Slide 4 - Static Nonlinear Analysis

STATIC NONLINEAR ANALYSIS Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706
Instructor: Amin KARBASSI, PhD
By the end of todays course

You will be able to answer: What are NSA advantages over other structural analysis methods? How to perform an NSA? What are the key elements when performing NSA?
Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706
Static nonlinear analysis
Earthquake Engineering Assessment
Source: FEMA 440
Earthquake Engineering Assessment
Action Structure
Static
Dynamic
Linear
Equivalent Force Response method Spectrum method Pushover Non-linear Dynamic
Non-linear
Nonlinear time history analysis

Advantage: considering the complexity of the dynamic load + the dynamic behavior of structure Disadvantage: time consuming
Nonlinear static procedure

How does it work? Capacity vs. Demand Sa
Sd
Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706 Static nonlinear analysis

Necessary elements?
Acceleration-displacement response spectrum (ADRS)
Sa V (force)
T(sec.) Sa
(disp.)
Sd

Developing capacity curves:
Displacement-based methods

Assumptions
Response: maximum displacement Deformation: most often following the first mode
Benefits
Displacement-based analysis Nonlinear behavior of the structure
Drawbacks
Simplified approach (static) Cyclic response resembled to monotonic response Damping difficult to represent
Content
Pushover technique capacity curve Seismic performance damage Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum (ADRS) Inelastic response spectrum and Performance Point Large-scale vulnerability assessment
Content
Capacity Curve
Pushover: to estimate the capacity curve
Structural model (FEM, AEM, etc.)
Objectives:
Estimate the maximum horizontal displacement Estimate the (global) ductility of the structure
Capacity Curve
Load pattern: distribution of forces should represent the dynamic behavior
Triangular (if building regular enough) Following the first mode Other simplified distributions depending on the building
Base Shear
Capacity Curve
Load pattern: IDARC practice
Effect of lateral load pattern
Capacity Curve
Force/Displacement to spectral coordinates
Equivalent SDOF
Sa
Sd
1 = mass participation factor (mod.1)

1,roof = roof level amplitude (mod.1) PF1 = Participation Factor (mod.1)
Sa =
Sd =
( PF1 1,roof )
Content
Seismic Performance/Damage
Seismic Performance/Damage
Damage-based design/assessment:
Related to social and economical costs of damage/mitigating measures
Performance-based design/assessment:
Related to life safety, reduce injuries, etc.
FEMA 356 Performance levels
EMS98 damage grades

Example of damage grade estimation

RC building with FE modeling
Pushover on the FE model: damage grade
Unreinforced masonry (URM) Example

URM building in Yverdon-les-Bains

Architectural plan

Simplification for the modeling
Unreinforced masonry (URM)

Key-parameter: Frame effect (coupling of horizontal/vertical elements)
Zero moment
flexible slab (w/o frame effect)

2 h0 = htotal 3
Infinitely stiff lintels (total frame effect)
1 h0 = hstorey 2

Extreme case studies:
2 h0 = htotal = 6.7 m 3
1 h0 = hstorey = 1.25 m 2

Lateral strength transverse direction
Lw (m) 2.0 5.0 6.0 total Nd (kN) 180 360 1520 w/o frame effect (kN) 22 117 367 690 Complete frame effect (kN) 96 216 624 1440
Too conservative
Too optimistic

Lateral strength transverse direction
Content
Reminder: Response Spectrum
Reminder: Response Spectrum
Sd
Sa
2
Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum (ADRS)
Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectrum (ADRS)
Content
Inelastic Response Spectrum

Best linear SDOF which represents the nonlinear structure? (examples covered here)
Equivalent linearization (FEMA 440)
Improved Spectrum Method of ATC40
N2 method (equal displacement rule, EC8 approach)
Equivalent Linearization Method

A little bit of background First introduced in 1970 in a pilot project as a rapid evaluation tool (Freeman et al. 1975) Basis of the simplified analysis methodology in ATC-40 (1996) Improved later in FEMA 440 document (2005)
Equivalent Linearization Method

Optimal equivalent linear parameters (i.e., effective period, Teff, and effective damping, eff) are determined through a statistical analysis that minimizes, in a rigorous manner, the extreme occurrences of the difference (i.e., error) between the maximum response of an actual inelastic system and its equivalent linear counterpart.
FEMA 440
Equivalent Linearization
Basic equations
Equivalent LinearizationPerformance Point
Source: FEMA 440
Equivalent Linearization
Advantages:
Linear computation Use of pushover analysis
Drawbacks:
Value of damping (through iterations) Not always conservative
N2 Method
A little bit of background Started in the mid 1980s (Fajfar and Fischinger 1987, 1989) A variant of the Capacity Spectrum Method (ATC-40) Based on inelastic spectra rather than elastic spectra
N2 Method Procedure (1)

Required tools:
Structural model (MDOF)

Elastic response spectrum

N2 Method Procedure (2)

Sae Sa = , Sd = S de R R
Reduction factor Vidic et al. 1992
T R = ( 1) + 1 T < TC TC R = T TC
Inelastic response spectrum (ADRS)

N2 Method Procedure (3)Performance Point

if T TC :
Basic equations

Sd = Sde

if T < TC :
Basic equations

S de Sd = R TC 1 + ( R 1) T *
Content
Large-scale vulnerability assessment

Steps for large-scale vulnerability assessment: Typology of the building stock with structural characteristics Distribution of building classes in the area under study Vulnerability assessment of each class including variability (probabilistic assessment) Fragility functions
Large-scale vulnerability assessment

Empirical methods (e.g. EMS98, GNDT, Risk-UE LM1, Vulneralp) based on damage surveys Relationship between ground motion (intensity) and distribution of observed damage grades for structures with a given vulnerability index Damage Probability Matrix
Empirical Methods
EMS98, GNDT, Risk-UE, Vulneralp) based on damage surveys Relationship between ground motion (intensity) and distribution of observed damage grades for structures with a given vulnerability index Damage Probability Matrix
Empirical Methods
Empirical methods example
European Macroseismic Scale 98
Calculate Vulnerability index from vulnerability class Structural parameters is only the structure class
Empirical Methods
EMS 98 (Empirical method):
Source: Risk-UE 2003 Risk
Empirical Methods
Example of EMS98 application: (Feriche et al. 2009)
a. Vulnerability class in downtown Malaga
b. Damage grade from intensity VI
Empirical Methods
Application in large-scale assessment (engineering offices, insurance companies, etc.), real-time computations (WAPMERR) or risk-based seismic assessment in codes (SIA 2018) BUT Not compatible with modern hazard assessment (site effect, etc.) Only valid for large number of buildings (classification) No surveys available for areas with moderate seismic hazard
Mechanical Methods
AKA as predicted methods (e.g., HAZUS, RISK-UE LM2) Based on computation (generally nonlinear static) Relation between ground motion (PGA, spectral ordinate) and expected distribution of damage grade
Fragility curves
Takes variability into account
Mechanical Methods
Fragility curves
Source: HAZUS 2003
Mechanical Methods
RISK-UE LM2 method:
Mechanical Methods
Compatible with modern hazard definitions Independent of observed damage data (only verification) Applicable to single buildings (capacity curves) BUT Difficulties to build accurate models for existing buildings (lack of information) Crude approximation in computations Fragility curves only available for certain building classes Difficulties in estimating variability
Mechanical Methods
Example of RISK-UE application:
Probability of D4 and D5 in case of a 1887-type scenario earthquake at 30 km (deterministic)
Mechanical Methods
Example of RISK-UE application:
Probability of D4 and D5 for the 475-year return period probabilistic scenario (probabilistic)

Slide 4 - Static Nonlinear Analysis

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STATIC NONLINEAR ANALYSIS Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Instructor: Amin KARBASSI, PhD

By the end of todays course

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Earthquake Engineering Assessment

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Source: FEMA 440

Earthquake Engineering Assessment

Equivalent Force Response method Spectrum method Pushover Non-linear Dynamic

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Nonlinear time history analysis

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Nonlinear static procedure

Nonlinear static procedure

Nonlinear static procedure

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Nonlinear static procedure

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Structural model (FEM, AEM, etc.)

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

1 = mass participation factor (mod.1)

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

FEMA 356 Performance levels

EMS98 damage grades

Example of damage grade estimation

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Unreinforced masonry (URM) Example

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Unreinforced masonry (URM) Example

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Unreinforced masonry (URM) Example

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Unreinforced masonry (URM)

flexible slab (w/o frame effect)

Infinitely stiff lintels (total frame effect)

Unreinforced masonry (URM) Example

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis

Unreinforced masonry (URM) Example

Unreinforced masonry (URM) Example

Advanced Earthquake Engineering CIVIL-706

Static nonlinear analysis