Proceedings of the 2012 9th International Pipeline Conference IPC2012 September 24-28, 2012, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

IPC2012-90242

THE EFFECTS OF TEMPER BEAD WELDING TECHNIQUE ON WELD INTEGRITY FOR IN-SERVICE WELDING OF CARBON STEELS
K. Meszaros Alberta Innovates Technology Futures Devon, Alberta, Canada C. Vrolyk T.D. Williamson Canada ULC Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

J. Pepin Alberta Innovates Technology Futures Devon, Alberta, Canada

M. Yarmuch Alberta Innovates Technology Futures Devon, Alberta, Canada

T. Mah-Paulson T.D. Williamson Canada ULC Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

ABSTRACT The maintenance of pipeline infrastructure is a significant integrity consideration for the pipeline industry. Employing traditional repair techniques, whereby to conduct repairs when the pipeline is shut-down and drained, can result in significant losses to revenue and production. There is industry demand for repair techniques that allow both scheduled and emergency inservice weld repair techniques to be developed. As a result, inservice welding with the temper bead technique is becoming increasingly common for repair operations. During in-service welding, the two most prevalent metallurgical concerns are burn-through and hydrogen induced cracking (HIC). The risk of burn-through can be limited through appropriate welding parameter and heat input control during welding. The temper bead welding technique utilizes special bead placement to ensure appropriate heat flow throughout the weld zone to metallurgically improve resistance to HIC. In this study, a series of shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) coupons were produced on 0.250 thick carbon steel plates subjected to water-cooling. Single and double-layer deposits were made. The second layer tempering bead heat input was purposely varied from plate to plate. The first layer of the welds were all performed using similar welding parameters, so the tempering effect from the second weld layer on the metallurgical properties of the resultant welds could be examined. To further expand the understanding of important procedural variables for in-service welding applications, this study investigates the effect of welder

technique on the weldment properties achieved during temper bead welding. INTRODUCTION The repair of pipeline infrastructure is a significant operation integrity management issue for operators in the pipeline industry. Historically, the repair has required that the pipeline be shut-down, and the product drained prior to initiating the repair. This is often impractical or financially prohibitive; therefore, industry has worked to develop suitable in-service repair techniques, as demonstrated by the in-service welding requirements present in API 2201, API 577, API 1104, ASME Section IX, ASME PCC-2, CSA Z662 and NBIC (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) . However, within the public domain, there still exists limited prescriptive information that the industry can utilize to safely conduct repairs of in-service pipelines using the temper bead welding technique. Welding on in-service pipelines is potentially dangerous to workers and hazardous to the environment if proper care is not taken during welding procedure development and actual repair operations. Burn-through is a well-known hazard primarily caused by excessive penetration through the pipe wall thickness; the actual penetration is a function of the electrode selected, the heat input and the amperage (14). Therefore, the use of sufficiently low heat input and amperage is required for in-service welding. However, the utilization of a relatively low heat input will simultaneously increase the weldment cooling rate, thereby increasing the likelihood of formation of undesirable crack-susceptible microstructures. To

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minimize the formation of these hardened phases, which increase the likelihood of crack propagation and brittle fracture, the appropriate welding technique is critically important. For typical welding applications, when the weld is cooled by ambient conditions only, rapid cooling rates are typically not achieved (except for thick-walled applications, whereby the heat sink can accelerate cooling rates), and it is less likely to form hardened microstructural phases such as martensite or bainite. Even in situations where these microstructures could develop, post weld heat treatment (PWHT) could be a practical solution. The formation of these microstructures is more likely to occur in in-service welds, for which PWHT is not practical (8) (9). Hydrogen Inducted Cracking (HIC) is a common problem caused by the application of stress to hardened weldments in the presence of diffusible hydrogen. HIC (often referred to as cold cracking) may occur in both the weld metal and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) of a weld (10). Stress is practically unavoidable during welding operations, and is a function of the weld geometry/restraint. Due to the rapid quenching experienced during in-service welding, the formation of hardened microstructures is highly probable. The presence of diffusible hydrogen in the weldment may originate from moisture, electrodes, base metal or pipeline product. As such, it is common practice to employ low hydrogen electrodes to minimize the amount of diffusible hydrogen that remains in the weld zone (11,12). A common hardness acceptance criterion for pipeline applications is 350 HV maximum(6), indicating less HAC-susceptible microstructures such as pearlite, ferrite and/or tempered martensite are present. For the transmission of sour products, the maximum hardness criterion is reduced to 248 HV to minimize the likelihood of sulphide stress cracking (13). An alternative in-service repair welding method is the half-bead welding technique (15), which has been shown to achieve good fracture toughness and refined HAZ grain structures for pressure equipment (16). However, this technique is not preferred for in-service pipeline applications due to the inconsistencies with grinding of layers (15). The most common in-service pipeline repair technique, and the focus of this study, is temper bead welding (TBW) (9) (15) . Typically grinding of each layer is not required, but may be conducted in some instances (9). The target weld bead overlap ratio is 40% to 60%, since a 50% overlap typically results in an 80% refinement of the coarse grained HAZ (when welding non in-service) (15) (17). The second layer passes employ higher heat and appropriately placed beads to maximize refinement of the HAZ (15). This method has been successful on thick-walled pressure vessels (9). The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section IX (Section IX) (4) does now include variables for TBW, but

such variables were developed primarily for ambient welding of pressure equipment (9) (18). As a result, not all the concerns inherent to in-service welding of pipelines are addressed. Hence, to further expand the understanding of important procedural variables for in-service applications, this study investigates the effect of welder technique on the weldment properties achieved during temper bead welding. SCOPE OF THE STUDY In this study, three (3) shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) coupons were produced on 0.250 thick carbon steel plates. One coupon had a single-layer deposit (for baseline results) and two had double-layer deposits with the second layer heat input manipulated from plate to plate. The first layer was performed, for each coupon, using as close as practicable the same welding parameters to maintain consistency and examine the impact of the second weld layers heat input on metallurgical properties. Water backing was used to simulate the rapid cooling conditions that may occur during welding on in-service pipelines. In previous work, (24) the effect of thermal cycling on the resultant weld properties during temper bead welding was investigated, where it was concluded that both the heat input and cooling rate are critical factors in producing quality weldments with microstructures acceptable for pipeline service. These finding confirmed that for TBW of in-service (flowing or stagnant) pipelines, weld procedure qualification testing approximating the in-service conditions is required prior to performing field welding (24). In addition to heat input and other thermal properties, it was also identified that the manual welding techniques employed can have a critical effect on weldment properties. The intent of this study is to further understand the correlation between welder technique, i.e., as demonstrated by % bead overlap and s-distance, on weldment microstructure and hardness values. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Plate of wt ASME SA-516 Grade 70 (carbon steel) was used as the base material for this study. The chemistry, as taken from the material test report, is provided in Table 1. The CSA (CEN) Carbon Equivalent (C.E.) was 0.40. Welding was performed using Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) and employed Air Liquide Blue Shield LA 18 PLUS electrodes (3/32 in. diameter, 12 in. length). Three welds were evaluated for this work; one weld was single-layer, and two were doublelayered. The welding parameters utilized are summarized in Table 2. All welds had the same target input voltage and current settings (22 volts and 100 amps respectively); the travel speed (amount of weave) was used to control heat input. The electrical parameters were monitored using a Fluke 345 PQ clamp meter. A first layer target heat input of 15 kJ/in. was utilized for all three (3) samples. For the double-layer coupons, the first layer

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of weld metal was milled to a thickness of 0.040 in. to 0.045 in. before the second layers were deposited. This milling may be referred to as the half-bead TBW technique as the second layer of the weld is deposited on only a portion of the first weld layer. For comparative purposes, the target heat input of the second layers was varied to values of either 30 kJ/in. or 45 kJ/in. The second layer of the double-layer welds was completed using the TBW technique. On each welding plate, an area approximately 12 in. long and 2 in. wide was overlayed. Multiple weld beads were used to build up the weld metal for analysis. The first layer for each of the weld coupons consisted of weld beads with a target percent bead overlap of 50%. The second layer of weld beads had a target s-distance of 3/32 in 1/16 in and, again a target 50% bead overlap. The s-distance was maintained only at the leading edge of the weld since the travel speed control limited the welders control over beadsizing and sequencing making the s-distance control for the trailing edge of the weld impractical. The maximum interpass temperature of the water-cooled coupons was 38C (100F), as measured by a calibrated FLUKE 62 Mini IR thermometer. The flow rate of the water was approximately 5 gallons per minute, which resulted in an EWI Cooling Rate (25) of less than 5 seconds from 250C to 100C. There was no post weld heat treatment performed on any of the welded coupons.
Table 1 Chemical Composition of SA-516 Gr. 70 plate HT# 7012K
C
0.2

completed as per Figure 1: diagonal at the leading edge of the weld and vertical through an interior weld bead. Coupons C3 and C4 had an additional vertical hardness traverse performed 1 mm, measured laterally, from the first vertical traverse. The three cross-sectioned weld coupons underwent digital microscopy using a Hirox KH-8700 under varying magnifications. Micrographic images of selected locations were utilised for discussion in this study. Horizontal traverses may be noted in later Figures; however, these were not evaluated as part of this study.

Figure 1 Hardness Testing (units shown in mm, hardness indentations spaced 1 mm apart)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In this study, a correlation between welder technique and weldment microstructure and hardness was sought for doublelayer TBW coupons. The correlation between thermal cycling and resultant weld properties in temper bead welding was elucidated in previous work(24), where it was concluded that both the heat input and cooling rate are critical factors in producing quality weldments. That study identified that, for carbon steel with a given carbon content and carbon equivalent, the un-tempered weldment hardness in the HAZ can potentially vary between 175 HV to 444 HV, with the latter peak hardness typically occurring near the fusion line. By performing the second tempering passes, the weldment hardness can be reduced as shown in Figure 2; however, the extent of such refinement/tempering is dependent on the particular welding techniques employed. Therefore, the intent of this study is to further understand the correlation between weldment microstructure and hardness, with particular emphasis on welder technique, i.e., as demonstrated by control of the % bead overlap and s-distance. For this study, plates of wt ASME SA-516 Grade 70 were used; Figure 3 provides an image of the unaffected welding plate microstructure showing ferrite and banded pearlite. The TBW technique is utilized in cases where PWHT of the weld is not practical, for example, during in-service field repair work. Figure 4 illustrates the metallurgical principles behind the use of this technique (18). Weld bead 2 and 3 illustrate the manner in which subsequent weld beads are laid to affect metallurgical grain size refinement and tempering of any

Mn
1.06

Si
0.31

Cu
0.07

Ni
0.02

Cr
0.03

Mo
0.01

V
0

Nb
0

B
0

ASME C.E.
0.39

CSA C.E.
0.40

Note: ASME (IIW) C.E. = C + Mn + Cr + Mo + V + Ni + Cu

15

Note: CSA (CEN)

C .E . = C + F (

Mn Si Cu Ni Cr + Mo + V + Nb + + + + + 5B) 6 24 15 20 5

F is a compliance factor based on C. For 0.2% carbon, F is 0.98 Table 2: Measured Welding Parameters First Weld Layer
ID Voltage (Volts) 22.4 22.2 22.5 Current (Amps) 102.1 103.4 103.4 Travel Speed (ipm) 8.9 8.8 8.8 Heat Input (kJ/in.) 15.5 15.6 15.8 22.9 23.9 Voltage (Volts)

Second Weld Layer

Current (Amps) Travel Speed (ipm) Heat Input (kJ/in)

C1 C3 C4

No Second Layer 102.1 101.4 4.3 3.0 32.4 49.2

The three weld coupons were cross sectioned, avoiding stopstart bead locations to rule out this variable for the purposes of this study. Vickers hardness testing was performed using a LECO-V-100-C2 hardness tester with a 10 kg load for 15 seconds, following the general requirements of ASME Section IX QW-290.5 (4). The analysed coupons had hardness traverses

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hardened microstructures. Weld bead 2 overlaps weld bead 1 by approximately 50%. In this case, it can be seen that the remaining, unaffected HAZ region of weld bead 1 is significantly smaller than the same region from weld bead 3. In practice, welder control of % bead overlap is difficult to consistently maintain, and it is only practical to maintain the overlap within a range; a realistic and effective range to expect is 25% to 75% bead overlap (18). This range in degree of overlap results in an effectively wide band, grain refined inter-bead (GRIB) region, as evidenced by a reduction in average grain size and hardness, as will be shown in micrographs to follow. The width of this grain-refined band (i.e. GRIB) between the weld beads is also dependant on the heat input and electrode size utilized during welding, and the metallurgy of the previously deposited weld metal (WM). This study did not vary the electrode size; rather, the effect of changing percent bead overlap with heat input was investigated. The welding progression for the water-cooled, single-layer coupon, C1, is shown in Figure 5 where it can be seen there is a variation in the percent bead overlap achieved by the welder. In some instances, as indicated in Figure 5, there is an apparent overlap of 70-80% while in other instances the overlap appears to be 20-30%. It is also noted that each bead had a variable % bead overlap by length; this variation is unintentional but is typical of manual welding operation. The % bead overlap for the first layer of weld coupons C3 and C4 was similar to C1. The cross-section of coupon C1 in Figure 6 confirms the presence of the grain refined, inter-bead (GRIB) region; the average grain size in this region is visually confirmed to be smaller than the surrounding WM. A comparison between Figure 5 and Figure 6 confirms that, for the estimated 20 30% bead overlap of these welds, located at the trailing edge of the weld (i.e. the final beads on the right side of Figure 5), there is a band of refined WM between beads. However, the extent of refinement in this region is limited by the relatively low heat input of the weld passes (15.5 kJ/in.). It should be noted this heat input is typical of what is commonly used in the field during in-service welding of wt material; higher heat inputs may be desirable from a refinement standpoint but may not be permissible due to increased risk of burn-through. Practically, it is only with the introduction of a second tempering pass that significant grain refinement can be observed. The TBW technique utilizes the heat from a subsequent welding bead to refine the microstructure of the preceding bead. Two water-cooled, double-layer coupons were welded and analysed for this study. Figure 7 provides an as-welded view of the second layer of these two welds. The second layer of the two welds, C3 and C4, utilized actual heat inputs of 32.4 and 49.2 kJ/in., respectively. The data gathered from the vertical hardness traverses on the C3 coupon, measured at the 20-30% bead overlapped location (identified in Figure 7a), is overlayed onto a micrograph of the sample in Figure 8. This image clearly

demonstrates that the higher hardness data (236 HV10 and 237 HV10) was measured at the WM locations with the larger grain size; the lower hardness data (211 HV10 and 210 HV10) was measured within a grain refined GRIB region of the microstructure. A hardness variation of 26 HV10 points, for indents spaced 1 mm apart (laterally measured) in both instances, is particularly significant when it is considered that the sour service hardness acceptance criteria is 248 HV10 (13). The second TBW coupon, C4, was welded with an average actual heat input of 49.2 kJ/in. and analysed in a similar manner to coupon C3. In this case, the combined effect of percent bead overlap and heat input is seen. The as-measured hardness within the WM was 244 HV10 and 237 HV10. The hardness traverse, taken 1 mm laterally into a GRIB region of grain refinement, exhibited hardness values of 205 HV10 and 220 HV10, as seen in Figure 9. It is also seen in Figure 9 that the 220 HV10 hardness indent was at a location on the cusp between grain refinement and unaffected WM. The hardness data clearly delineates the effect that the temper bead technique has on the hardness of the subsequent weld bead. To further reinforce the importance of percent bead overlap, tiled micro-images are presented in Figure 10 and Figure 11. A macro-photo weld cross-section accompanies the micro-images to provide a spatial reference for the tiled image locations. Figure 10 has labelled regions where grain refinement occurred in coupon C3, as a result of the application of the second TBW layer. It is shown in this figure that there exists a region, labelled as untempered and/or unrefined region, where the percent bead overlap was insufficient to fully temper and/or affect the grain size of the original weld. In practice, there would typically be a third weld layer which would temper/refine this region, and remaining untempered weld metal from this layer may be removed by grinding (18). A similar image is presented for the C4 coupon in Figure 11. In this image (recall the C4 coupon was welded with a higher heat input than C3) it is seen that a similar region of untempered/unrefined weld metal exists. The appearance of these two untempered regions of approximate similar size in samples welded with significantly different heat inputs (32.4 kJ/in. and 49.2 kJ/in., respectively) demonstrates that the percent bead overlap utilized in TBW is a critical factor in obtaining the maximum tempering effect on previous weld beads. Another important factor for assessment of the effectiveness of the second layer tempering pass is the s-distance. As shown in Figure 12, the s-distance identifies the relative spacing between the weld toes of the leading weld bead first and second layers. As was identified in Figure 4, there exists a region of untempered/unrefined weld metal and/or HAZ in Bead 1 which is not thermally affected by Bead 2, 3, etc. of that first layer. The second layer beads, therefore, intend to refine/temper the microstructures in this region; the s-distance measurement is employed to ensure that the second-layer leading weld beads are spaced properly to achieve this objective. In this study, the

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target s-distance was 3/32 in 1/16 in (2.4 mm 1.5 mm). As shown in Figure 7, the actual s-distance achieved during manual operation varied for coupons C3 and C4; this same typical variability in manual welding operation was previously discussed for % bead overlap. The actual s-distances of the welds at the cross-section locations of Figure 10 (coupon C3) and Figure 11 (coupon C4) were approximately 1.5 mm and 3.0 mm, respectively. As shown Figure 13, this increase in s-distance was manifested by higher hardness values in the HAZ, at the fusion line, and in the WM for coupon C4 compared to C3. This elevated hardness was achieved in spite of the higher actual heat input employed for C4 vs. C3 (49.2 kJ/in and 32.4 kJ/in., respectively). Examination of the hardness values at the fusion line clearly illustrates this trend, as C3 hardness was 290 HV and C4 hardness was 379 HV (note that the single-layer coupon, C1, hardness at this location was 440 HV). Close examination of the weld toe region of coupon C3 (Figure 10), illustrates that the grain refinement band (which resulted from the second-layer bead) is much closer to the weld toe fusion line as compared to that of coupon C4 (Figure 11). This resulted in the 90 HV decrease in hardness at the fusion line location. Hence, although C4 had more energy available for refinement/tempering of the first pass, by employing the relatively high s-distance this energy did not reach the fusion line at the weld toe. This resulted in critically high hardness values and the associated deleterious microstructures (review previous work (24) for detailed microstructural evaluations) that are not acceptable for typical pipeline service operations.

Figure 3: Base Metal Microstructure, 500x.

Figure 4: Schematic Representation of the TBW Technique (18)

Figure 2: Diagonal Hardness Test Results of the Temper Bead Weld Coupons (24)

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Figure 5: Single-Layer, Water Cooled Coupon, C1

Figure 8: Specimen C3, Vertical Hardness Comparison between WM and Refined WM. Tiled Micro-Images, 35x.

Figure 9: Specimen C4, Vertical Hardness Comparison between WM and Refined WM. Tiled Micro-Images, 35x. Figure 6: Specimen C1 (Single-Layer, Water Cooled), trailing edge of weld. The top microphotos are 35x, tiled images, while the bottom photo is a cross section in mm.

Figure 10: Specimen C3 (Double-Layer, Water Cooled). The top microphotos are 35x, tiled images, while the bottom photo is a cross section in mm. Figure 7: a) C3 Specimen, Weld Bead Overlap. Macrophotograph b) C4 Specimen, Weld Bead Overlap. Macrophotograph.

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the significant importance of welder training and production monitoring/inspection during temper bead operations. The effect of welder technique was most prevalent for the weld toe region, where the s-distance is the measurement factor. Inconsistent control of s-distance is likely to result in the formation of untempered and unrefined hardened microstructures in the weld toe, even when a higher heat input is employed. These crack-susceptible locations can behave as crack initiation locations and/ or hydrogen sinks, and coupled with the stress concentrating effect of the weld toe, would increase the probability of HIC failure. These trials were conducted with a flat-plate weld geometry, and these detrimental effects could be exacerbated for thick-wall pipelines or when welding to unique part geometries (i.e. weld sleeve or branch connections). Hence, the development of appropriate temper bead welding procedures should consider the actual application under consideration. When understood and used properly, the temper bead welding technique is a valuable tool that can be used to safely weld on in-service pipelines that traditionally would have required shut down. It should be emphasized that this study was conducted under carefully controlled conditions, and variation in % overlap and s-distance were still observed. Thus, once the welding procedure is developed, it is significantly important to ensure that the procedures and techniques employed in field work are monitored and appropriately controlled. Welder training and awareness is very important, as well as appropriate in-service inspection throughout the temper bead welding process.

Figure 11: Specimen C4 (Double-Layer, Water Cooled). The top microphotos are 35x, tiled images, while the bottom photo is a cross section in mm.

Figure 12: S-distance

BM

HAZ

WM

Figure 13: Diagonal Hardness Measurements for Specimens C1, C3, and C4; as per the hardness indents shown in Figure 6,

SUMMARY AND PRACTICAL CONSIDERATONS The study has shown that the weldment microstructure and hardness developed during temper bead welding is largely influenced by welder technique; specifically, by how consistently the % bead overlap and s-distance are maintained throughout all weld passes. It was shown that heat input can actually have a lesser effect on tempering and/ or refining behaviour than % bead overlap and s-distance. This reinforces

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Company, December 1995, Pipeline & Gas Journal, Vol. 222, pp. 36-38. ISSN: 00320188. 9. Temper-Bead Weld Heat-Affected Zone Properties in A516-70 Steel. Kim, Y. J. and Prince, J. W. s.l. : ASME, April 1987, Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology, Vol. 109, pp. 157-163. 10. Evaluation of Hydrogen Cracking in Weld Metal Deposited Using Cellulosic SMAW Electrodes. Fiore, Susan R. and Boring, Matthew A. Calgary, Alberta, Canada : ASME, September 25-29, 2006, Proceedings of IPC2006, pp. 1-10. 11. Heat-Affected Zone Hardness Limits for In-Service Welding. Bruce, William A. and Carman, Andrew. Calgary, Alberta, Canada : ASME, September 29, 2008, Proceedings of IPC2008, pp. 1-9. 12. Minimum thickness for circumferential sleeve repair fillet welds in corroded gas pipelines. Cisilino, A. P., Chapetti, M. D. and Otegui, J. L. s.l. : Elsevier Science Ltd., September 19, 2001, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 79, pp. 67-76. 13. National Association of Corrosion Engineers. ANSI/NACE MR0175-2009. Petroleum and natural gas industries - Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production - Parts 1, 2, and 3. s.l. : NACE, 2010. 14. The effect of pressure on burnthrough susceptibility during in-service welding. Lui, Wei, et al., et al. s.l. : Trans Tech Publications, 2012, Applied Mechanics and Materials, Vols. 121-126, pp. 2313-2317. 15. Review of weld repair procedures for low alloy steels designed to minimise the risk of future cracking. Lant, T., et al., et al. s.l. : Elsevier Science Ltd., 2001, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, Vol. 78, pp. 813-818. 16. A Study on Weld Repair Through Half Bead Method. Higuchi, M., Sakamoto, H. and Tanioka, S. 2, s.l. :

Ishikawagima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., April 1980, IHI Engineering Review, Vol. 13, pp. 14-19. 17. Cold weld repair - development and application. Allen, D. J. and Kelly, T. W. Daytona Beach, Florida : s.n., May 2124, 1996, Second International EPRI Conference and Vendor Exposition. 18. Exploring Temper Bead Welding. Sperko. 7, s.l. : AWS, July 2005, The Welding Journal, Vol. 84, pp. 37-40. 19. Graville, B. A. Cold Craking in Welds in HSLA Steels. Welding of HSLA (Microalloyed) Structural Steels. [Proc. Int. Conf.]. s.l. : ASM, November 1976. 20. Patchett, B. CASTI Metals Blue Book - Welding Filler Metals. 2nd Edition. s.l. : CASTI Publishing, 1998. 21. Kou, Sindo. Welding Metallurgy. 2nd Edition. s.l. : Wiley-Interscience, 2002. 22. Lancaster, J. F. Metallurgy of Welding. 6th Edition. s.l. : William Andrew Publishing, 1999. 23. Radhakrishnan, V. M. Welding Technology and Design. s.l. : New Age International Pvt Ltd Publishers, 2008. 24. Meszaros, K., et al., 2012 The Effects of Temper Bead Heat Input on Weld Integrity for In-Service Welding of Carbon Steels, International Pressure Equipment Integrity Association (IPEIA), Proceedings of the 16th Annual IPEIA Conference, Banff, AB, Feb 29-Mar 2, 2012. 25. Bruce, W.A., Guidelines for Heat Sink Capacity Measurement for In-Service Pipelines, Apr, 2009

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