CHAPTER 1

OLED
(Organic Light Emitting Diode ) INTRODUCTION: The Basics of Organic Light Emitting Diodes: What are OLED's ?
Organic light emitting diodes are a relatively new technology for solid state light sources. A typical OLED consists of two organic layers (electron and hole transport layers), embedded between two electrodes. The top electrode is usually a metallic mirror with high reflectivity and the bottom electrode a transparent ITO layer on top of the glass substrate.

OLED stands for, organic light emitting diode. It is the light bulb on steroids. Unlike the lightbulb, one OLED can be made as big as the glass of a department store display case. They are very thin and can be flexible. They also can be made as small as a TV pixel. Which is why they are so great for HD video display. The first hand held TV was made possible because of OLEDs. The best 3D TV.s are also are made from OLEDs. In the contest of LED vs OLED in terms of quality, the OLED wins hands down.

According to Ron Mertens Editor-in-chiefAn OLED lighting panel is basically a single pixel device (which is why its easier to make than an OLED display). In an OLED display, each pixel is made from 3 colored sub-pixel OLEDs. So each OLED is very small indeed. Some designs use a different number of OLEDs (for example LG uses 4 white OLED sub pixels with color-filters on top). The size differs according to the pixel size. So in a 55 Full-HD display each pixel is obviously larger than a 7.7 Full-HD display (both have the same number of pixels). An OLED lighting panel is like a one large pixel. Sometimes in larger ones it may be required to drive it in different places to make the light constant across the panel,

Imagine this:
It is the future 5 to 10 years away and you have just moved into a new home. It is a little larger than the one you were in and you need a little bit more lighting. You already have some nice OLED lights in your home but you need more your home but you need more

It is the future 5 to 10 years away and you have just moved into a new home. It is a little larger than the one you were in and you need a little bit more lighting. You already have some nice OLED lights in your home but you need more. So So you go to Home Depot and you buy a roll of OLED 4 wide. You will cut it to size and peal off the paper from one side of the strip and stick it in place, in a room along the top of the wall where it meets the ceiling. Your new OLED strips will look nice all around the room. You take them home, cut them to size, attach them to their connectors and plug them in. Your house already has many OLED panels installed in many shapes and sizes. By accessing the microprocesser port. you could easily program all the lighting and fixtures in you room or throughout the house with any brightness, color and texture pattern that you have on file separately or in series. Great for parties. The whole house potentially can be programed for an infinite variety of lighting schemes

You already have a couple of OLED panels in this room, about 40 X 40. each. Right now they are both giving off a soothing, full spectrum, soft white light. You decide to watch some broadcast video for a while. You push a button and one of your panels becomes a picture of a far away galaxy. You adjust the brightness and push another button. The other panel becomes a broadcast media screen. You choosr a network show. It is a baseball game. It is a good game so you decide to check out some stats on the computer. Another button on your controler is pushed and your panel with the galaxy dims down and in a minute the internet is up on the panel. You notice that it is a bit dark in the room. Here is where those convenient hardware store OLED wall to ceiling strips will come in handy you adjust their brightness and settle in for an enjoyable evening. Meanwhile, across town in a parallel reality, you are into the weekend and are preparing for an great night out. Your going to a nightclub so you put on a really terrific T shirt with an OLED fabric thin layer panel, as part of the shirt. You can control the design on the T shirt screen from your smartphone.

This club is hot. It has OLED with digital display capable wallpaper.You go online and grab an app that will allow your OLED T shirt to tie into the clubs computer lighting display. It is a techno dance club and you can choose to let the DJ make your clothing a part of the lighting dcor. Especially fun on the dance floor when the music is really pumping. Another new trend that seems to be catching on all over is programming your clothes like a high tech mood ring. They sew little sensors into the cloth. The sensors measure heat, chemistry etc. and allow you to know and let other people know when you are attracted to them in different ways. Patterns and colors can be programmed to intensify as the measurable factors intensify. Be careful though. You better make sure somebody doesnt get the wrong idea from your fashion imagery. But if you do it right it can take a lot of the guess work out of meeting people. As the music begins to surge you look over at a couple whose clothings color and texture intensity is really starting to blend as they dance. Just then you hear one of them say to the other, Your T-shirt is sooo revealing.

The next day your two parallel realities have begun to multiply exponetially. They decide to go to the beach, the mall, theme park, fair and local outdoor events. Your realities notice OLEDs lighting displays artwork, and products are everywhere. You check your pocket to make sre you didnt leave your info card at home. You take it everywhere. It is about as thick as the credit card you used to have. It is a minicomputer, creditcard, smartphone, mini-entertainment center, complete with camera, all in one and uses, thats right, an OLRD display. You decide to check out more oled lighting being worn on T shirts. Other styles of clothing have incorporated OLED technology too.

You like the way that the OLED part of the clothing is beginning to look a lot less like plastic and a lot more like fabric. The T shirts have the wearers favorite graphics displayed. You look at one of the Tshirts as a picture flashes on it. You notice that a little girl has gone missing in the mall. You notice another T shirt and see that a local eatery has begun offering discounts to people who will flash their logo and ad, 12 times in an hour, for a minute each time. Now you begin to wonder how the food is.

Multi medias lighting and multi media clothes, this is the OLED of the future. The latest incarnation of the OLED can now be found in a 55 HDTVs, unveiled at the 2012 CES show in Las Vegas by LG and Samsung. The LG is 4mm thick and is due out in the second half of the year. The speculated price would be about $8000. Today you can go to the store and see OLEDs being used in lighting displays on cell phones, cameras, automobile dashboards, and pocket TVs to name a few products. The OLED came into being through the search for high light emmision with low energy consumption and heat gereration. The discovery that organic materials could gererate light led to research on isolating the elements involved, and from this, the OLED was born. Here is a brief discription of the OLED from our friends

Chapter2

Working principle:

When a voltage is applied to the electrodes the charges start moving in the device under the influence of the electric field. Electrons leave the cathode and holes move from the anode in opposite direction. The recombination of this charges leads to the creation of a photon with a frequency given by the energy gap (E = h) between the LUMO and HOMO levels of the emitting molecules. Therefore, the electrical power applied to the electrodes is transformed into light. Different materials and dopants can be used to generate different colors and the combination of them allows building up a white light source.

Oled Device Operation (Energy Diagram):

Optoelectonic Device Characteristics:

Electroluminesence Polymers:

Chapter3

HISTORY OF OLED:

First developed in the early 1950s in France Early technology would emmite a short burst of light when a voltage was applied.

This early form applied high-voltage alternating current field to crystalline thin films of acridine orange and quinacrine. 1960s-AC-driven electrolum inescent cells using doped anthracene was developed

In a 1977 paper, Shirakawa et al. Reported high conductivity in similarly oxidized and iodine-doped polyacetylene. In 1987 Chin Tang and Van Slyke introduced the first light emitting diodes from thin organic layers. In 1990 electroluminescence in polymers was discovered.

Architecture of OLEDs:

An OLED consists of the following parts: Substrate (clear plastic, glass, foil) - The substrate supports the OLED. Anode (transparent) - The anode removes electrons (adds electron "holes") when a current flows through the device. Organic layers - These layers are made of organic molecules or polymers. Conducting layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules that transport "holes" from the anode. One conducting polymer used in OLEDs is polyaniline. Emissive layer - This layer is made of organic plastic molecules (different ones from the conducting layer) that transport electrons from the cathode; this is where light is made. One polymer used in the emissive layer is polyfluorene. Cathode (may or may not be transparent depending on the type of OLED) - The cathode injects electrons when a current flows through the device.

Chapter4

There are several types of OLEDs:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Passive-matrix OLED Active-matrix OLED Transparent OLED Top-emitting OLED Foldable OLED White OLED

Each type has different uses. In the following sections, we'll discuss each type of OLED. Let's start with passive-matrix and active-matrix OLEDs.

Passive-matrixOLED(PMOLED):

PMOLEDs have strips of cathode, organic layers and strips of anode. The anode strips are arranged perpendicular to the cathode strips. The intersections of the cathode and anode make up the pixels where light is emitted. External circuitry applies current to selected strips of anode and cathode, determining which pixels get turned on and which pixels remain off. Again, the brightness of each pixel is proportional to the amount of applied current. PMOLEDs are easy to make, but they consume more power than other types of OLED, mainly due to the power needed for the external circuitry. PMOLEDs are most efficient for text and icons and are best suited for small screens (2- to 3-inch diagonal) such as those you find in cell phones, PDAs and MP3 players. Even with the external circuitry, passive-matrix OLEDs consume less battery power than the LCDs that currently power these devices.

Active-matrix OLED (AMOLED) :

AMOLEDs have full layers of cathode, organic molecules and anode, but the anode layer overlays a thin film transistor (TFT) array that forms a matrix. The TFT array itself is the circuitry that determines which pixels get turned on to form an image. It consume less power than PMOLEDs because the TFT array requires less power than external circuitry, so they are efficient for large displays. AMOLEDs also have faster refresh rates suitable for video. The best uses for AMOLEDs are computer monitors, large-screen TVs and electronic signs or billboards.

Transparent OLED :

Transparent OLEDs have only transparent components (substrate, cathode and anode) and, when turned off, are up to 85 percent as transparent as their substrate. When a transparent OLED display is turned on, it allows light to pass in both directions. A transparent OLED display can be either active- or passive-matrix. This technology can be used for heads-up displays.

Top-emitting OLED :

Top-emitting OLEDs have a substrate that is either opaque or reflective. They are best suited to active-matrix design. Manufacturers may use top-emitting OLED displays in smart cards.

Foldable OLED :

Foldable OLEDs have substrates made of very flexible metallic foils or plastics. Foldable OLEDs are very lightweight and durable. Their use in devices such as cell phones and PDAs can reduce breakage, a major cause for return or repair. Potentially, foldable OLED displays can be attached to fabrics to create "smart" clothing, such as outdoor survival clothing with an integrated computer chip, cell phone, GPS receiver and OLED display sewn into it.

White OLED :

White OLEDs emit white light that is brighter, more uniform and more energy efficient than that emitted by fluorescent lights. White OLEDs also have the true-color qualities of incandescent lighting. Because OLEDs can be made in large sheets, they can replace fluorescent lights that are currently used in homes and buildings. Their use could potentially reduce energy costs for lighting.

Chapter5

Applications of OLEDs:
TVs Cell Phone screens Computer Screens Keyboards (Optimus Maximus) Lights Portable Device display

OLED Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages of OLEDs:

Much faster response time Consume significantly less energy

Able to display "True Black" picture Wider viewing angles Thinner display Better contrast ratio Safer for the environment Has potential to be mass produced inexpensively OLEDs refresh almost 1,000 times faster then LCDs

Optimus Maximus Keyboard:

Small OLED screen on every key

113 OLED screens total Each key can be programmed to perform a series of functions Keys can be linked to applications SD card slot for storing settings

Disadvantages of OLEDs:
Cost to manufacture is high

Overall luminance degradation Constraints with lifespan Easily damaged by water Limited market availability

Problems with OLED :

OLED seems to be the perfect technology for all types of displays, but it also has some problems: Lifetime - While red and green OLED films have longer lifetimes (46,000 to 230,000 hours), blue organics currently have much shorter lifetimes (up to around 14,000 hours). Manufacturing - Manufacturing processes are expensive right now. Water - Water can easily damage OLEDs.

Current Research for OLEDs:

Manufacturers focusing on finding a cheap way to produce "Roll-to-Roll" Manufacturing Increasing efficiency of blue luminance

Chapter7

Future Uses for OLED:

Flexible / bendable lighting .

Wallpaper lighting defining new ways to light a space . Transparent lighting doubles as a window .

Usage Of OLEDs:
2000 LG Electronics develops organic EL displays for mobile gadgets 2000 NEC, Samsung To Develop Organic Wireless Displays 2000 Sanyo Electric to start mass production of color organic EL panels in 2001 2000 UDC and PPG Industries Form Strategic Alliance for Development & Supply of Chemicals for OLED Manufacturers 2000 Motorola Grants OLED Technology Rights To Universal Display And Takes Equity Position 2000 Toshiba Corp. plans to produce (organic EL) panels in 2001 2000 Ritek plans to mass produce OLED 1998 Green Organic LED Shows High Efficiency 1998 Kodak, Sanyo Show Full-Color Active Matrix Organic Display; First Color OEL Display Increases Threat to LCD Display Dominance 1997 Pioneer Electronic Produces EL Display with 260,000 Colors 1997 UDC Demonstrates Flexible Flat Panel Display Technology 1996 CDT gives worlds first public demonstration of Light Emitting Polymer devices 1996 Pioneer produces the worlds first commercial PMOLED a monochrome 25664 display for car audio systems.

1987 Ching W. Tang and Steven Van Slyke develop the worlds first working OLED at Eastman Kodak

REFERENCE:

1950 Luminance in organic materials is discovered in France.