Natural Gas Compressor Operation Optimization to Minimize Gas

Turbine Outboard Bleed Air

K.K. Botros
NOVA Research & Technology Center
2928 16
th
Street, NE.
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Email: botrosk@novachem.com





H. Golshan, B. Sloof, Z. Samoylove, D. Rogers
TransCanada Pipelines Limited
450-1
st
Street, SW
Calgary, Alberta, Canada
ABSTRACT

Gas turbine (GT) engines employed in natural gas compressor
stations operate in different modes depending on the power,
turbine inlet temperature and shaft speeds. These modes apply
different sequencing of bleed valve opening on the air
compressor side of the engine. Improper selection of the GT and
the driven booster compressor operating conditions can lead to
larger bleed losses due to wider bleed valve openings. The bleed
loss inevitably manifests itself in the form of higher overall heat
rate of the GT and greater engine emission. It is therefore
imperative to determine and understand the engine and process
conditions that drive the GT to operate in these different modes.
The ultimate objective is to operate the engine away from the
inefficient modes by adjusting the driven booster compressor
parameter as well as the overall station operating conditions (i.e.
load sharing, control set points, etc.). This paper describes a
methodology to couple the operating conditions of the booster
compressor to the modes of GT bleed valve opening (and the
subsequent air bleed rates) leading to identification of the
operating parameters for optimal performance (i.e., best overall
efficiency and minimum CO
2e
emission). A predictive tool is
developed to quantify the overall efficiency loss as a result of the
different bleed opening modes, and map out the condition on the
gas compressor characteristics. One years worth of operating
data taken from an existing compressor station on TransCanada
Pipelines' Alberta system was used to demonstrate the
methodology. This station employs GE-LM1600 gas turbine
driving a Cooper Rolls-RFBB-30 centrifugal compressor. The
results from the analysis conclusively indicate that there are
operating regions on the gas compressor map where losses due
to bleed valves are reduced and hence lower CO
2
emissions,
which presents an opportunity for operation optimization.


Nomenclature

C
g
,C
v
, C
1
- Factors to correlate the bleed mass flow and the
bleed valve opening fraction
f
bleed
- fuel energy consumption due to compressor bleed
f
nobleed
- fuel energy consumption due to compressor if bleed
air was absent
H
a
- compressor adiabatic head
k - gas isentropic exponent
LHV - gas mixture lower heating value
bleed
m - mass flow rate of compressor bleed
N1 - low pressure compressor corrected speed
P
r
- gas compressor pressure ratio
P
3
- air compressor discharge pressure
R - gas constant
T
1
- gas compressor inlet temperature

3
- air compressor discharge density
H - excess fuel consumption due to compressor bleed
I - excess CO
2e
emission due to compressor bleed
u - bleed valve choking parameter
AW
bleed
- power loss due to bleed

INTRODUCTION

In gas turbines, air compressor "bleeding" is used during start-up
and shut-down to protect the compressor against surging and
stalling as well as during part load operations [1]. In essence, the
1 Copyright 2012 by ASME
Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference
IPC2012
September 24-28, 2012, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
IPC2012-90047
bleed valve opens only when the engine speed is below a certain
value. A notable feature of the GE LM1600 turbine is the fact
that the extent of bleed valve opening is variable depending
upon the spool speed. Therefore, the corresponding bleed losses
also vary accordingly. It is thus beneficial to identify an optimal
range of values for the operating parameters such that bleed
losses can be minimized.

Bleed in gas turbines is a fairly well understood phenomenon.
Most previous studies have focused on analyzing the effect of
bleed on the surge limit of the gas turbine [1-3]. Indeed, bleed is
most often used to prevent surging and stalling in gas turbines.
However, it is important to understand that bleed also causes
efficiency losses due to bleeding, the already compressed air,
into the atmosphere [3]. In addition, bleed also causes
environmental impacts because additional fuel consumption
would be required to realize the same shaft output power, and
hence extra C0
2e
emission. Therefore, this bleed is an unwanted
expenditure. The objective of the present work is to understand
the conditions under which the bleed valves open and to identify
the range of values for the operating parameters which would
optimize the performance of the gas turbine from this
perspective.

The GE-LM1600 gas turbine is a dual spool engine with variable
bleed valve opening depending upon the corrected low pressure
spool speed (N1) [4] .Thus, the bleed losses vary depending
upon the power drawn from the power shaft which ultimately
determines the air compressor shaft speed and the corresponding
bleed rate. One year's worth of operating data was obtained from
station Compressor Equipment Health Monitoring (CEHM)
system, which employs one of these LM1600 gas turbines.
Initial investigation indicated that some of the values of the
operating parameters of this unit would lead to significant bleed
losses. The goal is to run the gas turbine under conditions such
that these losses are minimized. The performance optimization
of the gas turbine is part of TransCanada's continued interest in
optimization tools and improvements in operational efficiencies,
e.g. [5].

This paper describes a methodology to couple the operating
conditions of the gas compressor to the modes of GT bleed valve
opening (and the subsequent air bleed rates) leading to
identification of the operating parameters for optimal
performance (i.e., best overall efficiency and minimum CO
2

emission). A predictive tool is developed to quantify the overall
efficiency loss as a result of the different bleed opening modes,
and map out the condition on the gas compressor characteristics.
The analysis indicated that running the turbine in improper
modes could lead to excess fuel consumption of ~ 145 GJ/day. In
addition to this, the analysis also highlighted the environmental
impacts of operating the turbine in the inefficient operation
modes indicating an excess 10 tonnes of CO
2
released per day.
The economic aspect of these losses is also discussed along with
the total yearly cost incurred due to the bleed.

APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY

In order to evaluate the impact of compressor bleed on the
performance of the gas turbine, it is required to calculate the
bleed air mass flow rate. As mentioned earlier, the bleed air flow
is directly dependent on the opening of the bleed valve which is
adjusted according to the engine air compressor low pressure
speed. The bleed flow rate is given by [6]

( ) u sin P C . m
g bleed 3 3
1 1 = (1)

where the subscript 3 denotes the air compressor discharge
condition, and P have their usual meaning, sin(u) is a
parameter which indicates whether the air flow in the
compressor is choked (sin (u) = 1 for fully choked flow). The C
g

parameter is a factor which quantifies the extent to which the
bleed valve is open. The expression for C
g
is given by:

max , v openfrac g
C BV C C
1
= (2)

Here, C
1
is a constant (taken = 32) and
Cv,max
=156 when the
bleed valve is fully open. The bleed valve open fraction can be
obtained from the VBV scheduling sheet provided by the
manufacturer. The bleed valve schedule for the GE-LM1600 is
given in Fig. 1. As the figure indicates, the extent of the bleed
valve opening is driven by the low pressure spool speed of the
gas generator (Nl, corrected).

Commercially available software GasTurb11 [7, 8] was
employed to evaluate of the turbine performance and cycle
parameters. The ambient air conditions along with the bleed
mass flow rate calculated from the previous step are fed to the
software as input. The software iteratively solves for the
operating cycle parameters subject to model constraints which
are defined by the user. The detailed list of the input parameters
and the target constraints used for the present model are
tabulated in Table 1. Upon completion of the run, GasTurb11
returns the thermodynamic properties (pressure, temperature,
etc.) at each component of the gas turbine operation.
Additionally, it also calculates other performance parameters
such as specific fuel consumption, engine heat rate, and mass
flow rates at each component of the gas turbine. The software
also allows running files in batch mode which significantly
speeds up the calculation process. Results from a sample run in
GasTurb11 are enumerated in Table 2. More information from
this sample run is given in Appendix A, along with the
temperature-entropy diagrams of the gas turbine cycles for both
cases: with bleed and without bleed.

2 Copyright 2012 by ASME


Figure 1: GE-LM1600 VBV Schedule Diagram.

Once the performance parameters are obtained from GasTurb11,
it is possible to evaluate the losses incurred due to the bleed.
First, the simulations are run such that the bleed valve is
completely closed and there is no bleed loss. For this we impose
a zero bleed mass flow rate in GasTurb11. Next, the simulation
is run with bleed loss present. The important parameters of
interest which quantify the losses are the excess fuel
consumption, additional cost incurred due to burning the excess
fuel and the amount of CO
2e
emission associated with burning
the excess fuel. The excess fuel consumption (H) is directly
calculated using the fuel consumption rate calculated by
GasTurb11 from the two runs. Thus

( )
bleed nobleed
f f = H (3)


where f
nobleed
and f
bleed
are the fuel consumption rates without
and with compressor bleed respectively. For a known fuel
heating value, the additional energy associated with the extra
fuel consumption can be calculated, and a direct valuation can be
determined based on the cost of energy (e.g. $4 per GJ).


Table 1: List of input parameters and target constraints used
for simulation in GasTurbl1.



Table 2: Representative results from a model run in
GasTurbl1.



In addition to the economic aspect, there are environmental
impacts of the compressor bleed losses. The extra fuel
consumption leads to excess CO
2e
emission. There is a penalty
associated with the CO
2e
emission and handling which further
adds to the operation cost of the engine. For calculating the
excess amount of CO
2e
emitted per day, we employ an emission
factor of 2.75 kg of CO
2
/kg of gaseous fuel. Thus, upon
incorporating the appropriate unit conversions, the excess CO
2e

emission per day is calculated as

LHV
W .
bleed
A
I
75 2
=
(4)

Mode 1
Mode 2
Mode 3
Mode 4
Bleed Valve
Closed
Bleed Valve Open
Bleed Valve
fully Open
V
B
V

S
t
r
o
k
e

(
i
n
c
h
e
s
)
N1, corrected (RPM)
VBV Steady State
VBV Transient State
Input Parameters
With
Bleed
Without
Bleed
Burner Design Efficiency 0.97 0.97
Fuel Heating Value MJ/kg 47.96 47.96
LP Spool Mechanical Efficiency 0.978 0.978
Ambient Relative Humidity % 25 25
Ambient Pressure kPa 90.8 90.8
Ambient Temperature K 281 281
Pressure Ratio 12.96 12.96
Nominal PT Spool Speed RPM 5504.7 5504.7
Overboard Bleed kg/s 2.2 0

Calculated Parameters
Shaft Power Delivered kW 4022 4022
Power Sp. Fuel Cons. kg/(kW*h) 0.339 0.308
Specific Power kW/(kg/s) 135.76 135.76
Thermal Efficiency 0.221 0.244
Equivalent SFC kg/(kW*h) 0.34 0.31
Heat Rate kJ/(kW*h) 16,271.61 14,779.40
Compressor Mass Flow kg/s 29.63 29.63
HPT Rotor Inlet Flow kg/s 25.88 28.05
PT Inlet Flow kg/s 27.36 29.53
Compressor Exit Press P3 kPa 1,164.80 1,164.80
Burner Exit Temperature K 1,202.34 1,116.45
Compr. Spec. Power kW/(kg/s) 358.17 358.17
Fuel Flow kg/s 0.379 0.344
HP Turbine Power kW 10,591.27 10,590.92
3 Copyright 2012 by ASME
where I is the excess C0
2e
emission, AW
bleed
is the loss of power
to bleed and LHV is the fuel lower heating value. In the present
work, the associated C0
2e
emission charge was assumed to be
$15/tonne for argument sake, and hence the cost involved per
day can be evaluated from Eq. (4). The emission charges can
vary depending on location, region, country and applicable
regulatory bodies.

The total loss evaluation for the sample set of data provided in
Table 2 is tabulated Table 3. Notice that in Table 3, the air flow
rate into the compressor, the shaft power and the compressor
power are the same with and without the bleed. What changed
are the fuel flow rates and the thermal efficiency of the engine.
Physically, this comparison shows what the required fuel flow
rate would be, with and without bleed, if the shaft power remains
the same. The power loss to bleed highlighted in Table 3 is
calculated as the ratio of the bleed flow rate to the air flow rate
times the compressor power drawn. It quantifies the proportion
of power wasted that was used to compress that proportionate
bleed air. The total cost due bleed is shown to be $770/day.
This represents approximately 10% of the daily total cost of
energy ($5,781 per day) and CO
2e
emission ($1,244 per day),
hence a combined total of $7,025 per day.


Table 3: Evaluation of losses for the data set in Table 2.


Table 4: Gas Mixture Composition.


The sample calculations shown in the previous paragraphs were
repeated for the entire year's data from the GT unit. It is useful to
represent turbine performance on the booster compressor
characteristic map (shown in Fig. 2) [7]. Thus, the losses and all
the other performance parameters from the gas generator side
were overlaid on the booster wheel map for analysis. For
calculating the adiabatic head of the gas, the compressibility and
the isentropic exponent of the gas at suction condition must be
determined. These parameters were determined using REFPROP
[9]. The model gas composition used is given in Table 4. Values
for the corrected spool speed (NI, corrected) is obtained directly
from the CEHM data. The adiabatic head (H
a
) is calculated as


( )
(

|
.
|

\
|
=

1
1
1
1
k
k
r a
P
k
k
ZRT
H
(5)

where Z is the average compressibility factor of the gas at
suction and discharge, R is the gas constant and T
1
is the suction
temperature of the gas, and P
r
is the pressure ratio of the gas
compressor.

Parameter
With
Bleed
Without
Bleed
Fuel Flow kg/s 0.379 0.344
Fuel Heating Value MJ/kg 47.96 47.96
Thermal Efficiency 0.221 0.244
Heat Rate kJ/(kW*h) 16,271.61 14,779.40
Bleed Valve Open 0.432 0
Bleed Valve Cv 66.8 0
Air Mass Flow W2 kg/s 29.63 29.63
Overboard Bleed kg/s 2.2 0
Air Compressor Power kW 10,591.27 10,590.92
Bleed Flow to Compressor Flow Ratio 0.0743 -
Power Loss to Bleed kW 786.40 -
Excess Fuel Consumption kg/s 0.035 -
Excess Fuel Cost ($4/GJ) $/day 576.45 -
Excess Emission tonnes/day 8.263 -
Excess emission Charges ($15/tonne) $/day 123.95 -
Total Cost Due to Bleed $/day 700.40 -
4 Copyright 2012 by ASME


Figure 2: Characteristic Wheel Map for the Cooper RF-BB-
30 Gas Compressor.



RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this section, the results from the simulation using the one
years data from the GT unit is overlaid on the booster
compressor characteristics and the optimal operating conditions
are identified. Along with these, the heat rates for the engine are
also presented for bleed and no bleed conditions along with
other comparisons which will help better identify the operating
conditions that will allow the engine to run outside the high loss
zones.

Figure 3 represents a contour plot of the energy loss due to the
bleed. Interestingly, the plot shows that it is actually possible to
operate the turbine such that bleed losses are absent as indicated
by the blue regions. The yellow and regions on the color map are
the conditions which should be avoided to ensure minimal
losses. These high loss conditions mostly correspond to low
volumetric flow rates and low adiabatic heads as indicated by
Fig. 3. Similarly, Fig. 4 depicts the excess C0
2e
emission in
tonnes per day. The regions for minimal bleed losses and best
performance coincides with the low energy loss regions in Fig.
3.

The total extra cost incurred (for excess fuel consumption and
CO
2e
emission charges) per day by running the turbine under
different conditions is shown in Fig. 5. The cost components
considered and approach for calculating the total cost has been
explained in the precious section. The plot shows that running
the turbine near the high loss zones could lead to extra costs as
high as $800 per day.



Figure 3: Excess Energy Loss due to Compressor Bleed.


Figure 4: Excess CO
2e
Emission in tonnes/day due to
Compressor Bleed.
Having identified the optimal operating regions on the wheel
map, it was necessary to relate them with the spool speeds of the
gas generator. Figure 6 shows the spool speeds overlaid on the
compressor map. This map serves two purposes. Firstly, it
substantiates the results of the simulation as it can be seen that
the optimal operating regions coincide with higher spool speeds
where the bleed valve would be mostly closed minimizing the
losses. Further, it helps specify a design cut-off spool speed for
operating the turbine such that the losses are negligible.
7000 RPM
6700 RPM
6500 RPM
6000 RPM
5500 RPM
5000 RPM
4500 RPM
4000 RPM
71% 75%77%
79%
81%
81%
79%
77%
75%
71%
67%
65%
Surge Control
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
I S
E
N
T
R
O
P
I C
H
E
A
D
( k
J
/ k
g
)
INLET FLOW (m3/s)
A
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c

H
e
a
d

(
K
J
/
K
g
)
Actual Inlet Flow(m
3
/s)
5 Copyright 2012 by ASME

Figure 5: Total Additional Cost Incurred due to Compressor
Bleed ($/day).


Figure 6: Corrected Nl (RPM) Corresponding to the
Different Operating Zones on the Compressor
Characteristics.

Another important parameter which gives an indication of the
loss of performance due to bleed is the engine heat rate. The
engine heat rate is defined as the amount of energy consumed
per unit kW-hr of power generated. In other words, it is simply
the inverse of the thermal efficiency of the engine. In presence
of compressor bleed, the thermal efficiency of the engine will
decrease and the heat rate will increase. Comparison of Figs. 7
and 8 corroborates the above argument. Clearly from the same
power and the power turbine spool speed, the heat rate values in
Fig. 7 are higher than that of Fig. 8. It is important to understand
that for the sake of comparative analysis, the bleed rate was
assumed to be zero in Fig. 8 which is seldom the case in
practice. However, the plots do indicate that there are regions on
both maps with exact similar values (indicated by the blue
region in both figures). This corresponds to the bleed valve
being completely closed at high spool speeds. Figures 7 and 8
re-establishes the fact that drawing higher power from the
booster (which directly implies running the engine at higher
spool speeds) actually reduces bleed losses.



Figure 7: Engine Heat Rate Map in Presence of Bleed.



Figure 8: Engine Heat Rate Map in Absence of Bleed.

Figure 9 represents the variation of the bleed mass flow rate with
the shaft power. The figure conclusively indicates that operating
the booster to draw greater than 9000 kW (approximately) of
power results in optimal engine performance.

A
d
i
a
b
a
t
i
c

H
e
a
d

(
K
J
/
K
g
)
Actual Inlet Flow (m
3
/s)
N
1

c
o
r
r
e
c
t
e
d

(
R
P
M
)
6 Copyright 2012 by ASME

Figure 9: Variation of Bleed Mass Flow Rates with Shaft
Power Output.

Finally, the analysis was strengthened further by reporting the
bleed valve open fraction at the different operating conditions
for this particular engine as shown in Fig. 10. The optimum
operating conditions indicated by this figure is consistent with
the findings of Figs. 7, 8, 9. This plot in particular gives a clear
one-to-one indication of the relationship between the bleed valve
sequencing and the engine operating conditions. It allows
operators to better identify the areas where the bleed valve
would be near-closed on the engine map.



Figure 10: Bleed Valve Open Fraction Corresponding to
Different Conditions on the Booster Engine Map.



CONCLUDING REMARKS

In this paper, the predictive tool developed helps quantify the
loss in efficiency and the corresponding excess C0
2e
emission
due to the different bleed valve operating modes. For the GE
LM1600 engine used, the optimal operating conditions
(compressor shaft speed, power drawn etc.) were identified on
the characteristic compressor wheel map. The findings were
further corroborated by analyzing the engine heat rate overlaid
on the booster engine map. All the findings pointed to the fact
that operating the GT engine at higher loads resulted in lesser
bleed losses. This was primarily because operating the engine at
higher loads would correspond to higher compressor shaft
speeds and hence a smaller fraction of the bleed valve opening.
The analysis draws insight into the bleed valve sequencing and
its relationship with the other operating parameters of the
engine. It highlights the economic and environmental
consequences of operating the engine at conditions outside the
optimum zone. The model methodology is generic and can be
readily transfered to other engines.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors appreciate the discussion and support of Ken
Meszaros and Landen Stein of TransCanada Pipelines Limited.
Simulation runs and plotting of the results conducted by R.
Chatterjee is acknowledged. This paper is part of a research
program sponsored by TransCanada Pipelines Ltd., and
permission to publish it is gratefully acknowledged.


REFERNCES

1. Willems, F., and de Jager, B., 1998. "Active compressor
surge control using a one-sided controlled bleed/recycle
valve". In Proceedings of the 37th IEEE Conference on
Decision and Control, Vol. 1-4, IEEE Conference on
Decision and Control - Proceedings, pp. 2546-2551.
2. Freeman, C, Wilson, A. G., Day, I. I., and Swinbanks, M. A.,
1998. "Experiments in active control of stall on an
aeroengine gas turbine". J. Turbomach., 120(4), pp.
637647.
3. Bell, T. A., Jarrett, J. P., and Clarkson, P. J., 2008.
"Exploring the effects tf removing process-intrinsic
constraints on gas turbine design". J. Propul Power, 24(A),
pp. 751-762.
4. Zhu, P., and Saravanamuttoo, H. I. H., 1992. "Simulation of
an advanced twin-spool industrial gas-turbine". /. Eng. Gas
Turbines Power-transactions of the ASME, 114(2), pp.
180186.
5. Hawryluk, A., Botros, K. K., Golshan, H., and Huynh, B.,
2010. "Multi-objective optimization of natural gas
compression power train with genetic algorithms". Vol. 3,
pp. 421435.
6. [6] Association, G. P. S., ed., 1980. SI Engineering Data
7 Copyright 2012 by ASME
Book.
7. Kurzke, J., 2007. "About simplifications in gas turbine
performance calculations". In Proceedings of the ASME
Turbo Expo, Vol. 3, pp. 493-501.
8. Kurzke, J., 2008. "Effects of inlet flow distortion on the
performance of aircraft gas turbines". J. Eng. Gas Turbines
Power-transactions of the ASME, 130(4).
9. Vogel, E., 2011. "Reference viscosities of gaseous methane
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from (292 to 682 k)". J. Chem. Eng. Data, 56(7), pp.
32653272.

Appendix A: Input and Output Data from an Example
Simulation Using GasTurb11.
* Input * With Bleed Without Bleed
Burner Design Efficiency 0.97 0.97
Fuel Heating Value MJ/kg 47.96 47.96
HP Spool Mechanical Efficiency 0.998 0.998
Burner Pressure Ratio 0.97 0.97
Turb. Interd. Ref. Press. Ratio 0.975 0.975
Turbine Exit Duct Press Ratio 0.99 0.99
LP Spool Mechanical Efficiency 0.978 0.978
Ambient Relative Humidity [%] 25 25
Ref Inl Press Loss (Ps0-P2)/Ps0 0.01 0.01
Ref Exh Press Loss (Ps8-Ps0)/P8 0.01 0.01
Inlet Corr. Flow W2Rstd kg/s 33.02 33.02
Ambient Pressure Ps0 kPa 90.8 90.8
Ambient Temperature Ts0 K 281 281
Inlet Corr. Flow W2Rstd kg/s 33 33
Pressure Ratio 12.96 12.96
HPT Rotor Cool Air W_Cl_T/W2 0.05 0.05
Nominal PT Spool Speed [RPM] 5504.7 5504.7
Overboard Bleed kg/s 2.2 0

* Output *
Shaft Power Delivered kW 4023 4022
Power Sp. Fuel Cons. kg/(kW*h) 0.339274697 0.30816098
Specific Power kW/(kg/s) 135.762287 135.7619035
Pressure Loss P3->P4 [%] 3 3
Thermal Efficiency 0.22124418 0.243582274
Ambient Air Density kg/m 1.122972576 1.122972576
Equivalent Shaft Power kW 4022.579515 4022.436128
Equivalent SFC kg/(kW*h) 0.339274697 0.30816098
Heat Rate kJ/(kW*h) 16271.61445 14779.40058
Design Spool Speed [RPM] 12508.70324 12508.90852
Fuel Flow kg/s 0.379099846 0.344321627
Engine Mass Flow W2 kg/s 29.62957978 29.62860732
Compr Exit Flow W3 kg/s 29.33328399 29.33232125
Compr Exit C Flow W3Rstd kg/s 3.775311254 3.775187347
Burner Exit Flow W4 kg/s 25.88275693 28.04706946
HPT Rotor Inlet Flow W41 kg/s 25.88275693 28.04706946
HPT Inl Corr Flow W41Rstd kg/s 4.769537123 4.975964339
PT Inlet Flow W45 kg/s 27.36423594 29.52849985
PT Inl Corr Flow W45Rstd kg/s 23.2114298 24.03996841
PT Exit Flow W5 kg/s 27.66053173 29.82478591
PT Exit Corr Flow W5Rstd kg/s 47.58974173 49.30121966
Exhaust Flow W8 kg/s 27.66053173 29.82478591
Exhaust Corr Flow W8Rstd kg/s 48.0704462 49.79921178
Inlet Pressure P2 kPa 89.892 89.892
Intake static Pressure Ps2 kPa 83.80115176 83.80115176
Compressor Exit Press P3 kPa 1164.8 1164.8
Compr Exit static Press Ps3 kPa 1133.376771 1133.376771
Burner Exit Pressure P4 kPa 1129.856 1129.856
HP Turbine Exit Press P44 kPa 211.2246827 211.7584036
PT Inlet Pressure P45 kPa 205.9440656 206.4644435
PT Turbine Exit Press P5 kPa 93.09293955 93.09293955
Exit Duct Press P6 kPa 92.16201015 92.16201015
Bleed Air Pressure Pbld kPa 1164.79275 1164.79275
Inlet Press Drop Ps0-P2 kPa 0.908 0.908
Inlet Temperature T2 K 281.359 281.359
Compressor Exit Temp T3 K 630.0484386 630.0484386
Burner Exit Temperature T4 K 1202.339195 1116.453153
Stator Outlet Temp T41 K 1202.339697 1116.453331
HP Turbine Exit Temp T44 K 846.9189818 785.395538
PT Turbine Exit Temp T5 K 712.0217455 658.3308766
Compr. Spec. Power kW/(kg/s) 358.1737568 358.1737568
HP Turbine Pressure Ratio 5.34907183 5.335589902
HPT Inl Corr Flow W41Rstd kg/s 4.769537123 4.975964339
HPTurbine Spec. Power kW/(kg/s) 409.2017834 377.6124524
HP Turbine Power kW 10591.27029 10590.92268
PT Pressure Ratio 2.212241515 2.21783139
PT Inl Corr Flow W45Rstd kg/s 23.2114298 24.03996841
PT Spec. Power kW/(kg/s) 150.3081247 139.2864655
PT Total-Static Efficiency 0.826693326 0.826814688
Pressure Loss P44->P45 [%] 2.5 2.5
Fuel Flow kg/s 0.379 0.344
isentr.Compr.Efficiency 0.85 0.85
isentr.HP Turbine Efficiency 0.85 0.85
isentr.Power Turbine Eff. 0.85 0.85
8 Copyright 2012 by ASME


Figure A1: Temperature-Entropy Diagram for the Example Case with Bleed Air.





Figure A2: Temperature-Entropy Diagram for the Example Case without Bleed Air.

With Bleed
Without Bleed
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