50

BURMESE POLITICAL VALUES :

THE SOCIO-POLITICAL ROOTS OF AUTHORITARIANISM.

By

Dr Maung Maung Gyi ( 1920-1988)

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Author Dr Maung Maung Gyi ( 1920-1988)

Title Burmese Political values : the socio-political roots of
authoritarianism. New York:Praeger, 1983.274 p.
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ygw,f/ tckacwfrSmawmh acG;owfvdkUaowJhvlawGtrsm;MuD;&Sdygw,f/ &efolrsdK;5yg;
xJrSm tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfoludkxJhxm;ayrJh tmPmudktcsKyftcs,ftuefUtowf rxm;Edkif
wm[m raumif;rItm;vHk;&JU t&if;tjrpfjzpfaMumif; jrefrmhvlUtzGJUtpnf;u
oabmaygufwm r[kwfygbl;wJh/ w&m;Oya'vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;twdkif; tkyfcsKyfwJh
rif;eJU xif&mvkyfwJh rif;qdk;rif;npfudk cGJjcm;odjrifEdkifpGrf;r&Sdbl;vdkU qdkygw,f/
 6

twif;t"r®tEdkifusifholtjzpf rif;udk tjrJwrf;aMumuf&GHUaeMuygw,f/ tpdk;&rif;

uvnf; wdkif;ol jynfom;udk raMumufaMumufatmif ajcmufvSefUjyD;tkyfcsKyfygw,f/
rif;tmPmudk rvGefqefcsifolawG[m vlqdk;*dkPf;axmifjyD;? awmcdkjyD;
aomif;usef;Muygw,f/ 'gaMumifh zdEdSyfwJhtpdk;&rif;eJU vlqdk;"jrawGMum;rSmomref
jynfolawG[mb0&SifoefEdkifatmif MudK;yrf;ae&ygw,f/ 'Dvdkb0ay;tajctaeawG
aMumifh ArmjynfrSm uHud, k HkMunfwJh "avh&Sifoefvm&wmvdkU q&mOD;armifarmifMuD;u
,lqygw,f/ jyif;xefpGmtjypfay;jyD; &uf&ufpufpuf zdESdyfwJhenf;vrf;udk oHk;wm[m
vkyf½kd;vkyfpOftvkyfvdkjzpfaewmrdkU 'Dvdkvkyfwmudk rSm;w,fvdkU Armrif;u rjrifygbl;/
'gaMumifhvnf; rif;ab;eJUuif;vGwfatmif &mZawm0gqdkjyD; y&dwfMuD;ed'gef; ygXdawmf
rSm ewfawGudkyefMum;cJhwm jzpfygw,f/ rif;eJUrif;rIxrf;udk ae&mra&G;? tcsdefra&G;
aMumuf&GHUae&wmudk ]]rif;wdkUrsufapmif;taMumif;ra&G;}} qdkwJhpum;u oufaojyae
ygw,f/ Armrif;[m aumif;usdK;ay;wmenf;jyD; qdk;usdK;ay;wmrsm;wJt h wGuf ]]rif;avS
ajrmvnf;rq,feJU?ajc2acsmif;vnf;ru,feJU}} qdkwJh pum; ay:vmwm jzpfygw,f/
'Dvd, k HkMunfwmaMumifh EdkifiHta&;udk ArmawGodyf pdwfr0ifpm; MuwmvdkU qdkygw,f/
19&mpkaESmif;ydkif;rSm ArmjynfrSm oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifpepf xGef;um;yg
w,f/ t*Fvdyfudkppf½SHK;awmhrSyJ tmPm&Sifbk&ifpepfed*kH;csKyfoGm;ygw,f/ tJ'Dacwf
uawmh ywf0ef;usifwdkif;jynfawGjzpfwJh tdE´d,? w½kwfeJU xdkif;EdkifiHawG[mvnf;
ArmjynfeJU bdefromvdefromygyJ/ twk,lp&m tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHr&Sdwmuvnf;
oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifpepfoufqdk;&SnfapwJh tcsufwpfcsufygyJ/ rsdK;½dk;pOfquf ae&m
qufcHwJh txufwef;vTmolaumif;rsdK; vlwef;pm;r&Sdwmuvnf; oufOD;qHydkif
bk&ifpepfudk oufqdk;&Snfapw,fvdkU q&marmifarmifMuD;uqdkygw,f/ Armrif;
vufxufrSmbk&ifhrdom;pkeJU rif;rIxrf;uwpfzuf? jynfolvlxkuwpfzuf? vlwef;pm;
2rsdK;om&Sdygw,f/ taemufwdkif;rSmvdk &Sifhbk&iftay: MoZmanmif;EdkifwJh txufwef;
pm; r&Sdygbl;/ 'gwifruao;ygbl;/ jrdKUMuD;jyMuD;awG r&SdwJt h wGuf twdkuftcH
vkyfcsifolawG pka0;p&m cdkvSHKp&m ae&mr&SdbJ jzpfaewmuvnf; bk&ifpepfudk
tm;aumif;apygw,f/
bk&ifu½dkaoav;pm;wJo h HCmawmfawG&Sdayr,fh olwdkUuavmuDa&;udk
pdwf0ifpm;wmr[kwfvdkU EdkifiHa&;eJUa0;aeygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkU Armrif;vufxufu
tkyfcsKyfolvlwef;pm;qdkwm bk&ifhrdom;pkomjzpfygw,f/ rl;rwfqdkwmuvnf;
bk&ifucefUxm;wJh omrefvlwef;om;jzpfvdkU bk&ifudkyJ rSDcdkae&ygw,f/ bk&ifaowm
eJU olcefUxm;wJh rl;rwfawGvnf; tmPmvufvGwfjzpfukefwmrsm;ygw,f/ bk&ifh
tvdkudk qefUusifajymqdkwJh rif;rIxrf;qdkwm r&SdsoavmufjzpfjyD; tm;vHk;rSefygbk&m;
awG jzpfaeygw,f/ ynmwwftm;vHk; bkef;MuD;ausmif;xGuf jzpfaewmaMumifh
Ak'¨bmomusrf;*efawGrSm uRrf;usifMuayr,fh avmuDa&;&mudk odyfrodMuygbl;/
'gaMumifh wdkif;jynftkyfcsKyfa&;ynmrSm jA[®PykPÖm;awG&JU[dE´LtawG;tac:vTrf;rkd;
aewmawGU&ygw,f/ &mZeDwdusrf;udk jA[®PykPÖm;ESpfOD;ujyKpkwmjzpfygw,f/
 7

wu,fawmh avmueDwdusrf;[m [dE´LrEkusrf;yg/ 'Dusrf;udk jrefrmouú&mZf 1196?

c&pfouú&mZf1834ckESpfrSm r[matmifajrbHkpHausmif; q&mawmfOD;Ak'fu jrefrmbmom
jyefqdkcJhwmjzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh rif;rIxrf;awG&JUedkifiHa&;tjrifqdkwm[m tpOftvm
usrf;*efvm tuefUtowfabmiftwGif;rSm &SdaewJhtwGuf oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifpepfudk
tjypfrjrifEdkifMuygbl;/ bk&ifhtmPmudk b,folurS ar;cGef;rxkwfMuygbl;/
trsm;vufcHxm;wJh ½dk;&mtpOftvm t,ltqabmifudk ArmynmwwfawGu
rausmfEdkifygbl;/
19&mpktpydkif;rSm jrefrmjynf&JUvlOD;a&[m 3-4oef;avmufom &Sdw,f
vdkU cefUrSef;Muygw,f/ jyifyeJUtquftoG,fenf;wmaMumifh t,ltq topftqef;
wpfck &SifoefzdkU tajctaeray;ygbl;/ ae&mwumrSm bmoma&;u pdrfh0ifysHUESHU
aewmrdkU &SdjyD;om;bmoma&;t,ltqudq k efUusifjyD; t,ltqopf &SmazGzdkUqdkwm
tvGefcufcJwJhudpyö g/ oHCmawmfawG EdkifiHa&;uif;&Sif;w,f qdkayr,fh bk&ifhtmPm
udkawmh axmufcHMuygw,f/ omoemh'g,um Armrif;&JU ulnDaxmufyHhrIudk
vufcH&,lwJo h HCmawG[m tcGifhxl;cHvlwef;pm;vdk jzpfvmygw,f/ Armrif;vufxuf
u ynma&;wdk;wufrIqdkwm[m Ak'¨bmomusrf;*efawGudkArmjyefqkdjyD; teuft"dyÜm,f
zGifhqdkwmyJjzpfygw,f/ vuf&Sdb0udk cGJjcrf;pdwfjzmjyD; a0zefqef;ppfwJhynma&; r[kwf
ygbl;/ bk&ifrif;jrwf&JUtrdefUudk rqdkif;rwG tjynfht0 emcHzdkUudkom jrefrmpmayeJU
eef;wGif;vufpGJusrf;awGu wdkufwGef;aMumif; ordkif; ygarmu©q&mOD;armifarmifMuD;u
a&;om;xm;ygw,fcifAsm;/

tydkif;(4)
a&S;jrefrmpmayrSm bk&ifhtmPmpufMuD;rm;yHkeJU bk&ifhvufatmufrSm
OD;aqG;qHajrUopöm&SdpGmtrIxrf;&yHk? bk&ifay;wJhwm0efudk xrf;aqmif&mrSm aemuf
rwGefUbJ OD;vnfrokef vkyfudkifyHkawGudk trsm;qHk;a&;xm;wm awGU&ygw,fwJh/
b,favmufyJ &mxl;MuD;MuD; rif;rIxrf;udk tcsdefra&G; bk&ifu owfypfEdkifwmudk
]]rif;ca,musfm; urf;em;opfyif} qdkwJh pum;uazmfjyaeygw,fwJh/
bk&ifvkyfol&JUtmPmudk tuefUtowfxm;oifh rxm;oifhqdkwmudk
taemufwdkif;rSmvdk twdtvif; a0zefqef;ppfwmrsdK; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:rSm
r&Sdygbl;/ wdkif;jynfrSm bk&ifr&Sd&ifrjzpfbl;vdkU ArmawGu ,lqxm;MujyD; bk&ifvkyf
ol[m rif;usifhw&m;eJUtnD tkyfcskyfrif;vkyfwJh t<uif;rJt h mPm&Sif jzpf&r,fvdkUom
,HkMunfMuygw,f/ tmPmtvGJokH;pm;vkyfvdkU t<uif;rJhtmPm&Sifb0u rif;qdk;
rif;npftjzpf toGifajymif;oGm;wmudkawmh pOf;pm;rdMuyHkr&ygbl;/ rI;rwfawG&JU jyKpkrI
udkcH,l&if; eef;wGif;rSmMuD;jyif;vm&wJh rif;om; bk&ifjzpfvmwJhtcg bk&ifhtmPmudk
Oya'pnf;urf;eJU abmifcwfzdkUrI;rwfawGu pdwfrul;Muygbl;/ a&S;u rif;aumif;
rif;jrwfawG&JUvkyfudkifaqmif&GufrIudkom axmufjyjyD; tMuHay;wmavmufyJ vkyfyg
w,f/ ukef;abmifacwfaESmif;ydkif; uif;0efrif;MuD;uvGJjyD; bk&iftmPmudk
 8

uefUowfzdkU b,folurSpdwfrul;Muygbl;/ &Sifbk&ifu zdESdyfn§if;yef;jyD; tEkdifusifhwm

udk rcHEdkifawmhvdkU ykefuefx<uwmrsdK;&Sdayr,fh bk&ifpepfudk rqefUusifMuygbl;/
awmfvSefykefuefolawGu tEdkif&&ifvnf; oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifpepfudkyJ qufjyD;
usifhoHk; Muygw,f/
a&S;ArmawG[m t<uif;rJh tmPm&Sifbk&ifpepfuvGJjyD; wjcm;EdkifiHa&;
pepfawGudk em;rvnfMuygbl;/ 'gaMumifh tkyfcsKyfa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&;eJU Oya'jyKa&;rSm
bk&if[mtmPmt&SdqHk;jzpfaewmyg/'Dae&mrSm Oya'jyKa&;vdkU qdkayr,fh taemufwdkif;
rSmvdk Oua'jyKjyD; jyXmef;wmrsdK; r[kwfygbl;/ wu,fawmh Armbk&if[m Oya'jyKol
r[kwfygbl;/ Oya'vdkUOya'ynm&SifawGu owfrSwfEdkifavmufwJt h rdefUudk Armrif;u
jyXmef;zl;wm r[kwfygbl;/ bk&ifhtrdefUawmfqdkwm Oya'r[kwfbJ tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m
nTefMum;csufawGyg/ bk&if[m a&S;a[mif;tpOftvmu&SdcJhwJh Oya'awGudkom
usifhoHk;&r,fvdkU ,lqcJhMuygw,f/ jynfolUudk,fpm;vS,fawGyg0ifjyD; Oya'jyKEdkifwJh
tzGJUtpnf;qdkwm Armhordkif;rSm r&SdcJhygbl;/
'gaMumifhvnf; Oya'jyKa&;qdkwm jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:rSm
r&SdcJhwmjzpfygw,f/ t*FvdyfygvDref vTwfawmf[m jrefrmhvTwfawmfeJU uGJjym;jcm;em;
ygw,f/ ]]vTwfawmf[laom a0g[m&rSm jrefrmbmomjzpfonf/ &Sifbk&iftrdefUawmf
twdkif; vdkufemaqmif&Guf&aom Xmeudkqdkvdkonf}} vdkUudkvdkeDacwfyk*H0efaxmufrif;
OD;wifjyKpkwJh ]]jrefrmrif;tkyfcsKyfyHkpmwrf;?'kwd,wGJ}} rSmazmfjyxm;ygw,f/ tkyfcsKyfa&;
eJU w&m;pD&ifa&; uGJjym;jcm;em;wmudk a&S;ArmawGodayr,fh 'Dwm0ef 2&yfpvHk; bk&ifh
vufxJrSm xnfhxm;ygw,f/ bk&ifuvnf; vTwfawmfeJU jrdKU0efawGudk wm0efvGJ
ay;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh vTwfawmf[m tjrifhqkH; tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme jzpfovdk w&m½Hk;csKyf
vnf; jzpfygw,f/
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eJU wm0ef0wå&m;tay:rSm jrefrmhvlrIa&;pepfudk wnfaqmufxm;ygw,fwJh/
txufvleJU atmufvl? vlMuD;eJUvli,f tqifhjrifh oleJU tqifhedrfhol? rdbeJUom;orD;?
a,musfm;eJU rdef;r? q&meJUwynfh pwJhqufqHa&; tpOftvmt& vufcHxm;wJh
udk,fusifhw&m;udk usifhoHk;&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'DvdkvlrIqufqHa&;rsdK;rSm
tqifhjrifhol? toufMuD;oleJUtmPm&Sdol[m tjrJwrf;tay:pD;&aeygw,f/
Ak'¨bmom0if[m Ak'¨?"r®?oHCm?rdb?q&mqdkwJh teaEÅmteEÅ5yg;udk w*dkPf;xJxm;jyD;
udk;uG,fylaZmfMuwmrdkU rdbeJUq&mr[kwfwmvkyfvdkU cHajym&if tjypfMuD;ygw,f/ rdb?
q&mudkjyefajymwmudk bmoma&;jypfrItaeeJUjrifwJh a&S;a[mif;"avhvnf; usef&Sdae
ygao;w,f/
jrefrmhvltzGJUtpnf;rSm ___________ ½dk;&mtpOftvmt&
&mxl;qufcHwJh rl;rwfrsdK;½dk; r&SdwmaMumifhomref EdkifiHom;xJuyJ rif;rIxrf;udk
a&G;cs,fcefUxm;&ygw,f/ 'DvdkeJU tkyfcsKyfcHvlwef;pm; tcsdKU[m tkyfcskKyfwJh vlwef;pm;
 9

xJ ygoGm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkU rif;rIxrf;eJUomref vlwef;pm;&JU pdwfaeoabmxm;udk

t<uif;rJth mPm&Sifpepfu zefwD;vdkufovdk jzpfoGm;ygw,fwJh/ tpdk;&rif;qdkwm
aumif;wJht&mr[kwfbl;vdkU rif;rIxrf;ua&m? omrefEdkifiHom;awGua&m ,HkMunf
xm;Muygw,f/ raumif;wJht&mjzpfwmaMumifh zdESdyfjyD; rw&m;vkyfwm[m tpdk;&&JU
obm0vdkUowfrSwfMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tpdk;&udkqefUusifaevdkU tusdK;&SdrSm
r[kwfbl;qdkwJhtjrif xGufay:vmwmvdkU q&marmifarmifMuD;uqdkygw,f/
tpdk;&tvkyf[m udk,feJUrqdkifbl;vdkU,lqjyD; t&mcyfodrf; tpdk;&u vkyfvdrfhr,fvdkU
a&S;jrefrawGu,lqygw,fwJh/ tpdk;&udk raumif;wJht&mvdkU jrifayr,fh rif;rIxrf;
t&m&Sd jzpf&wmudkawmh taumif;qHk;vdkU ,lqMujyefygw,f/ b,favmufyJcsrf;om?
csrf;om &mxl;r&Sd&if tpdk;&vkyforQcH&r,fvdkU,lqvdkUygbJ/ &mxl;wnfjrJzdkUtwGuf
vkyfief; uRrf;usifzdkUrvdkyJ txufvlMuD;MudKufzdkUomvdkw,fvdkU ,lqMuygw,f/
'Dt,ltq[m rsufarSmufacwf jrefrmjynfrSmvnf; acwfpm;ae wkef;ygyJ/
tpdk;&[m ae&mwdkif;rSm tmPm&SdaewmrdkU tpdk;&vkyforQ w&m;rQw,f?
rSefuefw,fqdkwJht,ltq xGufay:vmwmjzpfygw,f/ 'DvdktawG;tac: tm;vHk;[m
t<uif;rJh tmPm&Sifbk&ifpepfrSmjrpfzsm;cHygw,f/ &Sifbk&ifudk oufOD;qHydkif
tmPm&Sifbk&ifrif;jrwfvdkUowfrSwfjyD; rif;rIxrf;udkawmh jynfov l lxkudk zdESdyfwJh
omaygif;nmpm;vdkU owfrSwfxm;Muygw,f/ rif;eJU rif;rIxrf;[m ___ ____
bavmif;bvJvkyfwwfwmaMumifh 'DvdkvlawGudk raumif;qdk;0g;tjzpf jynfolvlxku
owfrSwfMuygw,f/ 0efMuD;tqifhupjyD; pma&;tqifhxd jynfov l lxkudk tEdkifusifh
aewmrdkUrif;rIxrf;eJUxdyfwdkufawGUvm&if jynfolvlxkudkulnDr,fo h l r&Sdygbl;/
jynfoleJUteD;qHk; rif;rIxrf;udk taMumuf&qHk;rdkU ]]eD;&m"g;aMumufjyD} qdkwJhpum;
ay:xGufvmwmygyJ/ jrdKUay:rSm &Sifbk&ifuMuD;pdk;ovdk e,frSmawmh rif;rIxrf;u
bk&ifav;awGvdk jyKrIMuygw,f/ 'Dvdkrw&m;vkyfwmudk MoZmwduúr&SdwJh
bkef;MuD;uom Mum;0ifjyD;[efUwm;EdkifzG,f&Sdw,fvdkU q&marmifarmifMuD;u azmfjyxm;
ygw,fcifAsm;/

tydkif;(5)
tpdk;&rif;udk&efolrsdK;5yg;xJxnfhxm;wJhArmjynfom;awG[m rif;rIxrf;
odyfjzpfcsifMuaMumif; q&marmifarmifMuD;oHk;oyfwifjyxm;wmudk jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;
tawG;tac:tydkif;(5)rSm 'DuaeU wifjyygr,f/
jynfolvlxkeJU teD;pyfqHk;rif;rIxrf;[m jynfolvlxkudk 'ku©tay;qHk;
jzpfwJhtwGuf ]]eD;&m"m;aMumufjyD}}qdkwJh pum;ay:aygufvm&yHkudk t,iftywfu
wifjycJhygw,f/ b0&Sifrif;w&m;vdkUac:wJh&Sifbk&if[m t<uif;rJhtmPm&Sif jzpfovdk
olcefUxm;wJh0efMuD;?0efuav;eJUjrdKUpm;?e,fpm;awGuvnf;t<uif;rJhtmPm&Sifav;awG
jzpfvdkU rw&m;vkyf&if ta&;,lzdkUtawmfcufygw,f/ omreft&yfom;eJU rif;rIxrf;
 10

jyóemjzpf&if tpdk;&[m rif;rIxrf;bufu vdkufzdkUrsm;wmrdkU rif;eJU rif;rIxrf;rw&m;

vkyfwmudk ta&;,lzdkUqdkwm rjzpfEdkifoavmufygyJ/
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tD&efvlrsdK;bdkifqm[pfeJU jrdKUpma&;armifydefwdkU&JUaomif;usef;rI[m 'Dae&mrSm xif&Sm;
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Opömypönf;udk vk,ufodrf;ydkufygw,f/ olwdkUtEdkifusifhowfjzwfvdkU aoqHk;&olaygif;
6000eD;yg;avmuf&Sdygw,fwJh/'DvdkESpf&Snfvrsm; aomif;usef;vmwmudk ta&;,lrJhol
r&Sdygbl;/ aemufqHk;jynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk; rcHr&yfjzpfvmwJhtcgusrS bdkifqm[pfeJU
armifydefudk uGyfrsufokwfoifapjyD; olwdkUrw&m;odrf;xm;wJh Opömypönf;awGudk
yk*Hrif;utydkifodrf;vdkufygw,f/ udk,fusdK;twGufqdk&if Armrif;u EdkifiHjcm;om;
udkvnf; ajrmufpm;wJhom"uygyJ/
bk&ifucefUxm;wJh rif;rIxrf;awG tmPmtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfjyD; tEdkifusifh
&rf;um;wmudk rif;uvGJjyD; b,folurS ta&;r,lEdkifwm[m jrefrmh½dk;&mEdkifiHa&;"avh
wpfckygbJ/ wdkif;jynfa&;&mudkvnf; rif;eJUrif;rIxrf;uyJ pnf;Muyfygw,f/
EdkifiHta&;rSm jynfolvlxkyg0ifwJhtpOftvm jrefrmrSmr&Sdygbl;/ jynfolvlxkeJU
oifhawmfw,f? roifhawmfbl;qdkwmudk rif;eJUrif;rIxrf;uyJ qHk;jzwfygw,f/
jynfolvlxku qHk;jzwfwmr[kwfygbl;/ aus;&GmtqifhavmufrSmyJ &yf&Gmudprö Sm
jynfolvlxkuyg0ifMuygw,f/ jynfolvlxkuwifajrmufxm;wJhvlMuD;eJUorm"d
awGu &GmolMuD;eJUwdkifyifjyD; &yf&Gmudpu ö dk qHk;jzwfMuygw,f/ 'DtqifhxdyJ
omreft&yfom;awG yg0ifEdkifMuygw,f/ jynfolUtcef;u@[m aus;&Gmtqifhxuf
rydkwmaMumift h pdk;&udpörSeforQ[m ]]wdrfawmifozG,frif;a&;<u,f}}qdkovdk jzpfaewm
yg/ tpdk;&udpöqdkwm omreft&yfom; em;vnfEdkifwmr[kwfvdkU jynfolvlxk[m
tkyfcsKyfcHb0rSmom ae&r,fqdkwJh oabmygbJ/ 'Dvdkem;vnfxm;wJh jynfolvlxk[m
rdrdeJUwdkuf½dkufrywfoufwJh EdkifiHa&;udpu ö dk pdwfr0ifpm;Muawmhygbl;/ ]]a<u;wif
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jrefrmhvlUabmifrSm [dE´LZmwfpepfvdkvlrItqifhtwef;udkyHkao owfrSwf
wmrsdK;r&Sdayr,fh vlwef;pm;jiifeJU rif;rIxrf;pdwf"mwfuawmh &Sifoefaeygw,f/
'Dvdkjzpf&wmuvJ jrefrmhvlUtzGJUtpnf;rSm bk&ifhrdom;pkeJU rif;rIxrf;uom tcGifhxl;cH
jzpfaevdkUygyJ/ tmPm&SdwJh bk&iftaptyg;trIxrf;[momreft&yfom;awGudk
tEdkifusifhEdkifayrJh rif;rIxrf;tcsif;csif; rw&m;vkyfvdkUr&ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh jrefrmawG
rSm rif;rIxrf;jzpfcsifpdwfjyif;jywmygwJh/ rif;rIxrf;jzpfrSom rw&m; tEdkifusifhcH&wJh
ab;u uif;a0;r,fvdkU ,lqMuygw,f/
tpdk;&udk &efolrsdK;5yg;xJxnfhxm;wJh Ak'¨bmomjrefrmawGrSm rif;rI
xrf; jzpfcsifpdwf&Sdwm obm0rusovdkjzpfaeygw,f/ tpdk;&raumif;rSef; odayr,fh
bmrS rwwfEdkifwJhtwGuf tEdkifusifhrcH&atmif tpdk;&eJUyl;aygif;vdkufwJo h abmyJvdkU
ordkif;ygarmu©a'gufwmarmifarmifMuD;u ,lqygw,f/ jrefrmhvlUtzGJUtpnf;rSm
 11

vlwef;pm; r&Sdayr,fh jrefrmawG[m &mxl;? *kPf? tqifhtwef;udk tawmfrufMu

ygw,fwJh/ vlwpfOD;udktuJjzwf&mrSm yifudk,ft&nftaoG;udkrMunfhbJ *kPf
tqifhtwef;udkom Munfhwwfygw,f/ t&nftcsif;udk OD;pm;ray;bJ &mxl;
tqifhtwef;udk OD;pm;ay;wJh"avh jzpfygw,f/ &mxl;tqifhtwef;a&mhusoGm;wmeJU
*kPfodu©mvnf; usqif;oGm;ygawmhw,f/ *kPftqifhtwef;&SdoludkrdwfzGJUjyD;
*kPftqifhtwef; r&Sdoludk a&SmifMuOfMuygw,f/ bk&ifhrdom;pk0ifawGxJrSmawmif
tqifhtwef;r&Sdawmh&if taygif;toif; r&Sdawmhygbl;/
Zmwfpepfr&SdwJh jrefrmhvlabmifrSm b,folrqdk MudK;pm;&if MudK;pm;ovdk
jzpfxGef;Edkifygw,f/ omrefv,form;[m vufrIynmonf? pmayynm&Sif? &[ef;
pojzifh trsdK;rsdK;jzpfEdkifygw,f/ wdkif;jynf[mus,f0ef;jyD; vlOD;a&enf;wmrdkU
udk,fMudKufwJh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ynmudk vdkufpm;Edkifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tqifh
twef;udktajccHwJh txufatmufqufqHa&;yHkpHkuawmh &Sifoefaeygw,f/ 'Dvdk
vlUtzGJUtpnf;rSm tmPmvufudkif&SdzdkUt"duxm;wmrqef;ygbl;/rdrd&JU vufatmuf
i,fom;eJUomreft&yfom;udkESdrfjyD; qufqHwm[m rif;rIxrf;"avhhvdk jzpfaeygw,f/
&mxl;jrifhol[m &mxl;edrfhol&JU tdrfudkoGm;vnfwJx h Hk;pHr&Sdygbl;/ Oyrm 0efMuD;
vkyfol[m twGif;0ef odkUr[kwf 0efaxmuftdrfudk tvnfoGm;avhr&Sdygbl;/ omref
t&yfom;wpfOD;[m rif;rIxrf;jzpfoGm;wmeJU twdwfudkarhjyD; rif;rIxrf;pdwfayguf
oGm;udk rsufarSmufacwfrSmvnf; awGUEdkifygw,f/ Opömypönf;&Sdayr,fh tmPmr&Sd&if
tpdk;&rif; tEdkifusifhwmudkcH&rSmrdkU ab;uif;&efuif;jzpfoGm;atmif rif;rIxrf;jzpf
&wm taumif;qHk; yJvdkU rSwf,lMuwm jzpfygw,f/
jrefrmrif;tkyfcsKyfyHkpepf[m opömcH yk*v¾ duqufqHa&;ay:rSm
wnfaqmufxm;ygw,f/ bk&ifucefUxm;wJh 0efMuD;awG? t&mxrf;awG[m olwdkU
vufatmufcH trIxrf;awGudk cefUxm;wJhtwGuf atmufvlu txufvludk rSDcdkae&wJh
qufqHa&;jzpfygw,f/ 'DvdkpepfrsdK;rSm txuft&m&Sdu tumtuG,fay;aeorQ
umvywfvHk; vufatmufcHtrIxrf;[m r[kwfw,kwf vkyfEdkifygw,f/ tkyfcsKyfa&;
pepfaumif; raumif; wdkif;wmwJh pHowfrSwfcsufr&SdwJhtwGuf tppt&m&m
txuft&m&Sdtay:rSm rlwnfaeygw,f/ udk,fusifhw&m;aumif;wJh txuft&m&Sd
qdk&if tkyfcsKyfa&;aumif;rGefjyD;awmh tusifhraumif;wJh txuft&m&SdMuD;pdk;&if
vufatmufi,fom;awG tusifhysufwJt h wGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfvnf; nHhzsif;oGm;
ygw,f/ rif;rIxrf;awG vdkufem&r,fh usifh0wfawG&Sdayr,fh eef;wGif;rSmyJoHk;jyD;
jynfolvlxkeJUqufqH&mrSm roHk;ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh trIxrf;awG[m txuft&m&Sd
auseyfatmif tjrJwrf; MudK;pm;ae&ygw,f/ txufvlMuD;&JU axmufcHrI&zdkUuom
t"dujzpfaewmrdkU trIxrf;tm;vHk; rSefyghbk&m;qdkwJh taetxm;rSm &yfwnfaeMuyg
w,f/ txuft&m&Sd trdefUudk emcH½HkomruawmhbJ rsufESmvdkrsufESm& cc,,
vkyfMu&ygw,f/ tJ'DqufqHa&;yHkpHrSm vyfay;vyf,lwJh"avh ay:xGufvmwm
jzpfw,fvdkU ordkif;ygarmu©a[mif; q&marmifarmifMuD;u oHk;oyfxm;ygw,fcifAsm;/
 12

tydkif;(6)
Armrif;tkyfcsKyfa&; ed*Hk;csKyfjyD; udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa&muf&SdvmyHkudk
jrefrmh EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: tydkif;(6)rSm 'DuaeUwifjyygr,f/
jrefrmwpfjynfvHk; t*FvdyfvufatmufcHjzpfaMumif; 1886ckESpf
Zefe0g&Dv 1&ufaeUrSm aMujimcsdefupjyD; jrefrmjynfrSm bk&ifpepftqHk;owfoGm;yg
w,f/ 0dwdk&d,bk&ifrOD;aqmifwJht*Fvdyftpdk;&[m tdE´d,tajcpdkuft*Fvdyf bk&ifcH
uwpfqifh jrefrmjynfudt k kyfcsKyfygw,f/ tdE´d,ae t*Fvdyfbk&ifcHuvnf; &efukef
tajcpdkuft&m&SdcsKyfuwpfqifh jrefrmjynfudktkyfcsKyfygw,f/ tJ'Dt&m&SdcsKyf
vufatmufrSm t*Fvdyft&m&SdawG&SdjyD;awmh t*Fvdyft&m&SdvufatmufrSm tdE´d,eJU
jrefrmtrIxrf;awG&Sdygw,f/ t<uif;rJh tmPm&Sif tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tajccHOya't&
tkyfcsKyfwJhAsL½dkua&pDpepfeJU tpm;xdk;vdkufwmyg/ jrefrmjynf[m tdE´d,udkvdkeDwGif;rSm
yg0ifwJhe,fy,fwpfck jzpfoGm;ygw,f/ tdE´d,rSmomtpdk;&&SdjyD; jrefrmjynfrSmr&Sdyg
bl;/ Oya't&tkyfcsKyfwJhAsL½dkua&pD,EÅ&m;eJU tpOftvmtwdkif;vkyfwJh oDaygrif;&JU
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf[m trsm;MuD;uGJjym;jcm;em;ygw,f/ t*FvdyfAsL½dkua&pD,EÅ&m;[m
qifjcifwHkw&m;eJU a&;qGx J m;wJh w&m;Oya'udk tajccHjyD; Armrif;uawmh ½dk;&m"avh
xHk;pHudk tajccHygw,f/ jynfolU0efxrf;oabmw&m;eJU tajccHOya't& tkyfcsKyfwJh
bk&ifpepf[m t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;&JU tajccHawGyg/ t*Fvdyft&m&SdawG[m w&m;rQwrI?
rSefuefpGm pD&ifqHk;jzwfrIpwJh tajccHrl0g'awGudk av;pm;Mu&ygw,f/ jrefrmhpepf
uawmh tmPm&Sifrif;&JUpdwfMudKuf vdkufvkyf&wJh oufOD;qHydkifbk&ifpepf
jzpfwJhtwGuf raumif;rItawmfrsm;wJh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfjzpfygw,f/ &cdkifeJU weoFm&Dudk
1826ckESpfrSm odrf;ydkufvdkufjyD;wJhaemuf t*Fvdyfusifo h Hk;wJh tkyfcsKyfa&;vrf;pOf[m
at;csrf;pGm vGwfvGwv f yfvyf ul;oef;a&mif;0,fEdkifa&;jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
vGwfvyfpGmpD;yGm;&SmEdkifa&;eJU w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;[m t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;&JU
t"du&nf&G,fcsuf jzpfygw,f/
tckacwftjrifeJUMunfh&ifawmh udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf[m wzufowf
Oya'jyXmef;jyD;tay:pD;u tkyfcsKyfwJhenf;jzpfwmaMumifh zdESdyfwJhpepfvdkU ajymEdkifayr,fh
tJ'Dtcsdeftm&SwdkufrSm acwfpm;aewJh tpdk;&pepfawGeJUpm&if trsm;MuD;wdk;wufwJh
tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfygyJ/ pHowfrSwfcsuftwdkif;rvkyfbJ &mxl;tmPmudk tvGJoHk;pm;
vkyfjyD; tEdkifusifhwmrsdK;&SdayrJh t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;spepf[m Armrif;tkyfcsKyf
yHkxuf trsm;MuD;omw,fvdkU q&marmifarmifMuD;u,lqygw,f/ rQrQww aqmif
&GufrI? rSefuefpGmw&m;pD&ifrI? ,HkMunfcsuftwdkif; vkyfudkifrIpwmawGudk t*Fvdyf
t&m&SdawGrSm awGUEdkifygw,f/ wdkif;oljynfom;udk twwfEdkifqHk; taESmifht,Suf
ray;zdkUvnf; udkvdkedtpdk;&u owdxm;ygw,f/ 1826rSm &cdkifeJU weoFm&Dudk
odrf;ydkufcsdefupjyD; a'ocH jynfolvlxk&JU aexdkifrIb0eJU Opömypönf;udk rxdyg;bJ
aeEdkifatmif t*FvdyfuMudK;pm;ygw,f/ rdrd,HkMunfcsuftwdkif; ajymqdu k sifhMuHwJh
t*Fvdyft&m&SdwpfOD;udkvnf; q&marmifarmifMuD;u Oyrmay;xm;ygw,f/ txuf
 13

jrefrmjynfudk odrf;ydkufjyD; rMumrD oDaygrif;vufxufu t*FvdyfqefUusifa&;vkyfcJhol

wdkifwm;rif;MuD;[m t*FvdyfvufatmufrSm 0ifa&muftrIxrf;ygw,f/ 'gudk *½krpdkuf
bJ wdkifwm;rif;MuD;udkzrf;qD;zdkU t*Fvdyft&m&SdcsKyfu EdkifiHa&;t&m&Sd AdkvfrSL;MuD;
pav'ifudktrdefUay;vdkufygw,f/ 'gayr,fh AdkvfrSL;MuD;pav'ifu trdefUudkremcHwJh
tjyif t*FvdyfvufatmufrSm rjiD;rjiL trIxrf;aevdkU vkyfazmfudkifzufjzpfaejyDjzpfwJh
wdkifwm;rif;MuD;udk zrf;qD;jcif; rjyKzdkU AdkvfrSL;MuD;pav'ifu t*Fvdyft&m&SdcsKyfqDudk
pma&;om;ay;ydkUcJhygw,f/vkyfMuHrIrSm yg0ifw,fvdkU ouFmruif;jzpfcH&wJh iEdkif qdkol
udk t*Fvdyft&m&SdwpfOD;u ½dkufESun f §if;yef;jyD; ajzmifhcsufay;cdkif;wJhudpöudkvnf;
AdkvfrSL;MuD;pav'ifu uefUuGufygw,f/ 'Dudpöudk AdkvfcsKyfMuD;y&if'g*wfqDudk
pav'ifu pma&;wdkifMum;wJhtwGuf ESdyfpufn§if;yef;jyD; &,lxm;wJhajzmifhcsufudk
w&m;½Hk;u todtrSwfrjyKawmhygbl;/ &mxl;wufzkdUeJU emrnfaumif;&zdkUudk
t"duxm;jyD; tusOf;om;awGudk rw&m;ESdyfpufwJh tJ'Dt&m&Sdudk ppfcHk½Hk;wif
ppfaq;ygw,f/
t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;&JU xl;jcm;csufwpf&yfu Armrif;vufxufu
usifhoHk;wJh vkyfcray;bJ cdkif;apwJh pepfudk &yfqdkif;vdkufwmygbJ/ vkyfcr&yJ Armrif;
cdkif;orQvkyfay;cJh&wJh jynfolvlxk[m vkyfcay;wJhpepfudk tvGeftrif;oabmusMu
ygw,fwJh/ pnf;r&Sdurf;r&Sd tvkyform;qifhac:wmrsdK; rvkyf&vdkU 1889rSm xkwfjyef
wJh twGif;0ef½Hk;aMujimpmrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ a'ocHArmeJU wdkif;&if;om;awGu
t*Fvdyfudk ckcHwdkufcdkufaewJh tcsdeftcgjzpfayr,fh ppfwyfo,f,lydkUaqmifa&;
vkyfief;twGuf tvkyform;qifhac:&if a'ocHt&yfom;awG 'ku©ra&mufatmif
twwfEdkifqHk;vkyf&r,fvdkU azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ twif;t"r®tvkyfckdif;wmrsdK;ukd
vkH;0a&SmifusOf&r,fvkdUqkdygw,f/ 'Dvkdpnf;urf;Oya'xkwfxm;;wmawmif twif;
t"r® apcdkif;rIr&Sdbl;vdkU rajymEdkifygbl;/ &Srf;apmfbGm;awG[m 1930avmuftxd
jynfolvlxkudk vkyfcray;bJ cdkif;aewHk;ygbJ/ 'gayr,fh Armrif;acwfuvdk
jynfolvlxkudk xifovdk tEdkifusifhvdkU r&awmhygbl;/ atmufydkif;u Armt&m&SdawG
tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfjyD;udk,fusdK;&SmwJhtwGuf t*Fvdyft&m&Sdu jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,l
wmrsdK;awG &Sdygw,f/
tpdk;&t&m&Sd[m t&yfom;udx k ifovdk tEdkifusifhEdkifw,fqdkwJh
rif;rIxrf;nOf[m Armt&m&SdawGrSmusef&Sdaeygao;w,f/Armt&m&Sd&JU wynfhwyef;
awGuvnf; t&yfom;udk tEdkifusifhavh&Sdygw,f/ ArmjrdKUtkyfwpfOD;e,fvSnfhjyD;
oleJUtwl vdkufygoGm;wJhwynfhawG aomif;usef;wJhtwGuf tJ'DjrdKUtkyfudk 1896rSm
&mxl;avsmcswJh om"u&Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh Armrif;tkyfcsKyfyHkeJU ESdKif;,SOfMunfh&if
awmh t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;u trsm;MuD;ydkaumif;aewm awGU&ygw,f/ Armrif;
rsufapmif;xdk;wmcH&rSmpdk;vdkU b,folrSolaX;jzpfatmif rMudK;pm;csifwJhtwGuf ul;oef;
a&mif;0,frI rxGef;um;wmvdkU atmufjrefrmjynfudk tkyfcsKyfwJh t*Fvdyft&m&SdcsKyfu
rSwfcsufcszl;ygw,f/ tMuD;tus,f csrf;omvmwmeJU bk&ifu rsufapmif;xdk;awmh
 14

wmygbJ/ EdkifiHjcm;om; ukvm;jzLtkyfcsKyfwmudk ArmawG rcHr&yfjzpfMuayr,fhomref

t&yfom;udk qufqH&mrSmawmh t*Fvdyfu Armrif;xufomwmudk ArmawG0efcH
&r,fvdkU q&marmifarmifMuD;u qdkygw,f/
ukefypönf;udkom pdwf0ifpm;wJh t*Fvdyf[m t&yfom;udk raESmifh,Suf
ygbl; Armrif;vufxufrSmawmh t&m&Sdqdk;eJUwynfhom;ajr;awG rw&m;vkyf
tEdkifusihfwmudk bk&ifuvGJjyD; b,folrS ta&;,lEdkifwm r[kwfygbl;/ jyXmef;xm;wJh
w&mOya' pnf;rsOf; twdkif;vkyf&if tpdk;&rif;udkaMumufp&m rvdkbl;qdkwJh tcsufudk
jrefrmjynfom;awG t*Fvdyfa&mufvmrS em;vnfoabmaygufvmwmyg/ 'gayr,fh
udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;qdkwm EdkifiHjcm;om;tkyfcsKyfa&;jzpfaewmrdkU &mcdkifESKef;jynfh axmufcH
zdkU jrefrmjynfom;awG 0efav;aeMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh t*FvdyfudkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfa&;udk
taumif;bufu jrifwm&Sdovdk tqdk;bufuvnf; jrifwwfwJh pdwfESpfcG jrefrmawG
rSm &SdaeaMumif; ygarmu©a'gufwmarmifarmifMuD;u oHk;oyfxm;ygw,fcifAsm;/ /

tydkif;(7)
'DuaeUem;qif&r,fh jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: tydkif;(7)rSm
bmoma&; eJU ynma&;u EdkifiHa&; vSKyf&Sm;rIay:aygufvmyHkudk wifjyygr,f/
t*Fvdyftpdk;&[m atmufjrefrmjynfudk tESpf 60 odrf;ydkufjyD;awmhrS
txufjrefrmjynfudo k drf;ydkufwmyg/ Armrif;tkyfcsKyfwJh txufjrefrmjynfrSm rae&JvdkU
t*FvdyfydkifatmufjrefrmjynfrSm cdkvSHKMuwJjh refrmawG trsm;MuD;&Sdygw,f/ wjynfvHk;udk
odrf;ydkufawmhvnf; t*FvdyfvufatmufrSm vHkjcHKat;csrf;wmudk jynfolvlxku
oabmusygw,f/ udkvdkeDacwfrSm ntdyfaewkef; towfrcH&bl;vdkU ajymMuygw,f/
udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf[m Armrif;tEdkifusifhwJh pepfxufaumif;rSef;odMuayr,fh
EdkifiHjcm;om;tkyfcsKyfwmudk vufcHcsifpdwf r&SdMuygbl;/ 'gaMumifh udkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;
eJUywfoufvm&if ArmawGrSm pdwfESpfcGjzpfaeMuygw,fwJh/ t*FvdyfvufatmufrSm
atmufjrefrmjynf zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufvmwmudk 1867ckESpfavmufuwnf;u ArmawG
owdxm;rdMuygw,f/ atmufjrefrmjynfrSm &Gm[m jrdKUjzpfvmjyD; txufjrefrmjynf
rSmawmh jrdKU[m&Gmjzpfvmw,f vdkU ajymMuygw,f/ om;onftarwOD;[m rdk;aumif;-
usdKif;wkef &efukefc&D;udk vHkjcHKpGm oGm;vmEdkifw,fvdkU rSwfwrf;wpfckrSm azmfjyxm;
ygw,f/ udkvdkeDacwf tapmydkif;rSm at;csrf;om,mwmudk oHo,&Sdp&m rvdkygbl;/
rif;rIxrf;&JU zdESdyfrI ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;jyD; olcdk;? "g;jr&efu uif;oGm;wmaMumifh jynfolawG
pdwfat;vufat;aeEdkifMuygw,f/ Armrif;u remvdkwkd&SnfjzpfjyD; rsufapmif;xdk;
vmrSmaMumufvdkU odkodkodyfodyf ½dk;½dk; ukwfukwfaecJh&wJh aiG&SifaMu;&SifawG[m
vGwfvyfpGm oHk;jzKef;EdkifwJh tajctaeudk a&muf&So d Gm;ygw,f/
pD;yGm;a&;jydKifqdkifrI rjyif;xefao;wJh tcsdeftcgrdkU ArmawG ayghayghae
ayghayghpm;wJu h mvygyJ/ 'gayr,fh bkef;MuD;?pmqdkawmfeJU tcGifhxl;cHrif;rIxrf;
vlenf;pkuawmh Armrif;uG,faysmufoGm;wmudk trsm;MuD; pdwfraumif;jzpfrdMu
 15

ygw,f/ omrefjynfoluvnf; vGwfvyfa&; qHk;½SHK;&wmudk oabmaygufygw,f/

b,favmufyJ qdk;qdk; udk,fhrif;udk,fhcsif;udkom vdv k m;Muwmaygh/ t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;
b,favmuf aumif;aumif; &Sifbk&ifudkawmh tpm;xdk;vdkU r&zl;vkdUArmawGu ,lqyg
w,f/ ol&Jaumif;rif;awG &JU ordkif;0ifatmifyGJawGudk *kPf,ljyD; trsdK;om;pdwf
jyif;xefaewJh ArmawGtzdkUt*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufcHzdkU tcuftcJ&Sdaeygw,f/
jynfwGif;vlrsdK;a&; y#dyu©udk atmifEdkifjyD; tdrfeD;csif;udk e,fcsJUEdkifwJh ArmpGrf;&nfudk
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 16

YMBA &JU&nf&G,fcsufudk 1908ckESpfrSm yHkESdyfjyD; yxrtMudrf tpnf;ta0;usif;y

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 17

t½dktaoay;wmudk t*Fvdyfuvnf; oabmusygw,f/ ArmawGuvnf;

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 18

(Committee on the Emperial Idea)udk 1917ckESpfrSm zGJUpnf;ygw,f/ jAdwdoQ

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 19

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rSmyJ tkyfcsKyfolawG&JUtjyKtrludk Oya'jyaumifpDrSm ar;jref;pHkprf;ydkifcGifh&Sdwmudk
ynmwwf ArmawGem;vnfvmMuygw,f/ tpdk;&&JUay:vpDvrf;pOf? pDrHudef;eJU
vkyfudkifaqmif&GufyHkawGudk Oya'jyKaumifpDxJrSm a0zefuefUuGufEdkifovdk tjyifrSm
 20

vnf; a0zefuefUuGufEdkifwmudk ArmawGem;vnfpjyKvmygw,f/ wenf;qdk&ifawmh

tpdk;&vkyforQaumif;w,f? rSefw,fvdkU ,lqwmrsdK; enf;yg;vmjyD; twdkuftcHvkyfEdkif
aMumif; em;vnfvmMuygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdka&;om;cGifhvnf;
&SdvmygjyD/ 'gayr,fh vGwfvyfpGma&;om; ajymqdkcGifhudk tvGJoHk;pm;vkyf&mrSm
ArmEdkifiHa&;orm;awG[m a&SUwef;u yg0ifw,fvdkU q&marmifarmifMuD;u qdkygw,f/
t*Fvdyf tpdk;&udk "r®"dXmefusus ra0zefbJ EdkifiHjcm;tpdk;&tjzpf a0zefMuwmrsm;
ygw,f/
bk&ifcHaumifpD0if uufbdeuf0efMuD;awG[m a&G;aumufwifajrmuf
cH&olawGjzpfayr,fh t*Fvdyfvufudkifwkwftjzpfom ArmawGu jrifMuygw,f/
wu,ft h mPmu t*FvdyfvufxJrSm&SdjyD; Arm0efMuD;rSm tmPmtenf;tusOf;om
&Sdw,fvdkU ,lqMuygw,f/ tpdk;&qefUusifoludk ol&Jaumif;ozG,f *kPfjyKcsD;usL;
MujyD; tpdk;&udka0zef&if aumif;aumif;? raumif;aumif;?,kwåd&Sd&Sd?r&Sd&Sd jynfolvlxku
axmufcHMuygw,f/ trsdK;om;a&;pdwf"mwf jyif;xefvmwmrdkU udkvdkeDtpdk;&vkyforQ
qefUusif&r,fvdkU ,HkMunfolawGrsm;vmayr,fh tpdk;&udk tm;udk;vdkpdwfuawmh
usefaeygao;w,f/ Armrif; tqufquf ESpfaygif;&meJUcsDjyD; wnf&SdcJhwJh ArmhEdkifiHa&;
tawG;tac:[m 18ESpf twGif;rSm uG,faysmufoGm;zdkU rvG,fygbl;/ tjrifa[mif;eJU
tjrifopf ,SOfwGJ wnf&Sdaewkef;ygyJ/ ynmwwfvlenf;pkua&m? vlxkua&m tajccH
Oya't& tkyfcsKyfwm udk aumif;aumif; oabmraygufMuygbl;/
apmapmu ajymcJhovdk 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfusifhoHk;vmwJhtcg
rif;&JUtmPmrSmvnf; tuefUtowf &Sdaewmudk jrdKUaevlwef;pm;u t&ifqHk; od&SdjyD;
aemufawmh e,fzufuvnf; od&SdvmMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh e,fbufrSmolMuD;?
jrdKUtkyf? e,fydkif? ta&;ydkifpwJh t&mxrf;awG[m tmPmydkiftjzpf qufvuf tkyfcsKyf
aevdkU olwdkUudv k nf; e,fole,fom;awGu aMumuf&GHUaewkef;ygyJ/ 1918ckESpf
rwdkifrDrSm EdkifiHa&;vSHKUaqmfawmif;qdw
k mrsdK; (political agitation) jrefrmjynfrSm vHk;0
r&SdcJhbl;vdkU t*Fvdyftpdk;&tpD&ifcHpmu rSwfwrf;wifxm;ygw,f/ t*Fvdyf tkyfcsKyf
wmudk rauseyfvdkU ykefuefx<uwJh rif;aqG? rif;rsdK;? rif;avmif;eJU bkef;MuD;awGom
&Sdygw,f/ 1918ckESpf a&mufawmhrS t*Fvdyfausmif;xGufacwfynmwwf
Armvli,fawG vlMuD;jzpfvmMuwJh twGuf t*Fvdyftpdk;&oifay;wJh EdkifiHa&;ynmudk
toHk;jyKjyD; EdkifiHa&;vSHKUaqmfawmif;qdkvmMuwmjzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm tdE´d,u
Armjynfxuf tESpf 50 avmufapmygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh jynfolUud, k fpm;vS,fawG
yg0ifwJh 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk ed'gef;ysdK;wJt
h cg wm0efodwJh udk,fydkif tkyfcsKyfa&;
oabmudk ArmawGem;a0;aewmjzpfygw,fwJh/ 'gaMumifh udkvdkeDacwfu Arm
EdkifiHa&;orm;awG[m wm0efod tpdk;&wnfaqmufa&;udk OD;pm;ay;wm r[kwfbJ
ArmMuD;pdk;wJh tpdk;&wnfaxmifa&;udkomt"duOD;pm;ay;Muw,fvdkU q&marmifarmif
MuD; u qdkygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; ArmawG[m vpfb&,f'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m;udk
odyfpdwfr0ifpm;MubJ udk,fwdkifjyXmef;cGifhudkom ydkjyD; pdwf0ifpm;Muwm jzpfygw,fwJh/
 21

wenf;qdk&ifawmh EdkifiHa&;pepfwpf&yf wnfaqmifa&;xuf ArmawG vkyfydkifcGifh

&&Sda&;udk pdwf0ifpm;Muwm jzpfygw,fcifAsm;/

tydkif; (10)
'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;atmufrSm 'Drdkua&pDtajccHawGudk ArmawGyxrqHk;
xdawGUvmygw,f/ Oya'jyKaumifpD0ifa&G;aumufyGJudk 1922rSm yxrqHk;tMudrf
usif;ywJt h cg rSwfyHkwifxm;wJhrJqE´&Sif 7%uom rJay;Muygw,f/ 1925ckESpfrSm
'kwd,tMudrf a&G;aumufyGJusif;yawmh rJqE´&Sif 16%ausmf rJay;MujyD; 1928rSm
wwd,tMudrf a&G;aumufyGJusif;yawmh rJqE´&Sif 20%txd rJay;vmMuygw,f/
'gaMumifh 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk MudKufonfjzpfap? rMudKufonfjzpfap 'Dpepfatmuf
rSm EdkifiHa&; Edk;Mum;vmygw,f/
'dkiftmcDjyKjyifajymif;vJa&; b,favmufxd tusdK;oufa&mufw,f
qdkwmudk cefUrSef;EdkifzdkUtwGuf qm*RefqdkifrGefacgif;aqmifwJh aumfr&Sif 1929ckESpf
tapmydkif;rSm jrefrmjynfudka&muf&Sdvmygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm jrefrmjynfudk tdE´d,jynf
eJUwGJxm;wJu h dpu ö dk ArmawGtMuD;tus,f aqG;aEG;vmMuygw,f/ tdE´d,jynf eJUwGJa&;
odkUr[kwf cGJa&;udpö[m jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;avmurSm tav;teuf aqG;aEG;wJhudpö
wpfckyg/ tdE´d,eJUwGJxm;&if tdE´d,rSm &&SdwJhcHpm;cGifhudk jrefrmawGvnf;
&&SdEdkifw,fvdkU wGJa&;orm;awGu ,lqygw,f/ t*FvdyfukefonfawGuvnf;
cGJa&;udkaxmufcHaewmrdkU tdE´d,eJU cGJvdkuf&if jrefrmawGtwGuf tusdK;&Sdyghrvm;vdkU
awG;Muygw,f/ b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf cGJa&;wGJa&;udpöaMumifh jrefrmjynfom;awG
EdkifiHa&;pdwf0ifpm;vmwm wdk;wufrIygyJ/ 'gayr,fh awmifolv,form;awGuawmh
'dkiftmcDjyKjyifa&;udk pdwfr0ifpm;ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh 1930jynfhESpfatmufwdkbmv
28&ufaeUrSm q&mpHu okyEu*VKP&mZm bGJU&rif;tjzpfudk cH,ljyD; t*Fvdyfudk
ppfaMujimygawmhw,f/ acwfynmwwfeJU jrdKUaevlwef;pm;u 'dkiftmcDjyKjyifa&;udk
tajctwifaqG;aEG;aecsdefrSm q&mpHu v,form;olykefudk acgif;aqmifjyD;
*gxmrEÅ&m; tm;udk;eJU t*Fvdyfudk tjyKwfwdkufzdkU MudK;pm;wmudkMunfh&if
acwfopfeJU½dk;&m tawG;tac: twl&Sifoefaewm odomygw,f/
ocifvSKyf&Sm;rIeJU wdkUArmtpnf;t½Hk;udk acwfvli,fawGu pwifyg
w,f/ ArmawGeJUrxdawGU&ao;wJh EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:udk Armvdka&;jyD; e*g;eD
toif;uxkwfa0ygw,f/ 'DawmhrS qdk&S,fvpfeJUuGefjrLepfoabmw&m;awG pwif
Mum;odvm&ygw,f/ Armjynfudk tdE´d,vufatmufucGJxkwfjyD; oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfzdkU
qdkifrGefaumfr&Sifu axmufcHwifjywJhtwdkif; 1935ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHtufOya'udk
t*Fvdyftpdk;&u jyXmef;vdkufygw,f/ 'g[macwfopfjrefrmEdkifiH&JU yxrOD;qHk;aom
tajccHzGJUpnf;yHkOya' jzpfygw,f/
a&G;aumufyGJudk 1936 'DZifbmvrSm usif;yygw,f/ tJ'DtcsdefrSm
EdkifiHa&;ygwDtaMumif;? ygwDpnf;½Hk;a&;taMumif;eJU ygvDreftpdk;&taMumif;udk
 22

ArmawG tawmfav;od&SdvmygjyD/ 1935 tajccHOya't& tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm[m

bk&ifcHvufxJrSm&SdjyD; bk&ifcHudkulnDzdkU 0efMuD;rsm;aumifpDudk zGJUxm;ygw,f/
'gayr,fh bk&ifcH[m tmPm&Sifvdk xifovdkrvkyfEdkifygbl;/ nTefMum;csuf
vufpGJtwdkif;om vkyf&oljzpfwmaMumifh 0efMuD;rsm;aumifpDudk xifovdkcdkif;vdkU
r&ygbl;/ vTwfawmftrwfawGxJu a&G;cs,fjyD; 0efMuD;cefUxm;&mrSm trwftrsm;pk
axmufcHoleJUwdkifyifjyD; cefUxm;&r,fqdkjyD; bk&ifcH&JU vkyfydkifcGifhudk uefUoefxm;yg
w,f/ bk&ifcH[m 0efMuD;tzGJU eJU yl;wGJwm0ef,l&r,fvdkUvnf; owfrSwfxm;ygw,f/
1935 tajccHOya't& Oya'jyKvTwfawmfrSm trsm;pkaxmufcHrI
&&Sdoluom uJbdeuf0efMuD;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;&wmaMumifh uJbdeuftpdk;&[m
vTwfawmfrSm ar;jref;orQudkajz&Sif;zdkU wm0ef&Sdygw,f/ 0efMuD;udk bk&ifcHua&G;cs,fjyD;
bk&ifcHuaxmufcHaeorQ &mxl;jrJEdkifw,fvdkU 1935 Oya'qdkxm;ayr,fh vufawGUrSm
awmh trwftrsm;pkaxmufcHrIeJU 0efMuD;tzGJUudk zGJUpnf;xm;wmjzpfvdkU trsm;pk
axmufcHrI r&wmeJU tmPmudk vufvGwf&ygw,f/ ppfjyD;vdkU 1945 atmufwdkbmrSm
ppftkyfcsKyfa&; ed*Hk;csKyfwJhtcg 1935 tajccHOya't& bk&ifcHudk ay;xm;wJh
txl;tmPmeJUtkyfcsKyfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tzGJU0if 11OD;yg0ifwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD&JU
tultnDeJU tkyfcsKyfwmjzpfygw,f/ 'DtkyfcsKyfa&; aumifpDudk qefUusifolawGrsm;
vmwJhtcg 1946 pufwifbmvrSm tzGJU0if 9OD;ygwJh aumifpDopfeJU tpm;xdk;vdkuf&
ygw,f/ 9OD;aumifpDxJrSm 6OD;u zqyv tzGJU0ifawGyg/ aemufawmh 'DtkyfcsKyfa&;
aumifpDudk,fpm;vS,t f zGJUudk vef'efudkzdwfac:jyD; Oya'twdkif; tmPmvTJajymif;ay;zdkU
atmufqef;-tufwvD oabmwlcsufudk 1947 Zefe0g&Dv 27 &ufrSm vufrSwfa&;
xdk;vdkufygw,f/ aemufjyD;awmh azazmf0g&D 12&ufaeUrSm yifvHknDvmcH usif;yjyD;
tajccHOya'a&;qGJzdkUtwGuf wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfudk a&G;aumufwifajrmufzdkU
pDpOfygw,f/
1947ckESpf {jyDv 7&ufaeUrSm wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJ
usif;yjyD; ZGefv 9&ufaeUrSm vTwfawmfudk pwifusif;yygw,f/ vTwfawmf&JU vkyfxHk;
vkyfenf;[m 1935tajccH Oya't&om jzpfap&r,fvdkUqdkygw,f/ ppfjyD;wmeJU
1935 tajccJOya'udk jyefvnfusif;oHk;jyD; 'Dtay:rSmtajccHjyD; 1947 tajccHOya'udk
a&;qGJwmjzpfw,fvdkU ordkif;ygarmu©OD;armifarmifMuD;u qdkygw,f/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyK
vTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJtwGuf pnf;½Hk;a&;qif;wJhtcgrSm bk&ifcHtkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD
'kOuúXeJU zqyv OuúXjzpfol AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u zqyv tvdkusvkyfEdkifwJh
,HkMunfpdwfcs&oludkyJ vdkcsifw,fvdkUajymygw,f/ ynmwwfawG;ac:&Sifudk rvdkcsif
bl;qdkwJh oabmygyJ/ Oya'ynm&SifawG&JU tMuHay;csufudk &,ljyD; acgif;aqmifawGu
tajccHOya'a&;qGJwmudk axmufcHr,fh vTwfawmftrwfudkom vdkcsifw,f/
aqG;aEG;jyD; tjiif;yGm;rJh ynmwwfudk rvdkcsifbl;vdkU qdkvdkwmygyJ/
vGwfvyfwJh jrefrmEdkifiHudk tjrefqHk;wnfaxmifEdkifzdkUu ta&;MuD;qHk;
jzpfaeygw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;eJU zqyvacgif;aqmifawG csrSwfwJv h rf;pOf[m
 23

wdkif;jynftwGuf aumif;rSmyJvdkUom ,HkMunfxm;Muygw,f/ acgif;aqmifudk

,HkMunftm;xm;jyD; arQmfvifhwJhacwfygyJ/ acgif;aqmifawG ajymorQudk rwGefUrqkwf
vdkufemwm[m vTwfawmftrwfawG&JU wm0efomr[kwfbJ wdkif;oljynfom; tm;vHk;&JU
wm0efvdkU,lqaecsdefvnf; jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvdt k csdefrSm tajccHOya'rlMurf;udk
pHknDtpnf;ta0;awGrSm tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;wm[m tcsdefjzKef;wmyJvdkUom jrifMuyg
w,f/ 'grSr[kwfvnf; wrifMuefUMumatmifvkyfwJh tzsufvkyfief;vdkU owfrSwfEdkif
ygw,f/ zqyveJU oabmxm;uGJvGJoludk t*FvdyfvufudkifwkwfvdkU pGwfpGJrJh
tcsdeftcgvnf; jzpfaeygw,fcifAsm;/

tydkif; 11
vuf&Sdvkyfenf;twdkif; wdkifyifaqG;aEG;jyD; yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr,fqdk&if
vGwfvyfwJhjrefrmEdkifiH ay:xGufvmvdrfhr,fvdkU atmifqef;-tufwvD pmcsKyfrSm
azmfjyxm;wmudk r,HkMunfolawG wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm &Sdaeygw,f/
t*FvdyfvufxJutmPmudk ArmhvufxJjidrf;csrf;pGmvTJajymif;ay;zdkUqdkwm rjzpfEdkifwJh
udpöyJvdkU uGefjrLepftrwfwpfOD;u ajymygw,fwJh/ 'gaMumifh tajccHOya'a&G;qGJzdkU
usif;yaewJh wdkif;jyK jynfjyKvTwfawmfudk tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkiftzGJUtjzpf owfrSwfjyD;
vGwfvyfa&;aMujimzdkU tJ'DuGefjrLepftrwfu awmif;qdkygw,f/ wpfOD;uqdk&if
wdkif;&if;om;y#dyu©udk rD;arT;ay;zdkU vTwfawmfac:,lwmvdkUawmif pGwfpGJygao;wmf/
'Dvdkxifovdkr[kwfwef; w&m;ajymqdkaewmaMumifh tajccHOya'rlMurf;udk trsm;u
vufcHtwnfjyKEdkifa&;[m avmavmq,frSm ta&;tMuD;qHk;udpöjzpfaeygawmhw,f/
tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmydkif[m b,fvdktcef;u@uyg0ifjyD; b,fvdkrl0g'eJU
vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;usifhoHk;&r,fqdkwmrsdK;udk wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfrSm raqG;aEG;
ygbl;/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;&JU tajccHobm0udk ajymif;vJEdkifpGrf; vTwfawmfrSm&Sd aewmudk
vTwfawmf trwfawGowd&MuyHkr&ygbl;/ b,fvdkvlrsdK;[m tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmydkif
jzpfoifhovJ? acgif;aqmifydkif;rSm tajymif;tvJjzpfvm&if b,fvdkvkyfrvJqdkwJh
udpöawGudkvnf; vTwfawmftrwfeJU zqyvacgif;aqmifawG owdr&Muygbl;/
zqyvtzGJUeJU wdkif;&if;om;awG&JUvdktifqE´eJU udkufnDjyD; qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk
tajccHwJh jynfaxmifpkMuD;wnfaqmufa&;udkom tm;vHk;pdwfapmaeMuygw,f/
trsdK;om;vTwfawmfzGJUpnf;a&;? tajccHtcGifhta&;? jynfaxmifpkta&;? w&m;Xme
ta&; pwmawGudkom OD;pm;ay;aewJt h wGuf tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudpöudk t"durxm;
EdkifbJjzpfae&ygw,f/ tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPm&JU oabmobm0udk tajccHOya'a&;qGJ
wkef;ua&m rlMurf;wifoGif;pOfua&m aqG;aEG;wmrsdK; vHk;0r&SdcJhygbl;/ 1935 jrefrm
EdkifiHtufOya'unTefMum;xm;wJhtwdkif; ppfjyD;acwfjrefrm0efMuD;tzGJUu wm0ef,l
aqmif&GufwmudkMunfjh yD; vGwfvyfa&;&awmhvnf; 'DvdkyJqufjyD; aqmif&GufoGm;
vdrfhr,fvdkU arQmfvifhxm;MuyHk&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmydkif&JU vkyfydkifcGifh?
 24

wm0ef0wå&m? taetxm;eJU ywfoufwJh pmyk'fawG udk vTwfawmftrwfawGu

tvG,fwul vufcHvdkufMuwm jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfcsufu 1935 Oya'yg vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;twdkif; vkyfaeMuwJh
t*Fvdyfbk&ifcH&JU tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpD0ifawGuyJ vGwfvyfwJh jrefrmjynfudk qufjyD;
tkyfcsKyfMurSmrdkU tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudpöudk owdrxm;Muwm jzpfyHk&ygw,f/ bk&ifcHeJU
twl vkyfudkif&wJh tkyfcsKyfa&;"avhudk ydkjyD;vGwfvGwfvyfvyfusifhoHk;EdkifwmyJ
uGmjcm;ygw,f/ 1947tajccHOya'rlMurf;yg pmyk'fawGudk tajctwiftcsDtcs
raqG;aEG;EdkifbJ jzpfoGm;&wJh taMumif;&if;wpfckuawmh tcsdeftvHktavmufr&wmyJ
jzpfygw,f/ wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmf&JUt"duwm0ef[m tajccHzGJUpnf;yHkOya'udk
twnfjyKzdkUom jzpfaeygw,f/ 1947 Zefe0g&D 2&ufaeUrSm atmifqef;-tufwvD
pmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;pOfu zqyv&JU OD;wnfcsuf[m wpfESpftwGif; vGwfvyfa&;
&zdkUyJvdkU AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u aMujimcJhygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 1947 pufwifbmvrSm
tajccHOya'udk jyD;pD;atmifvkyfjyD; twnfjyKEdkifzdkUvdkaMumif; OD;Eku vTwfawmfudk
&Sif;jyygw,f/ 'grSom atmufwdkbmv vef'efrSm usif;ywJh t*FvdyfygvDrefrSm jrefrmh
vGwfvyfa&;tufOya'udk wifoGif;EdkifrSmjzpfygw,f/ tckvdkwdkawmif;vSwJh
tcsdefumvrSm tajccHOya'udk 'DvdkjyD;ajrmufatmif b,fnDvmcHurS a&;qGJjyD;
twnfjyKEdkifrSm r[kwfbl;vdkU tpdk;&tpD&ifcHpmwpfckrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f/
OD;atmifqef;&JU vrf;nTef(7)csuftwdkif; tajccJOya'a&;qGJ&mrSm
xda&mufpGm vkyfudkifEdkifzdkUtwGuf aumfrwDwpf&yf zGJUpnf;jyD; vkyfudkifzdkU qHk;jzwfMuyg
w,f/ vrf;nTef 7csufuawmh vGwfvyfwJh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdkifiH&JU tajccHOya'
jzpf&r,f/ 'DjynfaxmifpkxJrSm udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfwJh a'oawGyg0if&r,f? jynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEdkifiH&JU tmPmtm;vHk;jynfolvlxkxHrSm jzpfzsm;cH&r,f/ jynfolvlxk&JU tajccH
vlUtcGifhta&;udk tmrcHay;&r,f? vlenf;pkudk tmPmtuG,fay;&r,f? w&m;rQwrIeJU
tjynfjynfqdkif&mOya'twdkif; EdkifiHe,ferdwfeJU tcsKyftcsmtmPmudk xdef;odrf;&r,f?
tjynfjynfqdkif&mjidrf;csrf;a&;eJU vlUb0om,m0ajyma&;udkOD;wnf&r,fvdkU OD;atmif
qef; &JU vrf;nTef (7)csufrSm azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ tajccHOya'a&;qGJr,fhaumfrwDeJU
qyfaumfrwDawGrSm t&nftcsif;jynfh0olawG yg0ifaewmrdkU vTwfawmftrwfu
a0zefaevdkU tusdK;r&Sdbl;vdkU ,lqMuygw,f/ u&ifeDuvGJjyD; t"du wdkif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;pk udk,fpm;vS,f tm;vHk;yg0ifwJh 55OD; tajccHOya'aumfrwDudk 1947 ZGefv
19&ufaeUrSm zGJUpnf;ygw,f/ aemufawmh 71OD;xd wdk;vmygw,f/ u&ifeDuawmh
olwdkUudk,folwdkU oD;jcm;vGwfvyfwJhEdkifiHvdkUowfrSwfxm;vdkU yifvHknDvmcHudk
udk,fpm;vS,frvGwfbJ avhvmol3OD;om vGwfcJhygw,f/ tajccHOya'a&;awmhvnf;
tapmydkif;rSm u&ifeDudk,fpm;vS,f tpnf;ta0;rwufygbl;/ pufwifbmv
27&ufaeUrSmusif;ywJv h Twfawmftpnf;ta0;usrS u&ifeD udk,fpm;vS,f wufa&muf
jyD; jynfaxmifpk rSm yg0ifzdkU qHk;jzwfygw,f/
 25

tajccHOya'aumfrwDatmufrSm qyfaumfrwD 4ck &Sdygw,f/

jynfaxmifpkeJU jynfe,fa&;&m qyfaumfrwD? w&m;a&;&mqyfaumfrwD? tajccH
tcGifhta&;qdkif&m qyfaumfrwD? vlenf;pka&;&mqyfaumfrwD pwmawG jzpfygw,f/
aemufawmh &Srf;jynfe,fa&;&m qyfaumfrwDeJU ucsifjynfe,fa&;&m qyfaumfrwD
awGudk xyfzGJUygw,f/ EdkifiHom;jzpfrleJU ywfoufjyD; tao;pdwfavhvmzdkU
,m,DqyfaumfrwD wpfckudkvnf; xyfrHzGJUpnf;ygw,f/ tajccHOya'aumfrwD
yxrtMudrftpnf;ta0;udk 1947 ZGefv 20&ufaeUrSm usif;yygw,f/ aemufxyf
tpnf;ta0; 13Mudrf usif;yjyD;wJhtcgrSm rlMurf;wpfpdwfwpfydkif;udk Zlvdkifv
31&ufaeUrSm OD;Eku vTwfawmfudw k ifjyygw,f/ aemufawmh tajccHOya'rlMurf;
xJu jyD;pD;wJh tpdwftydkif;awGudk &Sif;vif;EdkifzdkUtwGuf Mo*kwfv 4&ufaeUrSm OD;Eku
vTwfawmfudk wifjyygw,f/ vTwfawmf 6&ufem;csdefrSm 4&uf aqG;aEG;jyD;awmh Mo*kwf
16&ufaeUrSm tajccH Oya'rlMurf;udk wdkif;jyKjynfjyK vTwfawmfrSm wnDwnGwfwnf;
aomif;aomif;zszs twnfjyKvdkufygawmhw,f/ 'gaMumifh 1947 tajccJOya'
rlMurf;udk 2veJU a&;qGJjyD;pD;w,fvdkU ajymEdkifygw,f/

tydkif; 12
1947ck tajccHOya'udktwnfjyKzdkU pufwifbmv 16&ufaeUrSm
ocifwifu wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfudk wifoGif;ygw,f/ txdkuftavsmuf
aqG;aEG;jyD;wJhtcg pufwifbm 24&ufaeUrSm jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHzGJUpnf;yHt k ajccH
Oya'udk wnDwnGwfwnf; wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfu twnfjyKvdkufygw,f/
'gayr,fh tajccHOya'rlMurf;tqifhrSma&m aemufqHk;twnfjyKwJhtqifhrSma&m
tkyfcsKyfa&;tmPmudpöudk vHk;0raqG;aEG;bl;vdkU q&marmifarmifMuD;u axmufjy
ygw,f/ rlMurf;rSm tkyfcsKyfa&;eJUqdkifwJhpmydk'f 13ydk'f&SdjyD; twnfjyK&mrSm 12ydk'fjzpfoGm;
wmudk ar;jref;pHkprf;wmrsdK;rvkyfMuygbl;/ wu,fawmh 1937 tdkif,mveftajccH
Oya'? 1935tdE´d,tufOya'eJU 1935 jrefrmEdkifiH tufOya'udk pkaygif;jyD;jyKjyif
vdkuf&if 1947 tajccHOya' jzpfoGm;w,fvdkUqdkygw,f/ Oyrm jynfaxmifpk jrefrm
EdkifiH tajccHOya'tydk'f 122[m 1937 tdkif,mveftajccHOya' tydk'f28eJUtwlwl
jzpfaewmawGU&ygw,fwJh/ tdkif,mvefOya'&JU pkaygif;wm0ef,lrIoabmudkvnf;
oHk;ygw,f/ t*FvdyfOya'twwfynmudk avhvmqnf;yl;xm;wJh Oya'ynm&Sif
wpfpkeJU zqyvacgif;aqmiftcsdKUyl;wGJjyD; zefwD;vdkufwJh&v'f[m 1947 tajccHOya'
jzpfygw,f/
Oya'ynm&SifawGxJrSm qmjrbl;? qmbOD;? OD;at;armifeJU OD;csefxGef;
atmifwdkU[m xif&Sm;ygw,f/ tajccHOya'udk aemufqHk;tacsmowfwJhtcgrSm
tdE´d,tajcchOya'tMuHay;t&m&Sd qmbDtrfavmif;udk,fwdkif &efukefudk vma&mufjyD;
ulnDygw,f/ 'gaMumifh jrefrmhtajccHOya'udk aqG;aEG;w,fqdk&if aumfrwD tqifh
avmufrSmom aqG;aEG;bG,f&m&Sdygw,f/ vTwfawmfrSm aqG;aEG;wmr[kwfygbl;/
 26

t*FvdyfvufatmufrSm usifhoHk;wJhygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk ,Hk,HkMunfMunf

usifhoHk;vmwmrdv k dkU aumfrwDtqifhrSmyJ udpöjyD;aewJhtwGuf vTwfawmfrSm raqG;aEG;
awmhygbl;/ 'DvdkeJU t*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;pepf[m qefUusifrIr&SdbJ jrefrmhvufxJ
a&mufoGm;ygawmhw,f/ ygvDreftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk t*Fvdyfu tarGay;cJhwJh
oabmygyJ/ uGefjrLepftrwfwpfOD;uyJ ygvDrefqdkwhJ a0g[m&udk roHk;oifhaMumifh
uefUuGufygw,f/
1947 tajccHOya't& &Srf;? ucsif? u&ifeDeJU csif;wdkif;&if;om;awG[m
jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJUrSm 0efMuD;wpfae&mpD&ydkifcGifh&Sdygw,f/ 'Dvdkjzpfvmatmif yifvHk
oabmwlnDcsufu vrf;cif;ay;cJhwmyg/ ppfrjzpfcifuawmh &Srf;? ucsif? csif;pwJh
awmifwef;om;awGudk e,fpyfa'otkyfcsKyfa&;Xme vufatmufrSmxm;ygw,f/
u&ifeDudkawmht*Fvdyftpdk;&vufatmufcH r[mrdwfjynfe,fwpfcktaeeJU oabmxm;
ygw,f/ 1935 jrefrmEdkifiH tufOya'udk jrefrmjynfrrSmom usifhoHk;ygw,f/ &cdkif?
weoFm&D urf;½dk;wef;eJU {&m0wD? ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;a'oudk jynfrvdkU ac:ygw,f/
'gaMumifh Oya'jyKvTwfawmfudk awmifwef;a'ou udk,fpm;vS,fvTwfcGifhr&Sdygbl;/
wdkif;&if;om;awGaexdkif&m awmifwef;a'oudk bk&ifcHuyJ oD;jcm;tkyfcsKyfygw,f/
ppfjyD;acwf vGwfvyfjyD;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfwJhjrefrmEdkifiHudk wnfaqmufaewJh zqyv
tzGJU[m wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawGudk pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;ygw,f/ tajctae
ajymif;vJvmwmudk oabmaygufwJh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifawGuvnf; ArmeJU
yl;aygif;aqmif&GufzdkU qHk;jzwfvdkufMuygw,f/
atmifqef;tufwvDoabmwlcsuf tydk'f8t& wdkif;&if;om;
udk,fpm;vS,fawG yifvHkrSmnDvmcHusif;yjyD; Armtpdk;&eJY b,fvdkyl;wGJaqmif&Guf
r,fqdkwmudk aqG;aEG;Muygw,f/ azazmf0g&Dv 12 &ufaeUyifvHkrSm vufrSwfa&;xdk;
wJhpmcsKyft& &Srf;? ucsifeJU csif;udk udk,fpm;jyKwJh aumifpD0ifwpfOD;pDeJU 'kaumifpD0if
2OD;? bk&ifcH&JU tkyfcsKyfa&;aumifpDrSm yg0ifcGifh&oGm;ygw,f/ awmifwef;a'ou
wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,fawGuJbdeuftpdk;&tzGJUrSm yg0if&r,fqdkwJhrludk yifvHk
pmcsKyfu jyXmef;vdkufwmygyJ/ wenf;qdk&if awmifwef;a'owdkif;&if;om;awG&JU
yl;aygif; aqmif&GufrIudk &,lvdkwJhtwGuf olwdkUudk,fpm;vS,fudk tpdk;&0efMuD;tzGJUrSm
yg0ifcGifhay;vdkufwmjzpfygw,f/ 'Dtcsufudk 1947 tajccHOya'uvnf; tmrcH
xm;ygw,f/ 'gawGudkMunfhr,fqdk&if 1935 jrefrmEdkifiHtufOya'ucsrSwfwJh
tkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHudk tajccHjyD; jynfaxmifpk tpdk;&udk wnfaxmifwm xif&Sm;ygw,f/
ppfrjzpfcifu usifhoHk;cJhwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk qufvufusifhoHk;zdkUqHk;jzwf&wJh
t"dutaMumif;&if;uawmh zqyvacgif;aqmifydkif;eJU vTwfawmftrwfawG[m
'DpepfeJU vufyGef;wwD;&SdcJhvdkUygyJ/ tajccHOya'a&;qGJwJh ynm&SifawGuvnf;
t*FvdyfOya'udkvnf; uRrf;usifMuwmrdkU ppfrjzpfcifu usifhoHk;cJhwJh ygvDref "avhudk
jyKjyifajymif;vJjyD; wdkif;&if;om;awGyg tusHK;0ifatmif vkyfvdkufwmyJjzpfygw,f/
 27

t*FvdyfudkvdkeDacwfu usifhoHk;cJhwJhygvDref 'Drdkua&pD tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf

udk jyKjyifrGrf;rHjyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHopfoabmrsdK;eJU 1947 tajccHOya'rSm jyXmef;wmudk
EdkifiHa&;ygwDeJUacgif;aqmifawGu tav;teuf ,HkMunfw,fvdkUawmh rajymEdkifygbl;/
EdkifiHa&;ygwDeJUwdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkawGrSmt,ltqtrsdK;rsdK;&SdaewmaMumifh jynfaxmifpk
tajccHOya'ygoabmw&m;awGudk vufawGUusifhoHk;vdkUr&EdkifyJ jzpfaeygw,f/
jynfolvlxkuvnf; odyfjyD;pdwfr0ifpm;Muygbl;/ jynfaxmifpktajccHOya'udk
txGwftjrwf tav;xm;tyfwJht&m? rcsdK;azmuftyfwJht&m? rjypfrSm;tyfwJht&mvdkU
r,lqcJhMuygbl;/ jynfaxmifpkudk vlwdkif;axmufcH&r,fvdkUvnf;r,lqMuygbl;/
w&m;rQwwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwnfaqmufzdkU vrf;nTefxm;wJh Oya'vdkUvnf; r,lq
Muygbl;/
EdkifiHa&;tkyfpkawGtzdkUuawmh b,fenf;eJUjzpfjzpf tmPm&zdkUuom
ta&;MuD;qHk;jzwfaeygw,f/ u&iftzGJUwzGJUuvnf; tajccHOya'udk r,HkMunfvdkU
vufeufeJU jyóem&Sif;zdkU MudK;pm;ygw,f/ uGefjrLepfeJU jynfolU&Jabmfuvnf;
vufeufudkifykefuefMuygw,f/ tmPm&qdk&S,fvpftkyfpkuom 1947 tajccHOya'udk
,HkMunfaehwmawGU&ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 1947 tajccHOya'[m rlvtpuwnf;u
wdkif;oljynfom;awGtay:rSm MoZmanmif;EdkifwJh taetxm;rSm r&Sdygbl;/ EdkifiHa&;
tkyfpkawG? jynfolUppfawGeJU t"duwdkif;&if;om;tkyfpkjzpfwJh u&ifwdkif;&if;om;u
tjynfht0 r,HkMunfwm&,f? jynfolvlxkuvnf; pdwf0ifpm;rIenf;yg;wm&,f
pwmawGaMumifh 1947tajccH Oya'[m rlvtpuwnf;u pGrf;tm;r&Sdjzpfae&wm
vdkU ygarmu©a'gufwmarmifatmifMuD;u oHk;oyfxm;ygw,fcifAsm;/

tydkif; 13
tmPm&zdkUOD;wnfwJh *dkPf;*PtkyfpkwdkufyGJrsm; jyif;xefvmjyD;
tajccHOya'udk rav;rpm;wJhtwGuf vGwfvyfa&;&uwnf;u ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepf
tajc,dkifvm&yHkudk q&marmifarmifMuD;&JU ]]jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:}} tydkif;(13)rSm
'DuaeUwifjyygr,f/
EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG tmPm&,lEdkifzdkUtwGuf 'Drdkua&pDenf;t& ,SOfjydKif
&r,fh vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;eJU oabmw&m;udk 1947 tajccHOya'u owfrSwfxm;yg
w,f/ 'gayr,fh uGefjrLepfygwD2ygwD? &JabmfjzLeJU KNU u&iftzGJUu 1947
tajccHOya'udkvufrcHEdkifwJhtwGuf vufeufudkifykefuefMuygw,f/ zqyvtpdk;&
vdkU tJ'Dwkef;uvlodrsm;wJh jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk qdk&S,fvpf? woD;yk*¾v? &Jabmf0geJU
wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,fawGu axmufcHMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh zqyvtpdk;&
xJrSmvnf; yk*¾dKvfa&;udv k dkufjyD;MoZmtmPmjydKifqdkifwmawG&SdvmwmaMumifh vGwfvyf
a&;&jyD; 5vtMumrSm ol&mxl;u ESKwfxGufzdkU0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekajym&wJhtxd tmPm
jydKifqdkifrIu jyif;xefvmygw,f/ tcsif;csif;,HkMunfrIenf;yg;vmwJhtcgrSm
wpfOD;eJUwpfOD; r,HkouFmjzpfrI ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmwJhtwGuf zqyv tzGJUcsKyf,dk,Gif;
 28

ysufpD;vm&w,fvdkU 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Eku ,lygw,f/ wcsdKUuvnf; tmPm&JUt&omudk

cHpm;vdkuf&vdkU tmPmvufvGwfoGm;rSmudk tvGefpdk;&drf aeMuygw,f/
zqyvtzGJUxJrSm yk*¾dKvfa&; wdkufyGJ? tmPmvkyGJjzpfaewmudk ESpfvHk;em
vGef;vdkU &mxl;uxGufjyD; zqyvudkjyefvnfpnf;½Hk;&r,fvdkU 1948 arv 25&uf
aeUrSm OD;EkuaMujimygw,f/ OD;Ek[m woD;yk*v ¾ tjzpf zqyvtzGJUrSm
yg0ifaewmyg/ ygwD0ifr[kwfygbl;/ 'gayr,fh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqHk;oGm;
uwnf;u zqyvOuúX vkyfvmcJh&wm jzpfygw,f/ t&ifuvnf; vGwfvyfa&;
&jyD;&if 6vtwGif; &mxl;uxGufr,fvdkU OD;Ekuajymzl;ygw,f/ OD;Ekacgif;aqmifwJh
0efMuD;tzGJU 1948 Zlvdkifv 15 &ufaeUrSm ESKwfxGufayr,fh orwu arwåm&yfcHwJh
twGuf 1949 {jyDvrSm taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ usif;ywJhtxd qufvkyfzdkU OD;Eku
oabmwlvdkfuygw,f/ tajccHOya'udk pwifusifhoHk;jyD; 18vMumwJhtcgrSm
a&G;aumufyGJusif;y&r,fvdkU tajccHOya'tydk'f 233u qdkygw,f/ vufeufudkif
ykefuefzdkUjcdrf;jcmufaecsdefrSm OD;EkxGufoGm;rSmudk wdkif;&if;om;udk,fpm;vS,f awGu
rvdkvm;Muygbl;/ wu,fawmh jynfaxmifpktpdk;&[m vGwfvyfa&;r&rSDuwnf;u
ykefuefrIeJU &ifqdkifcJh&wmyg/ 1947tapmydkif;rSm ocifpdk;acgif;aqmifwJh
tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwDu yxrqHk;vufeufudkifawmfvSefygw,f/ aemufawmh &cdkifrSm
bHkaygufomausmf acgif;aqmifjyD; ykefuefygw,f/ tJ'Dwkef;uawmh pdk;&drfp&m
tajctaer[kwfao;ygbl;/ vGwfvyfa&;&jyD; 3vtMum rwfvrSm ocifoef;xGef;
acgif;aqmifwJh Auy ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwDu vufeufudkif awmfvSefa&; pygw,f/
Zlvdkifva&mufawmh jynfolU&JabmftzGJU0if 60%[m &JabmfjzLtjzpfeJU awmfvSef
ykefuefMuygw,f/ Mo*kwfvv,frSm o&ufjrdKUtajcpdkufwyfrawmfwyf&if;eJU r*Fvm'Hk
tajcpdkufwyf&if; 3 ykefuefjyD; olykefeJUaygif;oGm;ygw,f/ Mo*kwfvukefrSm
u&ifvufeufudkifawG ykefuefjyD; oxHkeJUarmfvjrdKifudk odrf;ydkufvdkufygw,f/
wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ KNU u&iftrsdK;om; tpnf;t½Hk;&JU vufeufudkifwyfzGJU KNDO
uvufeufudkif wdkufyGJ qifETJygw,f/
tmPmvdkcsifvdkU uGefjrLepfeJU &JabmfjzLu vufeufudkif ykefuefMuwm
ygyJ/ tMurf;zufjyD; tmPmodrf;zdkUMuHpnfwmvdkU OD;Ekuajymygw,f/ 1948
Zefe0g&Dv tdE´d,jynf uvuwåm;rSm usif;ywJh ta&SUawmiftm&S uGefjrLepfnDvmcH
qHk;jzwfcsuft& Auy uGefjrLepfygwDu ykefuefx<uwmjzpfygw,f/ taMumif;jycsuf
u Ek-tufwvDpmcsKyft& t*Fvdyfay;vdkufwJh vGwv f yfa&;[m tppftrSef
r[kwfbl;vdkUqdkwmygyJ/ u&ifuawmh zqyv tpdk;&[m u&iftrsdK;om;awGudk
jidrf;csrf;a&;eJUvHkjcHKa&;ay;EdkifrSmr[kwfbl;vdkU ,HkMunfwmaMumifh ykefuefwmjzpf
ygw,f/ zqyv tpdk;&[mu&ifudk udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;ay;rSm r[kwb f l;vdkUvnf;
oHo, jzpfaeMuygw,f/'Dvdkvufeufudkif ykefuefrIrsdK;pHkudk &ifqdkifvm&wkef;
0efMuD;csKyftjzpfESKwfxGufr,fqdk&if wdkif;jynftajctae ydkqdk;oGm;Edkifwmudk OD;Ek
oabmaygufygw,f/ oludk,fwdkif acgif;aqmifjyD; olykefudk ESdrfeif;&r,fvdkU OD;Eku
 29

,HkMunfygw,f/ jynfxJa&;eJUumuG,fa&;Xme 2ckpvHk;udk wm0ef,lvdkuf

wmudkMunfh&if OD;Ek&JUoHE´dXmefudk tuJcwfEdkifygw,f/ vufeuftm;udk;eJU tmPmvkzdkU
MudK;pm;wJh EdkifiHa&;"m;jrudk b,fawmhrS vufrcHEdkifbl;vdkU OD;Eku aMujimygw,f/
jynfolvlxku AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ay;xm;wJhtmPmudk EdkifiHa&;"m;jr vufxJ
b,fawmhrS rxJhEdkifbl;vdkU oE´dXmefcsxm;wmrdkU MuHUMuHUcHjyefwdkufzdkUvrf;om &Sdw,f
vdkU OD;Eku ajymygw,f/
uGefjrLepf? &JabmfjzLeJU KNDO u&ifwyfzGJUu Oya'udk ausmcdkif;jyD;
awmfvSefykefuefaecsdefrSm tmPm&tpdk;&tzGJU0if qdk&S,fvpfawGuvnf; Oya'udk
av;pm;&rSef; odwmr[kwfygbl;/ t<uif;rJhtmPm&Sifjzpfatmif MudK;yrf;&mrSm
twdkuftcHvkyfoludk acsrSKef;zdkUom pdwf0ifpm;ygw,f/ zqyvtpdk;&udk a0zefwJh
owif;pm 3apmifu yHkESdyfpufawGudk 1948 rwfv 12&ufaeUrSm qdk&S,fvpf&JU wynfh
vlrdkufawGu ½dkufcsdK;ypfvdkufygw,f/ arva&mufawmh qdk&S,fvpfygwDOuúX
OD;udkudkMuD;u tpdk;&aiG odef; 40udk tvpfokwfajy;ygw,f/ qdk&S,fvpfygwDrSm
&efyHkaiGjywfaevdkU OD;udkudkMuD;u tvpfokwfjyD; udk,fa&mifazsmufaewmvdkU qdkyg
w,f/ 'gwifruao;ygbl; 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Eku olykefudk tjyKwfwdkufzdkU MudK;pm;aecsdef
rSm tpdk;&tzGJU0if qdk&S,fvpfeJU&Jabmf0gawGu olykefeJU wdwfwqdwf aqG;aEG;ygw,f/
&Jabmf0g0efMuD;wpfOD;tdrfrSm uGefjrLepfeJU&JabmfjzL udk,fpm;vS,fudk vufcHxm;jyD;
&mxl;tay;,lvkyfzdkU tpnf;ta0;47Mudrf usif;ycJhygw,fvdkU od&ygw,f/
qdk&S,fvpfeJU&Jabmf0g0efMuD;awG&JUae&mudk uGefjrLepfeJU &JabmfjzLudkay;zdkU 1949
Zefe0g&DvrSm qHk;jzwfygw,f/ tJ'DtaMumif;udk OD;Ekodawmh ]]'g[m tpdk;&u
'l;axmufwmyJ? 'gawmh b,fenf;eJUrS rjzpfEdkifbl;vdkU}} ajymjyD; olykefudk wdkufzdkUom
MudK;yrf;ygw,f/ olykefuvnf; zqyvudk jzKwfcsjyD; tmPm,lzdkUom pdwfapmaejyD;
tcsif;csif;pnf;vHk;atmifrvkyfEdkifMuygbl;/ jynfolU axmufcHrI&atmif rMudK;pm;Muyg
bl;/ olykefawGpnf;vHk;rI uif;rJhaecsdefrSm t*FvefeJU tdE´d,u axmufyHhrIaMumifh
OD;Ektpdk;&tiftm; jyefaumif;vmygw,f/ olykeftm;enf;oGm;jyD; tpdk;&jyef
tm;aumif;vmwJhtcgrSm qdk&S,fvpfygwD0ifawG tpdk;&tzGJUxJ jyef0ifvmMuygw,f/
olykefudkae&may;zdkU pDpOfcJhwJh qdk&S,fvpf&JUvQdKU0SuftMuHtpnfudk arhxm;vdkufMu
ygjyD/ qdk&S,fvpf0efMuD; 8OD;ygwJh tpdk;&tzGJUudk 1952 arv 16&ufaeUrSm
zGJUpnf;vdkufygw,fcifAsm;/ /

tydkif; 14
q&marmifarmifMuD;&JU jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tawG;tac:tydkif;(14)rSm
*dkPf;*PtkyfpkzGJUjyD; wpfOD;eJUwpfOD; tjyKwfwdkufcsifwJhtusifhqdk;aMumifh ygvDref
'Drdkua&pDpepf ysufpD;jyD; ppfwyfutmPmodrf;vdkufyHkudk tusOf;csHK;wifjyygr,f/
1947 tajccHOya't& ygwDpHk'Drdkua&pDa&G;aumufyGJudk 1951rSm
wMudrf?1956rSmwpfMudrf? 2Mudrfusif;yygw,f/ oufwrf; (8)ESpf&SdwJh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&
 30

xJrSm tmPmvkrIawG jyif;xefvmygw,f/ 0efMuD; 22OD;&SdwJh tpdk;&tzGJUxJrSm

qdk&S,fvpfygwD0ifu (15)OD; jzpfaewmudkMunfh&if ygvDrefrSma&m? zqyvtzGJUcsKyf
rSma&m qdk&S,fvpfawG vuf0g;MuD;tkyfaewm odomxif&Sm;ygw,f/ vTwfawmftrwf
250&SdwJhteuf twdkuftcH trwfOD;a&u 54OD;om&SdwmrdkU zqyvtzGJUcsKyf MuD;pdk;wJh
ygvDref vTwfawmfygyJ/ 1956 {jyDvrSm 'kwd,tMudrf jynfolUvTwfawmf a&G;aumufyGJ
usif;yjyD;pD;wJhtcgrSm zqyvtrwfu (141)OD;? zqyvudkaxmufcHwJhtrwfu
(40)? pkpkaygif;axmufcHrJ (181)rJ&SdwmaMumifh zqyv tpdk;&[m ygvDrefvTwfawmf
udk aumif;aumif;MuD;pdk;Edkifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh qdk&S,fvpf tcsif;csif; ae&mvk&mu
zqyvtpdk;&tzGJU[m 1958rSm ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;ygw,f/ OD;AaqG? OD;ausmfjidrf;
acgif;aqmifwJh aqGjidrf;tkyfpkeJU ocifwif? ocifausmf'Gef;acgif;aqmifwJhtkyfpkqdkjyD;
tkyfpk ESpfpk uGJoGm;ygw,f/ aemufawmh b,fygwDrSmrS rygwJh woD;yk*¾vOD;Eku
ocifwif? ocifausmf'Gef;tkyfpkudk acgif;aqmifvdkufwJhtwGuf Ekwiftkyfpk jzpfvm
ygw,f/
Ek-wiftkyfpk[m oefU&Sif;zqyvjzpfvmjyD; aqGjidrf;tkyfpku wnfjrJ
zqyv jzpfvmygw,f/ tpdk;&tzGJUrSm 0efMuD; 30&SdwJhteuf oefU&Sif;tkyfpku 15OD;?
wnfjrJu 15OD; jzpfaeygw,f/ vTwfawmftrwf 129OD;u oefU&Sif;udkaxmufcHjyD;
119OD;u wnfjrJudkaxmufcHwJhtwGuf trwftiftm; rwdrf;r,drf; jzpfaeygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm twdkuftcHtrwfawG[m tvGefta&;ygvmygw,f/ twdkuftcH trwfawG
axmufcHwJh oefU&Sif;zqyvu ygvDrefvTwfawmfrSm axmufcHrJ trsm;qHk;&jyD;
tpdk;&zGJUEdkifygw,f/ tJ'DrSmwif oefU&Sif;zqyveJU wnfjrJzqyv wpfOD;eJUwpfOD;
tjywf&Sif;zdkU MudK;pm;ygawmhw,f/ olykeftm;vHk;udk oefU&Sif;tpdk;&u vGwfjidrf;
csrf;omcGifhay;vdkufwJh[mudk wnfNrJzqyveJUppfwyfu rBudKufMuygbl;/ wnfjrJ
zqyvbufu yif;aewJh ppfwyfudk wefjyefzdkUtwGuf ppf&JwyfzGJU&efukefudk
a&TUajymif;wmudkvnf; ppfwyfu oabmrusygbl;/ aemufqHk;tmPmvTJay;zdkU
ppfwyfuawmif;qdkvmwmudk 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Eku vdkufavsm vdkufygw,f/
edkifiHa&;ygwDawGjzpfyGm;wJhy#dyu©rSm ppfwyfu 0ifa&mufpGwfzuf Edkif
atmif vrf;cif;ay;wm[m 'Drdkua&pDudk MudK;uGif;pGwfovdkjzpfaeygw,f/
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&0efMuD;csKyftjzpf AdkvfcsKyfMuD;ae0if;udk 1958atmufwdkbmv 28&uf
aeUrSm ygvdrefvTwfawmfu cefUtyfvdkufygw,f/ tdrfapmifhtpdk;& vufxufrSm
OD;Ekacgif;aqmifwJh oefU&Sif;zqyvu jynfaxmifpkygwDvdkU trnfajymif;jyD; 1960
a&G;aumufyGJrSm 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifwJhtcg tjywftowf tEdkif&&SdjyD; yxptpdk;&udk
zGJUpnf;Edkifygw,f/ trdefUay;tkyfcsKyfwJh ppftpdk;&udk rauseyfawmh ppfwyfeJU a&maxG;
,SufwifjzpfcJhwJh wnfjrJzqyvudk raxmufcHbl;aygh/ OD;Ek&JU yxpygwD[m
wnfjrJzqyveJU wnfjrJtvdkawmf&d ppfwyfudx k dk;ESufwdkufcdkufjyD;a&G;aumufyGJ
pnf;½Hk;a&;qif;wJhtwGuf tjywftowf tEdkif&&Sdwmjzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
tmPmjyef&vmwJhtcgrSm ppfwyfeJU jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;vkyfzdkU OD;Ekuowdr&bl;vdkU
 31

q&marmifarmifMuD;uqdkygw,f/ zqyvtzGJUcsKyf ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm; csdefupjyD;

ppfwyf[m EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkwpfpktaeeJUyg0ifvmwmudk todtrSwfjyKjyD; rSefuefpGm
udkifwG,fwwfzdkU vdkygw,fwJh/
tmPmjyef&vmwJh yxpygwDeJU wyfrSL;awGtMum; r,HkouFmjzpfwm
awGvnf; ydkrsm;vmygw,f/ tpdk;&taeeJU xda&mufpGmtkyfcsKyfEdkifzdkUtwGuf ppfwyf&JU
ulnD,dkif;yif;zdkU vdktyfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh yxpacgif;aqmif 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m
ppfacgif;aqmifawGudk pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;jyD; &ifMum;aphzdkU rMudK;pm;ygbl;/ a&G;aumufyGJ
½SHK;oGm;wJhwnfjrJzqyvudk w&m;0iftwdkuftcHygwDtjzpf todtrSwfjyKjyD;
em;vnfrI&atmif vkyfxm;Edkifayr,fh wnfjrJzqyveJU a&maxG;,SufwifjzpfcJhwJh
ppfwyfudkawmh EdkifiHa&;aqG;aEG;yGJrSm xJhoGif;zdkUawmif rpOf;pm;awmhygbl;/ OD;Ek&JU
yxptpdk;&[m ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepf tajcrcdkifao;wmudk arhaeyHk&ygw,fwJh/
ppfwyf&JU yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIr&&if rvkyfEdkifwJh udpöawGtrsm;MuD;&Sdygw,f/
tdrfapmifhtpdk;&[m olUaqmif&Gufcsufudk ]]jynfa&;&GmrI}}qdkjyD; pmtkyfxkwfxm;ayr,fh
yxptpdk;&u todtrSwfjyKwm r[kwfygbl;/ 'gaMumifhppfacgif;aqmifydkif;u
pdwfemwmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f/ a';umeuf*sDa&;wJh rdwåAv#Dumpmtkyfudk
bmomjyefjyD; 10wef;ausmif;oHk; tjzpf jyXmef;cJhwJh 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek[m ppfacgif;aqmif
awGeJU jyefvnfoifhjrwfatmif vkyfzdkU owdr&bJ jzpfoGm;ygw,f/
ppfacgif;aqmifydkif;&JU ,HkMunfrIeJU yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrI &,lzdkU
ta&;MuD;w,fqdkwmudk OD;EkuarhaeyHk&ygw,f/ a&G;aumufyGJ tEdkif&wJhw&m;0if
tpdk;&cdkif;wmudk ppfwyfu vkyf&r,fvdkUom rSwf,lxm;yHk&ygw,f/ a&G;aumufyGJ
tEdkif&wm[m jynfolawGu vkyfydkifcGifhay;vdkufwmjzpfvdkU 'Dtcsufwpfckwnf;eJU
tpdk;&vrf;pOfawGudk taumiftxnfazmfEdkifvdrfhr,fvdkU OD;Ektpdk;&u ,lqxm;yHk
&ygw,f/ 'DvdkvkyfwJhtwGuf tjcm;tkyfpkawGudk xdcdkufoGm;Edkifwmudkvnf; awG;rdyHk
r&ygbl;/ 'gaMumifh tdrfapmifh tpdk;&vufxufu taetxm;awGudk *½krpdkufawmhbJ
a&G;aumufyGJtedkif&wmeJU rdrdtpDtpOfudk taumiftxnfazmfzdkUom OD;Eku oEédXmef
csxm;ygw,f/ ppfwyf[m OD;Ek&JU tpDtpOfudk wefzdk;rxm;ovdk jynfolUqE´udkvnf;
rav;pm;ygbl;/ ab;z,fcH&wJh Adkvfae0if;eJU aemufvdkufppfAdkvfawG[m OD;Ektpdk;&udk
jzKwfcsjyD; tmPmodrf;zdkU tcsdeftcgudk apmifhaewkef; ppfrSefwJh zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpk
wnfaxmifzdkU &Srf;upjyD; awmif;qdkvmygw,f/ 'gudk taMumif;jyjyD; 1962rSm
Adkvfae0if; OD;aqmifwJh ppfwyfu tmPmodrf;vdkufwmygyJ/
1947 tajccH Oya'[m oabmxm;uGJvGJolawG twlwuG aeEdkif
atmif pDpOfxm;wJhpepfjzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh qefUusifbufEdkifiHa&; t,ltq&SdolawG
twlaexdkifEdkifwJhtpOftvm jrefrmjynfrSmr&Sdygbl;/ t*Fvdyf&Sdwkef;u ,SOfwGJaexdkifcJh
MuwJh qefUusifbuftkyfpkawG[m t*Fvdyfr&SdwJhtcgrSm wpfOD;eJUwpfOD; tjyif;txef
wdkufzdkUom pdwf0ifpm;Muygw,f/ a&G;aumufyGJudkvnf; wefzdk;xm;&aumif;rSef;
 32

rodygbl;/ ppfwyftmPmodrf;vdkU ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepf ed*kH;csKyfoGm;wmudk

ynmwwftenf;i,fu vGJjyD;b,folurS pdwfraumif; rjzpfMuygbl;wJh/
a&SUtywfupjyD; vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;awGrSm a&mifjyef[yfaewJh
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tawG;tac:udk wifjyygr,fcifAsm;/ /

tydkif; (15)
vGwfvyfwJh jrefrmjynfrSm EdkifiHa&;twdkuftcHvkyfwJh tusifh"avh
ay:aygufvm&yHkudk q&marmifarmifMuD;&JU jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tawG;tac: tydkif; (15)rSm
wifjyygr,f/
tajcchOya'a&;qGJtwnfjyKwJh wdkif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfeJU vGyfvyfa&;
&jyD; usif;ywJh ygvDrefvTwfawmfawGrSm zqyvtzGJUcsKyfuMuD;pdk;ygw,f/ zqyv
tzGJUxJrSm wpfOD;csif;taeeJUa&m? ygwD0iftaeeJUa&m yg0ifwmrdkU woD;yk*¾v trwf
&Sdovdk qdk&S,fvpfeJUuGefjrLepftrwfvnf; &Sdygw,f/ aemufawmh uGefjrLepfeJU
jynfolU&Jabmfu awmcdkjyD; vufeufudkifawmfvSefMuvdkU ygvDrefvTwfawmfrSm
qdk&S,fvpfygwD0ifeJU woD;yk*¾v trwfawGyJ usefygawmhw,f/ tm;vHk;zqyv
tzGJU0ifawG jzpfaevdkU zqyv tpdk;&udk twdkuftcH vkyfr,fhol ygvdref vTwfawmfrSm
r&Sdao;ygbl;/ wjynfvHk;rSm olykefxaeayr,fh vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;yHkrSef
usif;yEdkifwJhtwGuf pnf;vHk;nDnGwfwJhvTwfawmfvdkUac:Edkifygw,f/ 1950rSm tmPm&
zqyvtzGJU0if qdk&S,fvpfygwDu ygwD0if tcsdKUcGJxGufjyD; oD;jcm;ygwD wnfaxmif
awmhrS vTwfawmfxJrSm twdkuftcHay:xGufvmwm jzpfygw,f/
ajrmufudk;&D;,m;eJUawmifudk;&D;,m;ppfjzpfwJhudpörSm ukvor*¾qHk;jzwf
csufudk zqyvtpdk;&u axmufcHayr,fh zqyvtzGJU0ifqdk&S,fvpfawGjzpfwJh
ocifvGif eJU ocifvSa<uu uefUuGufMuygw,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 1950 pufwifbmv
20&ufaeUrSm 2a,mufpvHk;udk zqyvtzGJUu xkwfypfvdkufygw,f/ uGJvGJwJh
oabmxm;&Sdoludk ygwDuvufrcHEdkifaMumif; jyovdkufwmygyJ/ txkwfcH&jyD;
2vtMum 'DZifbmvrSm ocifvGifeJU ocifvSa<uu tvkyform;? v,form;ygwDudk
wnfaxmifygw,f/ rufpf0g'udkavhvmjyD; uGefjrLepft,ltqudk vufcHwJh
qdk&S,fvpfjzpfvdkU olwdkUudk qdk&S,feDvdkUac:Muygw,f/ 1951 a&mufawmh
twdkuftcHqdk&S,feDtrwf 10OD;&Sdvmygw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JUtudk OD;atmifoef;
acgif;aqmifwJh vTwfawmftrwf 7OD; zqyvu cGJxGufwJhtcgrSm twdkuftcHOD;a&
wdk;yGm;vmygw,f/ 'gayr,fh woD;yk*v ¾ trwfawGudk xJhjyD;a&wGuf&ifawmif
twdkuftcHtrwf[m 30rausmfygbl;/ zqyvtrwfu 200 avmuf&Sdaeygw,f/
tckvdktwdkuftcH trwf&Sdvmwmudk zqyv tzGJU0if yJcl;trwf Adkvfcifarmifu
MudKqdkayr,fh zqyvtpdk;&uawmh pufqkyf&GH&Smp&mtjzpf jrifjyD; raxrJhjrif
jyKygw,f/ tmPm&ygwDucGJxGufjyD; twdkuftcHvkyfaewmudk tcH&cufaeyHk
 33

&ygw,f/ twdkuftcH vkyfolawGudk tzsuform;? *dkPf;*Porm;vdkU zqyv

twGif;a&;rSL;u pGwfpGJzl;ygw,f/
twdkut f cHtrwfudk tmPm&ygwDu rxDav;pm;vkyfjyD; avSmifajymif
uJh&JUwm rsm;vmwJhtwGuf 1951 rwfv 19&ufaeU ygvDreftpnf;ta0;jyD;
wJhtcgrSm twdkuftcHtrwf 18OD;[m tjyifrxGufbJ vTwfawmfxJrSm 24em&D
xdkifoydwfarSmufcJhygw,f/ ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDordkif;rSm tckvdk vTwfawmftrwf
oydwfarSmufwmrsdK;[m MuHKawmifhMuHKcJwJh jzpf&yfyg/ oydwfarSmuf&wJh taMumif;&if;
awGxJrSm &oifh&xdkufwJh tcGifhta&;r&&SdrI? tpnf;ta0;rSm tqdkwifoGif;cGifhr&rI?
twdkuftcHudk ajymcGifhr&atmif wrifvkyfxm;rI pwmawGyg0ifygw,f/ twdkuftcH
trwf&JU awmif;qdkcsufudk rav;pm;bl;vdkUvnf; qdkygw,f/ b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf ygvDref
vTwfawmfrSm twdkuftcHtrwfawG ouf0ifvSKyf&Sm;vmwm[m xl;jcm;rIwpfckjzpf
ygw,f/ tpdk;&tqdkjyKwmudk tav;teuf raqG;aEG;bJ tjrJwrf; axmufcHtwnfjyK
aewJh ygvDrefvTwfawmf[m tifrwefjiD;aiGUzdkU aumif;wJhae&mygyJ/ twdkuftcHtrwf
&Sdvmawmh ajymMuqdkMua0zefMurdkU t"dyÜg,f&Sdwm r&Sdwm tyxm; pdkpdkajyajy
jzpfvmwmuawmh aocsmygw,f/ vdr®myg;eyfpGm tuGufusus a0zefajymqdkwmawG
rMumcPvkyfMuygw,f/ tpdk;&toHvTifhXmejzpfwJh jrefrmhtoHudk 0g'jzefUXmetjzpf
a0zef½SKwfcsMuygw,f/ tpdk;&&JU &oHk;cefUrSef;aiGbwf*sufpm&if; udkvnf; tjrJwrf;
a0zefqef;ppfjyD; aqG;aEG;a0zefMu ygw,f/
1952rSm ygvDrefvTwfawmfudk jyefvnfusif;ywJhtcg woD;yk*¾v&cdkif
trwf 13a,muf twdkuftcHbufudk a&mufoGm;ygw,f/ jynfaxmifpkxJrSm
&cdkifjynfe,f&&SdzdkU &cdkiftrwfawGawmif;qdkwmudk zqyv tpdk;&u vufrcHEdkif
ygbl;/ trwftiftm; 180avmuf&SdwJh zqyvudk twdkuftcHu rvSefEdkifygbl;/
'gayr,fh twdkuftcHrSm aqG;aEG;cGifh&SdwmrdkU tmPm&tpdk;&udka0zefoHk;oyfEdkifygw,f/
tpdk;&[m vdkcsifovdk vkyfEdkifayr,fh tenf;qHk; ta0zefcH&ao;wmaMumifh aerxd
xdkifrxd jzpfaewJh tcsdefumvygyJ/ tjyifrSm rajym&JwJh taMumif;t&mudk ygvDref
vTwfawmfxJrSm vGwfvyfpGma0zefoHk;oyfwJh"avhudk prf;oyfavhusifhcsdefvnf;
jzpfygw,f/ ygvDrefvTwfawmfxJrSm 'Drdkua&pDtjynfht0&aecsdefyJ jzpfygw,f/ tpdk;&
trIxrf;awG tmPmtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfjyD; udk,fusdK;&SmrI? w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm pGwfzufrI?
jynfolUb0udkvpfvsL½IrIpwJh raumif;rIawGudk jynfolUvTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
twdkuftcHtrwfu vTwfawmfrSm azmfxkwfMuygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdef e,fbufrSm
vufeufudkifawmfvSefaewmaMumifh tpdk;&u olykefudktjypf yHkcswmrsdK;vnf;&Sdygw,f/
twdkuftcHtrwfudk uGefjrLepf&JU a&SUaevdkUtpdk;&u jrifyg w,f/
jynfolvlxk[m olykefudkaMumuf&ovdk tpdk;&u yk'fr5eJUaxmifcs
ypfrSm udkvnf;aMumufae&ygw,f/ ]]ajymufusm;aMumuf&wmu *kwfay:"g;0J?
tpdk;&aMumuf&wmuawmh yk'fr5yJ}}vdkU tJ'Dacwfu ajymavh&Sdygw,fwJh/
tpdk;&bufutjypfudk 0efrcHovdk twdkuftcHbufuvnf; trSm;udk0efrcHygbl;/
 34

uG,f&mrSm uGefjrLepfolykefeJU qufoG,fjyD; ygvDrefvTwfawmfrSm toHaumif;[pf

aew,fqdkwJh tpdk;&&JU vufoHk;pum; udkvnf; rMumrMum Mum;&ygw,f/ tpdk;&[m
twdkuftcHudkav;av;pm;pm;qufqHcsifwm r[kwfygbl;/ a&SUaecsKyfuawmif
twdkuftcHudk tjypfwifzdkU 0efrav;ygbl;/ twdkuftcHu uefUuGufwmudk tvum;
uyfaewmygvdkU a&SUaecsKyfu ajymwm[m Oya'ynm&SifeJUrwlbJ EdkifiHa&;orm;eJU
wlaew,fvkdU q&marmifarmifMuD;u oHk;oyfygw,f/ tpdk;&vkyfwm tm;vHk;aumif;jyD;
twdkuftcHvkyfwm wpfckrSraumif;bl;qdkwJhtjrif zqyvtpdk;&rSm &Sdw,fvdkU
qdk&S,feDtrwfwpfOD;u axmufjyzl;ygw,f/ twdkuftcHudk vpfvsL½Ixm;zdkU
'grSr[kwfvnf; rvSefEdkifatmif zdxm;zdkU &nf&G,fwm[m Armrif;pdwf"gwfrsdK;yJvdkU
qdkygw,f/ Armbk&ifacwfrSm twdkuftcHvkyfoludk tzsuform; vdkU,lqovdk
zqyvacwfrSmvnf; ,lqaewkef;ygyJ/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDtcsif;csif; tay;t,l vkyfwJh
'Drdkua&pDoabmudk em;rvnfMuao;ygbl;/ 1956udk a&mufrSyJ uGJvGJwJhtjrifeJU
jcm;em;wJh t,ltq&Sdwm[m obm0yJqdkwmudk tpdk;&bufu vufcHvmMuygw,f/
'g[maumif;wJh tvm;tvmyJvdkU q&marmifarmifMuD;u oHk;oyfxm;ygw,fcifAsm;//

tydkif; 16
twdkuftcHawGaygif;pnf;xm;wJh yrnwac: jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH
trsdK;om;nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk ay:xGufvmwJhtwGuf tpdk;&eJYqufqHa&;yHkpH
ajymif;vJvmyHkudk wifjyyghr,f/
EdkifiHa&;ygwD? vlxkvlwef;pm;tzGJU? vlrsdK;pktzGJUeJY woD;yk*¾vEdkifiHa&;
orm;awGyg0ifwJh yrnwtzGJUudk 1955 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv 9 &ufaeUrSm zGJUpnf;yg
w,f/ 1956 {NyDv 27 &ufaeYrSm 'kwd,tBudrf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;yNyD;
arv3-&ufaeUrSm ygvDrefvGwfawmftpnf;ta0;udk 'kwd,tBudrf pwifusif;yawmh
twkduftcHvGwfawmftrwfOD;a&[m 54 a,muftxdd wdk;yGm;vmygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
trwfOD;a& 160 &SdwJhzqyv[m vGwfawmfudk BuD;pdk;aeqJygyJ/ yrnwbufu
w&m;olBuD;a[mif; OD;at;armif? ukefoG,fa&;0efBuD;XmetwGif;0efa[mif; qdk&S,feD
OD;bNidrf;? woD;yk*¾v uGefjrLepfOD;odef;azjrifhpwJh yk*¾dKvfawGyg0ifvmvdkU ydkNyD;awmh
tm;aumif;vmygw,f/ vGwfawmfudprö Sm ,m,DOuúXu BuD;Muyf&ygw,f/ ylylaEG;aEG;
a&G;aumufyGJrSm NydKifqdkifvmcJhMuolawGjzpfvdkU a&G;aumufyGJeJYywfoufNyD; wzufeJU
wzuf tjyeftvSeftjyif;txef ________ qkdwmrsdK;awGvnf; enf;yg;vmyg
w,f/ vGwfawmfwufaewJh trwfrSm vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifh&Sdayr,fh yrnwtzGJU0if
ykodrfta&SUydkif;trwf OD;atmifrdk;udk olykefeJYqufoG,frIeJY vGwfawmftpnf;ta0;wuf
aewkef; 1956 pufwm 3 &ufaeUrSm &mZ0wfrIeJY zrf;qD;vdkufygw,f/ ___
___vGwfawmfOuúXucGifhrjyKwJhtwGufyrnwtrwfawG vGwfawmftpnf;ta0;u
xGufcGmNyD; uefUuGufqE´jyMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh aemufwaeYrS vGwfawmfOuúXudk
yrnwuawmif;yefvdkufygw,f/ t,ifuawmh vGwfawmfOuúXudk ½dkaoav;pm;
 35

Muayr,fh 'Dvdkawmif;yefwmrsdK;rvkyfcJhzl;ygbl;wJh/ ________ t,ifuvdk

a'gowBuD; a0zefwkdufcdkufwmrsdK; rvkyfMuawmhygbl;/ wjynfvHk;'ku©a&mufaewm
olykefaMumifhjzpfayr,hf tpkd;&rSmvnf; wm0ef&Sdw,fvkdU ajymqkdwmrsdK;awG&Sdvmyg
w,f/
jynfolvlxl[m olykefa&m? tpdk;&udka&m aMumufae&wmrdkU
uRJESpfaumifMum;u ajrZmyifvkdjzpfae&yHkudk yrnwtrwfwOD;u axmufjyoGm;yg
w,f/ tpdk;&vrf;pOfudk axmufcHMuwmawGvnf; awGU&ygw,f/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;
OD;pm;ay;wJhtpdk;&vrf;pOfudk yrnwbufu axmufcHMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tpdk;&&JU
jynfawmfompDrHudef;rSm 0efBuD;eJYtwGif;0efawGyJ om,m0ajymaeNyD; wjynfvHk; udkvdkeD
acwfxuf qkd;0g;aew,fvdkU yrnwuqkdygw,f/ tpdk;&eJU twdkuftcHqufqHa&;
aumif;rGefvmw,fqdkayr,fh yrnwuwifoGif;wJh tqdkudk vGwfawmfutNrJwrf;
y,fcsygw,f/ tEkjrLvufeufprf;oyfazmufcGJrI ydwfyifa&;eJY tEkjrLpGrf;tif Nidrf;csrf;
pGm toHk;jyKa&;tqdkwckrSmom twdu k ftcHbufu wifoGif;wmudk tpdk;&uaxmufcH
wmawGU&ygw,fwJh/ jypfrIusL;vGefcJhwJh wkdif;jynfudk w&m;cHvTJajymif;a&; Oya'Murf;
udk tpdk;&u &Sif;jy&mrSm tayguftvrf;rwnfhjzpfaewJhtwGuf twdkuftcHbufu
0ifa&muf&Sif;jywmudk aus;Zl;wifaMumif; tmPm&ygwDbufajymwmrsdK;awGvnf;
&Sdvmygw,f/
tajccHOya'eJU ygvDref'Drdkua&pDudk opöm&SdwJh twdkuftcHygwD&Sd&r,f
qkdwmudk em;vnfpjyKvmwmudk vGwfawmftrwfawGajymwJh rdefYcGef;awGrSm trsm;BuD;
awGU&w,fvdkU q&marmifarmifBuD;u qkdygw,f/ ygvDref'Drkdua&pDudk tjynfht0
,HkMunfvdkU vGwfawmftrwfjzpfvm&yHk uGefjrLepftrwfwOD;u ajymwmudk jyefMum;
a&;0efBuD;u csD;usL; vkdufygw,f/ ppfNyD;acwfrSm BuHKawGUcJhwJh tpOftvmaMumifh
zqyvtzGJU[m ygvDrefvGwfawmfudk tNrJwrf;BuD;pdk;csifayr,fh twdkuftcHtenf;
i,f&SdvmwJhtwGuf pdwfoGm;wdkif;udk,frygbJjzpfaeygw,f/ 1956 a&G;aumufyGJ
wkef;u jynfeJYarNrdKUvdkNrdKUBuD;awGrSm twdkuftcHbufu tEdkif&oGm;wmudkMunhf&if
zqyvtzGJUudk t,HktMunfenf;vmwm jyo&ma&mufygw,f/ a&G;aumufyGJrSm tpkd;&
bufu rw&m;vkyfwmrsdK;udk twdkuftcHbufuvnf; azmfxkwfMuygw,f/
cg;ydkufaqmifwyf? cg;ydkufqmiftrIxrf;? cg;ydkufaqmiftoHvGifhXme? cg;ydkufaqmif
oHCmawGudk toHk;jyKNyD; a&G;aumufyGJEdkifatmif vkyfw,fvkdU yrnwbufuqdkyg
w,f/ ygvDrefvGwfawmfwGif;rSm zqyvOD;a&u trsm;qHk;jzpfwJhtwGuf vdkcsifovdk
vkyfEdkifwJhtaetxm;rSm &Sdayr,fh vufwqkyfpmom&SdwJY twdkuftcHu apmifhMunhfNyD;
a0zefoHk;oyfaewJhtwGuf xifovkdrvkyfEdkifawmhygbl;/ 'gayr,fh vGwfawmfudk
tydkifpD;zkdU zqyvu BudK;pm;aewkef;ygyJ/ 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHawGrSm vGwfawmfudk BuD;pdk;zdkU
tmPm&tpkd;&u &nf&G,fayr,fh twdkuftcHygwDudkawmh ½dkaoav;pm;Muygw,f/
tjyKwfwdkufNyD; 0dkif;y,fxm;zdkU rBudK;pm;Muygbl;/ t*Fvdyfu 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;usifh
oHk;ay;wm[m qefYusifbuftkyfpkawG twlwuGvkyfEdkifatmif pDpOfay;wmygyJ/
 36

'gayr,fh OD;apm0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmawmh twdkuftcHvkyfoludk tjypf&SmNyD; axmifcsypfyg

awmhw,f/ 'gaMumihf 'Drkdua&pDpepfrSm opöm&SdtwdkuftcH&Sdoifhw,fqdkwmukd 1956
aemufydkif;a&mufrS oabmaygufvmMuw,fvkdU q&marmifarmifBuD;u oHk;oyfxm;yg
w,fcifAsm;/ /

tydkif; 17
zqyvtpkd;&eJU w&m;a&;Xme&JU qufqHa&;taMumif; q&m
armifarmifBuD;&JU jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: tydkif; 17 rSm 'DuaeYwifjyygr,f/
w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;[m 'Drdkua&pD&Sifoefa&;&JU tajccHjzpfw,fvkdU
zqyvtpdk;uu ajymavh&Sdayr,fh w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;zdkU w&m;Xmeu b,favufxd
vGwfvGwfvyfvyfEdkifw,fqdkwmudk cefYrSef;&cufw,fvkdU qkdygw,f/ ]]w&m;a&;Xme
vGwfvyf&JUvm;}} qkdwJUaqmif;yg;udk yHkESdyfxkwfa0wJh New Time of Burma owif;pm
udk 1954 ckESpfrSm w&m;½Hk;udk raxrJhjrifjyKrIeJY 'PfaiG&kdufcJhygw,f/ w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm
tpdk;&u wkduf½dkufpGwfzufwmrsdK; r&Sdoavmufjzpfayr,fh oG,f0dkufwJhenf;eJU zdtm;
ay;wmrsdK;awGawmh &SdEdkifygw,fwJh/ EkdiiHa&;rNidrfroufjzpfaewJh wkdif;jynfrsdK;awGrSm
tpkd;&pGwfzufrIeJY ruif;Edkifygbl;/ e,f½Hk;awGu w&m;olBuD;xuf w&m;½Hk;csKyf
w&m;olBuD;uydkNyD; vGwfvyfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tpkd;&udk aMumufae&wmeJY w&m;a&;
XmerSm wm0efrauswmawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,fvkdU w&m;½Hk;csKyf w&m;olBuD;a[mif;
OD;at;armifu ajymygw,f/ rSefrSefuefuefvkyfEdkifovm;qdkwmudk raMumufr&GHU
ppfaq;zdkUvkdayr,fh vuf&Sdw&m;Xme[m tpkd;&udkaMumufae&vdkU 'Dvkdvkyf&JrSm
r[kwfbl;vkdUqdkygw,f/
ygvDrefatmufvGwfawmfeJY txufvGwfawmfyl;wGJ tpnf;ta0;
usif;yNyD; w&m;½Hk;csKyfw&m;olBuD;awGudk cefYtyfwmaMumifh tpkd;&u axmufcHwJh
Oya'ynm&SifawGom w&m;½Hk;csKyftxd &mxl;wufEkdifygw,f/ zqyvbufawmfom;
a&SUaecsKyfudk 1954 rSm yl;wGJvGwfawmfu rJqE´ay;NyD; w&m;½Hk;csKyfw&m;olBuD;tjzpf
cefYtyfwmudk uefYuGufwJhtrwfwOD;om &Sdygw,f/ w&m;a&;udpöawGrSm tpdk;&
wkduf½dkuf0ifa&mufpGwfzufzdkU BudK;pm;wmrsdK;awG&SdEdkifayr,fh oufaotaxmuftxm;
rawGU&bl;vkdUqkdygw,f/ atmuf½Hk;w&m;olBuD; wOD;udk 0efBuD;wOD;u ______
_____________________________________
w&m;olBuD;awG vGwfvyfpGm wm0efxrf;aqmifEkdif&JUvm;qkdwmudk od&Sd&atmif 1953
rSm a&pBudKtrwfu tqdkjyKzl;ygw,f/ zqyvaESmuf,SufrIaMumifh w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm
tcuftcJ&SdaewmawGudk axmufjyygw,f/ "g;jrukd zqyvtzGJU0ifu umuG,f
xm;wJhtwGuf trIrppfEdkifwmrsdK;awG&Sdygw,f/ zqyvppfAdkvfwpfOD; armif;wJhum;u
wdkufrdvdkU twdkuftcHygwD0ifwOD; aoqHk;oGm;wJhtrIrSm oufaor&SdvdkU w&m;cHudk
vGwfvdkuf&ygw,f/ w&m;½Hk;awGu Oya'twdkif;rvkyfbJ vGwfcsif&ifvGwf? zrf;csif
 37

&ifzrf; xifovkdvkyfaewmaMumifh aygufu&0ów&m;½Hk;vdkU ac:Muygw,f/ tckvdk

w&m;½Hk;awG tusifhysuf&wm[m qkd&S,fvpfygwDaMumifh jzpfygw,fwJh/
rSefrSefuefuefvkyfwJh 0efxrf;awGudk qkd&S,fvpfygwDu rBudKufygbl;/
qkd&S,fvpfygwDrBudKufwJh w&m;olBuD;[m e,fajymif;cH&zdkUrsm;ygw,f/ roGm;csifwJh
ae&mudkoGm;&wm[m tjypfay;wJhoabmrsdK;ygyJ/ a&pBudKtrwfwifjyvmwJhw&m;Xme
&JUrw&m;rIawGudk tpdk;&u *½kwpdkufajzMum;wmrsdK; rvkyfygbl;/ tmPm&ygwD0if
yg0ifwJhtrIwdkif;rSm rQwpGmw&m;rpD&ifEdkifwmudk auseyfavmufatmif jynfxJa&;0ef
BuD;u &Sif;rjyEdkifcJhygbl;/ ½Hk;ra&mufwJhtrIawGuvnf; trsm;BuD;aygh/ qdkS&S,fvpfudk
a0zef&mrSm emrnfBuD;wJh 0efBuD;a[mif;OD;wifxGwf 1947 pufwifbmvrSm vkyfBuH
owfjzwfcH&wJhudpö[m tckxufxd vufonfray:ao;ygbl;/ 'DtrIudk qkdS&S,fvpf
jynfxJa&;0efBuD;u taotcsmpHkprf; ppfaq;wmrsdK;rvkyfvdkU qdk&S,fvpf vufcsufeJY
OD;wifxGwfaoqHk;&w,fvkdUyJ aemifvmaemufom;awGu rSwf,laeMuwmrsm;yg
w,f/ 1957 a&mufawmhrS tajctaetenf;i,f aumif;rGefvmygw,fwJh/
tJ'DESpfrSmyJ jyLapmxD;jynfolYppfacgif;aqmifwOD;udk tjypf'Pfay;EdkifcJhygw,f/
'gayr,fh zqyvacgif;aqmifwOD; tjypf'PfcH&atmif oufaovdkufwJh trsdK;orD;
wpfOD; tpaysmufoGm;ygw,f/
EdkifiHa&; rwnfrNidrfjzpfvdkU w&m;a&;rSm uarmufurjzpfae&ygw,f/
taMumif;trsdK;rsdK;aMumifh oufaoudk ½Hk;rwifEdkifwJh trIawGtrsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/
oufaorvkdufEdkifatmif Ncdrf;ajcmufwmrsdK;vnf;&Sdygw,f/ oufaorjyEdkifvdkU
MuefUMumwJhtrIawGrsm;ygw,f/ (9)ESpf tcsKyfcH&oludk axmif'Pf (2)ESpf cswmrsdK;?
trIrppfbJ(10)ESpf csKyfxm;wmrsdK;vJ&Sdygw,f/ w&m;pD&ifa&;rSm aESmifhaES;MuefUMum
wmudk w&m;a&;0efBuD;udk,fwkdif ygvDrefvGwfawmfrSm 0efcHcJh&ygw,fwJh/ 0g&ihf
EdkifiHa&;orm;BuD; (2) OD;udk EkdifiHawmfopömazmufrIeJU zqyvtpdk;&u 1954 ckESpfrSm
zrf;qD;vdkufygw,f/ opömazmufrIjzpfyGm;wmu MumvSNyDjzpfayr,fh 1954 a&mufrS
tpdk;&u zrf;qD;axmifcswmjzpfygw,f/ tjypf&Sdoludk cGifhvGwf&ifvnf;&w,f?
tjypfay;&ifvnf;&w,fqdkwm[m w&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;r[kwfbJ vlyk*¾dKvfpdk;rdk;a&;pepf
jzpfaew,f? vlyk*¾dKvfBuD;pdk;wJhpepfrSm w&m;Oya'qdkwmr&SdEdkifbl;? &mZ0wfrIusL;vGef
ayr,fh tmPm&Sdol rausreyfjzpfawmhrS twdwfuusL;vGefcJhwJhjypfrIeJY ta&;,lw,f?
'Drdkua&pDpepfrSm tpdk;&[m b,fvkdtcef;uyg0if&rSef; rodjzpfaew,fvdkU ae&Sif;
owif;pmu a&;om;ygw,f/
zqyvtpdk;&[m 'Drdkua&pDeJUw&m;Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;oabmudk em;rvnf
wJhtwGuf Armrif;acwfu usifhoHk;cJhwJh vlyk*¾dKvftkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk rpGefYvGwfEdkif
wmygyJwJh/ w&m;Oya'rSm vlyk*¾dKvfudk xJhoGif;pOf;pm;wmr[kwfygbl;/ trIrSm
xGufay:vmwJhtcsuftvufawGudkMunfhNyD; qHk;jzwf&rSmjzpfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh 'Dvdk
Oya'twdkif; twdtusvkyf&if zqyvaxmufcHolawGudk ulnD&mra&mufbl;vdkU
tpdk;&u ,lqygw,f/ w&m;Oya'twdkif;vkyfvdkY zqyvtzGJU0ifawG axmifus
 38

ukef&if wzGJUvHk;pdwf"gwfusukefr,fvdkU acgif;aqmifydkif;u ,lqyHk&ygw,f/

jrefrmjynfrSm EdkifiHa&;ygwDxJ0ifw,fqkdwm[m ygwDvrf;pOfeJU oabmw&m;udk
BudKufvdkUr[kwfbJyk*¾dKvfa&;t& tquftoG,f&SdvdkU ygwD0ifjzpfvmMuwmrsm;ygw,f/
'gaMumifh ygwD&JUrl0g'vrf;pOfudk opöm&Sdp&mrvdkbJ ygwDacgif;aqmifudkom opöm&SdzdkU
vkdygw,f/ ppfrjzpfcifuvnf;EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifu EdkifiHa&;ygwDudk wnfaxmif
wmjzpfygw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;&vmvkdU zqyvtzGJUtmPm&vmawmhvnf;
t,iftwdkif;ygyJ/ acgif;aqmifudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfwJh EdkifiHa&;pepfjzpfygw,f/
acgif;aqmifu aemufvdkufudk tumtuG,fray;Edkif&if opöm&SdwJhygwD0ifawG enf;yg;
oGm;vdrfhr,fvdkU wGufxm;Muygw,f/ tmPm&EkdifiHawmftpdk;&jzpfwJh zqyveJY
EdkifiHa&;ygwDjzpfwJh zqyvudk cGJjcm;NyD;odjrifEdkifpGrf;r&SdMuygbl;/ tpdk;&wm0ef[m
bufrvdkufbJ rQrQwwaqmif&GufzdkUjzpfw,f/ ygwD0ifawGudk umuG,fzdkU r[kwfbl;
qdkwm zqyvtpdk;&[m toufukefumeD;rS oabmaygufvmwmvdkU q&m
armifarmifBuD;u qkdygw,fcifAsm;/ /

tydkif; 18
tpdk;&udk raumif;qdk;0g;tjzpfowfrSwfwJh Armrif;acwfu t,ltq
udk b,favmufxd vufcHaeao;ovJqdkwmeJU ywfoufjyD; q&marmifarmifMuD;u
qef;ppfxm;wmudk jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tawG;tac: tydkif; 18rSm 'DuaeU wifjyygr,f/
tpdk;&eJU rywfoufcsifayr,fh ae&mwumrSm tpdk;&udktm;udk;csifjyD; tpdk;&uom
ae&mwumrSm pGrf;aqmifEdkifw,fvdkU ,HkMunfyHkudkvnf; qef;ppfxm;ygw,f/
a&S;a[mif;t,ltqtpGJtvrf;awG[m t*FvdyfudkvdkeDacwfrSmvnf;
wenf;r[kwf wenf;&SifoefcJhjyD; uaeUacwftxd qufvuf&SifoefaewmawGU&yg
w,fwJh/ zqyvtpdk;& tzGJU0if0efMuD;wpfOD;udk 1955rSm owif;axmufwpfOD;u
awGUqHkar;jref;awmh ]]usKyfwdkU[m &efolrsdK;5yg;taMumif; i,fpOfuwnf;u Mum;zl;
cJhMuw,f/ a&? rD;? rif;? cdk;oleJU rcspfrESpfoufoludk &efolrsdK; 5yg;vdkU
em;vnfwJhtwdkif; tpdk;&udk raumif;qdk;0g;&efoltjzpf twwfEdkifqHk;a&SmifusOfMuzdkU
oifMum;wJhtwdkif; usKyfwdkU,HkMunfcJhMuw,fvdkU tJ'D0efMuD;uajzygw,f/ rif;udk
&efolrsdK;5yg;xJ xnfhxm;wJhtwGuf ]]rif;}}qdkwJh a0g[m&udk oifhawmfovdk tpm;xdk;
oifhw,fvdkU vTwfawmftrwfwpfOD;u zqyvtpdk;&udk wifoGif;cJhzl;ygw,f/
AdkvfcsKyfMuD;ae0if;uvnf; tpdk;&eJUjynfoltwlwl jzpfaejyDrdkU &efolrsdK;5yg;xJrSm
tpdk;&rygawmhbl;vdkU 1964 Zefe0g&DvrSm usif;ywJh awmifolv,form;
ykyÜm;nDvmcHrSm ajymcJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh avsmfaMu;ray;yJ twif;t"r®odrf;,lrI?
xifovdkzrf;qD;xdef;odrf;rI? aiGpuúLw&m;r0ifaMumif; aMujimrI? tEdkifusifhrIpwJh
qdk&S,fvpftrnfcH ppftpdk;&&JU rw&m;rIawGaMumifh &efolrsdK; 5yg;xJu tpdk;&rif;udk
z,f&Sm;zdkUqdkwm Ak'¨bmomjrefrmawGtwGuf rjzpfEdkifoavmufygyJ/
 39

tpdk;&udk &efolvdkUowfrSwfxm;ayr,fh wcsdefwnf;rSmyJ jrefrmawG[m

tpdk;&udk tm;udk;csifwJhpdwfuvnf; &Sdaeygw,fwJh/ 'Drdkua&pDusifhoHk;wJhacwfrSm
tppt&m&m tpdk;&udk tm;udk;wmudk azsmufzsufzdkUvdkw,fvdkU jrefrmEdkifiHokawoe
toif;OuúXuvnf; ajymzl;ygw,f/ jrefrmawG[m udk,feJUwdkuf½dkuf rywfoufwJh
udpöudk pdwfr0ifpm;wJhtwGuf oufaovdkuf&rSmeJU trSeftwdkif;ajym&rSm odyfudk
0efav;w,fvdkU qdkygw,f/ &Judk ulnDzdkU vlwdkif;rSm wm0ef&SdwmrdkU t*FvefrSm &Judk
ulnDwm[m "avhxHk;pHvdkjzpfaeayr,fh jrefrmeJU tdE´d,rSmawmh odyf&Sm;wJh
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 40

trsm;MuD;&SdwmrdkU acwfynmwwftm;vHk; tpdk;&trIxrf;jzpfcsifaeMuwJhtwGuf

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tydkif; 19
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 41

a'gufwmbarmf[m *syefeJUtwl xGufajy;&yHkudk *syefacwfomoema&;0efMuD;u

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t*Fvdyfppf½SHK;atmif0dkif;wdkufay;MuzdkU ewfaygif;pHkudk ylaZmfyoyefMum;cJhygw,f/
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 42

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rsdK;jzpfaevdkU ArmawGu pdwfrodk;roefY rjzpfMuygbl;/ ]pdwfom&Sifapmbk&m;a[m?
pdwfxm;wwfujrwf\} qdkwJhpum;ukdMunhf&if &nf&G,fcsufu wu,fhvkyf&yfxuf
ta&;BuD;yHkudk ArmawGvufcHxm;wmawGUEdkifygw,f/ olrsm;&nf&G,fcsufudk tuJcwf
 44

&wmeJY oHo,jzpf&wm[m ArmtrIxrf;avmu&JY xif&Sm;wJh toGifvu©PmwckygyJ/

eef;wGif;vsdKU0SufBuHpnfrIawGu qif;oufvmwJh tusifh"avhvnf;jzpfEdkifygw,f/
&mxl;wufatmif? MoZmtmPm&Sdvmatmif eef;wGif;rSm tjyeftvSef pHkprf;axmufvSrf;
wJhtcgrSm pdwfxJ&SdorkQ tukefxkwfajymvkdUrjzpfygbl;/ olrsm;&nf&G,fcsufudk oHo,
tjynhfeJY oHk;oyfMu&ygw,f/ t*Fvdyf-Arm yxrppfyGJNyD;oGm;ayr,fh t*Fvdyf&JY
&nf&G,fcsufudk Armu oHo,&SdaewJhtwGuf ay;&r,fh ppfavsmfaMu; yxrt&pfukd
ray;ao;bJqdkif;xm;ygw,f/ ppfavsmfaMu;yxrt&pf ay;vdkufwmeJY t*Fvdyf
ppfwyfcsufjcif; qkyfcGmoGm;wmudk ArmawGtHMoaeMuyHk&ygw,f/ 'gaMumihf
]]'Dukvm;awG[m t&ufaomuf? EGm;owfNyD;awmh tvGefavmbBuD;ay;r,fh
*wdwnfNyD; trSeftwdkif;vkyfwmudk wefzdk;xm;Muw,f/ igwdkU ArmawGuawmh
rSefwmqdk&if wckrSrajym&Jbl;}} vdkU rSwfcsufcsyHkudk t*Fvdyf oHwrefwOD;u oufao
xGufqkdcJhygw,f/
t*FvdyfudkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfusifhoHk;awmhvnf; oHo,jzpfwwfwJh
Armh"avh[m uG,faysmufoGm;wmr[kwfygbl;/ 1927 rSm usif;ywJh rdw¬Dvmt&m&Sdi,f
oifwef;rSm oHo,pdwf"gwfwdkufzsufa&;udk bk&ifcH ]qmukwfbwfwvm} u rdefYcGef;
ajymygw,f/ jzpf&yfrSefeJU yuwdtcsuftvufawGudkom t"duxm;pOf;pm;zdkUeJU
udk,fjzpfcsifwm? xifjrif,lqwmawGudk OD;pm;ray;bJ odyÜHenf;usavhvmoHk;oyfzdkU
qmukwfbwfwvmu wuúodkvfausmif;om;awGudk wdkufwGef;ygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiH
tkyfcsKyfa&;jyKjyifzdkUtwGuf 1931 ckESpfu vef'efrSm pm;yGJ0dkif;aqG;aEG;yGJvkyfwJhtcgrSm
Armudk,fpm;vS,fwOD;u &Srf;apmfbGm;awG&JU tusdK;pD;yGm;udk qefYusifwJhvkyf&yfawG
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xif&mjrif&m&rf;orf; pGwfpGJajymwmrsdK;udk vHk;0vufrcHEdkifaMumif; t*Fvdyfbufu
owday;&wJhtxd jzpfcJhygw,f/
"r®"dXmefusust&Sdudk t&Sdtwkdif; wefzdk;jzwfEdkifwJhpGrf;&nf ArmawGrSm
csdKUwJhaewmawGU&ygw,fwJh/ ayghayghwefwefaexdkifajymqdkrlawG enf;yg;oGm;NyD;
av;av;eufeuf aexdkifusihfBuHwwfzdkUtwGuf Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJU vHkNcHKa&;&JU t"dyÜg,fudk
ArmawGem;vnfoabmaygufzdkUvdw k ,fvdkU q&mOD;armifarmifBuD;u ,lqygw,f/
Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJU vHkNcHKa&;oabmudkd em;vnfwJUjynfolvlxkuom rdrdudk,frdrd,HkMunf
vmrSmjzpfygw,f/ pdwfxifovkd zrf;qD;axmifcswmrsdK; rvkyfbJ w&m;rQwwJh
Oya'udk usifhoHk;Edkif&if Nidrf;csrf;a&;eJY vHkNcHKa&;udk &ygvdrfhr,f/ w&m;Oya'&JY
apmufa&SmufrIudk&xm;wJh jynfolvlxkuom av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;NyD; tvkyf
BudK;pm;Muygvdrfhr,fwJh/ 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk xdxda&mufa&muf usifhoHk;EdkifwJh tavh
tusifh ArmawGrSm r&Sdao;ygbl;/ jynfolUudk,fpm;vS,fawGvufxJ EdkifiHa&;tmPm
a&muf&SdvmzdkU ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm taemufwdkif;rSm wdkufyGJ0ifcJh&wmudk ArmawGowdjyKzdkU
vdkygw,f/ xda&mufpGmusifhfoHk;EdkifwJh EdkifiHa&;pepfudk arG;xkwf&mrSm ordkif;aMumif;
&Snfvsm;wmudk rarhoifhbl;vdkU q&marmifarmifBuD;u qdkygw,fcifAsm;/
 45

tydkif; (21)
w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkif&mtajccHoabmw&m;udk Armtpdk;&awG em;
rvnfMuwJhtwGuf *½kvnf;rpdkufMuaMumif; ordkif;ygarmu©a'gufwmarmifarmifMuD;
oHk;oyfxm;yHkudk jrefrmhEdkifiHa&; tawG;tac: tydkif; 21 rSm 'DuaeU wifjyygr,f/
zqyvt&yfom;tpdk;&eJU qdk&S,fvpfta&jcHK rqvtpdk;&[m w&m;
Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk toHaumif;[pfjyD; w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;&JU tajccHoabmw&m;udk
csdK;zsufMuygw,fwJh/ w&m;Oya'udkvdkcsifovdkqGJjyD; rdrdpdwfMudKuf toHk;cswm[m
w&m;Oya'udk usifhoHk;wmr[kwfygbl;/ Armh½dk;&m"avhrSm &mxl;tmPm tqifhtwef;
udk MunfhjyD; qHk;jzwfayr,fh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&; oabmw&m;rSm vlrItqifhtwef;?
taoG;ta&mif? vlrsdK;? bmom? a,musfm;? rdef;r? &mxl;tmPm pwmawGudk vHk;0
*½krpdkufygbl;/w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkwm vlUqE´rygbJ w&m;Oya'twdkif; aqmif&Guf
wmjzpfygw,f/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;eJU vlUtzGJUtpnf;&JU "avhxHk;pHudk,fusifhw&m;udk
a&maxG;rypfzdkU ta&;MuD;ygw,f/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;&JU tpOftvm"avhxHk;pH usifh0wf
ay:rSm tajccHjyD; Oya'jyKwmjzpfayr,fh Oya'a&;qGJjyD;wmeJU tJ'DOya'twdkif;
vdkufem aqmif&GufzdkU ta&;MuD;ygw,f/
tmPm&Sdoluw&m;Oya'udk pdwfMudKuftoHk;jyKwm[m azmufjyefwJh
Oya'pepfomjzpfygw,f/ Oya'ydkifeufeJU tpdk;&ydkifeufudk cGJjcm;odjrifzdkU vdktyfyg
w,f/ vlUtzGJUtpnf;&JUvdktyfcsufudk jznfhqnf;zdkU Oya'u jyXmef;wmjzpfvdkU
vlUtzGJUtpnf;tusdK; ro,fydk;EdkifwJhOya'udk ajymif;vJ&r,fvdkU qdkygw,f/ MoZm
tmPmeJU *kPfodu©m[m vlyk*¾dKvfrSmom&SdjyD; w&m;Oya'rSmr&Sdbl;vdkU ArmawGu
,lqygw,fwJh/ wenf;qdk&ifawmh ArmawG[m w&m;Oya'eJUvlyk*¾dKvfudk
cGJjcm;odjrifEdkifpGrf; r&SdMuygbl;/ pnf;rsOf;Oya'twdkif; vdkufvkyfae&if MuefUMumwwf
wmrdkU tmPm&Sdoludkcsnf;uyfjyD; vkyfudkifwmrsdK;udk vlwdkif;odygw,f/ pnf;rsOf;
Oya'vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;twdkif; vkyfwmrsdK;udk tpdk;&udk,fwdkifu odyfMudKufwm
r[kwfbl;vdkUvJ od&ygw,f/ w&m;Oya'? enf;vrf;twdkif; vkyfwmudk acgif;rmwm?
rdkufrJwmjzpfw,fvdkU ,lqwmrsdK;vnf;&Sdygw,f/ 'gaMumifhw&m;Oya'? pnf;urf;
twdkif;rvkyfbJ vyfay;jyD; yk*¾dKvfa&;t& csnf;uyfvkyfudkifwmudk ArmawG tm;udk;Mu
wmyg/
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udk usifhoHk;&mrSm tcuftcJawGUaewm jzpfw,fvdkUqdkygw,f/ rdrdeJU &if;ESD;olqdk&if
olykefjzpfae&ifawmif umuG,favh&Sdygw,fwJh/ tmPmydkifeJUod&if axmifusaeoludk
vGwfatmifvkyfay;Edkifygw,f/ olykefawG&JU vkyf&yfudk cGifhvGwfjyD; vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGifh
ay;wm[m olykefudk tm;ay;wmeJU twlwlyJvdkU rjrifMuygbl;/ olykefxkwfwJh
pmapmifudk tpdk;&yHkESdyfwdkufrSm ½dkufESdyfwmrsdK;vnf; &SdcJhzl;ygw,fwJh/ vlowfrIeJU
tzrf;cH&wJh v,form;tcsdKUudk vGwfay;zdkU c½dkif0efudk pdkufysdK;a&;0efMuD;u
ajymwJhtwGuf vGwfay;vdkuf&wmrsdK;vnf; &Sdygw,f/ 'Dvdk0ifa&mufaESmuf,Sufwm
 46

[m w&m;Oya'udk csdK;azmufwmjzpfw,fvdkU ArmawGur,lqygbl;/ Armhenf;

Armh[efyJvdkU ,lqygw,f/ rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;eJU w&m;Oya'udk cGJjcm;odjrifEdkif
pGrf; r&Sdygbl;/
olykefudkqufqH&mrSm zqyvtpdk;&rjywfrom;jzpfaewmudk vTwfawmf
trwftcsdKUu 1948rSm axmufjyMuygw,f/ zqyvtpdk;&[m pdkpdpdkpdtpdk;&?
bGmcwf&ifaMuwJhtpdk;& jzpfaejyDvdkU a0zefMuayr,fh 0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekuawmh tajctae
udk MunfhjyD; olykefeJUqufqHzdkU qHk;jzwfxm;ygw,f/ yrnwac: trsdK;om;
nDnGwfa&;wyfaygif;pk&JU vkyf&yftcsdKU[m &moufyefaxmif'PfuscHEdkifavmufwJh
&mZ0wfrIrsdK;jzpfayr,fh Oya'aMumif;t& tjyif;txef ta&;r,lbJ tjcm;enf;vrf;
oHk;jyD; oifhjrwfatmif MudK;yrf;&w,fvdkU OD;Ekuqdkygw,f/ jyefvnfoifhjrwf
a&;twGuf Armhenf;Armh[efeJU vkyfw,fqdkwJh OD;Ek&JUqifajc ay;csuf[m rSefcsifvnf;
rSefEdkifygw,f/ 'gayr,fh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk vpfvsL½Ixm;vdkUrjzpfygbl;/
w&m;Oya'twdkif;vkyfwmudk tjyiftxefta&;,lwmvdkU r,lqoifhygbl;/
w&m;Oya'twdkif; ausmom;&ifom; rcGJjcm;bJ ta&;,lrSom w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;udk
jynfolvlxku em;vnfrSm jzpfygw,f/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;qdkwm[m vlxkua&m
tpdk;&ua&m Oya'abmiftwGif;rSm jyKrlaqmif &GufwmyJ jzpfygw,f/
ygvDref'Drdkua&pDpepf ysufpD;&wm[m zqyvtpdk;&rSm txdkuf
tavsmuf wm0ef&Sdovdk ArmhvlUabmifrSmvnf; wm0ef&Sdw,fvdkU q&marmifarmifMuD;
u ,lqygw,f/ zqyvtpdk;&[m rSefuefpGm acgif;aqmifEdkifpGrf;r&SdcJhygbl;/
0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ek ajymovdk jyóemaygif;aomif;ajcmufaxmif &Sdaeayr,fh EdkifiHa&;
vSKyf&Sm;rItwGuf tajccHpnf;rsOf;csrSwf&mrSmawmif EdkifiHa&; orm;awG[m oabmwl
csufr&EdkifMuygbl;/ EdkifiHa&;ygwDawG[m tmPm&zdkU udpöudkom tm½HkpdkufMuygw,f/
ygvDref 'Drdkua&pDudk wdkif;oljynfom;em;vnfatmif vkyfay;EdkifpGrf; r&SdMuygbl;/
wjynfvHk;rSmzdk;oknawGcsnf; &Sdaew,fvdkU OD;Ekuajymzl;ygw,f/ zdk;oknawG
zdk;tMuD;awGrsm;wJh wdkif;jynfrSm jyóemudk a0zefoHk;oyfEdkifzdkU tcuftcJ&Sdwmudk
OD;Eku aumif;aumif;odygw,f/ jynfolU&Jabmf acgif;aqmifwpfOD;u t*FvdyfeJU
tar&duefudk ppfaMujimzdkU OD;Ekudk wdkufwGef;zl;ygw,fwJ/h OD;Ekuvnf;urÇmUajryHkMuD;
udk csjyjyD;awmh tar&duef?t*Fvdyfudk ppfjyK&if jrefrmjynf pdpdnufnuf
aMuoGm;r,fvdkU &Sif;jyygw,f/ tJ'gudk vufrcHEdkifwJh jynfolU&Jabmf acgif;aqmifu
Zwdavmufawmh ppfaMujimzdkU OD;Ekudk wdkufwGef;oGm;ygw,fwJh/ 'DvdkvlrsdK;awG
acgif;aqmifvkyfaewJhwdkif;jynfrSm EdkifiHa&;eJUvlrIa&; ynmay;vkyfief;awG trsm;MuD;
vkyfzdkU vdktyfw,fvdkU q&marmifarmifMuD;u qdkygw,f/ omrefynma&;pepf[m
wdkif;jynf&JU EdkifiHa&; tawG;tac:udk ajymif;vJatmif rvkyfEdkifbl;vdkU zqyvtpdk;&
tMuHay;t&m&Sd rpöwma*stufpfzmeDz,fu 1951u ajymzl;ygw,f/ jrefrmjynf[m
urÇmUpD;yGm;a&;a&pD;aMumif;eJU xdawGUvmayr,fh jrefrmjynfom;awG[m urÇmU
taMumif; em;rvnfMuygbl;/ jrefrmjynfom;trsm;pkrSm usOf;ajrmif;wJh
 47

ya'o&mZfacwf tawG;tac:&Sdaewkef;ygyJ/ pmoifausmif;awG wdk;csJU½HkeJU tawG;

tac:a[mif;awG aysmufuG,f oGm;rSm r[kwfygbl;/ 'gaMumifh EdkifiHa&;eJU vlrIa&;rSm
jyKjyifa&;vkyfief;awGvkyfjyD; vlUywf0ef;usifudk ajymif;vJypfzdkU vdkygw,fwJh/
0efMuD;csKyfOD;Ekuvnf; 'Drdkua&pD oabmw&m;udk em;vnfvmatmif jyKpkysdK;axmifzdkU
vdkwmudk aumif;aumif;oabm aygufygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDoabmw&m;[m wdkif;ol
jynfom;&JU ESpfvHk;om;eJU tawG;tac:rSmom wnf&SdEdkifw,fvdkU OD;Eku qdkygw,f/
tajccHOya'awG b,favmufyJa&;a&; wdkif;oljynfom;u 'Drdkua&pDudk wefzdk;
rxm;wwf&if tcsnf;ESD;yJvdkUqdkygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDudk wdkif;oljynfom; ,HkMunfvm
atmif vkyfzdkU acgif;aqmifydkif;rSmvnf; wm0ef&Sw
d ,fvdkU qdkygw,fcifAsm;/ /
--------
tydkif;(22)

Adkvfae0if;ppftmPmodrf;wJhacwfudk 1962u 1974txd awmfvSefa&;

aumifpDacwfvdkUac:jyD; qdk&S,fvpftajccHOya'jyXmef;wJh 1974u rqvygwD ysufpD;
wJh 1988txd 14ESpfumvudk qdk&S,fvpfacwfvdkU ac:ygw,f/ tJ'DumvrSm
wpfOD;wnf; MuD;pdk;wJhpepfpwifcJhygw,f/ Armbk&ifpdwfqdk;jyD; vSHeJUvdkufxdk;wJhtcgrSm
0efMuD;awG[m ajcOD;wnfh&m acG;ajy;0ufajy;xGufajy;Muovdk AdkvfcsKyfae0if;qJqdkwm
udk ArmppfAdkvfawG tjrJwrf;cHMu&ygw,f/ Adkvfae0if;u t,kwt å ewå rMum;0Hh
remom ,kwf,kwu f ef;uef;qJqdkwmudk ppfAdkvfawGuvnf; oabmusygw,f/
Adkvfae0if;Munfhr&vdkU jzKwfxkwfcH&oleJU axmifcscH&olawG trsm;tjym;&Sdovdk
Adkvfae0if;ajr§mufpm;vdkU aeUcsif;ncsif;MuD;yGm;oGm;olawGvnf; trsm;MuD;&Sdygw,f/
Armbk&ifvdkyJ AdkvfcsKyfae0if;uvnf; qkxl;*kPfxl;eJU bGJUxl;awGcsD;jr§ifhwwf
ygao;w,f/ A[dktpdk;&udk Adkvfae0if;u Armbk&ifvdkMuD;pdk;aewkef; e,frSmvnf;
wm0efcHppfAdkvfawGu bk&ifozG,fMuD;pdk;Muygw,f/ vtuvdkUac:wJhvHk;jcHKa&;eJU
tkyfcsKyfrIaumfrwD OuúXawGu bk&ifav;awGvdk tkyfcsKyfMuygw,f/
tpdk;&trIxrf;tm;vHk; coHk;vHk;eJU roHk;vHk;vrf;pOfusifhoHk;w,fvdkU
ajymMuygw,f/ ac:&ifoGm;? cdkif;wmvkyf? cHrajymeJUqdkwJh coHk;vHk;vrf;pOfeJU rvkyf?
r½Iwf? rjyKwf qdkwJh roHk;vHk;vrf;pOfudk usifhoHk;jyD; toufqufaeMuwJhtcsdeftcg
ygyJ/ ygvDref'Drdkua&pDacwfuawmh tpkd;&r[kwfwmvkyf&if vTwfawmfrSm ar;jref;
pHk;prf;Edkifygw,f/ twdkuftcHygwDawGuvnf; apmifhMunfhEdkifygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pDpepf
r&SdawmhwJhtcgrSm tpdk;&vkyf&yfudk apmifhMunfhjyD; a0zefr,fhol r&Sdawmhygbl;/
'gaMumifh xif&mvkyfwJhArmrif;tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf tvG,fwuljyefvnf usifhoHk;EdkifwJh
tajctaeudk a&mufoGm;ygawmhw,f/ tmPmtvGJoHk;pm;vkyfjyD; tEdkifusifw h mudk
jynfolvlxku awmfvSefwmrsdK; jrefrmhordkif;rSm r&Sdao;bl;vdkU q&marmifarmifMuD;
uqdkygw,f/ bk&ifudkjzKwfcszdkU MuHpnfwm[m tpdk;&pepfudk jyKjyifzdkUr[kwfbJ
xD;eef;udk vk,lwmyJjzpfygw,f/ bkef;&SifuH&SifrdkU rif;jzpfwmvdkU ,lqwJhtwGuf
 48

rif;udkjzKwfcszdkU pdwful;avh r&Sdwmrsm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifhrdkUvJ ppftpdk;&udk awmfvSef

ykefuefaewJh tkyfpkawG[m jynfolUaxmufcHrI tvHktavmufr&wmvdkU qdkygw,f/
ppfAdkvfuxifovdk qHk;jzwfjyD;ajcmufvSefUtkyfcsKyfaewmrdkU w&m;Oya'
pdk;rdk;a&; oabmw&m;vnf; ed*Hk;csKyfoGm;ygw,f/ n§if;yef;ESdyfpufjyD; tEdkifusifh
tkyfcsKyfwm[m Armhppftpdk;&&JU t"dutoGifvu©PmygyJ/ aemuftoGifvu©Pm
wpfcku ]]Xenophobia}}ac: EdkifiHjcm;aMumufa&m*gygyJ/ Adkvfae0if;[m rMumcP
Oa&myudk taysmfc&D;xGufayr,fh jrefrmjynfudk EdkifiHjcm;om;0ifa&muf pGwfzufrSm
udkawmh awG;aMumuf wwfygw,f/ olU&JUqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk taemufwdkif;u
zsufqD;vdrfhr,fvdkU awG;aMumufygw,f/ trdefUemcHwmudkom vdkvm;wJhzqv ppf
tpdk;&[m vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:arQmfjrifwwfwJh taemufwdkif;"avhudk tvGefaMumuf
ygw,f/ EdkifiHjcm;om;qdk&if ]]'DaumifawGodyf½Iwfw,f}}vdkU ArmppfAdkvfu jrifygw,f/
Armrif;acwfu EdkifiHjcm;oHwref omoemjyKeJU ukefonfawGudk r,HkouFmjzpfovdk
Armppftpdk;&uvnf; ouFmruif; jzpfaeygw,f/ ppftmPmodrf;prSm jynf0ifcGifhADZm
1&ufomay;ygw,f/ aemufrS 3&uf u 7&uftxd wdk;ay;wmyg/
EdkifiHydkifypönf;udk udk,fydkifypönf;vdkoabmxm;jyD; oHk;jzKef;&mrSmvnf;
Armrif;eJU ArmppfAdkvf[m toGifwlMuygw,f/ ajray:ajratmuf ypönf;awGudk
Armrif;u olydkifw,fvdkU ,lqwmrdkU bk&ifcGifhjyKcsufr&bJ xkwf,lcGifhr&ygbl;/
Armppftpdk;&uvnf; obm0o,HZmwypönf;udk olwdkUomydkifw,fvdkU ,lqjyD;
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 49

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may 2007