COMPROMISING WITH EVIL

An Archival History of Greater Sudan, 2007 2012

INDEX Commonly Searched Terms

Eric Reeves

Madeline Zehnder, research and editing

COMPROMISING WITH EVIL: An Archival History of Greater Sudan, 2007 2012

E. Reeves

Index/text searching
This text has no formal index per se, but each of the PDF sections and annexes may be searched individually by word or phrase. What appears below are some of the key terms of reference that have defined the various parts of this text. Some appear in many, if not all, sections; some appear only in one or two or three parts. To Search within an Acrobat PDF: Open PDF. Click Control + F (Command + F MAC). Search features can also be found under the EDIT menu. Labeled Find. Where an organization or agreement has an acronym (e.g., UNHCR, UN High Commissionfor Refugees), the acronym and the full term are paired. Many acronyms are used more frequently in a text than the full name (e.g., CPA for Comprehensive Peace Agreement)hence the acronym will often be more useful for searching purposes. Only European and American hemisphere names are ordered with last name first; there are too many variations in name order and transliteration for many Arab, African, and Asian names, and these are ordered by first letter of first name to be included (full names and titles typically follow in parentheses). Of course, any name, word, or phrase may be searched for, whether or not it appears on this list, and may be searched as well in the much larger archives of my website (www.sudanreeves.org). See also the list of acronyms, names for humanitarian organizations, political and military actors, geographical references, and signed agreements (following Preface).

A short (and partial) gallery of photographs of Sudanese leaders follows.

aballa (camel-herding nomadic tribal groups) Abdel Aziz el-Hilu (SPLA/M-N) Abdel Wahid el-Nur (leader of SLA/AW faction) Abch (major town in Eastern Chad) abid (Arabic for slave; a racial slur) Abuja (Nigeria) Abu Shouk camp (el-Fasher, North Darfur) Abu Suruj camp (West Darfur) Abu Tira (Central Reserve Police) Abyei (contested region north of Warrap State) Abyei Boundaries Commission (ABC) Abyei town Action Against Hunger (Action contre la faim) (ACF) aerial attacks Adam Hamid Musa (SAF Major General) Addis Ababa Peace Agreement (1972) Addis Ababa (capital of Ethiopia, headquarters of the African Union) Aegis Trust (UK) Afghanistan Africa Confidential African (non-Arab) African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies (ACJPS) African Union High-Level Panel on Darfur
INDEX: Commonly Searched Words and Phrases

COMPROMISING WITH EVIL: An Archival History of Greater Sudan, 2007 2012 African Union High-Level Implementation Panel (AUHIPno longer in Darfur) African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) African Union Peace and Security Council (AU PSC) Agence France-Presse (AFP) Agok (Warrap State) Ahmad Khamis (SAF Major General) Aide Mdicale Internationale Alfred Taban (prominent Sudanese journalist) Ali Kushayb (prominent Janjaweed leader; indicted by ICC) Amal Center (for the Treatment of Victims of Torture, Nyala) Ameerah Haq (former UN Humanitarian Coordinator for Sudan) Amnesty International Andudu Adam Elnail (Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Kadugli) anti-personnel landmines Antonov (Russian-built cargo plane, used for civilian bombings) Arab Arab Gathering Arab League Arab militias Arab Spring Arabic armored personnel carriers (APC) arms embargo Ashworth, John (regional Sudan expert) Asmara (capital of Eritrea) asset stripping Associated Press (AP) atrocity crimes Awad Ibn Auf (SAF General) Aweil (Northern Bahr el-Ghazal) Baggara (Arab cattle nomads) Bahr el-Arab River (also River Kiir) Bakri Salih (SAF Major General) Ban Ki-moon (UN Secretary-General) al-Bashir (Field Marshal and President Omar Hassan Ahmed al-Bashir) Barnaba Marial Benjamin (spokesman for the Government of South Sudan) BBC Beja Congress Benn, Hilary (former UK Secretary of State for International Development) Bentiu (capital of Unity State) Bergid Bloomberg News Blue Nile body bags Boing (Upper Nile) Bombing Bor (Jonglei State) border demarcation, border delineation Border Intelligence Brigade (also Border Intelligence Guards) Boyette, Ryan Brazil Brennan, John (senior counter-terrorism official in Obama administration NSC) Brookings Institution Brgenstock (Switzerland) (site of negotiated ceasefire for the Nuba, 2002) Burum (South Kordofan) Burr, Millard

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COMPROMISING WITH EVIL: An Archival History of Greater Sudan, 2007 2012 Bush, George W. (former president of the U.S.) Cairo (capital of Egypt) Canada CARE car-jackings Carisch, Enrico (Switzerland, former member of UN Panel of Experts on Darfur) Carter Center Carter, Jimmy (former U.S. President and head of the Carter Center) Catena, Tom Central African Republic (CAR) Central Equatoria Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Central Reserve Police (CRP) census Chad (eastern Chad is immediately to the west of Darfur) Chapter VII authority (UN Charter) Charpentier, Georg (former UN Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for Sudan) chemical weapons China China National Petroleum Corp. (CNCP) Cholera Christian Christian Science Monitor Civilian Protection Monitoring Team (CPMT) Clinton, Hillary (U.S. Secretary of State) cluster bombs Coalition for International Justice Collins, Robert Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) Condominium Rule (Britain and Egypt) conflict-affected persons crimes against humanity Crude Mortality Rate (CMR) Cycmanick, Chris (UNAMID spokesman) Daily Star (Lebanon) Dajo Dak Dop Bishok (brutal military figure in Upper Nile) Dallaire, Lt. General (Ret.) Romo (UN commander of UNAMIR, 1993-94) Damazin (Blue Nile) Danforth, John (former special envoy for Sudan) Danish Church Aid (DCA) dar (roughly homeland, e.g., Dar Massalit or Dar Fur) Darfur Darfur Humanitarian Profiles (produced by UN OCHA through January 1, 2009) Darfur Peace Agreement (Abuja, Nigeria; May 2006) (DPA) Darfurian Voices Darfuri civil society Darfuris David Yau Yau (especially dangerous renegade militia leader in Jonglei) de-coupling (of Darfur from U.S. Sudan policy) Delami (South Kordofan) demilitarized buffer zone Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Deng Alor (senior SPLA member, Minister for Cabinet Affairs) depression Deribat (Jebel Marra)

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De Waal, Alex (adviser to African Union mediation efforts on Darfur) Diarrhea Diffra oil well-site in Heglig DigitalGlobe (satellite reconnaissance firm, Colorado) Dilling (South Kordofan) Dinka (also, Dinka Ngok, Dinka Panaruu) Djbril Ibrahim (current leader of JEM) Doctors Without Borders/Mdecins Sans Frontires (MSF) National sections: Switzerland, Spain, Belgium (the largest sectionsFrance and Hollandexpelled March 4, 2009) Doha (capital of Qatar) Doha Document for Peace in Darfur Peace Agreement (DDPD) Doro (Upper Nile) Eastern Equatoria Eastern Front Ed Daein (South Darfur) Egeland, Jan (former UN Under-secretary for Humanitarian Affairs) Egypt Eliasson, Jan (Deputy Secretary General of the UN; former special representative to Darfur) emergency threshold (for mortality and for malnutrition) Enough Project (Washington, DC) Equatorian Eritrea Ethiopia ethnic cleansing European Union (EU) European Parliament expulsion of humanitarian organizations (March 4, 2009 and other occasions) Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWSNet) el-Fasher (North Darfur) Farchana (refugee camp in eastern Sudan) fatwa el-Feid (al-Rashad Locality, Nuba Mountains) FEWSNet Firka (Raja County, Western Bahr el-Ghazal) flight ban Flint, Julie (Sudan expert, with particular knowledge of Darfur and the Nuba) food insecurity Foreign Policy Formed Police Units (FPU) Foro Banga (North Darfur) France Friends of IGAD Fur The Guardian (UK) Gedarif State (northern Sudan) Geertz, Clifford (anthropologist, author of The Interpretation of Culture) gender-based violence (GBV) el-Geneina (West Darfur) general food distribution Geneva Conventions gnocidaire genocide genocide by attrition Genocide Watch George Athor (renegade militia leader and former SPLA general; now deceased)

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Georgieva, Kristalina (European Commissioner for International Cooperation, Humanitarian Aid and Crisis Response) Gereida (South Darfur) Germany Gettleman, Jeffrey (correspondent, NYT) Ghandour (Ibrahim Ghandour, secretary for political affairs of the NIF/NCP) Ghazi (Ghazi Salah el-Din Atabani, senior NIF/NCP member with a wide portfolio) ghost houses Girifna Globe and Mail (Canada) Global Acute Malnutrition (GAM) GOAL (Ireland) Gogrial (Warrap State) Gok Machar (Northern Bahr el-Ghazal) Gosh (SAF General Salah Abdallah Gosh, former head of NISS) Government of National Unity (GNU) Government of South Sudan (GOSS) Government of Sudan (GOS) Gramizzi, Claudio (former member of the UN Panel of Experts for Darfur) Gration, Scott (former U.S. special envoy for Sudan) Greater Nile Petroleum Operating Company (GNPOC) Guhenno, Jean ( former head of UN Peacekeeping) Guffa (Upper Nile) Guido camp (near Garsila, West Darfur) Gutbi al-Mahdi Mohamed (long-time and senior NIF/NCP member; former director of NISS) Guterres, Antonio (former UN High Commissioner for Refugees) Haile Menkerios (special rep. of the UN Secretary-General to greater Sudan) Haj Ahmed Algaily Ahmed (SAF General) Hamas Hamesh Koreib (Kassala State) Haroun (Ahmed Mohamed Haroun Adam, currently governor of South Kordofan; indicted by ICC) Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI) Haskanita (North Darfur) heavy support package (for AMIS, as it converted to UNAMID) Heiban (South Kordofan) Heglig/Panthou (lies in disputed border) Helicopters, helicopter gunship Holland Holmes, John (former UN Under-secretary for Humanitarian Affairs) hudud Humanitarian Aid Commission (Khartoum) (HAC) Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust (HART, UK) Human Rights and Advocacy Network for Democracy (HAND) Human Rights First Human Rights Watch (HRW) hunger gap Hussein (SAF General and Defense Minister Abdel Rahim Mohamed Hussein, indicted by ICC) hybrid (UN/African Union) hygiene-preventable Hyper-inflation Ibrahim Gambari, joint special representative of the AU and UN to UNAMID Idriss Dby (President of Chad) The Independent (UK) infant mortality India Institute of War and Peace Reporting (IWPR)

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COMPROMISING WITH EVIL: An Archival History of Greater Sudan, 2007 2012 Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD, formerly IGADD) Interim Period (specified in CPA) Internally Displaced Person (IDP) International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) International Criminal Court (ICC) International Crisis Group (Brussels) (ICG) International Monetary Fund (IMF) international non-governmental organization (INGO) International Organization for Migration (intergovernmental) (IOM) International Rescue Committee (IRC) Iran, long-range Iranian missiles Iraq Isaias Afwerki (president of Eritrea) Islam Islamist Ismail (Mustafa Osman Ismail, long-time NIF/NCP member, former Minister of Foreign Affairs) Ismat Abdel Rahman al-Zain (SAF Lt. General) Israel Jahlak (camp) (Upper Nile) Jamam refugee camp (Upper Nile) Janjaweed (also: janjaweed, janjawiid, janjewiit, and other transliterations) January 1, 1956 January 9, 2005 January 9, 2011 Japan Jau/Jaw (Unity State) al-Jazeera (English) Jean Ping (former head of African Union PSC) Jebel Marra (straddles three Darfur states) Jebel Mun (West Darfur) Jebel Si (North Darfur) jihad John Garang (charismatic leader of the SPLA/M from 1983 until his death in July 2005) Johnson Olonyi (renegade militia commander in Upper Nile) Johnson, Douglas (historian of Sudan) Johnson, Hilde (UN head of mission in South Sudan) Jonglei State Juba (Central Equatoria, capital of South Sudan) Juba Arabic July 9, 2005 July 9, 2011 Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) Kadugli (South Kordofan) Kafia Kingi (Western Bahr el-Ghazal) Kajo Keiji (Central Equatoria) Kakuma (Kenya) Kalashnikov Kalma camp (Nyala, South Darfur) Kampala (capital of Uganda) Kapila, Mukesh (former Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for Sudan; resigned in 2004) Kapoeta (Eastern Equatoria) Karen Tchalian (commander of UNMIS forces in Kadugli in June 2011) Karti (Foreign Minister Ali Ahmed Karti) Kass (North Darfur) Kassab camp (North Darfur)

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Kassala State (northern Sudan) Kastberg, Nils (UNICEF, Darfur) Kauda (Nuba Mountains) Kebkabiya (North Darfur) Kenya Khalil Ibrahim (former leader of JEM) Khartoum (Khartoum State, capital of Sudan) Khor Abeche (South Darfur) kidnapping Kiir Adem (Northern Bahr el-Ghazal) Kishore Mahbubani (Singapore, former representative to UN Security Council) Kofi Annan (former UN Secretary General; head of UN Peacekeeping during Rwanda genocide) Kosti (White Nile State) Kristof, Nicholas (correspondent NYT) Kurmuk (Blue Nile) Kutum (North Darfur) Kerry, Senator John Kyung-wha Kang (UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights) Lakes State Lam Akol The Lancet (UK medical journal) Ladsous, Hevr (UN Under-secretary for Peacekeeping) lean season Lemkin, Raphael (Polish linguist who coined the term genocide and was the major force in securing UN ratification of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide) Le Roy, Alain (former head of UN Peacekeeping) Liberation and Justice Movement (LJM) Libya light support package (to AMIS as it converted to UNAMID) Lokichokio (Kenya) Lords Resistance Army (LRA) Los Angeles Times Lui (Western Equatoria) Luka Biong (former Minister of Cabinet Affairs in the Government of South Sudan) Lusk, Gillian (Associate Editor, Africa Confidential) Lyman, Princeton (U.S. special envoy for Sudan) Mabaan (Upper Nile) Machakos Protocol (July 2002) Mahjoub Abdallah Sharfi (SAF Major General) Malakal (Upper Nile) Malaria Mali Malaysia Malik Agaar (former governor of Blue Nile, senior SPLM/A-N leader) Martin Luther Agwai (former force commander of UNAMID) Mashood Adebayo Baderin (UN expert on human rights in Sudan) Massalit McClatchey News McDoom, Opheera (correspondent Reuters) measles Mdecins du Monde Meles Zenawi (former president of Ethiopia) Mellit (North Darfur) Mendez, Juan (former special advisor to the Secretary General on prevention of genocide) meningitis Mercy Corps

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COMPROMISING WITH EVIL: An Archival History of Greater Sudan, 2007 2012 Merowe (Nile dam site) (Northern State) Mershing camp (South Darfur) Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC, malnutrition measure) MiG-29 fighter jet Military Intelligence Minni Minawi (leader of SLA/MM faction) al-Mirgani (Mohammed Osman al-Mirghani, leader of DUP) Misseriya Mohamed Ahmed Eisa, Dr. (former director of Amal Center for Treatment of Torture, Nyala) moral equivalence Moreno-Ocampo, Luis (former prosecutor, ICC) Mornei camp (West Darfur) Mortality Muamar Gadaffi (former strongman leader of Libya) Muhajeriya (South Darfur) mujahideen Mukjar (West Darfur) multiple rocket launchers (MRL) Mundri, Western Equatoria Murle (non-Nilotic tribal group in South; tense ethnic clashes with Lou Nuer) Musa Hilal (leading Janjaweed figure) Muslim Nafie (Nafie Ali Nafie, long-time senior NIF/NCP official) Naivasha (Kenya) Nathan, Laurie (Sudan scholar) Nairobi (capital of Kenya) National Congress Party (NCP) National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) National Islamic Front (NIF) National Islamic Front/National Congress Party (NIF/NCP) NATO Natsios, Andrew (former U.S. special envoy for Sudan) Navi Pillay (UN High Commissioner for Human Rights) NDjamena (capital of Chad) Nepal Nertiti (West Darfur) The New Republic New Strategy for Darfur New York Times (NYT) New Sudan Nhial Deng (Foreign Minister, Government of South Sudan) Niger Nigeria Nile River (White Nile River, Blue Nile River) Nilotic Nimeiri (Jaafar Mohamed Nimeiri, former president of Sudan) non-Arab (African) non-food items (NFI) non-governmental organization (NGO) North Darfur Northern Bahr el-Ghazal Norway Norwegian Peoples Aid (NPA) Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) Nuba (broad tribal group) Nuba Mountains (South Kordofan)

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COMPROMISING WITH EVIL: An Archival History of Greater Sudan, 2007 2012 Nubia (northern Sudan) Nuer (Nilotic tribal group) Nyala (South Darfur) Nyuru (West Darfur) Obama, Barack (U.S. President) el-Obeid (Northern Kordofan) Oil and Natural Gas Company of India (ONG) oil revenues, oil revenue-sharing oil transit fees omda Omdurman (Khartoum State) Organization of Islamic Conference Osama bin Laden (leader of al-Qaeda) Otash (camp) (Nyala, South Darfur) Ottawa Treaty (banning use of anti-personnel landmines) Oure Cassoni (refugee camp in eastern Chad) Oxfam Panthou/Heglig (lies in disputed border area) Pagan Amum (senior negotiator for SPLM/GOSS) Permanent Court of Arbitration (The Hague) (PCA) Peter Gadet (former renegade militia leader, temporarily with the SPLA) Petrodar Consortium (eastern region) Petronas (Malaysia) Pibor (Jonglei State) Physicians for Human Rights (Cambridge, MA) (PHR) Polgreen, Lydia (correspondent NYT) polio popular consultations Popular Defense Forces (PDF) Port Sudan (Red Sea State) Prendergast, John (co-founder of Enough Project) Pronk, Jan (UN special envoy to Sudan, resigned in 2006) al-Qaeda Qatar Radio Dabanga rainy season Raja County (Western Bahr el-Ghazal) Ramadan rape, gang-rape Rashaida Free Lions Rebel/Renegade Militia Groups (RMG) Red Sea State refugees Refugees International (Washington) (RI) regime change Renk (Upper Nile) Reporters Without Borders Republic of South Sudan (RSS) responsibility to protect (R2P) Reuters Rice, Susan (US Ambassador to the United Nations) Riek Machar (Vice-President, GOSS) Rift Valley Institute (Nairobi) (RVI) Rizeigat (Arab tribal group) River Kiir (also Bahr el-Arab River) Rocket Propelled Grenades (RPG)

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COMPROMISING WITH EVIL: An Archival History of Greater Sudan, 2007 2012 Rodolphe Adada (former special joint UN/AU representative to UNAMID) Rome Statute Rubkona (Unity State) Rumbek (Lakes State) Russia Rwanda Sachs, Jeffrey (senior economic advisor to UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon) Salih Mahmoud Osman (Sudanese winner of the Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, 2007) Salva Kiir (President of the Government of South Sudan) Samaritans Purse (SP) Satellite Sentinel Project (SSP) satellite surveillance Saudi Arabia Save the Children (SC) (US, UK, and Swedish sections) secession Seisi (El-Tigani Ateem Seisi, leader of LJM, former governor of Darfur) self-determination referendum (South Sudan and Abyei) Senegal Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) sexual violence Shangil Tobya (North Darfur) sharia sheikh Shilluk Siddig al-Mahdi (Al-Sadiq Siddig al-Mahdi, former prime minister of Sudan, 1986-89) da Silva, Manuel Aranda (former Humanitarian and Resident Coordinator for UN/Sudan) Simon Gatwick (Major General, South Sudan) Sirba (West Darfur) Sirte (Libya) Sisi camp (Kerenek locality, West Darfur) Small Arms Survey (Geneva) (SAS) Smith, Dane (U.S. special representative for Darfur) Smith, James (Aegis Trust) Sobat River (Jonglei) Solidarits South Africa South Darfur South Kordofan South Sudan Liberation Movement (SSLM) Spain Status of Forces Agreement (Darfur) (SOFA) Suleiman Jamous (JEM) Suliman Baldo (Sudanese academic and human rights advocate) Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) Sudan Media Center (SMC) Sudan News Agency (SUNA) Sudan Organization Against Torture (SOAT) Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement-Democratic Change, Lam Akol/Khartoum alliance Sudan Red Crescent Society Sudan Peoples Liberation Army-North (SPLA-N) Sudan Revolutionary Front (SRF) Sudan Social Development Organization (SUDO) Sudan Tribune

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COMPROMISING WITH EVIL: An Archival History of Greater Sudan, 2007 2012 Sudan Vision Sudanese Pound (northern currency) Sudanese Red Crescent Society (SRCS) Sukhoi-25 fighter jet SUNA (Sudan News Agency) Supplementary Feeding Centers (SFC) al-Sawarmi (al-Sawarmi Khalid Saad, SAF military spokesman) Tabarat (North Darfur) Tabit (North Darfur) Taha (Ali Osman Mohamed Taha, long-time NIF/NCP official, Vice-President) Talisman Energy (Canada) Talodi (South Kordofan) Tanner, Victor Tawila (North Darfur) terrorism Thabo Mbeki (head of the African Union High-Level Implementation Panel) Thailand Therapeutic Feeding Centers (TFC) thick description Tillo (outside Kadugli) Timsaha (Raja County) Tishwin (Unity State) Torit (Eastern Equatoria) Toronto Star Torture Trafigura Tripoli (capital of Libya) Tubiana, Jrme (former member of the UN Panel of Experts on Darfur) Tunjur al-Turabi (Hassan Abdullah al-Turabi, NIF ideologue, partially side-lined in 1999) Turelei (Warrap State) Uganda Um Dukhum (West Darfur) UN/African Union Mission in Darfur (UNAMID) UN Assistance Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR) UN Commission of Inquiry UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948) UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations (UN DPKO) UN Development Program (UNDP) UN Food and Agriculture Organization (UNFAO) UN Humanitarian Air Service (UNHAS) UN High Commission for Human Rights (Geneva) (UNHCHR) UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) UN Human Rights Council UN Integrated Regional Information Networks (UN IRIN) UN International Childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF) UN Joint Logistics Center United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT) UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) UN News Centre UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN OCHA, also OCHA) UN Panel of Experts on Darfur UN Security Council Resolutions: 1556 1591

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COMPROMISING WITH EVIL: An Archival History of Greater Sudan, 2007 2012 1593 1674 1706 1769 2046 UN World Food Program (Rome) (UN WFP, also WFP) UN World Health Organization (UN WHO, also WHO) UN World Summit (September 2005) U.S. Agency for International (USAID) U.S. Committee for Refugees U.S. Institute of Peace U.S. State Department Unity State Upper Nile Valerie Amos (UN Under-secretary for Humanitarian Affairs) Voice of America (VOA) Wadi Saleh (West Darfur) Warrap State Washington, DC Washington Post water-borne diseases WatSan (water and sanitation) WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) Wau (Western Bahr el-Ghazal) Western Bahr el-Ghazal Western Equatoria West Darfur Western Upper Nile Williamson, Richard (former special envoy for Sudan) Winter, Roger (former special assistant for Sudan) World Bank World Organization Against Torture (OMCT) WS-2 (Wei Shi) multi-launch rockets system (Chinese, used by SAF in the Nuba) Yafta (Upper Nile) Yambio (Western Equatoria) Yasir Arman (secretary general of the SPLM/A-North) Yei (Central Equatoria) Yida refugee camp (Unity State) Yoweri Museveni (President of Uganda) Yusef Kuwa (great leader of the Nuba people during the extermination campaign of the 1990s) Zaghawa Zalingei (West Darfur) Zam Zam (camp) (el-Fasher, North Darfur) Zionist Zoellick, Robert (former Deputy Secretary of State) zurga (common racial epithet)

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Darfuri leaders
Photography credit: Eric Reeves

Dr. Mohamed Ahmed Eise, former direc-

tor of the Amal Center for the Treatment of and Rehabilitation of Survivors of Torture in Nyala, South Darfur

for the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)

Suleiman Jamous, humanitarian coordinator

Leaders from South Sudan and the marginalized regions

(Photography credits: Eric Reeves, Government of South Sudan, United Nations, Enough Project, Sudan Media Center [Khartoum], public domain, unknown) Photography credit: Eric Reeves

John Garang, Nairobi 2003

Former

powerful and charismatic leader of the SPLA/M; his death in July 2005 likely ended any chance that the CPA would be fully implemented

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COMPROMISING WITH EVIL: An Archival History of Greater Sudan, 2007 2012 Photography credit: Government of South Sudan

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Salva Kiir, President of the Government of South Sudan; he has led South

Sudan through seven of the most difficult years in its history; he has not received adequate support from a number of senior SPLM officials

Photography credit: Enough Project

Luka Biong Deng, former Minister for Presidential Affairs in the Government of South Sudan, chief Southern

representative of the Abyei Joint Oversight Committee

Yusef Kuwa, former leader of the SPLM/A in the Nuba Mountains; one of

the great men to emerge from the terrible years of civil war

Abdel Aziz el-Hilu, commander of the SPLA-North in the Nuba

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Malik Agar, former governor of Blue Nile, formerly governor of Blue Nile and powerful leader within the SPLA/M, he is now equally powerful as a leader of the SPLA/M-North

Nhial Deng Nhial, Foreign Minister of the Government of South Sudan

Yasir Arman, Secretary-General SPLM/A-North

Samson Kwaje, a good man and former spokesman for the SPLM; he is much missed.

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gust/September led the negotiations with Khartoum over oil revenues

Pagan Amum, South Sudans lead negotiator, A key member of the SPLA/M and in Au-

of the Marol School (Warrap State, South Sudan) and Undersecretary for the Ministry of Culture, Government of South Sudan; it will be people like Jok who determine the future of South Sudan

Jok Madut Jok, founder and executive director

Leaders of the National Islamic Front/National Congress Party President and Field Marshal Omar alBashir, indicted for genocide and crimes against
humanity by the International Criminal Court

war crimes and crimes against humanity

General Abdel Rahim Mohamed Hussein, Defense Minister and former Minister of the Interior; indicted by the ICC for

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Naivasha peace talks Viewed by some as a moderate within the regime, he is in fact simply more pragmatic about achieving the Islamist and Arabizing agenda. Taha play a major role in the Darfur genocide and was part of the NIF/NCP assassination attempt on Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa (1995)

Vice President Ali Osman Taha, chief negotiator for the NIF/NCP during

General Salah Abdallah Goshfor-

mer powerful head of the intelligence and security services and an exceptionally brutal man

tial adviser and power broker; until the events of 2011, one of the very most powerful members of the NIF/NCP

Nafie Ali Nafie long-time senior presiden-

Ghazi Salah el-Din Atabani, senior NIF/

NCP member who has taken on at various times a wide range of portfolios

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Gutbi al-Mahdi Mohamed, political secretary (politburo chief) and longtime senior member of NIF/NCP

Ali Ahmed Kartilong-time NIF/NCP

stalwart; now Foreign Minister; headed the PDF during the civil war.

Islamist ideologue and mastermind of the 1989 coup, Hassan al-Turabi was only partially sidelined by the NIF/NCP leadership in 1999. He remains a force to be reckoned with

UN/African Union representative to UNAMID Ibrahim Gambari, with NIF/NCP President Omar al-Bashir, now indicted for crimes against humanity and genocide. Here photographed smiling with President al-Bashir at the wedding of the daughter of notorious Janjaweed leader Musa Hilal to President Idriss Dby of Chad. A revealing episode.

destructive Janjaweed leader. Responsible for tens of thousands of deaths, he is also author of a now infamous memorandum urging that the demography of Darfur be changed and that it be emptied of African tribal groups

Musal Hilal, the most notorious and brutally

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Ali Kushayb, colonel of colonels within the Janjaweed charged by the ICC with war crimes and crimes against humanity

Ahmed Haroun, governor South Kordofan

and former State Minister for the Interior during the worst years of the Darfur genocide. He has been indicted by the ICC for war crimes and crimes against humanity; his actions as governor of South Kordofan have been no less brutal or destructive

A rare photograph of General Bakri Salih, former Defense Minister. He is now senior minister for presidential affairs; very influential in current political environment.

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has no qualms about dealing with the Khartoum regime. Despite the ICC indictments of senior members of that regime, Ban Ki-moon happily accepts the diplomatic credentials of Khartoums new UN ambassador
Photography credit: United Nations

The United Nations

Field Marshal alBashir and General Hussein are in appropriate

attire for celebrating their continuing tyranny and military ambitions

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