Unit 4. Islam and Al-Andalus

Cristbal Marn
I.E.S. FERNANDO III EL SANTO / PROYECTO BILINGE A.N.L.: GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY
33

GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 4: ISLAM AND AL-ANDALUS

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OUTLINE

ASPECTOS LINGSTICOS VOCABULARY
1 - NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND MUHAMMAD
THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
MAKKAH
MUHAMMAD
THE HIJRAH
ACTIVITIES

2 - THE QURAN AND THE FIVE PILLARS OF
ISLAM
THE QURAN
THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM
ACTIVITIES

3 - EXPANSION OF ISLAM
THE FOUR RIGHTEOUS CALIPHS.
THE HOLY WAR
UMAYYAD AND ABASSID DINASTIES
ACTIVITY

4 - STATE SYSTEM
THE MAIN PUBLIC FIGURES
ACTIVITIES

5 - ISLAMIC ART AND BUILDINGS
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
PARTS OF A MOSQUE
PALACES
ACTIVITIES

6 - AL-ANDALUS (ISLAM IN SPAIN)
MUSLIM CONQUEST
ABD-AL-RAHMAN I
THE CALIPHATE OF CORDOBA
TAIFAS, ALMORAVIDS, ALMOHADS
ACTIVITIES

7- AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMY
CHARACTERISTICS
ACTIVITIES

8 SOCIETIES AND CITIES
GROUPS OF THE SOCIETY IN AL-
ANDALUS
PARTS OF A CITY
ACTIVITIES

9 - VOCABULARY
PASADO SIMPLE: NEGATIVA E
INTERROGATIVA.
PREPOSICIONES DE
MOVIMIENTO. VERBOS
CON PREPOSICIN:
PASAR A TRAVS DE
UN TNEL
CONECTORES TEMPORALES:
PRIMERO, DESPUS...
EL IMPERATIVO:
INSTRUCCIONES
PARA LA
REALIZACIN DE UN
TRABAJO MANUAL.

/EI/ /U/ /aI/
/ I/ /I/ /e/

AUBERGINE
ADVISOR
ARTICHOKE
CALIPH
CITADEL
FASTING
HOLY WAR
JAWS
MOSQUE
MUSLIM
OBEY
PILGRIMAGE
TO PRAY
TO PREACH
PROPHET
QURAN
RIGHTEOUS
THE HIJRAH
TO TRAVEL
VIZIER

PHONETICS

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1 NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AND MUHAMMAD

Arabia is a large peninsula in the
South-West of Asia. It is situated between the
Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Arabia is mostly
desert. The heat is intense and there are
sandstorms. Water is only found in oases
(green areas fed by underground water). Not all
of Arabia is a desert; there are also mountains
in the South-West. It was in this area that Islam
was born and developed.

Many Arabs lived in villages near oases
or in the mountain valleys. There were farmers,
and there were merchants as well. These
merchants transported goods across the desert.
They travelled in caravans (a group of travelling
merchants and animals).

Arabia was important in the trade between India and the
Mediterranean Sea. One city in this route was Makkah (or Mecca), a
crossroads for merchants and also an important religious place. In
Makkah was the Kaaba, a square building with statues of gods and
goddesses. Inside the building was also a black stone, believed to
have fallen from heaven. This is why pilgrims used to go to Makkah.

Muhammad was born in
Makkah in 570. His childhood was not
easy. His family was poor and his father
had died before he was born. First his grandfather and later his uncle took care
of him. As a teenager he worked in trade with his uncle and became a
successful merchant. He married a rich widow named Khadijah and they had
children. This marriage made him a wealthy man and an important person
among the merchants of Makkah.

Muhammad used to go
to a cave in the hills to
meditate about life and about
the problems that existed in
Makkah. In this cave, he said he was visited by an angel
who told him he was the messenger of God and that he had
to preach a new religion: Islam, which means surrendering
to the will of Allah. In Makkah he started to tell people to
destroy statues of false gods and to worship only Allah, the
one true God. He also preached that rich people should give
to the poor.

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Soon this message spread and he had
many followers. Makkahs leaders did not like
Muhammads ideas and made his life difficult.
He moved to another town -Yathrib- in 622 A.D.
This year marks the starting point of the Muslim
calendar and is known as the Hijrah. The city of
Yathrib welcomed Muhammad and his
followers, and its name was changed to
Madinah. Muhammad ruled Madinah and
created an Islamic state and an army. With this
army Muhammad conquered Makkah in 630
and made it the holy city of Islam. From here
the new religion of Islam spread.

Activities:

- Answer these questions:
What is Arabia like? Describe its natural
features.
What are caravans?
Where was Muhammad born?
Why did Muhammad have to leave Makkah?
What is the name of this abandoning?

- Calculate approximately the correspondence between
Islamic years and the Gregorian years 2010, 1789,
1453. Keep in mind this formula: I = G 622 + (G 622 /
32). I is the Islamic year and G is the Gregorian year.

2 THE QURAN AND THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM

The Quran is the holy book of Islam, Gods written word. The
Quran contains guidelines for Muslims lives. People are expected to
obey Gods laws if they want to be blessed in the afterlife.

There are five basic rules a Muslim has to follow. They are
called the Five Pillars of Islam. These are:
1. Belief (Shahadah): Muslims must declare that there is
no God but Allah, and that Muhammad is his prophet.
2. Ritual/Prayer (Salah): Muslims must pray five times a
day facing towards Makkah.
3. Charity (Zakah): Muslims must give to the poor.
4. Pilgrimage (Hajj): Muslims must visit Makkah once in
their lifetime if possible.
5. Fasting (Sawn): Muslims mustnt eat or drink from
dawn to dusk during the sacred month of Ramadan.
Image from: http://www.astromeditions.com/images/91-7916-024-7B.jpg

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Activities:

What is the Quran? Can you give examples
of other similar books?
Look at the picture on the right and answer.
What are the Five Pillars of Islam in English?
1 Shahadah:
2 Salah:
3 Zakah:
4 Sawm:
5 Hajj:

3 EXPANSION OF ISLAM

Activity: - With the help of the top map, write the principal zones of expansion of Islam in this map.
The first four caliphs
were people close to
Muhammad. They were called
the Four Righteous Caliphs.
They continued the expansion of
Islam through the Holy War:
westward to the Iberian
Peninsula; eastward to river
Indo. From 661 to 750 the power
was under the Umayyad family.
In the year 750 the Umayyad
family was killed by Abbasid
family and they established the
Abassid Caliphate.

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4 STATE SYSTEM
This was efficient and well-organized. The main public
figures were:
o Caliph: spiritual head and temporal ruler.
o Vizier or Hajib: political advisor to the Caliph, a kind of Prime
Minister.
o Wali or Emir: regional governor with civil and military powers.
o Cadi: judge, he rules over religious and secular matters.

Activities:

- Write the correct term of the following definitions:

- Look for information and write the names of one caliph from
the Four Righteous Caliphs; one caliph from Umayyad
family; and one caliph from Abbasid family.

5 ISLAMIC ART AND BUILDINGS

Muslims are not allowed to show images of living creatures, but sometimes they have broken this
rule. Islamic designs are based on flowers, leaves, geometrical patterns and calligraphy (the use of artistic
lettering). With these elements they decorate walls, books, rugs and buildings.

The most important building in
the Islamic world is the Mosque. This is
where Muslims pray. Mosques were
centers of religious and daily life: they
were places of worship and also meeting
places, schools and courts.

The main parts of a mosque are:
o Reception hall.
o Large courtyard with an ablutions
fountain where Muslims wash before
praying to show respect for God.
o Minarets or towers, from where
Muslims are called to pray.
Political advisor to the Caliph:...
Judge:
Temporal ruler:.,..
Regional governor:..
He rules over religious and secular matters:.........
Spiritual head:.....
A type of Prime Minister:....
He has civil and military powers:..

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o Prayer hall.
o Quibla: a wall inside the Mosque.
o Mihrab: a niche in the quibla wall that indicates the direction of Makkah.

Another important building is the Palace. Palaces were organized around courtyards. They had
fountains and pools and were surrounded by their own walls. Examples in Spain are the Alhambra in
Granada and Medinat al -Zahra in Crdoba.

Activities:

- Look for information about the Mosque of Cordoba and
answer these questions:
Who was the caliph that ordered the building?
How long did its construction take?
How many enlargements were made in this mosque?
What is the name of the caliph who ordered each one
of those enlargements?
Who ordered the building of the cathedral that is
inside?

- Indicate in the plan on the right
the main parts that can be
identified in a mosque, namely:
1 Courtyard; 2 Minaret; 3 Prayer
hall; 4 Quibla; 5 Mihrab. Write
each number in its correct place.

6 AL-ANDALUS (ISLAM IN
SPAIN)

Al-Andalus is the name given to the territory conquered by
the Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula. In April 711, a Muslim army led
by Tariq ibn Zayad entered the Iberian Peninsula from the South. The
invading forces were mainly Berber tribesmen from the North of Africa
under Arab leadership. They defeated Rodrigo, the Visigoth, in
Guadalete. After that battle the Muslims had little opposition from the
Visigoths and moved rapidly to the north and occupied the territory.

By the year 714, Muslims were in control of all of the Iberian
Peninsula except for a narrow strip on the Northern coast. They even
went across the Pyrenees, but were defeated by the Franks in
Poitiers in 732. In this way the Iberian Peninsula became part of the
Umayyad Empire, which had its capital in Damascus.

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In 755 something changed: the Abbassid family took
power over the Umayyads and moved the capital from Damascus
to Baghdad. One member of the Umayyad family, however,
escaped and came to Al-Andalus. His name was Abd-al-Rahman
I, and he proclaimed himself emir of Al-Andalus, politically
independent from Baghdad.

One of his successors, Abd-al-Rahman III proclaimed
himself Caliph, this meant that Al-Andalus was completely
independent. This period is considered to be the Golden Age of
Al-Andalus. Crdoba was the capital, a large and prosperous city.

By the 11
th
century, the Caliphate had
declined and the territory was fragmented into
small kingdoms (or Taifas). The strongest
Taifas conquered the smaller ones and
dominated large territories, but there was no
unity.

Christian kingdoms from the North
took advantage of this situation and started
moving south. Almoravids and Almohads
(Muslims) couldnt stop the Christians either.

Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula ended in 1492, when the kingdom of Granada (the last
Muslim kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula) surrendered to the Catholic Kings in 1492.

Activities:

What is Al-Andalus? Was it big or small?
What are Baghdad and Damascus?
How long was the Caliphate of Cordoba?
What are Taifas?
Which Muslim kingdom was the last one in the Iberian
Peninsula?

- Look for information about Abd-al-Rahman III and his time.
In what year was he born and in what year did he die?......................................................................
What is the name of his father?.............................................................................................................
How many years was he an Emir and how many years was he a Caliph?
..............................................................
When did he found the Caliphate of Cordoba?......................................................................................
What is the name of the palace city that he founded?...........................................................................
Between what years was it founded and where?................................................................................

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What was the name of his successor?...................................................................................................

7 AGRICULTURE AND ECONOMY

Muslims had a good agricultural system based on irrigation techniques (which increased farmland)
and on an expert knowledge of advanced agricultural methods. They knew for example how to fight insect
pests, how to use fertilizers and how to create new plant varieties.

Muslims imported their techniques and crops from the Middles East (like sugar cane, cotton, rice,
oranges, artichokes, spinach, aubergines, carrots and exotic plants).

Activities:

On what was the Muslims agriculture system based?
What knowledge about agriculture did Muslims have?

- Name some of the crops Muslims brought to the Iberian Peninsula.

8 SOCIETY AND CITIES

The people that the Muslims found in the
Iberian Peninsula were Christian Visigoths. They didnt
put up much resistance to domination and Muslims
respected the presence of other religions in the territory.
They were tolerant towards Christians and Jews.

At first Muslims didnt encourage conversions to
Islam. Non-Muslims paid heavier taxes and had fewer
rights than the Muslim population. Later, Christians
converted so that they didnt have to pay taxes and had
better political and economic opportunities.

The most important group in society was the Arab
conquerors and their descendants. They owned the
best lands and ruled the territory.

- Berbers (also Muslims) had fewer privileges.
- Mozarabs were Christians who did not convert to Islam. They
paid more taxes and some of them moved to the Christian
kingdoms of the North.
- Muladies were converted Christians. They adopted the religion,
language and customs of the invaders, in some cases to avoid
paying taxes and to have more political and economical
opportunities
- Jews lived in separated areas inside the cities. Their role in the
economy was important.

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The spread of Islam had an impact on urban development. Islamic cities adapted to the topography and
were surrounded by walls with some gates. The town plan consisted of narrow winding streets. Economic
activity and public spaces were separated from the residential area.

o The area inside the walls was called medina in Al-Andalus. Generally, this was the residential area.
o The main mosque was located at the heart of the town and was usually surrounded by the souq or
market.
o Markets (souks) were the centre of the economic activity of the town. Goods were spatially distributed
according to their nature.
o The Citadel (alcazar), usually located in the highest part of the town, was the palace of the governor. It
was surrounded by its own walls and had its own mosque.
o Outside the walls were the cemeteries, gardens and farming fields.

Activities:

- Briefly explain each of the groups we find in the Al-Andalus society.

- Describe synthetically a city of Al-Andalus.

- Write the names of the different parts with their corresponding numbers.

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9 VOCABULARY

English Pronunciation Spanish
A
Ablutions fountain sust. y sust.
]'bIu:ns] ]'IantIn]
Fuente de abluciones
Advisor sust.
]d'vaIzr]
Consejero-a
Afterlife sust.
]': :: :ItIaII]
Vida despus de la muerte, vida eterna, el ms all
to Allow verb.
]'Ia]
Permitir, dejar
Among prep.
]'m/]
Entre
Army sust.
]':rmI]
Ejrcito
Artichoke sust.
]':rttk]
Alcachofa
Aubergine sust.
]'brI:n]
Berenjena
to Avoid verb.
]'vaId]
Evitar, eludir
B
Belief sust.
]bI'II:I]
Creencia
Between sust.
]bI'twI:n]
Entre
to Bless verb.
]bIes]
Bendecir
To be Born verb.
]'ba:rn ]
Nacer
to Break verb.
]breIk]
Romper, quebrar
C
Caliphs sust.
]'k-IIIs]
Califas
Cave sust.
]keIv]
Cueva
Cemeteries sust.
]'semtrI:s]
Cementerios
Charity sust.
]'trtI]
Caridad
Childhood sust.
]'taIIdhd]
Infancia, niez
Citadel sust.
]'sItdI]
Alcazar, citadel
Cotton sust.
]'kctn]
Algodn
Courtyards sust.
]'ka: :: :tj: :: :ds]
Patio
Crossroads sust.
]'krcsrdz]
Encrucijadas, cruces de caminos
D
Daily life adj. y sust.
]'deIII] ]IaII]
Vida diaria
Dawn sust.
]da:n]
Amanecer
to Declare verb.
]dI'kIer]
Declarar
Deserted adj.
]dI'zs:rtId]
Desierto, desrtico
to Destroy verb.
]dI'straI]
Destruir
Dusk sust.
]d/sk]
Anochecer, crepsculo
E
Eastward adj.
]'I:stwrd]
Hacia el este, en direccin al este
Efficient adj.
]I'IInt]
Eficiente, eficaz
to Encourage verb.
]In'k/rId]
Animar, alentar
to Escape verb.
]I'skeIp]
Escaparse, fugarse
to Establish verb.
]I'stbII]
Establecer, fundar
to Expect verb.
]Ik'spekt]
Exigir
F
Facing adj.
]'IeIsI]
Orientado
Fasting sust.
]I:stI]
Ayuno
Father sust.
]'I:r
Padre
Fewer rights adj. y sust.
]'II-r] ]raIts]
Menores derechos
Figures sust.
]'IIgjrs]
Figuras, personajes pblicos

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Followers sust.
]'I:Ir]
Seguidores-as
G
Gardens sust.
]'g:rdn ]
Jardines, huertas
to Give verb.
]gIv]
Dar
Golden Age adj. y sust.
]'gIdn] ]eId]
Edad dorada, de oro
Grandfather sust.
]'grnI:r]
Abuelo
Guidelines sust.
]'gaIdIaIns]
Pautas, directrices
Gulf sust.
]g/II]
Golfo
H
Heat sust.
]hI:t]
Calor
Heaven sust.
]'hevn]
Cielo
Holy adj.
]'hII]
Sagrado-a, Santo-a
I
to Increase veb.
]In'krI:s]
Aumentar, incrementar
to Indicate verb.
]'IndIkeIt]
Indicar, sealar
Intense adj.
]In'tens]
Intenso
Invading adj.
]In'veIdI]
Invasor-a
j
Jews sust.
/du:s/
Judos-as
Judge sust.
]d/d]
Juez-a
L
Leadership sust.
]'II:drIp]
Liderazgo
Leaves sust.
]II:vs]
Hojas
to Lead verb.
]II:d]
Guiar, llevar
Lettering sust.
]'IetrI]
Caracteres, letras
M
to Mark verb.
]m: :: :k]
Marcar
to Meditate verb.
]'medIteIt]
Meditar sobre algo
Meeting places sust. y sust.
]'mI:tI]
Lugares de reunin, de encuentro
Merchants sust.
]'ms:rtnts]
Mercaderes, comerciantes
Messenger sust.
]'mesIndr]
Mensajero-a
Mosque sust.
]mcsk]
Mezquita
Muslim sust.y adj.
]'mzIIm]
Musulman
Mostly adv.
]'mstII]
En su (la) mayor parte, en su (la) mayora
Must verb.
]m/st]
Deber, haber de
N
Near adj o adv.
]nI(r)]
Cerca, prximo, cercano, cerca de, cercano a
Niche sust.
]nI:]
Nicho, hornacina
O
Oasis sust.
]'eIsIs]
Oasis
to Obey verb.
]'beI]
Obedecer
Once adv.
]w/ns]
Una vez
to Own sufijo
]nd]
Tener, ser dueo de, poseer
P
Pattern sust.
]'ptrn]
Diseo, dibujo
Pests sust.
]pests]
Plagas
Pilgrimage sust.
]'pIIgrImId]
Peregrinacin
Pilgrims sust.
]'pIIgrIms]
Peregrino-a
Pillars sut.
]'pIIrs]
Pilares

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Pools sust.
]pu:Is]
Piscina, alberca, estanque
to Pray verb.
]preI]
Rezar, orar
Prayer sust.
]pre(r)]
Rezo, oracin
to Preach verb.
]prI:t]
Predicar, dar un sermn
Prophet sust.
]'prcIIt]
Profeta-isa
Q
Quran sust. (nombre propio)
]Ku:rn]
Corn
R
Rapidly adv.
]'rpIdII]
Rapidamente
Righteous adj.
]'raIts]
Recto-a, rectos-as, honrado-a, honrados-as
Rug sust.
]r/g]
Alfombra, alfombrilla, tapete
Rule sust.
]ru:I]
Regla, norma
S
Sacred adj.
]'seIkrId]
Sagrado-a
Sandstorms sust.
]'sndsta: :: :ms]
Tormentas de arena
Should verb.
]d]
Debera, deberas, debiera
Situated adj.
]'sItjeItId]
Situado-a, ubicado-a
Soon adv.
]su:n]
Pronto, dentro de poco
Souks sust.
]'su:ks]
Zocos
Spatially adv.
]'speIII]
Espacialmente, en el espacio
to Spread verb.
]spred]
Extender, expandir
Square sust.
]skwe(r)]
Plaza
to Start verb.
]st:rt]
Empezar, comenzar, iniciar
Statue sust.
]'sttju:]
Estatua
Sugar cane sust.y sust.
]'gr] ]keIn]
Caa de azcar
Surrendering adj.
]s'rendrIn]
Entregado-a (os-as), Redido-a (os-as)
Surrounded adj
]s'randId]
Rodeado-a
T
to Take care of verb. (phrasal verb)
]teIk] ]ke(r)] ]:v]
Cuidar de, preocuparse de
Taxes sust.
]tksIs]
Impuestos, tasas
Towards prep.
]t'wa: :: :dz, ta: :: :dz]
Hacia
to Travel verb.
]'trvI]
Viajar
Travelling adj.
]'trvII]
Viajantes, viajeros-as
U
Uncle sust.
]'/kI]
To
Underground adj.
]'/ndrgrand]
Subterraneo-a
V
Vizier sust.
]vI'zI:r]
Visir
W
Wealthy adj.
]'weII]
Adinerado-a, acaudalado-a, rico-a
Westward adj.
]'westwrd]
Hacia el oeste, en direccin al oeste
Widow sust.
]'wId]
Viuda
Worship sust.
]'ws:rp ]
Adoracin, culto a

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Caravana 1: http://www.arthursclipart.org/transport/land/caravan%20camel.gif
Caravana 2: http://www.clker.com/cliparts/4/0/3/0/1195439663140698541camel_john_olsen_01.svg.hi.png
Hgira mapa: http://www.raqs.co.nz/me/graphics/map622.gif
Astrnomos islmicos: http://roshnipk.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Muslim-Astronomers-Muslim-
Scientists-Islam-and-Science.jpg
Corn 1: http://www.kidspast.com/images/quran.jpg
Corn 2: http://www.eldiario24.com/uploads/editorial/2010/09/08/imagenes/53737_coran.jpg
Caligrafa islmica 1: http://www.vocfm.co.za/public/images/upload_images/calligraphy.jpg
Caligrafa islmica 2: http://www.islamicknowledge.net/images/1615d1151065482-arabic-calligraphy-iqra-
bisme.jpg
Cinco pilares del Islam: http://surreyisoc.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/5-pillars-of-islam1.jpg
Expansin islmica 1:
http://sites.google.com/site/gruelephant/_/rsrc/1243434961410/Home/islamic%20empire.png
Expansin islmica 2: http://www.cambridgeblog.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/muslim-expansion.jpg
Mezquita 1: http://visual.merriam-webster.com/society/religion/mosque_1.php
Mezquita 2: http://visual.merriam-webster.com/society/religion/mosque_2.php
Al-Andalus mapa: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_x_2-
4Ucxvvc/TB8mf1Pz9bI/AAAAAAAAALQ/vt1C3n6qYws/s1600/AlAndalusMap2-349x327.jpg
Guadalete: http://layijadeneurabia.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/alandalus2.jpg
Abd-al-Rahman I: http://www.biografica.info/fotos/ABD2.png
Abd-al-Rahman III: http://www.historiadelarte.us/graphic/islam/La%20corte%20de%20Abderraman.jpg
Medinat al-Zahra 1: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/49/151905723_b659f2ac5a.jpg
Medinat al-Zahra 2: http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2183/2041288160_17a1b204f5_o.jpg
Mezquita de Crdoba: http://www.mezquitadecordoba.org/img/MEZQUITA%20CORDOBA%204.jpg
Ciudad en Al-Andalus: http://html.rincondelvago.com/0007241512.jpg
Sociedad: http://html.rincondelvago.com/0007241512.jpg
Mezquita planta: http://alikant.galeon.com/plantaacordoba.jpg
Sociedad Al-Andalus: http://abenyusuf.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/musicamorocristiano.JPG
Evolucin de los territorios de Al-Andalus:
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_FQioMxWhi24/RvFa7gEFiKI/AAAAAAAAA60/vNJsgnl_Vag/s400/alandalus.gif
Agricultura rabe:
http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_0tM4t9G0Oc8/TJPBzmXbOxI/AAAAAAAAAEE/XxpCAqrSZoA/s1600/agricultura_a
rabe_al_andalus.jpg

Unit 4. Islam and Al-Andalus

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