DECLARATION

Declaration by the candidate: This trade project is my original work and to the best of my knowledge has not been previously Presented for the award of a degree, diploma or any certificate in any college or university.

NAME: BITENGO BASWETI CALEB INDEX NUMBER; 20408102037 SIGNATURE: . DATE;

Declaration by the Supervisor:

This trade project has been submitted to the Kenya National Examinations Council with my approval as EASA trade project supervisor.

SUPERVISOR: MR. KWANGA SIGNATURE: DATE

DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my classmates, more especially my supervisor for the guidance and their resourceful contributions towards the completion and success of my project. I want to sincerely thank my parents for their tireless efforts to support me financially and morally in acquiring the necessary resources for this project and the humble time I was accorded by all.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am grateful to my parents and my lectures particularly for their support and knowledge they shared with me in realizing this project. I acknowledge also my friends for their positive criticism and ideas that they shared with me freely.

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ABSTRACT. Abstract covers the whole project in a summary form and gives the whole idea in a glimpse. The idea of a 5 band graphic equalizer came up during my attachment period at the Kenya Ports Authority, as a result of poor audio signals especially speakers used in the big water vessels and at the receivers of the radio handsets which are stationed at different critical offices for purpose of quick response to any incoming radio call. Five band graphic equalizer go a notch higher in clearing signal hitches like sound hissing, electrical noise in the output and other room acoustics or imbalance of sound from the speakers. Also they give a variety of preference personal setting to suit the condition one wants The objectives of the project is to fabricate a five band graphic equalizer circuit and perform the test on the circuit, to improve audio systems output signals and to make the five band graphic equalizer cheap and with the local available materials. The construction of the circuit design starts by acquiring the components and soldering the IC first, then the resistor followed by the capacitors and then the power supply. The process is done carefully to avoid short circuiting the circuit and damage to the components especially the IC. After completion of the fabrication the test is done on the circuit to confirm whether it is functioning properly and to rectify any mistakes that may have arise .The results are then given after completing the whole fabrication and measuring the values of the components on the circuit against original values of the components as prescribed by the manufacturers, the values are compared and the a conclusion is given. In my conclusion of the project, the values measured of the components differed slightly with the original values of the prescription of the manufacturer due to the circuit losses through the resistors, the capacitors, power regulator, transformer and the diodes and also losses in the wires. Also this circuit can be further improved to accommodate more bands of frequencies and increase its function ability with many systems both potable and fixed. I also recommend that the materials that are available locally be used since it is cheaper and readily available and this reduces greatly the cost of the graphic equalizer making them affordable to all people. Hence the five band graphic equalizer stands to be the best choice in every audio systems and public address systems together with music recording studios and entertainment zones.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION I DEDICATIONII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..III ABSTRACT IV TABLE OF CONTENTS V LIST OF TABLES ....VII LIST OF FIGURES ....VIII ABREVIATIONS .IX DEFINITION OF TERMS .X CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction .1 1.2 Background to trade project .1 1.3 Statement of the problem ..2

1.4Trade project objectives.2 1.5 Scope of project 2 CHAPTER RWO: LITERATURE REVIEW...3
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2.1 Introduction ..3 2.2 Different design approaches to trade project.....3 2.2.1 Block diagram of selected design ..5 2.2.2 Sub-units of main block diagram ...5 2.2.2.1 Circuit diagrams of sub units...6

CHAPTER THREE: TRADE PROJECT METHODOLOGY .20 3.1 Introduction..20 3.1.1 Planning20 3.1.2 Data collection. 20 3.1.3 Hardware requirement..20 3.2 Implementation....21 3.2.1Construction..22 3.2.2 Checking..22

CHAPTER FOUR: DATA ANALYSIS AND INTEPRETATION..23 4.1 Introduction23 4.2 Test results..23 4.3Analysis....23 4.4 Interpretation of results....24 4.5 Conclusion...24 4.6 Recommendation ........24 REFERENCES/ BIBLIOGRAPHY.......25 APPENDIX ..2

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LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1 test results..23 Table 4.2 analysis of the results.24

VII

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1Main block diagram5 Figure 2.2 power supply.6 Figure 2.3 Audio input circuit....8 Figure2.4 Audio amplifier.9 Figure 2.5 Multiple band pass filter..10 Figure 2.6 Main circuit diagram....20

VIII

ABBREVIATION IC D.C A.C Q Fo Bw Integrated circuit Direct current Alternating Current Quality factor Centre frequency Bandwidth

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DEFINITION OF TERMS Amplifying Gain Band to increase the amplitude of electrical signals. ratio of the output signal of an amplifier to the input signal. a range of frequencies or wavelengths.