1. The kinetic-molecular theory of matter states that particles of all matter are A. in the form of a gas. B. always in motion.

C. very close together. D. compressible. 2. The kinetic-molecular theory explains the physical properties of solids, liquids, and gases in terms of the energy of particles and the A. forces between particles. B. size of particles. C. the mass of the particles. D. fluidity of the particles. 3. The attractive forces between particles of an ideal gas are A. very strong. B. weak. C. zero. D. dependent upon the kinetic energy of the particles. 4. After two particles undergo an elastic collision, the particles A. are stretched. B. are bonded together. C. have increased in total kinetic energy. D. have not lost any kinetic energy. 5. Which of the following properties of gases is not explained by the spacing between particles of a gas? A. compressibility B. fluidity C. low density D. expansion

6. When a container of carbon dioxide gas is connected by a tube to a container of nitrogen gas, the two gases will mix together by the process of A. diffusion. B. effusion. C. expansion. D. repulsion. 7. One difference between a real gas and an ideal gas is that the particles of a real gas A. do not occupy space. B. cannot be squeezed closer together. C. have no kinetic energy. D. exert forces on one another. 8. As a gas is compressed to high pressures as they are in steel gas cylinders, they deviate more and more from ideal gases because the particles A. exert less attractive forces on one another. B. decrease in kinetic energy. C. become much closer together. D. exert more pressure on the container.

1. The particles of a liquid have ____________ than the particles of a gas do at the same temperature. A. more mobility B. greater mass C. weaker intermolecular forces D. less mobility 2. According to the kinetic-molecular theory, liquids and gases are fluids because the particles of both liquids and gases A. have no fixed positions. B. have high kinetic energies. C. are close together. D. are widely separated.

3. The fact that the particles of a liquid are very close together accounts for a liquid's incompressibility and ____________ compared to gases. A. large volume B. surface tension C. high density D. ability to diffuse 4. Water has higher surface tension than most other common liquids do because molecules at the surface of water A. evaporate easily. B. are attracted to solids. C. form hydrogen bonds with one another. D. have weak attractive forces. 5. The process by which solids or liquids change to a gas is called A. vaporization. B. boiling. C. melting. D. evaporation. 6. Earth's water cycle operates as a result of the continuous ____________ and condensation of water. A. sublimation B. evaporation C. boiling D. freezing 7. The process of ____________ occurs when the kinetic energy of the particles of matter decreases to the point at which attractive forces pull the particles into fixed positions. A. evaporation B. vaporization C. condensation D. solidification

1. Which of the following best describes the particles of a solid? A. They are motionless and in fixed positions. B. They move slower and are farther apart than the particles of a liquid are. C. They are in greater disorder than the particles of a liquid are. D. They vibrate about fixed points. 2. Particles are arranged in an orderly, geometric repeating pattern in A. an amorphous solid. B. water. C. a crystalline solid. D. molten metal. 3. The ____________ point of a solid is the temperature at which the particles of a solid have enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces holding them in fixed positions. A. boiling B. melting C. sublimation D. condensation 4. Amorphous solids are sometimes called supercooled liquids because the particles of an amorphous solid A. have fluid properties. B. easily move past one another. C. are not in an orderly, geometric arrangement. D. are much farther apart than the particles of a solid are. 5. Solids are incompressible because A. the particles have very little space around them. B. they contain tiny air spaces. C. their particles are in fixed positions. D. solids have high densities.

6. The smallest portion of a crystal lattice that has the three-dimensional pattern of the entire lattice is called a A. monoclinic crystal. B. unit cell. C. covalent network. D. glass. 7. Cubic, trigonal, and orthorhombic are three types of crystal A. symmetry. B. ions. C. networks. D. binding forces. 8. The total three-dimensional arrangement of particles in a crystal is called the A. unit cell. B. amorphous structure. C. ionic pattern. D. crystal structure. 9. Which of the following types of crystals is likely to have the highest melting point? A. polar covalent molecular B. ionic C. covalent network D. nonpolar molecular

1. In the equilibrium between water and water vapor, H2O(l) H2O(g), water molecules are condensing from vapor to liquid ____________ water molecules are evaporating from the surface of the liquid to form water vapor. A. either more or less rapidly than B. at the same rate as C. more rapidly than D. less rapidly than

2. A sealed flask contains water and water vapor at equilibrium at 25C. After being allowed to sit on a sunny windowsill for an hour, the temperature in the flask has increased to 45C. How do the conditions in the flask at 45C differ from the conditions at 25C? A. The contents of the flask are not at equilibrium and will not be at equilibrium until the flask is cooled back to 25C. B. The contents of the flask are at equilibrium, and the amounts of water and water vapor are the same as they were at 25C. C. The contents of the flask are at equilibrium, and the flask contains more water and less water vapor than it did at 25C. D. The contents of the flask are at equilibrium, and the flask contains more water vapor and less water than it did at 25C. 3. A sealed flask contains ethanol liquid and ethanol vapor at equilibrium at 20C. Suppose that the volume of the container suddenly increases, but the temperature does not change. What has changed after the contents of the container regain equilibrium? A. The concentration of ethanol vapor has increased. B. The volume of liquid has decreased as a result of additional evaporation. C. The pressure in the container is greater than the original pressure. D. The volume of liquid has increased as a result of increased condensation of vapor. 4. The pressure exerted by bromine vapor in equilibrium with bromine liquid at 20C is the ____________ of bromine at 20C. A. equilibrium vapor pressure B. atmospheric pressure C. volatility D. kinetic-molecular pressure 5. Molecules of volatile substances, such as ether, have A. low molecular masses. B. weak intermolecular forces. C. high kinetic energies. D. low vapor pressures.

6. The boiling point of a liquid substance in an open container is the temperature at which the A. molecules of the substance have maximum kinetic energy. B. substance decomposes into different gases. C. vapor pressure of the liquid equals atmospheric pressure. D. liquid begins to evaporate. 7. A beaker contains a mixture of ice and water in equilibrium at 0C. H2O(s) H2O(l) At 0C, the water molecules in the water in the beaker have ____________ the water molecules in the ice. A. less potential energy than B. a lower temperature than C. greater kinetic energy than D. the same kinetic energy as 8. Many mothballs and moth crystals are made of the substance naphthalene, which creates a vapor in a closet or container because the substance ____________ at room temperature. A. sublimes B. melts C. condenses D. boils

At temperatures above 373.99C, water can exist in A. either the liquid or vapor phases, depending on pressure. B. the liquid phase only. C. the vapor phase only. D. any of the three phases, depending on pressure. 10. Use the phase diagram below to answer this question.

Point A on the phase diagram of water below represents the temperature and pressure at which water A. can exist as a vapor, a liquid, and a solid, all in equilibrium. B. boils at atmospheric pressure. C. freezes at 0C. D. can exist only as a solid.

1. Which of the following Lewis structures best represents the geometry of a water molecule? A. B. C. D.

2. The molecular mass of methane, CH4, is 16 amu, and the molecular mass of water is 18 amu. Methane boils at 182C, but water boils at 100C, which is 282C higher than the boiling point of methane. The high boiling point of water compared to methane is because of A. the greater mass of water molecules. B. hydrogen bonding among water molecules. C. the fact that methane is a gas, and water is a liquid. D. repulsion among the oxygen atoms in water molecules. 3. Unlike most other substances, water becomes denser when it melts because A. water molecules increase in mass when ice melts to water. B. water molecules in ice are in a random arrangement that changes to a tight geometric arrangement when ice melts. C. the arrangement of water molecules in water is more ordered than the arrangement of water molecules in ice is. D. water molecules in ice are arranged in an open pattern that collapses when ice melts. 4. The fact that ice floats on water is important to life on Earth because the ice provides a(n) ____________ on Earth. A. cooling effect B. insulating effect C. solid surface D. heating effect 5. Steam is especially efficient in heating buildings because of water's A. low heat of fusion. B. low boiling point. C. high heat of fusion. D. high heat of vaporization.

6. How much heat energy in kilojoules is absorbed when 2490 g of water boils completely into steam at 100C and 1 atm pressure? Use the appropriate data from the table below.

Thermal Constants of Water Quantity Molar heat of vaporization Molar heat of fusion
A. 1100 kJ B. 3.38 kJ C. 829 kJ D. 5630 kJ 7. What quantity of heat energy is given up when 56.0 kg of water freezes to ice at 0C and 1 atm pressure? Use the appropriate data from the table below.

Conditions 100C, 1 atm 0C, 1 atm

Value 40.79 kJ/mol 6.009 kJ/mol

Thermal Constants of Water Quantity Molar heat of vaporization Molar heat of fusion
A. 127 000 kJ B. 518 kJ C. 18 700 kJ D. 18.7 kJ

Conditions 100C, 1 atm 0C, 1 atm

Value 40.79 kJ/mol 6.009 kJ/mol