NativeVegetationEstablishment andEnhancementGuidelines

May2012

Introduction
Purpose: Thepurposeofthisguidanceistoassistresourceprofessionals andlandownersinmakinginformeddecisionsaboutseedandplantstobeused onStatefundedrestorationandBMPprojects.Theguidelinesassistwithplant selectionandsourceconsiderationsforseedandplantmaterial(herbaceousand woody)acrossthestateofMinnesota.Goalsoftheguidelinesaretodevelop consistencyamongstateprograms;toavoidtheuseofinvasivespecies;andto ensurethatplantingsfunctionatahighlevel,andmeetprojectgoals.The guidelineswillbeupdatedperiodically,asnewresearchandfieldexperience becomesavailable. Contents: Aslistedbelow,thestructureoftheguidelinesincludeanintroductionsummarizingtheirpurpose, applicabilityanduse;generalconsiderationsforselectingseedandplants;andspecificguidanceforavarietyof projecttypes.Theappendicesincludearecommendedsequenceforfindingplantmaterials,definitionsofterms usedintheguide,andalistofliteraturecited.
Introduction..Page 1 General Considerations....Page 2 Speciesdiversity,Seedandplantsources,Nativevariety/cultivaruse,Seedmixes, Yellowtagseed,Projectbiddingandspecifications,andProtectingnaturalcommunities Guidance by Project Type....Page 8 NativePrairieReconstruction,WetlandRestoration,AgriculturalBMPs,Stormwater Basins,RaingardensandBiofiltrationAreas,Shorelines,Forest/Woodlands, Native/RemnantPlantCommunityRestoration,TemporaryCover Appendix A, Recommended Steps for Obtaining Plant Materials: ..Page 13 Appendix B, Definitions..........Page 14 Appendix C, Literature Cited......Page 15

Applicability: TheseguidelinesapplytoallBWSRprogramsthathavevegetation restorationcomponents,aswellasotherstateprogramsthathaveadoptedtheguidelines. TheseguidelinesreplaceBWSRsInvasiveNonNativeSpeciesPolicy(Sept.8,2004). Afterbecomingfamiliarwiththeguidelines,localresourcestaffwithexpertiseaboutnative seedandplantsshouldbebetterinformedtomakedecisionsaboutappropriatevegetation forprojects.SpecificquestionscanbedirectedtotheBWSRVegetationSpecialist,orothers withsimilarknowledge. Contact Information: DanShaw,BWSRVegetationSpecialist/Landscape
Ecologist,Phone:6512960644,email:dan.shaw@state.mn.us

General Considerations
Species Diversity
Inmostcases,highspeciesdiversityisrecommendedforprojectstoincrease ecologicalfunction.Manystudies(Knopsetal1999,Tilman,1997,1999,Biondini 2007,Piper1996)haveshownbenefitsfromhavinghighdiversity,includingresistance toinvasivespecies,rapidestablishment,improvedplantcommunitystructure, increasedbiomass,decreasedspreadoffungaldiseases,andincreasedrichnessand structureofinsectcommunities. Therearemanyconsiderationswhendeterminingtargetdiversitylevelsforaproject, includingtargetplantcommunities,siteconditions,functionalgoals,andbudget.Asa generalrule,naturalregeneration,includingestablishmentfromtheseedbankshould bemaximizedatrestorationsitestopromotelocalplantestablishment,and contributetodiversitylevels. Therearecertainsituations(particularlyinurbanareas)whereprojectsmaybeplantedinphaseswithlowerdiversity plantedinitiallytoaidweedcontrolandmorediversityaddedinsubsequentyears.Therehavebeenmanyeffortsin Minnesotatoincreasediversitylevelsinexistingprojects.BWSRhasdevelopedinterseedingguidelinestoprovide informationabouttechniquesthatcanbeusedtoincreasediversitylevels(www.bwsr.state.mn.us/native_vegetation). Thefollowingtableprovidesminimumrecommendednativediversitylevelsforarangeofprojectconditionsand functionalgoals.Targetdiversitylevelsforaparticularprojectalsodependonnaturalregenerationpotentialofasite, andthetypeofplantcommunitybeingrestored.Itisimportantthatspeciesabundanceisalsoconsideredalongwith diversity,toensurethatsufficientcoverofindividualspeciesispresenttomeetvegetationgoals.

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Seed and Plant Source

TherehasbeenatransitioninMinnesotaoverthelastfewdecadesfromtheuseofnon nativespeciesforconservationprojectstonativespecies.Muchofthediscussion aboutappropriateseedandplantsourcesisnowfocusedonhowcloseiscloseenough fornativeplants.Thefollowingdiscussionisintendedtogiveresourceprofessionalsan overviewofsourceconsiderationsfornativeplants. Methodsanddistancesofseedandpollendispersalvarysignificantlyamongspecies.For example,seedofsomewetlandspeciesmaybedistributedwidelybywaterfowlor flowingwater,whileseedfromsomeforestandprairiespeciesthatisspreadbyinsectsor fallingseedmaybedispersedrelativelyshortdistances.Availableresearch(AppendixC) suggeststhatsomespeciesthathaveseed(orpollen)thatisnotdispersedwidelyby wind,water,animalsorotherfactorscouldbenegativelyimpactedifseedofthatspecies isintroducedfromfardistances(Kelleretal.2000,Edmands&Timmerman2003,Hufford &Mazer2003,Heiser&Shaw2006).Unfortunately,thereisinformationavailableforonlyasmallpercentofspecies usedinrestoration,somoreresearchisneededonthistopic. Thefollowingaresomeprimaryconcernsregardingorigindistanceforseedandplants,theyinclude: 1)Whetherplantswillproduceviableseed,particularlyiftheyarebroughttoofarnorth 2)Whetherpopulationsadaptedtolocalsiteconditionswillbeaffectedbytheintroductionofnewgenesor genotypes,causinglocalpopulationstobeswampedbynonlocalsourcesthatarenotlocallyadapted, decreasingthelongtermfitnessofthepopulation. Therearealsocaseswhereisolatedpopulationsofspeciescanbenefitfromtheintroductionofnewgeneticmaterial (suchaspopulationswithinbreedingdepression).Thisismostoftenaconcernforsmall,isolatedremnantplant communities.Unfortunately,westillneedmoreinformationaboutwhatspeciesusedinrestorationaremostatrisk frominbreedingdepression.Ifthisisaconcernforaspecies,itismostcommonthatseedisintroducedfrom populationsthatarefromwithinthesameecologicalsubsectiontoimprovetheplantsvigor,andtoactasgenetic steppingstonestolinktheisolatedpopulationtoawidergeneticdiversity. Asageneralrule,itisrecommendedthatseedandplantsbeselectedthatmatchsite conditions(soils,hydrology,precipitation,elevation,drainage,aspect,sun/shadeand climate)andtohaveoriginalharvestlocations(originalremnantpopulations)fromas closetotheprojectsiteaspossibletoprotectlocalecotypesfromgenetic contamination.Itmayalsobebeneficialtocollectseedfrommultiplesitestopromote geneticvariation.Themapandselectionsequenceonthefollowingpageis recommendedwhenobtainingseedforrestoringnativeplantcommunities.Thefirst stepinthesequencerecommendslookingforseedinareaswithsimilarsiteconditions, andfromareaslocatedasclosetotheprojectsiteaspossible(includingnative seedbankandsitecollectedseed);followedbyseekingseedfromEcologicalSubsections(areasofsimilarecological condition);thenbylookinginEcologicalSections(includingextensionsofMinnesotaecologicalsectionsintoadjoining states);followedbyseekingseedwithinincreasingdistancesfromtheprojectsite,with175milesasthemaximum recommendeddistance(includingseedandplantsfromanadjoiningstateorprovince).Itisimportanttoworkwithlocal resourcestaffandseed/plantvendorsthroughtheprocessofseedandplantselection,andseekoutsideadvicewhen needed. Ifaprojectencountersseedorplantavailabilityissues,potentialsolutionsaretousespeciessubstitutionsortochange theprojectschedule/sequencetoaccommodatetheavailabilityofappropriateseedorplants.

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Recommendedsequencefor obtainingseed/plants:
A)Areaswithsimilarsiteconditionsand locatedasclosetotheprojectsiteas possible(includingseedbankandsite collectedseed) B)EcologicalSubsections C)EcologicalSections D)Workingoutwardfromthesitewith 175milesastherecommended maximumrange.

Note: Map will be updated as MnDNR maps are revised

Native Variety Use

AsstatedunderSeedandPlantSource,thefirstpreferenceistypicallyforseedandplantsthatcomefromsimilarsite conditions,andasclosetotheprojectsiteaspossible.Namedgermplasms/varieties(alsocalledecovars)areplants thathavemultipleharvestlocationsofvaryinggeographicrange,andhavebeentestedforperformanceacross hardinesszones.ExamplesofthesevarietiesincludeRedRiverGermplasmPrairieCordgrass,ItascaLittleBluestem,and BadRiverBlueGrama.Thesevarietieshavenotbeenselectedforspecifictraits.Theymaybeappropriateforprojectsif theymeettheoriginrequirements(basedontherecommendedsequence).InformationaboutNRCSvarietiescanbe foundatthefollowingwebsite:(http://plantmaterials.nrcs.usda.gov/ndpmc/pubs/publications_available.pdf).

BMPprojectssuchasraingardens,biofiltrationareas,andfilterstripsmayhaveuniquefunctionalneedswhereavariety ofanativespeciesmaybeappropriate.Decisionsabouttheuseofnativevarietiescanbemadebylocalstaffwhenthe varietywillincreasethefunctionofaBMPproject,andwillnotcauseecologicalharmduetotheirlandscapesetting,or lackofdispersalmechanisms.Anexamplemaybeanurbanraingardenwhereacultivarmayincreaseecologicalfunction orhaveanaestheticvaluethatwillincreasepublicperceptionoftheproject;andtheprojectisnotnearorconnectedto anativeplantcommunity.

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Seed Mixes
Seedharvestedfromlocalremnantpopulationsisoftenthemostdesirablesource.Ifseedfromremnantpopulations, orplantsgrownfromthelocalseedisnotavailable,oriflocallyharvestedseedneedstobesupplementedwith additionalspecies,stateseedmixeshavebeendevelopedformanyprojecttypesandareavailableatthefollowing website:(www.bwsr.state.mn.us/native_vegetation).Specificmixeshavebeendevelopedforwetlandmitigation, conservationandBMPplantings.Themixescontaincombinationsofearlyandlatersuccessionalspecies,warmandcool seasongrasses,forbs,sedgesandrushestomeettheneedsofspecificprojects/programs.Substitutions/sitespecific changesorsitespecificmixesthatfollowsimilardesigncriteriaareacceptableforprojectsiftheymeettheintended goalsofaproject/programandareapprovedbylocalresourcestaff.Additionalspecies,suchastreeandshrubseedcan alsobeaddedtomixes. AguidetodevelopingsitespecificseedmixeshasalsobeendevelopedforMinnesotaandisavailableat: http://www.lrrb.org/PDF/201020.pdf.Afocusoftheguideisondevelopingmixesthatareappropriateforsite conditionsandincorporatingplantguilds(warmseasongrasses,coolseasongrasses,legumes,asters,etc.)thatare importantforweedcompetitionandecologicalfunction. Summary of State Seed Mixes
Seed Mixes Cover Crop 21111 21112 21113 Mid-term Stabilization Native 32241 Stormwater Facilities 33261 33262 33361 Wetland 34171 34181 34261 34262 34271 34361 34371 Native Grassland 35221 35241 35421 35441 35521 35541 35621 35641 Woodland 36211 36311 36411 36711 Name/Description OatsCoverCrop WinterWheatCoverCrop SoilBuildingCoverCrop NativeConstruction StormwaterSouthandWest DrySwale/Pond StormwaterNortheast WetlandRehabilitation EmergentWetland RiparianSouthandWest WetPrairie WetMeadowSouth&West RiparianNortheast WetMeadowNortheast DryPrairieGeneral MesicPrairieGeneral DryPrairieNortheast MesicPrairieNorthwest DryPrairieSouthwest MesicPrairieSoutheast DryPrairieSoutheast MesicPrairieSoutheast WoodlandEdgeSouth&West WoodlandEdgeNortheast WoodlandEdgeNorthwest WoodlandEdgeCentral Mixes Replaced by New Mixes MNDOT110,BWSRUT1 MNDOT100 MNDOT130 BWSRU12,BWSRU11 MNDOT310,MNDOT328 BWSRW4 BWSRW7 BWSRWT3 BWSRW1 BWSRR1 BWSRW3,MNDOT325 BWSRW2 BWSRR1 BWSRW2N MNDOT330 MNDOT350 BWSSRU2 BWSRU1 BWSRU4 BWSRU6 BWSRU6 BWSRU5 BWSRU7, BWSrU13,BWSrU14

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Yellow Tag Seed

YellowtagseedhasaverifiablesourcethatiscertifiedbytheMinnesotaCropImprovement Association(MCIA).Yellowtagseedshouldbeusedovernonsourceidentifiedseedwhenitis available.Seethefollowingwebsiteforasurveyofyellowtagseedavailability:(www.mncia.org/). Flexibilityregardingtheuseofyellowtagseedcanbegrantedbylocalstaffwhenseedfrom localremnantcommunities(generation0seed)willbeusedforaproject,ortheavailable yellowtagseedisnotofalocalsource.Yellowtagseedmaynotbeavailablefortreeandshrub species.

Project Bidding and Specifications

Inmostcases,localandStatestaffareabletoselectbidsonabestvaluebasisratherthanautomaticallyselectingthe lowestbid.Usingabestvalueprocessisrecommendedwhencomparingseedandplantbids.Usingcostastheonly criteriaforselectingbidsoftencreatesanunevenplayingfieldforseedvendorsthatareworkingtosupplythemost appropriateseedsourcesforaproject.ABestValuecalculatorhasbeendevelopedtoassistlocalresourcestaffin comparingbidsforseed,toconsiderbothcostandseed/plantsourceandisavailableatthefollowingwebsite: http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/native_vegetation/. Whenconductingbiddingforplantmaterialsitisimportanttostatethespecificrequirementsfortheindividualproject, sothatallseedandplantvendorsarebiddingfromthesamespecifications.Thefollowingareexamplespecificationsto includeinabidpackage(orbeadaptedasneededforaproject). Note:Thefollowingspecificationsareincludedinthisbidpackagetohelpensurethequalityandsuccessofthe restorationorBMPproject,andtoprotecttheintegrityoflocalplantcommunities. Substitutionofspeciesinthespecifiedseedmixes/specieslistsmustbeapprovedbytheprojectmanager. Yellowtagseedmustbeusedifitisavailable,unlessotherwisedirectedbytheprojectmanager. AllseedthatissuppliedforprojectsmustbelabeledaccordingtotherequirementsoftheMinnesota SeedLaw,section21.82,includinglimitsonnoxiousweeds. Theoriginofseedisrequiredtobelistedontheseedtagforstateprogramsforallspeciesinamixto provideverificationoforiginal(generation0)seedsource.Thesmallestknowngeographicarea(township, county,ecotyperegionetc.)shallbelisted. Informationpertainingtopureseed,germination,andhard(dormant)seedofindividualcomponentsin amixisrequiredonseedtags. Seedmustbecleanedtoanextentsufficienttoallowitspassagethroughappropriateseedingequipment. Forwildharvestmixes,germination,hardseedandPureLiveSeedinformationisrequiredonseed tagsforthenumberofspeciesthatarerequiredthroughaprogramorprojectdiversitystandard.When listingpurityforwildharvestmixes,undeterminedwildharvestseedshouldbelistedasothercropseed andthereshouldbecategoriesforinertmaterialandweedseeds.Unlessotherwiserequested,small, large,andcovercropseedsshouldbepackagedseparately. Thefollowingsequencedefinesthepreferredseedsourcefortheproject.
Areaswithsimilarsiteconditionsandlocatedasclosetotheprojectsiteaspossible EcologicalSubsections EcologicalSections Maximumdistanceof175milesofproject

WhenusingthesespecificationsforbiddingitisalsorecommendedtoincludeamapofDNREcoregionsandSubsections http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/native_vegetation/.Itisalsorecommendedtoincludeamapthatshowsaradiusof175 milesfromtheprojectsite.

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Protecting Natural Communities

Intactnativeplantcommunitiessuchasremnantprairies,savanna andcalcareousfensmustbeprotectedfromnonlocalsourcesof seed.Experiencedresourceprofessionalsshouldbeinvolvedinseed collectionandmanagementplanningwhenworkingin,ornear, remnantcommunities.Varieties/cultivars(selectedgermplasms)of nativespeciescannotbeusedadjacenttotheseareas(withinaone quartermilebuffer)tolimitgeneticinfluences.Seedmustcome fromlocalsourceswhenplantingbuffersadjacenttomediumand highqualityremnantcommunities.Wheneverpossible,seedshould becollecteddirectlyfromlocalremnants(generation0)orfromthe firstgenerationofproduction(generation1),orfromtheecologicalsubsectionwhenafurtherdistanceisneeded(such aswhenspeciesarebeingreintroduced).TheDNRCountyBiologicalSurveyProgramcanprovidemoreinformation aboutremnantcommunitiesinthestate.Dataaboutmappedremnantprairiecommunitiescanbefoundat: (http://deli.dnr.state.mn.us/data_search.html).

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Guidance by Project Type

Thefollowingsubsectionsoftheguideproviderecommendationsforselectingseedandplantsforspecificprojecttypes including:NativePrairieReconstruction,WetlandRestoration;AgriculturalBMPs;StormwaterBasins;Urban Raingardens,andBiofiltrationAreas;Shorelines;Forests/Woodlands;NativePlantCommunityRestorationand TemporaryCover. Topicscoveredforeachprojecttypeinclude:GeneralConsiderations,AchievingHighFunction,Diversity,Source Recommendations,andInformationSources. TwoBWSRpublicationsthatrelatetoallprojecttypesincludetheBWSRWhatsWorkingWebPage http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/grants/WhatsWorking.html;thissiteincludespractitionerinformationaboutrestoration,andBMP techniquesthathaveprovensuccessful.AlsoontheBWSRwebsiteisadocumenttitledSummaryofFunctional BenefitsofNativePlantsinDesignedandNaturalLandscapes http://www.bwsr.state.mn.us/native_vegetation/Plant_Function_Resources.pdf.Thisresourceprovidesasummaryofresearchpapersand otherinformationaboutspecificfunctionsprovidedbynativespecies.

Native Prairie Reconstruction

General Considerations - Avarietyofstateprogramsfocusonthe reconstructionofnativeprairiecommunities.Reconstructionreferstoeffortsto establishanativeplantcommunityinadisturbedsitesuchasanagriculturalfield. Programgoalsfornativeprairiereconstructioncanvarywidelyfromestablishing perennialspeciestostabilizesoil,andprovidecoverforgamebirdstoestablishing highdiversityplantingstoprovidewildlifehabitatforavarietyofspecies. Achieving High Function - Deeprootedprairiegrassesandforbsare oftenafocusofnativeprairiereconstructionprojectsforsoilholding,water filteringandinfiltration,andyearroundwildlifecover.Speciesfrommultiple plantguilds(warmseasongrasses,coolseasongrasses,legumes,asters,andother forbs)areselectedtoensurethatcompleteplantcommunitiesareestablished,andbenefitsareprovidedtomultiplespecies. Diversity - Lowerdiversity(310species)mixesaresometimesusedforsoilstabilizationandwildlifecover.Mixesof4060 speciesmaybeusedwhenreestablishingcommunitiestoahistoriccomposition.TheNRCS643practicestandardRestoration andManagementofDecliningHabitats(www.bwsr.state.mn.us/grantscostshare/native_buffer.html)providesspecificseedmix andusespecificationsforRIM/WRPprojects,ascustommixesareoftendevelopedforthisprogram. Source Recommendations - Thesourcesequenceoutlinedinthisguideisrecommendedfornativeprairie reconstructionprojectstoensurelongtermsustainabilityofprojectsandtoprotectremnantprairiecommunities.TheNRCS643 practicestandardhasbeenupdatedtocorrespondtotheseguidelinesandcanbeusedalongwiththeseguidelinestoset specificationsandstandardsforRIM/WRPprojects.Ecovars(varieties)thathavenotbeenselectedforcertaintraitsandmeet thesourcerequirementsoftheprogrammaybeusedforconservationprogramsfocusedongrasslandestablishment;However, nativecultivarsandvarietiesshouldnotbeusedwithin1/4mileofremnantcommunities. Information Sources - NRCSpracticestandard643www.bwsr.state.mn.us/grantscostshare/nativebuffer.html
GoingNative,APrairieRestorationGuideforMinnesotaLandownerswww.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/pubs_restoration.html MinnesotaWetlandRestorationGuidewww.bwsr.state.mn.us/publications/restoration_guide.html

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Wetland Restoration
General Considerations - Individualconservationandmitigation programsprovideguidanceforgoalsrelatedtonativevegetationestablishmentin wetlands.Invasivespeciescontrol,particularlyreedcanarygrassisoftena concernforwetlandprojectsandneedsufficientcontroltoallownative vegetationtothrive.Nativeseedbankplaysanimportantroleinthe establishmentofwetlandvegetation.Awidevarietyofwetlandspeciesarealso becomingcommerciallyavailableforseedingwetmeadowsandshallowmarshes. Achieving High Function - Wetlandgrasses,sedges,rushesandforbsall playimportantrolesinprovidinghabitatforawiderangeofwildlifespecies.Some researchhasshownthathigherdiversitylevelscanalsoaidinwaterqualityfunctionssuchasdenitrification.Ensuringsufficient controlofinvasivespecieswillaidnativespeciesestablishmentandensurelongtermsustainabilityofecologicalfunctions. Diversity - Nativeseedbankmaysupplementwetlandrestorationprojects,butseedbanksaressometimesunpredictable,and notallspeciesdowellfromseedbank.Mostwetmeadowseedmixescontainaround2030species.Shallowmarshcommunities maybeseededwithmixesof1020species;itisalsocommontousecontainerizedplantswhenestablishingemergentspecies. Specificconservationandmitigationprogramswilldefinediversitygoals.Inmostcases,wetlandbankingandmitigation programsuseStateseedmixes,whileconservationprogramsusecustomdesignedmixes. Source Recommendations - Mostwetlandspeciescommontoprairiepotholesandriversystemslikelyhadawider dispersalthroughwaterfowlandwaterflowthanmanyprairiespecies.Asaresult,awidersourcedistancemaybeappropriate forsomespecies.CalcareousfensarearareplantcommunitytypeinMinnesota,onlyverylocalsourcesshouldbeusedinand aroundcalcareousfens. Information Sources - MinnesotaWetlandRestorationGuidewww.bwsr.state.mn.us/publications/restoration_guide.html

Agricultural BMPs
General Considerations - ThereareawidevarietyofagriculturalBMPs designedtostabilizesoilsandpromotewaterquality,includinggrasswaterways, filterstripsandvegetatedbuffers.Primarygoalsoftheseprojectsaretostabilize soil,andtofilterandinfiltratestormwater.Insomecases,theymayalsoprovide wildlifecoverandfoodsources. Achieving High Function -Deeprootedprairiegrassareoftenamajor componentofurbanBMPplantings,astheyhavemanystems,standuprightin flowingwater,andtheirrootsystemshelpincreaseorganiccontentinsoil,prevent erosionanddeveloprootchannelsthatincreaseinfiltrationrates. Diversity - AgriculturalBMPssometimeshaverelativelylowdiversitylevels(18)species.Forbsmaynotbeafocusof plantingifherbicidedriftisaconcern.Pollinatorsthatareattractedtoforbsmayalsobenegativelyimpactedwhenoverspray occurs. Source Recommendations -CultivarsandvarietiesofnativespeciesshouldnotbeusediftheagriculturalBMPisnextto
aremnantprairie(within1/4mile).

Information Sources - NRCS Field Office Technical Guide: http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/national/technical/fotg

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Stormwater Basins
General Considerations - Stormwaterbasinsareoftenareasofhigh disturbanceduetofluctuatingwaterlevels,pollutantsandsedimentation.Plants areoftenneededthatcanhandletheseconditionssuchasfloodplainforestspecies. Morewatertolerantspeciesarecommonlyplantedinthebaseofdetentionbasins, whiledryprairie,mesicprairieorwoodlandspeciesaretypicallyplantedonside slope.Stormwaterbasinsarepronetoinvasionofweedspecies,soroutineweed controlisoftenneeded. Achieving High Function - Akeytoachievinghighfunctioninstormwater pondsinvolvescreatingsuitableconditionsforspeciesastheyestablish;and plantingspeciesthatcanthriveinthesiteconditionsasplantsthatarehealthywill aidwaterinfiltration,filtering,toxinremediation,andevapotranspiration. Diversity - Mediumdiversitylevelsareoftenusedforstormwaterbasinsideslope(1030species).Acombinationofnative grassesandforbsonsideslopeswillhelpprovidecompetitionfromweedspecies.Lowerdiversityisoftenusedinthebaseof stormwaterbasins,aslessspeciesareadaptedtothehydrologyconditionsassociatedwiththeseareas. Source Recommendations - Stormwaterbasinsaretypicallyconnectedtodownstreamwetlandsandother waterbodies,sospeciesshouldnotbeusedthatmaynegativelyinfluencedownstreamresources.Itisalsoimportantthat invasivespeciesbecontrolledinstormwaterbasinstoavoiddownstreamimpacts. Information Sources - PlantsforStormwaterDesignwww.pca.state.mn.us/publications/manuals/stormwaterplants.html

Raingardens and Biofiltration Areas

General Considerations - Urbanraingardensandbiofiltrationareasare typicallysmallinsizeandareinfrontyardsorothervisiblelocationswhere aestheticsisaconsideration.Soilsconsistingofsandandcompostareoftenusedin raingardensandbiofiltrationareastoaidwaterinfiltration;asaresult,mesicprairie orwoodlandspeciesaremostadaptedtothesiteconditions. Achieving High Function - Deeprootedprairiegrassesandflowershave beenshowntoincreaseinfiltrationratesinthesesystemsovertime,andshouldbe afocusforprojects.Itisoftenbeneficialtocreateamatixofprairiegrassesand thenadddesiredforbs.Someplantingscanalsoincludewoodyplants,astheyhave extensiverootsystemscanhavehigherratesofevapotranspirationandmayrequire lessmaintenance. Diversity - Oftenlowtomediumdiversitylevels(530species)areoftenusedduetoafocusonaestheticsandwater treatment.Aslongastheintendedfunctionsarebeingaccomplished,diversitylevelscanbeadjustedasneeded.Speciesare sometimesgroupedtogetherintheseplantingstoaidweedidentificationbymaintenancecrews. Source Recommendations - Thesourcesequenceoutlinedintheseguidelinesshouldbeusedforthesesystems, thoughadditionalnativecultivarsmaybeusedinraingardensandbiofiltrationareaswhereaestheticsareamajorconsideration. Cultivars/varietiesofnativespeciesshouldnotbeusediftheprojectisconnectedtoordirectlydrainsintoawetlandorother naturalsystem. Information Sources - PlantsforStormwaterDesignwww.pca.state.mn.us/publications/manuals/stormwaterplants.html,Plants
forStormwaterDesignVolumeII

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Shorelines
General Considerations - Shorelineprojectsincludelakeshores,pondsand streambanks.Thesearetypicallyareasofhighwildlifeuseandcanplayan importantroleforwaterqualityimprovementandslopestability. Achieving High Function - Avarietyoftreesshrubs,grasses,sedgesand flowerscanbeusedalongshorelinestoprovidewildlifeandwaterquality functions.Shrubsandvariousbioengineeringtechniquesaresometimesusedif thereisafocusonstabilizingsoilsalongsteepbanks. Diversity - Mediumtohighdiversitylevels(2040+species)aretypicallyplanted toprovidehabitatforavarietyofwildlifespeciesrangingfrompollinatorstoamphibians,reptilesandbirdspecies. Source Recommendations -Localsourcesofseedandplantsarerecommendedforshorelineprojects,astheseareas
mayhavedirectconnectionstonaturalplantcommunitieswheregeneticinteractionsmaybeaconsideration.Theseed/plant sourcesequenceoutlinedintheguideisrecommendedforshorelineprojects.

Information Sources - ASoilBioengineeringGuideforStreambankandShorelineStabilizationwww.fs.fed.us/publications/soilbio

guide/

Forest/Woodlands
General Considerations - Thegoalsofforestplantingscanvarygreatly fromnaturalregenerationeffortsfollowingloggingoperationstotheseedingor plantingoftreesandshrubsintoagriculturalfieldstoestablishforeststands. Achieving High Function - Targetspeciesforforest/woodlandprojectswill varydependingontheplantcommunitybeingrestored,andprojectgoalsforwater quality,wildlifeandlumberproduction.Asageneralrule,higherdiversityplantings willincreasewildlifevalue. Diversity - Highdiversitylevelsof10to25speciesarerecommendedfor wildlifehabitatfocusedprojects.Diversitylevelswilloftenbelimitedbythenumberofspeciesavailablethataresuitablefora projectsite.Herbaceousspeciesmayalsobeplantedatthesametimeastreesandshrubsifthesiteistransitioningfroma disturbedconditions(agriculturalfield,etc.).Mixdiversitywilldependonsiteconditionsandprojectgoals.Relativelylow diversitymixesmaybeusediftreesandshrubsareplantedclosetogether,orifwoodlandforbs,fern,andgrassesmayre establishattheprojectsite. Source Recommendations - Manyforestnurseriesdocumenttheseedsourcefortheirtreesandshrubs,thisisuseful informationformakingdecisionsaboutsuitablesourcesandtoensurethattreesandshrubsthatareplantedwillproduceviable seed.Somenurseriescanalsocontractgrowtreesandshrubsfromseedorcuttings.TheMinnesotaDepartmentofNatural ResourcehasdevelopedseedzonesforMinnesotathatarewidelyusedfordeterminingappropriateseedsources: http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/forestry/ecs_silv/fieldpractices/seedcollection.htmlforforestprojects. Information Sources - DNRForestryWebsite:http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/forestry/index.html

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Plant Community Restoration

General Considerations -Plantcommunityrestorationreferstoeffortsto restoreintact/remnantplantcommunitiessuchasprairies,savannasandrarewetland communities.Restorationisoftenaccomplishedbyremovinginvasivespecies,or restoringnaturaldisturbancesuchasprescribedfire. Achieving High Function - Acommongoalofplantcommunityrestorationis toincreaseecologicalfunctionthroughremovinginvasivespeciesandincreasingthe diversityandcoverofnativeplantpopulations.Someeffortsfocusonimproving wildlifehabitatforrareanddecliningspecies. Diversity - Diversitygoalstypicallyfocusonrestoringdiversitytolevelsthatarecharacteristicofhighqualitycommunities. Thediversityofnaturalcommunitiescanvarysignificantlywithsomemarshcommunitieshavingrelativelylowdiversity,and mesicprairieshavingaround200species. Source Recommendations - Ifseedingwillbeconductedaspartofarestorationeffortthereshouldbeafocuson collectingseedfromtherestorationsiteorintactcommunitiesnearbythesite.Insomecases,seedisobtainedfromecological subsections,particularlyifspeciesarebeingreintroducedtoacommunity. Information Sources - MinnesotaWetlandRestorationGuidewww.bwsr.state.mn.us/publications/restoration_guide.html,Going
Native,APrairieRestorationGuideforMinnesotaLandownerswww.dnr.state.mn.us/eco/pubs_restoration.html

Temporary Cover
General Considerations Temporarycoversareusedinawidevarietyof situationsrelatedtoconservationplantings.Insomecases,cerealgrainsmaybe plantedtostabilizesitesinpreparationofseedingpermanentseedmixes.In othercases,perennialnativegrassesareplantedinlowdiversitystandsto stabilizeconstructionareastopreparesitesforaddingmorespeciesafterweeds arecontrolled,ortoallowforthecolonizationofnativetreesandshrubs,suchas floodplainforestrestorationswherespeciessuchasswitchgrassorVirginiawild ryeareplantedtostabilizethesite.AnnualspeciessuchAmericanSloughgrass canalsobeusedtostabilizeareastobeestablishedwithshallowanddeepmarsh plantcommunities. Achieving High Function - Thegoaloftemporarystabilizationinvolvespromotingsufficientestablishmentofgrass speciestoholdsoilandpreventsedimentloss.Onceadditionalspeciesareaddedto(orcolonize)asiteadditionalwildlifeand plantcommunityfunctionscanbeattained. Diversity -Temporarycovercropsaretypicallyplantedinlowdiversityplantingsofonetofivespecies,asadditionalspecies willbeadded(orwillcolonize)overtime. Source Recommendations - Thesourcesequenceincludedinthethisguideisrecommendedfortemporarycover plantings,particularlyifperennialspeciesareplantednearnaturalcommunities.Sourceislessofaconcernforshortlivednative speciesthatareusedforstabilizationsuchascerealgrains. Information Sources - MinnesotaWetlandRestorationGuidewww.bwsr.state.mn.us/publications/restoration_guide.html

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Appendix A

Recommended Steps for Obtaining Plant Materials:

1)DeterminetheProjectType(NativePrairieReconstruction;WetlandRestoration; AgriculturalBMPs;StormwaterBasins;UrbanRaingardensandBiofiltrationAreas; Shorelines;Forests/Woodlands;NativePlantCommunityRestorationetc.)
2)Analyzetheprojectsite(topography,soils,hydrology,precipitation,elevation, drainage,aspect,sun/shade,climate,habitatneeds,existingnativeplants,native seedbankpotential,invasivespecies,erosionproblems,otherenvironmental stressors,etc.).Alsoinvestigatesurroundinglanduses,andpopulationsofnativeandnonnativespecies 3)Setprojectfunctionalgoals(soilstabilization,waterquality,wildlifehabitat, diversity,nativeplantcommunityrestoration,etc.). 4)Determinethesitepreparation,installationandmaintenancerestorationstrategiesthatwillbe usedtoestablishnativevegetationincludingtheuseofnativeseedbankandlocalseedcollection.Refertorestoration publicationsasneededsuchastheMinnesotaWetlandRestorationGuide www.bwsr.state.mn.us/publications/restoration_guide.html,RestoreYourShore http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/restoreyourshore/index.htmlorotherdesignresources). 5)Developarestorationschedule,anddeterminewhenplantmaterialsareneeded. 6)Determineanappropriatediversitylevel,andlistofplantspecies/materialsneeded. 7)Workwithprojectpartnerstodeterminethebestwaytofindlocal,andsiteappropriateplant materials(localseedcollection/harvest,seedbank,purchasingfromlocalseed/plantvendorsetc.).Lookattheproject locationinrelationtostateecoregions(Subsections,thenSections).Thefollowingisarecommendedsequencefor obtainingseed/plants:
A)Maximizeprojectnativeseedbankandseedcollectedfromtheprojectsite B)Areaswithsimilarsiteconditionsandlocatedasclosetotheprojectsiteaspossible C)MinnesotaEcologicalSubsections D)MinnesotaEcologicalSections E)Workingoutwardfromthesitewith175milesastherecommendmaximumrange.

8)Developorselectseedmixesthatareneededfortheproject.Factorsthatwillinfluenceseed mixdevelopmentinclude:availabilityoflocalharvestedseed,nativeseedbankpotential, stateseedmixesandsubstitutiontables,andseedavailabilityfromvendors.Iflocalwild harvestseedwillbeused,pureseedmustbetestedandgermination,hardseedand PureLiveSeedinformationprovidedonseedtagsforallspeciesthatarerequiredthrougha programorprojectdiversitystandard.Supplementwildharvestseedmixesasneededto meetdiversity,orquantityrequirements.Whenpurchasingstandardmixes,investigate availabilityofyellowtagseed(http://www.mncia.org/). 9)Workwithlocalseedandplantvendorstofindseedthatmeetssourcerequirements;theycan oftenworkwithothervendorstoobtainlocalsourcesofseed.Ifbiddingisconducted,includespecificationsforplant materials.Reviseseedmixesorprojectsequencingasneededbasedonavailabilityofseedandplants. 10)Uponinstallation,keepseedtags(showingorigin).

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Appendix B

Definitions:
AlleleAvariant(oneoftowormoreformsofagene)oftheDNAsequenceatagivenlocus(locationofageneorDNRSequenceon achromosome). CultivarAcultivatedplantthathasbeenselectedandgivenauniquenamebecauseofdesiredcharacteristicsandwhen propagated(usuallyvegetatively)retainsthosecharacteristics. Generation0Seedharvestedfromremnantprairietractsthatwillbeusedtogrownewplants(G1).Generation0seedsare consideredgeneticallyunalteredbyhumanactivityandthecollectionsiteshouldbeinanaturalstate.Generation0seedhasnot beenthroughanintentionalselectionprocessanditsoriginisgenerallydefinablebyageographiclocationfromwhichtheseedis collected. Generation1SeedharvestedfromfieldsreconstructedwithsourceidentifiedGeneration0seed. GeneticcontaminationLossofnativeplantpopulationfitnessduetotheadditionofnonlocalgenesintonativepopulationsvia pollen,seedorplantmaterial. GeneticsensitivityThesensitivityofanindividualspeciestoinbreeding,lossofadaptationoroutbreedingdepression. GenotypeThegeneticmakeupofacellororganism(theallelemakeupofanorganism). GermplasmThehereditarymaterialthatistransmittedfromonegenerationtoanother. HardseedSeedsthatremainhardattheendoftheprescribedtestperiodbecausetheyhavenotabsorbedwaterduetoan impermeableseedcoat. InbreedingThebreedingofrelatedindividualswithinanisolatedorasmallpopulationofplants,sometimesleadingtodecreased geneticdiversityandfitness. LocusThespecificlocationofageneorDNAsequenceonachromosome.AvariantoftheDNAsequenceatagivenlocusiscalledanallele. OutbreedingdepressionWhenoffspringfromcrossesbetweenindividualsfromtwodifferentplantpopulationshavelowerfitness thanprogenyfromcrossesbetweenindividualsfromthesamepopulation. PrairiereconstructionTheestablishmentofprairiespeciesonasitethatcontainsnoactivelygrowingremnantvegetation;suchas anagriculturalfieldorlawn. Pureliveseed(PLS)Themeasurementoftheamountofseedthatgerminatesinastandard(14day)germinationtest,plusthe amountfoundtobealivefromaviability(tz)test.PLSisdeterminedbymultiplyingthepercentgerminationsuccessbythepurityof seed. PureseedSeedexclusiveofinertmatterandallotherseedsnotofthekindofseedbeingconsideredasdefinedbytherulesfor testingseedsoftheAssociationofOfficialSeedAnalysts. RemnantFragmentofaclimaxplantcommunitythatremainsfromaformerperiod,typicallybeforeEuropeansettlement. SelectedtraitsTraitsthatarepromotedintentionallyorinsomecasesunintentionallysuchasheight,flowercolor,form,leafcolor, foragequalityandleafiness. VarietyAtaxonomicsubdivisionofaspeciesconsistingofnaturallyoccurringorselectivelybredpopulations(usuallypropagated byseed)orindividualsthatdifferfromtheremainderofthespeciesincertainminorcharacteristics. WildharvestSeedthatisharvestedfromremnantnativeplantcommunities Yellowtagseed.Sourceidentifiedseedthatiscomprisedoftheleastselectedgermplasmforaspecies.Thelocationwherethe materialwasoriginallycollectedfromnativestands(geneticorigin)isindicatedonthecertificationlabel.
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Appendix C

Literature Cited:
DiversityReferences Betz,R.F.,Lootens,R.J.,Becker,M.K.1997.TwodecadesofprairierestorationatFermilab,BataviaIllinois,pp.[20]30 inWarwick,Charles,EditorProceedingsFifteenthNorthAmericanPrairieConferenceBend,Oregon. Biondini,M.2007.PlantDiversity,Production,Stability,andSusceptibilitytoInvasioninRestoredNorthernTallGrass Prairies(UnitedStates).RestorationEcology15:7787. Bohnen,J.L.andS.M.Galatowitsch.2005.SpringPeeperMeadow:RevegetationPracticesinaSeasonalWetland RestorationinMinnesota.EcologicalRestoration23:172181. Fargione,J.E.,D.Tilman.2005a.Diversitydecreasesinvasionviabothsamplingandcomplementarityeffects.Ecology Letters8:604611. Fargione,J.,Tilman,D.2005b.Nichedifferencesinphenologyandrootingdepthpromotecoexistencewithadominant C4bunchgrass.Oecologia143:598606. Fargione,J.;Brown,C.S.;Tilman,D.2003.Communityassemblyandinvasion:Anexperimentaltestofneutralversus nicheprocesses.ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences100:89168920. Fraser,LHandEBMadson.2008.Theinteractingeffectsofherbivoreexclosuresandseedadditioninawetmeadow. Oikos117:10571063. Galatowitsch,S.M.2008.Seedlingestablishmentinrestoredecosystems.Chapter15:SeedlingEcologyandEvolution.M. LeckandT.Parker(Ed.).CambridgePress. Grace,J.B.,TMAnderson,MDSmith,ESeabloom,SJAndelman,G.Meche,EWeiher,LKAllain,H.Jutila,MSankaran,J. Knopps,MRitchie,andMRWillig.2007.Doesspeciesdiversitylimitproductivityinnaturalgrasslandcommunities? EcologyLetters10:680689. HilleRisLambers,J.;Harpole,W.S.;Tilman,D.;Knops,J.;Reich,P.2004.Mechanismsresponsibleforthepositive diversityproductivityrelationshipinMinnesotagrasslands.EcologyLetters7:661668 Hooper,D.U.,F.S.Chapin,III,J.J.Ewel,A.Hector,P.Inchausti,S.Lavorel,J.H.Lawton,D.M.Lodge,M.Loreau,S. Naeem,B.Schmid,H.Setl,A.J.Symstad,J.Vandermeer,andD.A.Wardle.2005.Effectsofbiodiversityonecosystem processes:implicationsforecosystemmanagement[ESAPublicAffairsOffice,PositionPaper].EcologicalSocietyof America.Jamestown,ND:NorthernPrairieWildlifeResearchCenterOnline. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/habitat/econsens/index.htm(Version24AUG2006). Howell,E.A.,V.Kline.1994.Theroleofcompetitioninthesuccessfulestablishmentofselectedprairiespecies,pp.193 198inWickett,RobertG.,etal.(ed.)/ProceedingsoftheThirteenthNorthAmericanPrairieConference:spiritofthe land,ourprairielegacy:held69August1992,Windsor,Ontario,Canada. Howell,E.A.andW.R.JordanIII.1989.TallgrassprairierestorationinthenorthAmericanMidwest.Pp.395414in Spellerberg,I.F.,F.B.Goldsmith,andM.G.Morris(eds)/Thescientificmanagementoftemperatecommunitiesfor conservation.The31stSymposiumoftheBritishEcologicalSocietySouthampton1989. Howe,H.F.,J.S.Brown,andBZornArnold.2001.Arodentplagueonprairiediversity.EcologyLetters5:3036. Kirt,R.R.2001.Asixteenyearassessmentofvegetationalchangesinprairieseedbroadcastandseedlingtransplant sites,pp.[98]106inBernstein,NeilP.;Ostrander,LauraJ.(ed.)/ProceedingsoftheSeventeenthNorthAmericanPrairie
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Conference:seedsforthefuture,rootsofthepast:held1620,July,2000,NorthIowaAreaCommunityCollege,Mason City,Iowa. Kline,V.M.1997.OrchardsofOaksandaSeaofGrass,pp.321inPackard,StephenandCorneliaF.Mutel(eds)/The TallgrassRestorationHandbook,ForPrairies,Savannas,andWoodlands.IslandPress,Covelo,CA. Knops,J.M.H.;Tilman,D.;Haddad,N.M.;Naeem,S.;Mitchell,C.E.;Haarstad,J.;Ritchie,M.E.;Howe,K.M.;Reich,P. B.;Siemann,E.;Groth,J.1999.Effectsofplantspeciesrichnessoninvasiondynamics,diseaseoutbreaks,insect abundancesanddiversity.EcologicalLetters2:286293. Jacobson,R.L.,Albrecht,N.J.,Bolin,K.E.1992.Wildflowerroutes:benefitsofamanagementprogramforMinnesota rightofwayprairies,pp.153158inSmith,DarylD.;Jacobs,CarolA.(ed.)/ProceedingsoftheTwelfthNorthAmerican PrairieConference:recapturingavanishingheritage:held59August1990,CedarFalls,Iowa. Martin,L.M.,K.A.Moloney,andB.Wilsey.2005.JournalofAppliedEcology.Anassessmentofgrasslandrestoration successusingspeciesdiversitycomponents.JournalofAppliedEcology42:327336. Martin,L.M.andB.J.Wilsey.2006.Assessinggrasslandrestorationsuccess:relativerolesofseedadditionsandnative ungulateactivities.JournalofAppliedEcology. MinnesotaDepartmentofNaturalResources.2005.FieldGuidetotheNativePlantCommunitiesofMinnesota:The EasternBroadleafProvince.St.PaulMN:EcologicalLandClassificationProgram,MinnesotaCountyBiologicalSurvey, andNaturalHeritageandNongameResearchProgram,MNDNR. Naeem,S.;Knops,J.M.H.;Tilman,D.;Howe,K.M.;Kennedy,T.;Gale,S.2000.Plantdiversityincreasesresistanceto invasionintheabsenceofcovaryingextrinsicfactors.Oikos91:97108. Packard,S.1994.Successionalrestoration:thinkinglikeaprairie.Restoration&ManagementNotes12(l):3239. Perry,L.G.,S.M.Galatowitsch,C.J.Rosen.2004.Competitivecontrolofinvasivevegetation:anativewetlandsedge suppressesPhalarisarundinaceaincarbonenrichedsoil.JournalofAppliedEcology41:151162. Piper,J.K.1996.Compositionofprairieplantcommunitiesonproductiveversusunproductivesitesinwetanddryyears. Can.J.Bot.73:16351644. Piper,J.K.,E.S.Schmidt,A.J.Janzen.2007.EffectsofSpeciesRichnessonResidentandTargetSpeciesComponentsina PrairieRestoration.RestorationEcology15:189198. Piper,J.K.,Pimm,S.L.2002.Thecreationofdiverseprairielikecommunities.CommunityEcology3:205216. Schramm,Peter.1978.The"do'sanddon'ts"ofprairierestoration,pp.139150inGlennLewin,DavidC.;Landers, RogerQ.,Jr.(ed.)/FifthMidwestPrairieConferenceproceedings:IowaStateUniversity,Ames,August2224,1976. Smith,MD,JCWilcox,T.Kelly,,andAKKnapp.2004.Dominancenotrichnessdeterminesinvasibilityoftallgrassprairie. Oikos106:253262. Symstad,A.2000.Atestoftheeffectsoffunctionalgrouprichnessandcompositionongrasslandinvasibility.Ecology 81:99109. Symstad,A.J.;Tilman,D.;Willson,J.;Knops,J.M.H.1998.Specieslossandecosystemfunctioning:effectsofspecies identityandcommunitycomposition.Oikos81:389397.

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Tilman,D.2001.Functionaldiversity.Pages109120,in,S.A.Levin,EditorinChief,EncyclopediaofBiodiversity,Vol.3. AcademicPress,SanDiego,CA. Tilman,D.2000.Causes,consequencesandethicsofbiodiversity.Nature405:208211. Tilman,D.1999.Theecologicalconsequencesofchangesinbiodiversity:asearchforgeneralprinciples.TheRobertH. MacArthurAwardLecture.Ecology80:14551474. Tilman,D.1997.Communityinvasibility,recruitmentlimitation,andgrasslandbiodiversity.Ecology78:8192. Tilman,D.1996.Biodiversity:Populationversusecosystemstability.Ecology77(3):350363. TilmanD.,P.B.Reich,J.M.H.Knops.2006.Biodiversityandecosystemstabilityinadecadelonggrasslandexperiment. Nature:441:629632. Tilman,D.,J.Knops,D.Wedin,P.Reich,M.Ritchie,E.Siemann.1997.Theinfluenceoffunctionaldiversityand compositiononecosystemprocesses.Science277:13001302. Tilman,D.,J.A.Downing.1994.Biodiversityandstabilityingrasslands.Nature367:363365. U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,FederalHighwayAdministration.PublicationNo.FHWAEP03005HEPN30:The NatureofRoadsides.WashingtonD.C. Wedin,D.A.,D.Tilman.1996.Influenceofnitrogenloadingandspeciescompositiononthecarbonbalanceof grasslands.Science274:17201723. Wedin,D.A.,D.Tilman.1992.Nitrogencycling,plantcompetitionandthestabilityoftallgrassprairie.Pages58inD.D. SmithandC.A.Jacobs,Eds.,ProceedingsoftheTwelfthNorthAmericanPrairieConference.UniversityofNorthernIowa Press,CedarFalls,IA. Wilsey,B.J.andH.W.Polley.2004.Realisticallylowspeciesevennessdoesnotaltergrasslandspeciesrichness productivityrelationships.Ecology85:26932700. GeneticsReferences Broadhurst,L.M.;Lowe,A.;Coates,D.J.;Cunningham,S.A.;McDonald,M.;Vesk,P.A.;Yates,C.2008.Seedsupplyfor broadscalerestoration:maximizingevolutionarypotential.EvolutionaryApplications,Volume1Issue4:587597. Burton,P.J.;Burton,C.M.2002.PromotingGeneticDiversityintheProductionofLargeQuantitiesofNativePlantSeed. EcologicalRestoration,Vol.20,No.2:117123. Casler,MD,CAStendal,L.Kapich,andKPVogel.2007.Geneticdiversity,plantadaptationregions,andgenepoolsfor switchgrass.CropScience47:22612273 Edmonds,S.,andC.C.Timmerman.2003.Modelingfactorsaffectingtheseverityofoutbreedingdepression. ConservationBiology17:883892. Erickson,B.;NavarretteTindall,N.E.2004.MissouriNativeEcotypeProgram:IncreasingLocalSourceNativeSeed. NaturalAreasJournal.24,1:1522. Falk,D.A.;Knapp,E.E.;Guerrant,E.O.2001.Anintroductiontorestorationgenetics.SocietyforEcologicalRestoration.
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Gustafson,D.J.,D.J.Gibson,D.L.Nickrent.2004.CompetitiverelationshipsofAndropogongerardii(BigBluestem)from remnantandrestorednativepopulationsandselectcultivatedvarieties.FunctionalEcology:18:451457. Gustafson,D.J.;Gibson,D.J.;Nickrent,D.L.2005.UsingLocalSeedsinPrairieRestoration,DataSupporttheParadigm. NativePlants,Spring2005:2528. Heiser,D.,Shaw,R.TheFitnessEffectsofOutcrossinginCalylophusSerrulatus,ApermanentTranslocation Heterozygote,Evolution,60(1),2006,pp.6476. Huff,D.R.,A.J.Palazzo,M.vanderGrinten.2006.RelationshipsBetweenGeographicDistanceandGenetic Differentiation:Or,WhyDontYouWriteHomeMoreOften?P.161inM.A.Sandersonetal(eds).Proceedingsofthe FifthEasternNativeGrassSymposium,Harrisburg,PA,October1013,2006. Hufford,K.M.,andS.J.Mazer.2003.Plantecotypes:geneticdifferentiationintheageofecologicalrestoration.Trendsin EcologyandEvolution18:147155. Johnson,G.R.;Sorensen,F.C.;StClair,J.B.;Croon,R.C.2004.PacificNorthwestForestTreeSeedZones:ATemplatefor NativePlants?NativePlantsJournal.5,2:131140. Jones,T.2005.GeneticPrinciplesandtheUseofNativeSeedsJusttheFAQs,please,justtheFAQs.NativePlants, Spring2005:1424. Jurgenson,J.;Devries,R.2004.AnalysisofGeneticDiversityofIowasNativePlantSpeciesusingtheBeckmanCEQ8000 GeneticAnalyzer.IowaDOTproject9000LRTF409. Keller,M.,J.Kollmann,andP.J.Edwards2000.Geneticintrogressionfromdistantprovenancesreducesfitnessinlocal weedpopulations,JournalofAppliedEcology37:647659. Lesica,P.;Allendorf,F.W.1999.EcologicalGeneticsandtheRestorationofPlantCommunities:MixorMatch? RestorationEcologyVol.7No.1:4250. MartinezReyna,JMandKPVogel.2008.Heterosisinswitchgrass:spacedplants.CropScience48:13121320. McCully,W.G.2000.UtilizingTheEcotypeConcept:AnInsightintoNativePlantEstablishment,inHarperLoreB.L,M. Wilson,(Eds).RoadsideUseofNativePlants.IslandPress,Covelo,CA.Accessedfrom http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/rdsduse/. McKay,J.K.;Christian,C.E.;Harrison,S.;Rice,K.J.2005.HowLocalisLocal?AReviewofPracticalandConceptual IssuesintheGeneticsofRestoration.RestorationEcology,Vol.13,No.3432440. Millar,C.I.;Libby,W.J.1989.DisneylandorNativeEcosystem:GeneticsandtheRestorationist.Restoration& ManagementNotes7:1,1824. Moncada,K.,Ehlke,N.,Muehlbauer,G.,Sheaffer,C.,andD.Wyse.2005.AssessmentofAFLPbasedGeneticVariation inThreeNativePlantSpeciesAcrosstheStateofMinnesota.MinnesotaDepartmentofTransportationResearch ServicesSection,St.Paul,MN. Rogers,D.,Montalvo,A.GeneticallyAppropriateChoicesforPlantMaterialstoMaintainBiologicalDiversity,USDA ForestService,December31,2004. Sambatti,J.B.M.;Rice,K.J.2006.LocalAdaptation,PatternsofSelection,andGeneFlowintheCalifornianSerpentine Sunflower(Helianthusexilis).Evolution,60(4):696710.
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St.Clair,B.,R.Johnson.2004.StructureofGeneticVariationandImplicationsfortheManagementofSeedandPlanting Stock.USDAForestServiceProceedingsRMRSP33.2004. Smith,S.E.;Halbrook,K.2004.APlantGeneticsPrimer,BasicTerminology.NativePlants,Fall2004:105111. Smith,D.;Houseal,G.RegionalVariationsinNativeTallgrassPrairieSpecies.IowaDOTproject9000LRTF820. Tallmon,D,Luikart,G.,Waples,R.TheAlluringSimplicityandComplexRealityofGeneticRescure,TrendsinEcologyand Evolution,Vol.19,No.9,Sept.2004 Tober,D.;Duckwitz,W.;Jensen,N.;Knudson,M.2008.FiveReasonstoChooseNativeGrassReleases.USDANatural ResourcesConservationService,PlantMaterialsCenter,Bismarck,NorthDakota. Williams,D.W.;Houseal,G.A.;Smith,D.D.2004.GrowthandReproductionofLocalEcotypeandCultivatedVarietiesof PanicumvirgatumandCoreopsispalmataGrowninCommonGardens.ProceedingsoftheNorthAmericanPrairie Conference,No.19:5560.

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