THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES

ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO, WEST INDIES THE MAIN LIBRARY

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE

February 2007

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES When preparing a bibliography for a thesis, compiling a list of references or actually referring to another work within an essay, term paper or article, it is important for references to be correctly made The method of citation varies from one field to another and therefore each Faculty on campus has its own style. The Chicago Manual of Style (15th ed.) is the style which is recommended and accepted by The University of the West Indies for theses and other scholarly writing in the Social Sciences. The Chicago Manual offers two basic documentation systems: (a) (b) Humanities Style which makes use of footnotes/endnotes and a bibliography; Author-Date Style which provides for in-text citations and a Reference List which gives the full bibliographic citation.

The use of the recommended style depends on subject matter, nature of sources cited and discipline. The Humanities style is preferred by scholars in Behavioural Sciences and International Relations while scholars in Economics and Management generally prefer the more concise Author-Date style. However, scholars in the Psychology discipline prefer the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. In the main, however, all scholarly reference lists, whether in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences or engineering, include the same information about a published work. For a book, these facts are': Author: full name of author(s); full name of editor(s) if no single author is listed; or name of institution responsible for the writing of the book. Title: full title of the book, including subtitle if there is one. Editor, compiler, or translator, if any, and if, in addition to listed author. Edition, if not the first edition. Volumes: total number if multi-volume work is referred to as a whole. Volume number of multi-volume work, if single volume is cited. Title of individual volume, if applicable. Series title, if applicable, and volume number within series. Facts of publication: city, publisher and date. Page number(s); or volume and page number(s), if applicable.

For periodicals, these facts are: Author(s)' name Title of article Title of periodical Issue information (volume, issue number, date) Page reference Other General Information 1. Subsequent or Shortened References in Notes

After the first, full reference in a note, subsequent references to the source are shortened. In some scholarly journals, the title of the work is omitted and only the last name of the author is given, followed by a comma and the page reference. Generally however, in longer works such as books and book-length theses, the shortened reference includes the author's surname, a short title followed by a comma and the page number. In the shortened reference to an article, the short title is enclosed in quotation marks. The title of the periodical and the issue information are not repeated. 'Ibid; and op. Cit' are not used. 2. Three-Em Dash

For successive works by the same author, a 3-em dash is used in place of the author's name after its first appearance. However, if an additional author is added, the originally listed person's name must be repeated. The length of the 3-em dash must not vary. 3. Arabic Numerals

Arabic numerals are used for volume numbers, even when roman numerals are used in the work itself. For example V and IX become 5 and 9. 4. Use of 'Et AI.'

When referring to a work by more than three authors, the text citation should give the last name of the first author followed by et al. or and others without intervening punctuation. In the bibliography, all the names of the authors are given in the order in which they appear on the title page.

EXAMPLES OF CITATIONS FOR BIBLIOGRAPHIES AND REFERENCES Take note of the differences in the indentation and capitalization between the footnote entry and the bibliography entry as well as the general differences between the two options.

DOCUMENTARY-NOTE STYLE
A. Book One author 1. Sharon-Ann Gopaul-Mc Nicol, Working with West Indian Families (New York: Guildford Publications, 1993). (Footnote /Endnote) Gopaul-Mc Nicol, Sharon-Ann. Working with West Indian Families. New York: Guildford Publications, 1993. (Bibliography) PUBLISHED MATERIAL

Two authors 2. Hans Toch, and J. Douglas Grant, Police as Problem Solvers (New York: Plenum Press, 1991). (Footnote /Endnote) Toch, Hans, and J. Douglas Grant. Police as Problem Solvers. New York: Plenum Press, 1991. (Bibliography)

Three authors 3. Gail L. Cramer, Clarence W. Jensen, and Douglas D. Southgate, Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997). (Footnote/Endnote) Cramer, Gail L., Clarence W. Jensen, and Douglas D. Southgate. Agricultural Economics and Aqribusiness. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997. (Bibliography) More than Three Authors 4. Ismail Dalla and others, The Emerqinq Asian Bond Market (Washington D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1995). (Footnote/Endnote) Or Ismail Dalla, et al., The Emerging Asian Bond Market (Washington D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1995). (Footnote/Endnote) Dalla, Ismail, Deena Khatkhate, D.C.,Rao,Kali Kondury, Kwang Jun, and Terry Chupe. The Emerging Asian Bond Market. Washington D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1995. (Bibliography)

Editor, Translator, or Compiler instead of Author 5. D. Fennell and Ross K. Dowling, eds., Ecotourism Policy and Planning (Wallingford, Oxon: CABI Pub., 2003). (Footnote/Endnote) Fennell D., and Ross K. Dowling, eds. Ecotourism Policy and Planning. Wallingford, Oxon: CABI Pub., 2003. (Bibliography)

Editor, Translator, or Compiler in Addition to Author 6. Lloyd Best, Norman Girvan and C.Y. Thomas, Economic Liberalisation and Caribbean Development, ed. Ramesh Ramsaran (St. Augustine, Trinidad: ISER, UWI, 1993). (Footnote/Endnote) Best, Lloyd, Norman Girvan, and C. Y. Thomas. Economic Liberalization and Caribbean Development. Edited by Ramesh Ram saran. St. Augustine, Trinidad:ISER, UWI, 1993. (Bibliography)

Book, Preface, Foreword, Introduction and Similar Parts 7. Steven Epner, foreword to Guide to Successful Consulting, by Steven C. Stryker (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1984). (Footnote/Endnote) Epner, Steven. Foreword to Guide to Successful Consulting. by Steven C. Stryker. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1984. (Bibliography)

Organization, Association, or Corporation as Author (Corporate Author) 8. International Monetary Fund (IMF), Surveys of African Economies (Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1977). (Footnote/Endnote) International Monetary Fund (IMF). Surveys of African Economies. Washington D.C.:International Monetary Fund, 1977. (Bibliography)

Chapter or Other Part of a Book 9. Alan Harrison, " Just-in- Time Manufacturing," in New Wave Manufacturing Strategies, ed. John Storey, 175-203 (London: Paul Chapman Publishing, 1994). (Endnote/Footnote) Harrison, Alan. "Just-in- Time Manufacturing." In New Wave Manufacturing Strategies, edited by John Storey,175-203. London: Paul Chapman Publishing, 1994. (Bibliography)

Electronic Book 10. Joseph W. R. Lawson, How to Develop a Personnel Policy Manual , 6th ed. (New York : AMACOM, 1998). http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=3446 /(accessed February 26, 2007). (Footnote/Endnote) 5

Lawson, Joseph W.R. How to Develop a Personnel Policy Manual , 6th ed. New York : AMACOM, 1998. http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=3446 / /(accessed February 26, 2007). (Bibliography)

Government Publication 11. Trinidad and Tobago. Central Statistical Office, Agricultural Census 1963 (Port of Spain, Trinidad: C.S.O, 1967). Trinidad and Tobago. Central Statistical Office. Agricultural Census 1963. Port of Spain, Trinidad: C.S.O., 1967.

Journal Article Article in Print Journal Journal , Typical 12. Rob Wittle, "Racist Violence in Western Europe," New Community 21, no.4 (October 1995): 489. (Footnote/endnote) Wittle, Rob. "Racist Violence in Western Europe." New Community 21, no.4 (October 1995): 489-500. (Bibliography)

Journal with No Volume 13. Arthur Donahoe, "The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association," The Round Table, no.338 (April 1996): 167-171. (Footnote/Endnote) Donahoe, Arthur. "The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association," The Round Table, no.338 (April 1996): 167-171. (Bibliography)

Article in Online Journal Same as for article in print journal. In addition , add the URL, and in addition if the discipline requires it, the date the material was last accessed. 14. Richard T. Grenci, and Charles A.Watts, Maximizing Customer Value via Mass Customized E-Consumer Services, Business Horizons 50, no. 2 ( March 2007):123-132, http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp? (accessed February 26, 2007). (Endnote/Footnote) Grenci, Richard T., and Charles A. Watts. Maximizing Customer Value via Mass Customized EConsumer Services. Business Horizons 50, no. 2 (March 2007):123-132, http://ejournals.ebsco.com/direct.asp? (accessed February 26, 2007). (Bibliography) 6

Popular Magazine 15. Hugh Sidney, "Truth in Memory," Time, 20 May 1996, 19. (Footnote/Endnote) Sidney, Hugh. "Truth in Memory." Time, 20 May 1996, 19. (Bibliography)

Online Magazine 16. Brian Bremner and Frederik Balfour, A Rough Day for China Stocks, Businessweek, February27,2007,http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/feb2007/gb20070227_996709.htm? chan=top+news_top+news+index_businessweek+exclusives. ( Footnote/Endnote) Bremner, Brian, and Frederik Balfour. A Rough Day for China Stocks. Businessweek, February 27, 2007. http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/feb2007/gb20070227_996709.htm? chan=top+news_top+news+index_businessweek+exclusives

Newspaper Article Newspaper articles may be cited in running text instead of in note or an in-text citation. 17. Alva Viarruel, "Drug Loophole by the Barrel at Piarco," Daily Express, November 6, 1997. (Footnote) Viarruel, Alva. "Drug Loophole by the Barrel at Piarco." Daily Express, November 6, 1997. (Bibliography)

B. Thesis

UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL

18. Althea D. La Foucade, "A Review of the Evolution and Performance of Social Security Schemes in the English Speaking Caribbean" (master's thesis, the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 1994). (Footnote/Endnote) La Foucade, Althea D. " A Review of the Evolution and Performance of Social Security Schemes in the English Speaking Caribbean." Master's thesis, the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 1994. (Bibliography)

Paper presented at a meeting or conference 19. Keith Nurse, "Post Cold War Changes in the Capitalist World System: Emerging Dynamics of New Political Parameters" (paper presented at the workshop on Security Versus Development Tensions in the U.N. in the Immediate Post Cold-War Period, Institute of International Relations, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 1992). (Footnote/Endnote) Nurse, Keith. "Post Cold War Changes in the Capitalist World System: Emerging Dynamics of New Political Parameters." Paper presented at the workshop on Security versus Development: Tensions in the U.N. in the Immediate Post Cold-War Period, Institute of International Relations, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 1992. (Bibliography)

Unpublished Duplicated Material 20. Dennis Pantin, "Postgraduate Research in the Department of Economics." Department of Economics, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 1995. Photocopy. (Footnote/Endnote) Pantin, Dennis. "Postgraduate Research in the Department of Economics." Department of Economics, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad, 1995. Photocopy. (Bibliography)

Interviews and Personal Communications Generally, interviews and personal communications are made in running text, in the body of the work. However, if you wish to make an entry, please note the examples: 21. Brian Lara, interview by author, Port of Spain, 12 February 2000. (Footnote/Endnote) Lara, Brian. Interview by Author. Port of Spain, 12 February 2000. (Bibliography)

AUTHOR-DATE STYLE
A. Books 1. One author (Text citation ) PUBLISHED MATERIAL

(Gopaul-Mc Nicol 1993, 23)

Gopaul-Mc Nicol, Sharon-Ann. 1993. Working with West Indian families. New York: Guildford Publications. (Reference ) 2. Two authors

(Toch and Grant 1991) Text citation) Toch, Hans, and J. Douglas Grant. 1991. Police as problem solvers. New York: Plenum Press. (Reference)

3.

Three authors (Cramer, Jensen, Southgate 1997) (Text citation)

Cramer, Gail L., Clarence W. Jensen, and Douglas D. Southgate. 1997. Aqricultural economics and agribusiness. 7th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. (Reference) 4. More than three authors

(Dalla and others) or (Dalla et al.) (Text citation) Dalla, Ismail, Deena Khatkate, D.C. Rao, Kali Kondury, Kwang Jun and Terry Chupe. 1995. The emerging Asian bond market. Washington D.C.: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank. (Reference)

5.

Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author (Fennell and Dowling 2003) (Text citation)

Fennell, D and Ross K. Dowling, eds. 2003. Ecotourism policy and planning. Wallingford, Oxon: CABI Pub. (Reference)

6.

Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author

(Best, Girvan, and Thomas 1993) (Text citation) Best, Lloyd, Norman Girvan, and C. Y. Thomas. 1993. Economic liberalization and Caribbean development. Ed. Ramesh Ram saran. St. Augustine, Trinidad: ISER, UWI. (Reference)

7.

Preface, foreword, introduction or similar part of a book

(Steven Epner 1984) (Text citation) Epner, Steven. 1984. Foreword to Guide to successful consulting, by Steven C. Stryker. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. (Reference)

8.

Organization, association, or corporation as author (Corporate Author)

(IMF 1977) (Text citation) International Monetary Fund (IMF). 1977. Surveys of African economies. Washington D.C.: International Monetary Fund. (Reference)

9.

Chapter or other part of a book

(Harrison 1994, 176-7) (Text citation) Harrison, Alan. 1994. Just-in- time manufacturing. In New wave manufacturing strategies, ed. John Storey, 175-203. London: Paul Chapman Publishing. (Reference )

10.

Electronic book

(Lawson 1998) (Text citation) Lawson, Joseph W.R. 1998. How to develop a personnel policy manual. 6th ed. New York : AMACOM. http://www.netlibrary.com/urlapi.asp?action=summary&v=1&bookid=3446 / /(accessed February 26, 2007). (Reference )

11.

Government publications

(Trinidad and Tobago. Central Statistical Office 1967) (Text citation) Trinidad and Tobago. Central Statistical Office. 1967. Agricultural census 1963. Port of Spain, Trinidad: C.S.O. (Reference)

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Journal Article 12. Journal, typical

(Wittle 1995) (Text citation) Wittle, Rob. 1995. Racist violence in Western Europe. New Community 21 (4): 489-500. (Reference) 13. Journal with no volume

(Donahoe 1996:167-171) (Text citation) Donahoe, Arthur. 1996. The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association. The Round Table, no.338:167-171. (Reference) 14. Journal, electronic

(Weaven and Herington 2006) (Text citation) Weaven, Scott and Carmel Herington. 2006. Female franchisors: How different are they from female independent business owners? Academy of Marketing Science Review 2006 (7). http://www.amsreview.org/articles/weaven07-2006.pdf. (Reference)

Magazines 15. Popular magazine

(Sidney 1996) (Text citation) Sidney, Hugh. 1996. Truth in memory. Time, May 20,1996, 19. ( Reference) 16. Online Magazine

(Bremner and Balfour 2007) (Text citation) Bremner, Brian, and Frederik Balfour. 2007. A rough day for China stocks. Businessweek, February 27. http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/feb2007/gb20070227_996709.htm? chan=top+news_top+news+index_businessweek+exclusives. (Reference)

17.

Newspaper

In author-date system, citations to items in daily newspapers are made in running text and not listed individually in the reference list. e.g. An editorial in the Trinidad Guardian, November 7, 1997, took the position that... 11

However, an individual entry in the reference list may be made as follows: Viarruel, Alva. 1997. Drug loophole by the barrel at Piarco. Daily Express. November 6.

B. 18.

UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL Thesis

(La Foucade 1994 ) (Text citation) La Foucade, Althea D. 1994. A Review of the evolution and performance of social security schemes in the English-speaking Caribbean. Master's thesis, the University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad. (Reference ) 19. Paper presented at a meeting or conference

(Nurse 1992) (Text citation) Nurse, Keith. 1992. Post cold war changes in the capitalist world system: Emerging dynamics of new political parameters. Paper presented at the workshop on security versus development: tensions in the U.N. in the immediate post cold-war period, Institute of International Relations, St. Augustine, Trinidad. (Reference) 20. Unpublished duplicated material

(Pantin 1995, 3-4) (Text citation) Pantin, Dennis. 1995. Postgraduate research in the Department of Economics. Department of Economics, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad. Photocopy. (Reference)

21.

Interviews and Personal Communications

Generally, interviews and personal communications are made in running text, in the body of the work. However, if you wish to make an entry, please note the examples: (Brian Lara 2000) (Text citation) Lara, Brian. 2000. Interview by author. Port of Spain. February 12. (Reference)

Updated February 27, 2007 Comments to elara@library.uwi.tt URL: http://www.mainlib.uwi.tt/divisions/socsci/indexsocsci.htm

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