIcuI InsLILuLIon wIIcI
mude poIILIcuI decIsIons; un InsLILuLIon LIuL wus on equuI IeveI
uIongsIde wILI LIe SerbIun governmenL wILI regurd Lo LIe process oI
unIIIcuLIon, und IInuIIy us u represenLuLIve poIILIcuI orgunIsuLIon oI
LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIuHungury.
TIe mosL ImporLunL dIsugreemenLs beLween LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee und LIe SerbIun governmenL concerned LIe InLernuI
orgunIsuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe und LIe nume oI IL. n uddILIon, LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee Iud LIe InLenLIon Lo resoIve LIe probIem upon
LIe InLernuI sLuLe orgunIsuLIon beIore LIe end oI LIe wur. On LIe oLIer
Iund, Ior LIe SerbIun governmenL, Lo resoIve sucI kInd oI probIems
durIng LIe wur wouId be very IurmIuI Ior LIe process oI unIon ILseII.
SubsequenLIy, LIese probIems sIouId be soIved uILer LIe wur und
uILer LIe oIIIcIuI procIumuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe.
TIe YugosIuv CommILLee wus u supporLer oI <XJRVODYLD, us LIe
nume Ior LIe new sLuLe. On LIe opposILe sIde wus LIe SerbIun
governmenL Ior wIom LIe nume oI <XJRVODYLD wus un expressIon oI
AusLroSIuvIsm, IuuncIed by LIe VIennese uuLIorILIes In LIe mId-1q
LI

c. TIe SerbIun governmenL promoLed LIeses oI LIree-numes nuLIon
(LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes) und wunLed desperuLeIy Lo
IncorporuLe LIe SerbIun eLInIc nume InLo LIe nume oI LIe new sLuLe.
TIereIoUH DFFRUGLQJ WR 6HUELDV SURSRVDO WKH QDPH RI WKH QHZ VWDWH
sIouId be LIe sLuLe oI 6HUEV&URDWVDQG6ORYHQHV.
WILI respecL Lo LIe InLernuI sLuLe orgunIsuLIon, LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee IougIL muInIy Ior LIe IederuI one, or Ior LIe sLuLe wILI u
IIgI runk oI uuLonomous rIgILs und IocuI seII-governmenLs oI LIe
eLInoIIsLorIcuI provInces. Ls IederuI sLuLe orgunIsuLIon wus
unLIcIpuLed muInIy by IIsLorIcuI provIncIuIIsm us LIe busIs Ior LIe
InLernuI governmenLuI sLuLe orgunIsuLIon. An InILIuI upproucI by LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee wus uIso LIuL u new uImosL u sIngIe SouLI SIuvIc
sLuLe Iud Lo be UHSXEOLF buL noL monurcIy; LIe IuLLer wus u crucIuI
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
108
uIm udvocuLed by LIe SerbIun governmenL. n uddILIon, SerbIu wus
LIe supporLer oI u more cenLruIIsed und unILed sLuLe In compurIson
ZLWKWKH&RPPLWWHHVVWDGSRLQW
7KH PRVW VLJQLILFDQW &RPPLWWHHV UHTXLUHPHQW ZLWK UHJDUG WR
LIe quesLIon oI LIe process oI unIon wus LIuL LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu
on one Iund, und LIe Iunds popuIuLed by LIe YugosIuvs In LIe Dunube
MonurcIy on unoLIer one, Iud Lo be equuI poIILIcuI purLners,
represenLed by LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe CommILLee ILseII In
LIe process oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc InLegruLIon. TIe IInuI ucL oI unIon
sIouId be mude uILer LIe negoLIuLIons beLween LIese Lwo poIILIcuI
subjecLs. TIIs meunL LIuL ucLuuIIy CrouLIu sIouId be u poIILIcuI Ieuder
oI LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIuHungury. TIe SerbIun und
MonLenegrIn governmenLs were consIdered us poIILIcuI Ieuders oI LIe
SouLI SIuvIc peopIe onIy Irom YugosIuv IndependenL sLuLes oI
KIngdom oI SerbIu und KIngdom oI MonLenegro. BesIde LIese
requIremenLs, LIe prIncIpIe oI u pIebIscILe wus one oI LIe crucIuI
SRLQWV LQ WKH &RPPLWWHHV DWWLWXGH WRZDUGV WKH SURFHVV RI XQLRQ
6HUELDVDWWLWXGHLQUHVSHFWWRWKLVSURFHVVZDVWKDWVKHKHUVHOIVKRXOG
be LIe onIy poIILIcuI represenLuLIve oI LIe wIoIe YugosIuv popuIuLIon
(I.e., LIe SouLI SIuvs wILIouL LIe BuIgurIuns) Ior LIe reusons LIuL: 1)
SerbIu Iud u IeguIIy composed governmenL; z) sIe wus InLernuLIonuIIy
recognIsed; und ) sIe wus un ussocIuLe member oI LIe EnLenLe
mIIILury couIILIon.
TIe crucIuI Lusk oI LIe CorIu ConIerence wus LIuL un
ugreemenL beLween LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee upon LIe mosL urgenL probIems concernIng LIe
esLubIIsImenL oI LIe new sLuLe wouId be reucIed und sIgned. TIe
mosL ImporLunL reusons Ior LIe CorIu ConIerence convocuLIon ure: 1)
LIe RussIun MurcI RevoIuLIon; z) LIe possIbIIILIes Ior preservuLIon oI
AusLrIuHungury; und ) LIe LuIIun dIpIomuLIc und mIIILury
cumpuIgn In AIbunIu und EpIrus uguInsL LIe YugosIuv InLeresLs.
TIe CorIu ConIerence wus un expressIon oI u newIy
esLubIIsIed Europeun poIILIcuI sILuuLIon uILer LIe RussIun MurcI
RevoIuLIon us 1) un unswer Lo LIe possIbIIILy eILIer Lo preserve
AusLrIuHungury, or Lo re-orgunIse IL on u LrIpurLILe busIs, und us z)
un unswer Lo LIe LuIIun LerrILorIuI preLensIon Lo LIe YugosIuv Iunds.
n LIe oLIer words, boLI LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe YugosIuv
CommILLee wunLed Lo muke oIIIcIuIIy known LIuL u sLrong YugosIuv
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
109
sLuLe wouId be creuLed wIIcI wouId be ubIe Lo deIend ILseII Irom LIe
LuIIun pressure Irom DuImuLIu, AIbunIu und EpIrus.
DurIng LIe negoLIuLIons on LIe sIund oI CorIu, Irom June 1
LI

Lo JuIy zo
LI
, 1q1;, boLI sIdes recognIsed eucI oLIer us GH IDFWR
uuLIorIsed represenLuLIves oI LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes. TIe
crucIuI uIm oI LIe Issued decIuruLIon wus creuLIon oI uImosL u sIngIe
SouLI SIuvIc sLuLe. AccordIng Lo LIe DecIuruLIon, LIIs sLuLe sIouId be
LIe consLILuLIonuI, democruLIc us weII us LIe purIIumenLury monurcIy,
wILI LIe SerbIun dynusLy (KuruRUHYL DV D KHDG RI WKH VWDWH 7KH
IocuI uuLonomIes were guurunLeed, bused on LIe nuLuruI, socIuI und
economIc poInLs oI vIew, ruLIer LIuL on IIsLorIcuI und eLInIcuI ones.
TIe consLILuLIon wouId be uccepLed by LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy wILI
numerIcuIIy quuIIIIed mujorILy oI LIe voLes. TIe IuLure sLuLe wus
numed us LIe .LQJGRP RI 6HUEV &URDWV DQG 6ORYHQHV In wIIcI LIe
IegIsIuLIve InsLILuLIon sIouId be LIe NuLIonuI PurIIumenL, eIecLed by
LIe unIversuI, dIrecL und secreL suIIruge. However, In LIe CorIu
DecIuruLIon IL wus noL menLIoned Iow LIe sLuLe wouId be governed
unLII LIe LIme oI convocuLIon oI LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy. n LIe
oLIer words, u Lemporury purIIumenL und governmenL were noL
Ioreseen In LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon, us LIe InsLILuLIons LIuL wouId
govern LIe counLry Irom Irom LIe LIme oI ILs procIumuLIon unLII LIe
LIme oI LIe consLILuLIon (LQWHUUHJQXP perIod). TIe CorIu DecIuruLIon
Iud ILs own udvunLuges und dIsudvunLuges. TIe mosL ImporLunL
udvunLuges ure: 1) un uImosL u sIngIe SouLI SIuvIc nuLIonuI sLuLe
wouId be esLubIIsIed; z) ILs boundurIes wouId be creuLed on LIe
eLInIcuI prIncIpIe; ) ILs uII cILIzens wouId Iuve LIe sume rIgILs beIore
LIe Iuw; q) u suIIruge wouId be unIversuI, dIrecL und secreL; ) LIe
sLuLe-consLILuLIon wouId be procIuImed by LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy;
und 6) uII recognIsed reIIgIons couId be prucLIsed IreeIy und pubIIcIy.
On LIe oLIer Iund, LIe crucIuI dIsudvunLuges und omIssIons oI LIe
CorIu DecIuruLIon ure: 1) LIe new sLuLe wouId be procIuImed wILIouL
curryIng ouL oI u unIversuI pIebIscILe; z) LIe onIy LIree nuLIonuIILIes
LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes ure recognIsed (u dIsudvunLuge onIy
Irom LIe poInL oI LIe presenL-duy oIIIcIuI nuLIonuI seII-IdenLIIIcuLIon);
) onIy LIree creeds Romun CuLIoIIc, OrLIodox und MusIIm ure
conceIved us oIIIcIuI; q) LIe sLuLe-consLILuLIon wouId be procIuImed by
u numerIcuI, buL noL by u quuIIIIed mujorILy oI LIe voLes In LIe
ConsLILuenL AssembIy (u dIsudvunLuge uccordIng Lo LIe presenL-duy
sLundurds); und IInuIIy ) LIe Lype oI LIe sLuLe u monurcIy, wus
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
110
resoIved In udvunce wILIouL u decIsIon oI LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy
eIecLed under LIe unIversuI pIebIscILe.
TIe IInuI sLuge oI uImosL LoLuI SouLI SIuvIc InLegruLIon begun
wIen LIe NuLIonuI CouncII oI LIe SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs wus
Iounded In Zugreb, on OcLober 6
LI
, 1q18. TIe mosL ImporLunL
consequence oI LIIs evenL wus LIuL LIe CouncII repIuced LIe poIILIcuI
roIe oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee In negoLIuLIons wILI LIe SerbIun
governmenL us u represenLuLIve InsLILuLIon oI LIe YugosIuvs wILIIn
AusLrIuHungury. n LIe oLIer words, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII envIsuged
ILseII us u represenLuLIve poIILIcuI InsLILuLIon, ucLuuIIy us u governmenL
oI LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIu+XQJDU\$FFRUGLQJWRWKH&RXQFLOV
progrumme, LIe mosL sIgnIIIcunL Lusk oI IL wus LIe unIIIcuLIon oI uII
SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs InLo u nuLIonuI, Iree und IndependenL
sLuLe, esLubIIsIed on democruLIc prIncIpIes. Moreover, LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII In Zugreb requIred LIuL uII YugosIuv eLInogrupIIc LerrILory,
regurdIess on LIe currenL provIncIuI us weII us LIe sLuLe boundurIes,
wouId be IncIuded InLo LIe new sLuLe. n order Lo IuIIII LIIs uIm, LIe
CouncII uboIIsIed LIe sLuLe-IeguI und nuLIonuI-IeguI connecLIons
beLween LIe TrIune KIngdom oI CrouLIu, SIuvonIu und DuImuLIu wILI
LIe KIngdom oI Hungury und LIe AusLrIun EmpIre on OcLober zq
LI
,
1q18. AcLuuIIy, LIe CrouLIun PurIIumenL (6DERU) procIuImed un
IndependenL SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs, wILIIn LIe LerrILory
oI AusLrIu+XQJDU\ RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKH SHRSOHV VHOI-deLermInuLIon
procIuImed by LIe US PresIdenL W. WIIson In Junuury 1q18. TIe
crucIuI requIremenLs demunded by LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb Ior
LIe up-comIng negoLIuLIons wILI LIe SerbIun governmenL In BeIgrude
were In connecLIon wILI LIe Iorm oI u governmenL und LIe InLernuI
sLuLe-orgunIsuLIon. BoLI probIems sIouId be resoIved wILIIn LIe
unIversuI NuLIonuI AssembIy LIuL sIouId muke u decIsIon upon LIe
Issue by LIe quuIIIIed mujorILy oI LIe voLIng body und on u LoLuI busIs
oI un equuIILy beLween LIe SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs. ConsequenLIy,
LIe CouncII dId noL recognIse LIe prIncIpuI decIsIon ugreed on LIe
CorIu sIund beLween LIe YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe SerbIun
governmenL, I.e. LIuL LIe new sLuLe wouId be u monurcIy und LIuL LIe
numerIcuI mujorILy oI LIe voLes In LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy wouId
uccepL LIe sLuLe consLILuLIon. n eIIecL, LIe CouncII dId noL onIy
remove LIe CommILLee us u represenLuLIve poIILIcuI InsLILuLIon oI LIe
SouLI SIuvs wILIIn LIe DuuI MonurcIy, LIun LIe CouncII cIuIIenged
LIe prIncIpuI poInL oI LIe CorIu ugreemenL. n uddILIon, LIe royuI
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
111
suncLIon (YHWR), wIIcI wus procIuImed by LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon, wus
QRWPHQWLRQHGLQWKH&RXQFLOVUHTXLUHmenLs.
TIe IusL conIerence In reIuLIon Lo LIe esLubIIsImenL oI LIe
YugosIuv sLuLe wus IeId In Genevu (November 6
LI
q
LI
, 1q18) beLween
LIe IIve poIILIcuI subjecLs: LIe YugosIuv CommILLee, LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII In Zugreb, LIe SerbIun governmenL, MonLenegrIn CouncII Ior
NuLIonuI UnIIIcuLIon und LIe SerbIun purIIumenLury opposILIon
purLIes. AL Issued DecIuruLIon IL wus IIrsLIy poInLed ouL LIe unIIIcuLIon
oI LIe Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes InLo LIe one IndIvIsIbIe
IndependenL sLuLe. ConLrury Lo LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon, LIe Genevu
DecIuruLIon eIuboruLed LIe probIem Iow LIe new sLuLe wouId be
governed unLII LIe LIme oI u convocuLIon oI LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy.
L wus sLIpuIuLed LIuL u joInL MInIsLry oI LIe Serbs, CrouLs und
SIovenes wouId be creuLed us u Lemporury governmenL unLII u
convocuLIon oI LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy. DurIng LIe Genevu
ConIerence, LIe SerbIun governmenL oIIIcIuIIy recognIsed LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII us one oI LIe equuI poIILIcuI ucLors In LIe process oI
LIe YugosIuv InLegruLIon LIuL wus cIeurIy sLuLed In LIe DecIuruLIon.
TIe SerbIun governmenL uIso recognIsed LIe IucL LIuL LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII repIuced LIe YugosIuv CommILLee us u represenLuLIve
InsLILuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs In LIe DuuI MonurcIy. TIe SerbIun
governmenL never recognIsed GH MXUH LIe represenLuLIve roIe oI LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee, buL recognIsed LIIs roIe Lo LIe NuLIonuI
CommILLee LIuL wus In IucL LIe prIncIpuI evIdence LIuL LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII und GHIDFWR und GHMXUHrepIuced LIe YugosIuv CommILLee us
LIe represenLuLIve InsLILuLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvs Irom AusLrIu
Hungury. However, LIIs wus vuIId onIy Ior LIe SerbIun governmenL,
buL noL und Ior LIe EnLenLe couIILIon wIo GH IDFWR consIdered onIy
SerbIu us LIe IeguI represenLuLIve oI LIe wIoIe SouLI SIuvIc
popuIuLIon. DurIng LIe Genevu negoLIuLIons, LIe SerbIun governmenL
uIso oIIIcIuIIy recognIsed LIe exIsLence oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs
und Serbs, und LIe NuLIonuI CouncII us ILs IeguI governmenL. InuIIy,
uccordIng Lo LIe Genevu DecIuruLIon, LIe IuLure sLuLe wouId be
governed by boLI LIe SerbIun GovernmenL und LIe NuLIonuI CouncII,
us equuI poIILIcuI subjecLs unLII LIe LIme oI creuLIon oI LIe muLuuI
mInIsLry. SureIy, LIe prIncIpuI poInL oI LIe Genevu DecIuruLIon wus ILs
concIusIon LIuL LIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy wouId muke u IInuI decIsIon
upon LIe governmenLuI Lype oI LIe sLuLe (I.e., Lo be u repubIIc or u
monurcIy). n sum, LIe Genevu DecIuruLIon wus u revIsIon oI LIe
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
112
CorIu DecIuruLIon und uL LIe sume LIme u greuL poIILIcuI vIcLory oI LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII over SerbIu`s governmenLuI poIIcy.
TIe IeudersIIp oI LIe YugosIuv CommILLee Ior LIe IIrsL LIme
dId noL wunL Lo reconcIIe wILI LIe IucL LIuL LIe NuLIonuI CouncII
repIuced LIe CommILLee In negoLIuLIons wILI SerbIu. However, very
soon, wIen, purLIcuIurIy ILs presIdenL, Dr. AnLe TrumbIc, undersLood
LIuL onIy LIe NuLIonuI CouncII couId be u counLerbuIunce Lo SerbIu,
openIy guve u IuII supporL Lo LIe CouncII`s poIILIcuI work. Dr. AnLe
TrumbIc uccepLed u IucL LIuL LIe NuLIonuI CouncII wouId be u beLLer
represenLuLIve poIILIcuI InsLILuLIon oI LIe AusLrIu-HungurIun SouLI
SIuvs beIore LIe EnLenLe ruLIer LIun LIe YugosIuv CommILLee.
GeneruIIy, durIng LIe IInuI sLuge oI LIe process oI unIIIcuLIon, LIe
YugosIuv CommILLee und LIe NuLIonuI CouncII were In ugreemenL
Lowurds LIe poIIcy oI LIe SerbIun governmenL. L wus evIdenL In LIe
1DSXWDN, Issued by LIe NuLIonuI CouncII, In wIIcI u provIsIonuI
governmenL In LIe IuLure common YugosIuv sLuLe wus desIgned Lo be
creuLed, composed by LIe members oI LIe SerbIun governmenL, LIe
NuLIonuI CouncII und LIe YugosIuv CommILLee.
OnIy LIe NuLIonuI CouncII und LIe SerbIun governmenL IeguIIy
currIed ouL LIIs IInuI sLuge oI LIe YugosIuv sLuLe unIIIcuLIon. TIe
CouncII`s prIncIpuI demunds upon LIe unIIIcuLIon Iuve been IncIuded
InLo LIe 1DSXWDN (or condILIons), brougIL by u specIuI CouncII`s
deIeguLIon Lo BeIgrude uL LIe end oI November 1q18. AccordIng Lo
LIese condILIons, LIe IInuI Inner sLuLe-orgunIsuLIon wouId be decIded
by u Lwo-LIIrds mujorILy oI LIe voLes oI LIe NuLIonuI AssembIy oI LIe
Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes. TIIs meunL, LIe CouncII Iuvoured Genevu
DecIuruLIon`s quuIIIIed mujorILy oI LIe voLes ruLIer LIun LIe CorIu
DecIuruLIon`s numerIcuI one. TIe ConsLILuenL AssembIy sIouId
uccepL LIe sLuLe-consLILuLIon, Lo deLermIne u Iorm oI LIe Inner sLuLe-
ruIe und u sLuLe-governmenLuI orgunIsuLIon (Lo be eILIer repubIIc or
monurcIy). However, LIe CouncII`s deIeguLIon In BeIgrude dId noL
respecL LIe 1DSXWDN In ILs own Address Lo SerbIu`s RegenL. IrsL oI
uII, LIe deIeguLIon In udvunce recognIsed LIe monurcIIcuI ruIe oI LIe
sLuLe wILI LIe SerbIun royuI dynusLy on ILs Ieud wIuL meuns LIuL LIe
deIeguLIon rejecLed LIe CouncII`s prIncIpuI requIremenL. Second oI uII,
IL wus noL sLressed In LIe Address LIuL LIe quuIIIIed mujorILy wouId
voLe u sLuLe-consLILuLIon. n LIIs cuse LIe deIeguLIon recognIsed LIe
CorIu DecIuruLIon us u busIs Ior LIe unIon und rejecLed LIe Genevu
DecIuruLIon. L cun be concIuded LIuL LIe Zugreb deIeguLIon dId noL
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
113
respecL LIe 1DSXWDN prImurIIy becuuse oI LIe LuIIun mIIILury LIreuLs
Lo LIe LerrILory oI DuImuLIu und sLrIu, und u revoIuLIonury
IermenLuLIon wILIIn LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs.
BesIdes jusL menLIoned one, LIe IoIIowIng LIree observuLIons
und expIunuLIons ure LIe personuI opInIon oI LIe uuLIor oI LIIs book
us probubIy u new conLrIbuLIon Lo LIe beLLer undersLundIng oI LIe
IInuI sLuge oI LIe process oI LIe YugosIuv InLegruLIon. IrsLIy, boLI LIe
SerbIun governmenL In BeIgrude und LIe NuLIonuI CouncII In Zugreb
cIuImed LIuL LIey were represenLIng LerrILorIes oI VojvodInu (Bucku,
BunuL und Burunju) concernIng LIe unIon. n LIe oLIer words, LIe
KIngdom oI SerbIu, us weII us LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs,
cIuImed LIuL LIey IncorporuLed VojvodInu InLo LIe KIngdom oI Serbs,
CrouLs und SIovenes. AccordIng Lo LIe boLI uLLILudes, VojvodInu wus u
purL oI LIeIr sLuLes beIore LIe unIon. SecondIy, LIe CouncII`s
DeIeguLIon GH IDFWR dId noL recognIse LIe sLuLe unIIIcuLIon beLween
MonLenegro und SerbIu (procIuImed In PodgorIcu on November z6
LI
,
1q18) LIuL wus prevIousIy uIreudy recognIsed by LIe NuLIonuI CouncII
In Zugreb. n IucL, LIe NuLIonuI CouncII dId noL recognIse LIe
unIIIcuLIon beLween VojvodInu und SerbIu (on November z
LI
, 1q18),
buL recognIsed LIe unIIIcuLIon beLween MonLenegro und SerbIu.
However, LIe CouncII`s deIeguLIon dId noL recognIse boLI oI LIese
unIIIcuLIons. TIIrdIy, Ior LIe CouncII`s deIeguLIon LIe unIon oI uImosL
uII SouLI SIuvs InLo u sIngIe nuLIonuI sLuLe wus mude by LIree
IndependenL sLuLes: 1) LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu; z) LIe SLuLe oI
SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs; und ) LIe KIngdom oI MonLenegro. On
LIe oLIer Iund, Ior boLI LIe SerbIun governmenL und LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII, LIe unIon wus mude by LerrILorIuI InLegruLIon oI: 1) LIe
KIngdom oI SerbIu und MonLenegro; und z) LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes,
CrouLs und Serbs.
AccordIng Lo LIe oIIIcIuI ProcIumuLIon oI LIe unIon (LIuL wus In
IucL u verIIIcuLIon oI LIe CouncII`s ProcIumuLIon oI LIe unIon uL ILs
evenIng sessIon on November z
rd
, 1q18), Issued In BeIgrude on
December 1
sL
, 1q18, LIe KIngdom oI Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes wus
creuLed LIrougI LIe LerrILorIuI unIIIcuLIon oI Lwo IndependenL sLuLes:
1) LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu und MonLenegro; und z) LIe SLuLe oI
SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs.
zq
n LIe IInuI ProcIumuLIon oI LIe new
245
This Proclamation was adopted by the Narodna Skupstina (the Parliament) of Serbia at its 98
th
ordinary
sitting in Belgrade on 16/29
th
, December 1918 with a poetic text: 'The bitter Iight was over, the sharp
sword were broken/The golden crown was shattered, and all was drowned in blood/Both Emperors lie
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
114
sLuLe (on December 1
sL
, 1q18) Lwo prIncIpuI CouncLOV GHPDQGV ZHUH
noL Luken InLo uccounL: 1) LIe sLuLe-Iorm wouId be decIded by LIe
ConsLILuenL AssembIy; und z) LIe sLuLe-consLILuLIon wouId be
procIuImed by LIe quuIIIIed mujorILy oI LIe voLes. TIe IIrsL poInL wus
resoIved In LIe Iuvour oI LIe SerbIun royuI dynusLy und LIe second
one wus noL even menLIoned In LIe ProcIumuLIon. n regurd Lo LIe
sLuLe-nume, LIe LIree-numes nuLIon concepLIon (TIe KIngdom oI
6HUEV &URDWV DQG 6ORYHQHV), supporLed by LIe SerbIun governmenL,
wus uccepLed uL LIe expense Lo LIe NDWLRQDO &RXQFLOV DWWLWXGH
Lowurds LIe nume oI LIe sLuLe us <XJRVODYLD. AccordIng Lo LIe IrsL-
December ProcIumuLIon, In compurIson wILI LIe 1DSXWDN, LIe
<XJRVODY &RPPLWWHHV UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV ZHUH QRW DQWLFLSDWHG WR
purLIcIpuLe In LIe provIsIonuI governmenL oI LIe new sLuLe.
A poIILIcuI unIIIcuLIon oI uImosL uII SouLI SIuvs wus done
WKURXJK DQ DJUHHPHQW WKDW ZDV FRQFOXGHG E\ WKH 1DWLRQDO &RXQFLOV
DeIeguLIon und LIe SerbIun RegenL. or LIe reuson oI LIe LuIIun
mIIILury LIreuLs, LIe Zugreb deIeguLIon dIsregurded Lwo crucIuI
&RXQFLOV UHTXLUHPHQWV LQ IDYRXU RI WKH 6HUELDQ VLGH 2Q WKH RWKHU
Iund, LIe KIngdom oI SerbIu (und MonLenegro) ussumed Lo Lry Lo
deIend LIe LerrILory oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs.
ConsequenLIy, SerbIu mude u good use oI LIe Iurd posILIon In wIIcI
Ius been LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und Serbs In order Lo Impose
Ier own condILIons Ior LIe unIIIcuLIon (oLIerwIse IL wIII be creuLed by
BeIgrude eLInoIInguIsLIcuIIy Iomogeneous GreuLerJUnILed SerbIu
InsLeud oI u IeLerogeneous YugosIuvIu).
DurIng LIe Iour wur yeurs, wIen LIe unIIIcuLIon wus currIed on
und IInuIIy done, severuI prIncIpuI documenLs (decIuruLIons,
procIumuLIons, sLuLemenLs eLc.) were Issued by LIe mosL reIevunL
poIILIcuI IucLors wILI respecL Lo LIe SouLI SIuvIc InLegruLIon. Among
LIose documenLs, LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon In eIIecL wus LIe crucIuI one,
uL IeusL becuuse LIe IucL LIuL LIe IInuI ucL oI LIe unIIIcuLIon (LIe IrsL-
December ProcIumuLIon) wus compIeLeIy bused on LIe sense oI LIIs
DecIuruLIon.
zq6
IrsLIy, LIe sLuLe-nume wus exucLIy LIe sume one LIuL
IL wus decIded In LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon: 7KH .LQJGRP RI WKH 6HUEV
&URDWVDQG6ORYHQHV. SecondIy, LIe prIncIpuI probIem wILI regurds Lo

dead |Snezana TriIunovska, Yugoslavia Through Documents From its creation to its dissolution,
Catholic University Nijmegen, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London, 1994, pp. 161
163].
246
Jan Palmowski, A Dictionary of Contemporary World History from 1900 to the present day,
Oxford, 2004, New York, pp. 153, 706.
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
115
LIe governmenLuI Lype oI LIe sLuLe wus resoIved In Iuvour oI LIe CorIu
DecIuruLIon, ruLIer LIun uccordIng Lo LIe demunds Irom LIe Genevu
DecIuruLIon, LIe ProcIumuLIon oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und
Serbs, us weII us LIe 1DSXWDN. AccordIng Lo LIe IrsL-December AcL,
LIe new sLuLe wus procIuImed us LIe KIngdom wILI LIe KuruRUHYL
dynusLy on u Ieud oI IL. TIIrdIy, Lwo sIgnIIIcunL poInLs IncorporuLed
InLo LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon were reuIIsed by LIe IrsL-December
ProcIumuLIon: 1) u dIsmembermenL oI AusLrIuHungury; und z) un
InLegruLIon oI LIe SouLI SIuvIc popuIuLIon InLo u sIngIe IndependenL
sLuLe. n uddILIon, uccordIng Lo LIe ProcIumuLIon, LIe sLuLe-
ERXQGDULHV ZRXOG EH GUDZQ ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH HWKQRJUDSKLF
ERXQGDULHVRIRXUHQWLUHUDFHZKLFKZDVDOVRLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH
CorIu DecIuruLIon. TIe monurcI obIIged IImseII Lo govern LIe
counLry on LIe consLILuLIonuI, purIIumenLury us weII us democruLIc
prIncIpIes, bused on unIversuI suIIruge LIuL wus uIso wrILLen In LIe
CorIu DecIuruLIon. InuIIy, LIe decIsIon LIuL u ConsLILuenL AssembIy
wouId Issue u sLuLe-consLILuLIon wus In LIe spIrIL oI LIe ugreemenL
mude on CorIu. TIe prIncIpuI requIremenL IuuncIed by LIe NuLIonuI
CouncII In LIe ProcIumuLIon oI LIe SLuLe oI SIovenes, CrouLs und
Serbs, LIe Genevu DecIuruLIon und LIe 1DSXWDN, LIuL governmenLuI
Lype oI LIe sLuLe wouId be decIded by LIe quuIIIIed mujorILy oI LIe
voLes oI LIe ConsLILuLIonuI AssembIy, wus uvoIded by LIe
ProcIumuLIon oI LIe KIngdom oI Serbs, CrouLs und SIovenes on
December 1
sL
, 1q18. L Is LIe crucIuI evIdence LIuL LIe IrsL-December
ProcIumuLIon wus bused on LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon. Moreover, LIe IIrsL
consLILuLIon oI LIe new sLuLe, LIe 9LGRYGDQ&RQVWLWXWLRQ, procIuImed
on LIe SL. VILus duy (June z8
LI
, 1qz1), wus udopLed by LIe numerIcuI
mujorILy oI LIe voLes, ruLIer LIun by u quuIIIIed one, wIuL wus In
CoUIX 'HFODUDWLRQV VHQVH DORQJVLGH ZLWK WKH IDFW WKDW WKH VWDWH ZDV
LIe kIngdom wILI LIe KuruRUHYLG\QDVW\RQDKHDGRILW
zq;
AII In
uII, LIe CorIu DecIuruLIon wus LIe prIncIpuI documenL concernIng LIe
SouLI SIuvIc InLegruLIon, regurdIess on severuI sIgnIIIcunL demunds
und proposuIs gIven by LIe YugosIuv CommILLee und prImurIIy by LIe
247
When the unification was officially proclaimed on December 1
st
, 1918 both sides did not mention
anything precisely concerning this majority. Serbian Prime Minister, during the creation of the constitution,
was in opinion that every majority, except a simple one, can satisfy demands from the Corfu declaration. In
effect, the Vidovdan Constitution was issued by the absolute majority what was 210 votes in the Constituent
Assembly. Many non-Serb authors from the ex-Yugoslavia are willing to see in creation of the Kingdom of
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes only the 'artiIicial construction based on the 'reaction oI the Great Powers on
the breakdown of imperialistic AustriaHungary, Russia and the Ottoman Empire [Jelena Guskova, Istorija
jugoslovenske krize 19902000, I, Beograd, 2003, p. 51].
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
116
NuLIonuI CouncII LIuL were In LIe opposILe sense Lo LIe CorIu
DecIuruLIon.




A IronL puge oI LuIIun journuI, Muy q11, 1q1: CeLInje, u
cupILuI oI MonLenegro. A squure In IronL oI LIe royuI resIdence.
CeIebruLIon oI u IIberuLIon oI LIe cILy oI ScuLurI (Loduy In AIbunIu) uL
LIe very end oI LIe IrsL BuIkun Wur (1q1z1q1q) oI LIe BuIkun
AIIIunce uguInsL LIe OLLomun EmpIre
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117
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R RE E E ER RE ED D T TO O O OR R T TH HE E T TR RA AN NS S T T O ON NA A A AN ND D P PR RO OV V S S O ON NA A
P PE ER R O OD D U UN NT T T TH HE E G GR RE EA AT T C CO ON NS ST T T TU UE EN NT T A AS SS SE EM MB B Y Y S SH HA A
H HA AV VE E M ME ET T A AN ND D N N S SH HE ED D T TS S A AB BO OU UR RS S, , K KE EW W S SE E O OR R T TH HE E
E E E EC CT T O ON NS S A AN ND D C CO ON NS ST T T TU UT T O ON N O O T TH HE E S SA AM ME E. . T TR RU UE E T TO O T TH HE E
E EX XA AM MP P E E A AN ND D A AD DV V C CE E G G V VE EN N M ME E B BY Y M MY Y A AU UG GU US ST T A AT TH HE ER R, ,
W W B BE E K K N NG G O ON N Y Y O O T TH HE E R RE EE E C C T T Z ZE EN NS S O O T TH HE E S ST TA AT TE E O O
T TH HE E S SE ER RB BS S, , C CR RO OA AT TS S A AN ND D S S O OV VE EN NE ES S, , A AN ND D S SH HA A A A W WA AY YS S
R RE EM MA A N N A A T TH H U U T TO O C CO ON NS ST T T TU UT T O ON NA A , , P PA AR R A AM ME EN NT TA AR RY Y
A AN ND D B BR RO OA AD D D DE EM MO OC CR RA AT T C C P PR R N NC C P P E ES S, , B BA AS SE ED D O ON N U UN N V VE ER RS SA A
S SU U R RA AG GE E. . O OR R T TH H S S R RE EA AS SO ON N S SH HA A C CA A U UP PO ON N Y YO OU UR R
C CO O A AB BO OR RA AT T O ON N N N T TH HE E O OR RM MA AT T O ON N O O T TH HE E G GO OV VE ER RN NM ME EN NT T
W WH H C CH H S SH HA A R RE EP PR RE ES SE EN NT T A A O OU UR R U UN N T TE ED D M MO OT TH HE ER R A AN ND D, ,
A AN ND D T TH H S S G GO OV VE ER RN NM ME EN NT T S SH HA A A A W WA AY YS S B BE E N N T TO OU UC CH H, , R RS ST T
O O A A W W T TH H Y YO OU U, , A AN ND D T TH HE EN N W W T TH H T TH HE E N NA AT T O ON NA A
R RE EP PR RE ES SE EN NT TA AT T V VE E B BO OD DY Y, , T T W W W WO OR RK K W W T TH H T TH HE E E ET TT TE ER R
A AN ND D B BE E R RE ES SP PO ON NS S B B E E T TO O T T. .
J JO O N NT T Y Y W W T TH H T TH HE E N NA AT T O ON NA A R RE EP PR RE ES SE EN NT TA AT T V VE E B BO OD DY Y
A AN ND D T TH HE E W WH HO O E E N NA AT T O ON N, , T TH H S S G GO OV VE ER RN NM ME EN NT T W W A AS SS SU UM ME E
A AS S T TS S R RS ST T D DU UT TY Y T TH HA AT T O O S SE EC CU UR R N NG G T TH HA AT T T TH HE E R RO ON NT T E ER RS S
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
128
O O O OU UR R S ST TA AT TE E A AR RE E D DR RA AW WN N N N A AC CC CO OR RD DA AN NC CE E W W T TH H T TH HE E
E ET TH HN NO OG GR RA AP PH H C C B BO OU UN ND DA AR R E ES S O O O OU UR R E EN NT T R RE E R RA AC CE E. .
T TO OG GE ET TH HE ER R W W T TH H Y YO OU U H HA AV VE E T TH HE E R R G GH HT T T TO O H HO OP PE E, , A AN ND D D DO O
H HO OP PE E T TH HA AT T O OU UR R G GR RE EA AT T A A E ES S A AN ND D R R E EN ND DS S A AN ND D W W
J JU US ST T Y Y A AP PP PR RE EC C A AT TE E O OU UR R P PO O N NT T O O V V E EW W, , A AS S T T A AC CC CO OR RD DS S
W W T TH H T TH HE E P PR R N NC C P P E ES S T TH HE EY Y T TH HE EM MS SE E V VE ES S H HA AV VE E
P PR RO OC C A A M ME ED D, , O OR R T TH HE E V V C CT TO OR RY Y O O W WH H C CH H T TH HE EY Y H HA AV VE E S SH HE ED D
S SO O M MU UC CH H G GE EN NE ER RO OU US S B B O OO OD D. . A AM M C CO ON NV V N NC CE ED D T TH HA AT T T TH HE E
W WO OR RK K O O W WO OR R D D B BE ER RA AT T O ON N W W N NO OT T B BE E S ST T N NT TE ED D B BY Y T TH HE E
S SU UR RR RE EN ND DE ER R O O S SO O M MA AN NY Y O O O OU UR R G GA A A AN NT T, , P PR RO OG GR RE ES SS S V VE E
A AN ND D E EN N G GH HT TE EN NE ED D B BR RO OT TH HE ER RS S T TO O A A O OR RE E G GN N R RU U E E. . A A S SO O
H HO OP PE E T TH HA AT T T TH H S S P PO O N NT T O O V V E EW W W W N ND D S S M M A AR R
E EX XP PR RE ES SS S O ON N N N T TH HE E D DE EC C S S O ON NS S O O T TH HE E G GO OV VE ER RN NM ME EN NT T O O
T TH HE E K K N NG GD DO OM M O O T TA A Y Y, , B BE EC CA AU US SE E T TA A Y Y O OW WE ES S H HE ER R B B R RT TH H
T TO O T TH HE ES SE E S SA AM ME E P PR R N NC C P P E ES S, , W WH H C CH H W WE ER RE E S SO O B BR R A AN NT T Y Y
N NT TE ER RP PR RE ET TE ED D B BY Y P PE EN N A AN ND D D DE EE ED D B BY Y H HE ER R G GR RE EA AT T S SO ON NS S O O
A AS ST T C CE EN NT TU UR RY Y. . W WE E C CA AN N R RE EE E Y Y S SA AY Y T TH HA AT T N N O OU UR R R RE ES SP PE EC CT T
O OR R T TH HE ES SE E P PR R N NC C P P E ES S A AN ND D T TR RA AD D T T O ON NS S, , N N O OU UR R S S N NC CE ER RE E
R R E EN ND DS SH H P P A AN ND D G GO OO OD D N NE E G GH HB BO OU UR R N NE ES SS S T TH HE E P PE EO OP P E E O O
T TA A Y Y W W N ND D G GR RE EA AT TE ER R A AD DV VA AN NT TA AG GE E A AN ND D S SE EC CU UR R T TY Y T TH HA AN N
N N T TH HE E R RE EA A S SA AT T O ON N O O T TH HE E T TE ER RM MS S O O T TH HE E T TR RE EA AT TY Y O O
O ON ND DO ON N, , S S G GN NE ED D W W T TH HO OU UT T U US S A AN ND D N NE EV VE ER R R RE EC CO OG GN N S SE ED D B BY Y
U US S, , A AN ND D C CO ON NC C U UD DE ED D U UN ND DE ER R C C R RC CU UM MS ST TA AN NC CE ES S W WH HE EN N T TH HE E
A A O O A AU US ST TR R A A- -H HU UN NG GA AR RY Y W WA AS S N NO OT T Y YE ET T T TO O B BE E O OR RS SE EE EN N; ;
S S N NC CE E W WH H C CH H T T M ME E M MA AN NY Y O OR RM ME ER R C CO ON NS S D DE ER RA AT T O ON NS S H HA AV VE E
D D S SA AP PP PE EA AR RE ED D. .
N N T TH H S S D DU UT TY Y A AS S N N A A O OT TH HE ER RS S, , H HO OP PE E T TH HA AT T O OU UR R
P PE EO OP P E E W W R RE EM MA A N N U UN N T TE ED D A AN ND D P PO OW WE ER R U U U UN NT T T TH HE E
E EN ND D, , A AN ND D T TH HA AT T T T W W E EN NT TE ER R U UP PO ON N T TS S N NE EW W E E P PR RO OU UD D
A AN ND D W WO OR RT TH HY Y O O T TH HE E G GR RE EA AT TN NE ES SS S A AN ND D H HA AP PP P N NE ES SS S T TH HA AT T
A AW WA A T T T T. . B BE EG G Y YO OU U, , G GE EN NT T E EM ME EN N D DE E E EG GA AT TE ES S, , T TO O C CO ON NV VE EY Y
M MY Y R RO OY YA A W WO OR RD D A AN ND D G GR RE EE ET T N NG G T TO O A A M MY Y D DE EA AR R B BR RO OT TH HE ER RS S
T TH HR RO OU UG GH HO OU UT T T TH HE E E EN NG GT T A AN ND D B BR RE EA AD DT TH H O O O OU UR R R RE EE E A AN ND D
U UN N T TE ED D Y YU UG GO OS S A AV V A A. .
O ON NG G V VE E T TH HE E E EN NT T R RE E N NA AT T O ON N O O T TH HE E S SE ER RB BS S, , C CR RO OA AT TS S
A AN ND D S S O OV VE EN NE ES S! !
& &5 5( ($ $7 7, ,2 21 12 2) )7 7+ +( () ), ,5 56 67 7< <8 8* *2 26 6/ /$ $9 9, ,$ $
130
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., O ,
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HSL 'UDJRYDQ Jogoslovenski odbor i Rimski pukt, Zugreb,
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TuyIor A. J., The Stroggle Ior Mustery in Iorope, 1SqS-1q1S.,
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TuyIor A. J., The Hubsborg Monurchy 1Soq-1q1S, ondon,
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TroLsky eon, The Bulkun Wurs, 1q1-1q1. The Wur
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7XPDQ )UDQMR Hrvutsku o monurhistickoj Jogosluviji 1q1S-
1qq1. Knjigu I {1q1S-1qS) +UYDWVND 6YHXLOLQD 1DNODGD
Zugreb, 1qq.

VodopIvec PeLer, Od Pohlinove slovnice do sumostulne
drzuve. Slovensku zgodovinu od koncu 1S. do koncu o.
stoletju, jubIjunu, zoo6.

Vojnu enciklopedijuVZ, Beogrud, 1q8;.

=HHYL 0LRGUDJ Jogosluviju 1q1S-1qq. Joznoslovenski
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LYRMLQRYL 'UDJROMXE Americu, Ituly und the Birth oI
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LYRMLQRYL 'UDJROMXE nevnik udmirulu Irnestu Trobridzu,
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