Professional Documents
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2012
This article provides information on Likert Scale. The article are focusing on how to use the Likert Scale and what the assumption have to be meet in order to carry analysis. The article also discussing on analysis method that can be use with Likert scale and also briefing on some definition on Likert scale
Prepared by:Muhammad Amirrul Fahmi Bin Mukhtar 203674 Instructor:Prof. Madya Dr. Bidin Bin Yatim
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Introduction to Likert Scale_______________________________1 Sample Question Presented Using Likert Scale_______________2 Assumption in Likert Scale_______________________________4 Likert Scale Analysis____________________________________5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Likert Scale__________7 Summary_____________________________________________8 References___________________________________________9
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A typical Likert-like scale: " I find these guides to be useful:" Always _____ Almost_____ Sometimes_____ Almost Never_____ Never_____
~Rensis Likert~
In memory ~ Rensis
Likert
(1903 - 1981)
[1]
[2] [3]
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1. My job provides a lot of variety. _____ 2. My job provides the opportunity for independent action. ____
In some cases there should not be a middle choice so that the respondents are forced to choose one side or the other. In the example below, note there are an even number of choices, rather than an odd number:
1 Strongly Disagree 2 Disagree 3 Slightly Disagree 4 5 Slightly Agree Agree 6 Strongly Agree
Scoring
When the questionnaire is completed, each item may be analyzed separately or in some cases item responses may be summed to create a score for a group of items. Hence, Likert scales are often called summative scales. There are two consideration need to be taken when determine the scoring. First, Likert Scale is arbitrary. Meaning the value assign to Likert item has no
[4]
http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/likert.html
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Measurement of Scales
Many researcher and statistician encounter a problem when to determine measurement of scale. There a number of articles argued and assumed do not form an interval scale. Instead, should be treated as ordinal scales and analyzed accordingly. Brown has stated that despite all this confusion, most research based on Likert Scales and items treat them as interval scales and analyzes them as such with descriptive like means, standard deviations, and etc. In addition, there are several research have shown that Likert Scales can indeed be analyzed effectively as interval scales. (Baggaley & Hull, 1983; Maurer & Pierce, 1998; and Vickers, 1999)
[5]
Jamieson, Susan (2004). Likert Scales: How to (Ab)use Them, Medical Education,
Norman, Geoff (2010). Likert scales, levels of measurement and the laws of
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[7]
http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/8/1495.full#ref-22
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[8]
http://www.joe.org/joe/2012april/tt2.php
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[8]
[9]
http://psyc450.wordpress.com/2011/12/05/the-likert-scale-advantages-and-
disadvantages/
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Summary
Summary
The data analysis decision for Likert items is usually made at the questionnaire development stage. Where the researcher usually let their answer to be in range of five or seven with such as choices strongly disagree to strongly agree. There always a confusion in determine the measurement scale for likert scale. But there are research who discover that Likert scale are best to analyze by using interval scale. There are 5 assumption need to be meet in order to Likert Scale to be used. Those are equal item variance, item internal consistency, equality of itemscale correlations, item discriminate validity and reliability and interpretable scale score. Keep in mind that once the decision has been made, the decision on the appropriate statistics will fall into place.
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References
References
Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Sorensen, C. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th ed.). California: Thomson Wadsworth. Baggaley, A., & Hull, A. (1983). The effect of nonlinear transformations on Liker Scale. Evaluation & the Health Professions, 6, 483-491. Brown, J. D. (2011). Likert items and scales of measurement?. Universitu of HawaiI, Manoa. Jamieson, S. (2004). Likert Scales: How to (Ab)use Them. Medical Education, Vol. 38(12), pp.1217-1218. Maurer, J., & Pierce, H. R. (1998). A comparison of likert scale and traditional measures of self-efficacy. Journal of Applied Psycology, 83, 324-329. Norman, G. (2010). Likert scales, levels of measurement and the laws of statistics. Advances in Health Science Education. Vol 15(5) pp625-632. Vickers, A. (1999). Comparison of an ordinal and continuous outcome measure of muscle soreness. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 15, 196-201. Likert Scale. Retrieved on October 25, 2012, from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/Likert-scale.html 1946: Birth of the Survey Research Center. Retrieved on October 25, 2012, from http://www.isr.umich.edu/home/anniversary/timeline.html
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References
Biography Rensis Likert (1903 1981). Retrieved on October 25, 2012 from http://www.lib.uwo.ca/programs/generalbusiness/likert.html Likert Scales. Retrieved on October 25, 2012 from http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/likert.html Analyzing Likert Data. Retrieved on October 25, 2012 from http://www.joe.org/joe/2012april/tt2.php Testing sealing assumption, reliability and validity of medical outcomes study short-form 36 health surveys in psoriatic arthritis. Retrived on October 25, 2012 from http://rheumatology.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/8/1495.full#ref-22 The Likert Scales: Advantages and Disadvantages. Retrieved on October 25, 2012 from http://psyc450.wordpress.com/2011/12/05/the-likert-scale-advantagesand-disadvantages/