Geomorphic Investigation of The Great Bend Region, Red River

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US Army Corps
of Engineers
Waterways Experiment
Station
Technical Report GL-96-
October 1996
Geomorphic Investigation of the Great Bend
. .
Region, Red River
by Paul E. Albertson and Maureen K. Corcoran
Geotechnical Laboratory
Whitney Autin and John Kruger
Louisiana State University
Theresa Foster
San Diego State University
Approved For Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited
Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg
WES
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Technical Report GL-96-
October 1996
Geomorphic Investigation of the Great Bend
Region, Red River
by Paul E. Albertson and Maureen K. Corcoran
Final report
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station
3909 Halls Ferry Road
Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199
Whitney Autin and John Kruger
Louisiana State University
Theresa Foster
San Diego State University
Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
Prepared for U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg
4155 Clay Street
Vicksburg, MS 39180
, j
Contents
Preface ......................................... vi
I-Introduction .................................... 1
Background and Study Area ......................... .
Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Previous Investigations ............................ .
2-Procedure ..................................... .
Approach ..................................... .
Geomorphic Mapping ............................. .
Field Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives and approach .......................... .
Boring logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1
1
5
5
6
6
6
7
3-Geology and Geomorphology ......................... 8
Geologic Setting ................................. 8
Geomorphic Surface and Environments ...................8
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Bluff slopes and tertiary sediments .................... 9
Terrace (Pi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Floodplain Geomorphic Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
General ................................. ".... 11
Point bar (PB) ................................. 11
Natural levee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
Abandoned course . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
Abandoned channel .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
Backswamp (BS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16
Alluvial architecture ............................. 16
4-Soil Geomorphology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
Introduction .................................... 18
Soil Forming Processes ............................. 18
Soil Forming Factors .............................. 19
Climate ..................................... 19
Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
Parent material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
iii
iv
Time. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
Soil Geomorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
Soil Summary ................................. " 21
5-Geomorphic Chronology ............................ 23
Introduction .................................... 23
Pleistocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23
Holocene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
Older Meander Belt (Hrm2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
Intermediate Meander Belt (Hrml.2) ................... 24
Modern Meander Belt (Hrm1.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25
Historic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25
Geomorphic Mapping and Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 27
Geomorphic mapping units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 28
6-Significance of Geomorphology to Cultural Resources . . . . . . . . .. 30
Introduction .................................... 30
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
Use of geographic information system in cultural
resource assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31
Data requirements for cultural resource assessment .......... 33
Archaeological site definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34
Characteristics of an archaeological site ................. 34
Distribution of Known Archaeological Sites ................ 35
Landforms ................................... 35
Distribution of cultural components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 35
Paleo sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
Archaic sites .................................. 36
Fourche Maline sites ............................. 36
Caddo sites ................................... 37
Prediction of Site Occurrence ......................... 37
Site Preservation and Destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38
Fluvial sedimentation and site preservation ............... 38
Geomorphic Evidence and Archaeological
Significance of Sedimentation Rates .................... 39
Geomorphic evidence and sedimentation model . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
Discussion ................................... 40
7-Summary and Conclusions ........................... 42
Geomorphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
Archaeological Significance .......................... 43
References ....................................... 44
Appendix A: Red River Boring Log Reference Table . . . . . . . . . . .. Al
Appendix B: Soil Borings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Bl
Appendix C: Radiometric Age Dates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Bl
- )
List of Figures
Figure 1. Levee project map from Fulton, Arkansas to
Arkansas-Louisiana State Line with Fulton
Quadrangle study area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 2. Depositional environments of a meandering river. . . . . . .. 10
Figure 3. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical
point bar depositional environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " 12
natural levee depositional environment .............. 13
abandoned course depositional environment ........... 15
abandoned channel depositional environment . . . . . . . . . " 15
backswamp environment ....................... 17
Figure 8. An artist conception of the Great Raft. Note,
the overflow anabranch and distributary channels . . . . . . . .
Figure 9. Location and limits of Raft Lakes (Veatch 1906) ....... .
Figure 10. Distribution of archaeological sites by landform
List of Tables
26
27
36
Table 1. Geomorphology of the Project Area ................. 9
Table 2. Pleistocene Terrace Correlation Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
Table 3. Expected Distribution of Cultural Resources by
Meander Belts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38
Table 4. Geomorphology of the Red River Levee Rehabiliation
Project Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
v
vi
Preface
The u.s. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station
(WES), was authorized by the U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg
(CELMK), to conduct geomorphic investigation of Red River, Fulton
Arkansas to Arkansas-Louisiana state line authorized under MIPR CELMK-
PD-Q-94-5990 dated 10 August 1994. Mr. Erwin Roemer (CELMK-PD-Q)
was the program manager for this study.
This report was prepared by Mr. Paul E. Albertson and Ms. Maureen K.
Corcoran, Engineering Geology Branch (EGB), Earthquake Engineering and
Geosciences Division (EEGD), Geotechnical Laboratory (GL), WES.
Mr. Robert Larson is Chief, Geological Environments Analysis Section
(GEAS), EGB.
Geomorphic mapping was conducted by Dr. Whitney Autin and Mr. John
Kruger of Louisiana State University and revised by Mr. Albertson and
Ms. Corcoran.
Ms. Theresa Foster, a contract student at San Diego State, San Diego,
California, assisted with compilation of the geographic information system and
report revisions.
This investigation was completed under the supervision of Dr. Lillian D.
Wakeley, Chief, EGB, Dr. Arley G. Franklin, Chief EEGD, and
Dr. William F. Marcuson ill, Director, GL.
At the time of publication of this report, Director of the WES was
Dr. Robert W. Whalin. Commander was COL Bruce K. Howard, EN.
The contenlS of this repon are not to be used for advenising, publication,
or promotional purposes. Citation of trade names does not constitute an
official endorsement or approval of the use of such commercial products.
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1 Introduction
Background and Study Area
The u.s. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg (CELMK.) is conducting
feasibility studies to rehabilitate the levees along the Red River from Fulton,
Arkansas, to the Arkansas-Louisiana State Line. The proposed project is
designed to raise and strengthen the existing levee system along the Red River
below Denison Dam. Rehabilitation between Fulton, Arkansas and the
Louisiana state line consists of separate items representing reaches of levee.
The geomorphology of the Red River Valley Great Bend Region will be
discussed in general while the site-specific detail can be extracted from the
geomorphic maps and cross-sections. Figure 1 shows the location of the
quadrangles mapped in the Great Bend Region by this study.
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this investigation is to provide a geomorphic framework for
cultural resources research in the project area. There are three specific objec-
tives of this investigation, as follows. (1) Identify and map geomorphic fea-
tures or landforms in the study area on 1 :24,000 scale base maps. (2) Define
geomorphic processes that are active in the study area. (3) Reconstruct to the
extent possible the geomorphic development of the study area and determine
the significance of geomorphic features in terms of locating previously
unknown archaeological sites and the potential for discovering buried sites.
Previous Investigations
Several studies relate either directly or indirectly to the project area. The
Red River has attracted exploration since early European expansion into North
America. Desoto's second expedition may have wandered through the valley
in 1542. Documentation is inadequate because the expedition was a disaster
and Desoto never returned (fyson 1981). La Salle camped upstream of the
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
........ _._------------_._._------
Figure 1.
2
Levee project map from Fulton, Arkansas, to Arkansas-Louisiana State Line with
Fulton Quadrangle study area
Chapter 1 Introduction
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~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ = u u ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - .. -- .. --- .. -- .. - ...... - .... ---.
Great Bend on the Red River in 1687 (Santeford 1994). St. Denis, the French
explorer and entrepreneur, established the trading post of Natchitoches in
1714 at the toe of the Great Raft (Guardia 1933). In 1719, La Harpe, another
French explorer, traveled further up the Red River to the confluence of the
Sulphur River and established a trading post in the region from 1719 to 1778
(Santeford 1994).
"Historically, the amount of interest in the ... Red River is directly related
to the perceived value of land in question" (Jacobs 1985). The land area later
to become Miller Co., Arkansas, became part of United States territory in
1803 with the Louisiana Purchase. Docwnents Related to the Purchase and
Exploration ojLouisiana (Dunbar 1804) is a fine example of our great scien-
tific president Thomas Jefferson's interest in the newly acquired territory. In
1806, Jefferson sent Freeman and Curtis to further explore the Red River Val-
ley but the Spanish repulsed the expedition. Details of the expedition with
description of the Miller Co. area of the Red River are found in Flores
(1984). Other early 19th century accounts (Stoddard 1812, Darby 1816, and
Flint 1833) described the anastomosing flow of the Red River due to the
affects of the log jams known as the Great Raft. Captain Henry Shreve
removed the raft as far as Coats Bluff (later named Shreveport) in the 1830's.
The Corps of Engineers completed removal of the log jam rafts to the
Arkansas-Louisiana state line in 1873. Lt. Woodruffs (U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (US ACE) reports 1873) report to Congress gives a photographic
record of river conditions in the region.
The period of modem investigation may be said to begin with the work of
Veatch (Schultz and Krinitzsky 1951). Veatch's (1906) report about the Geol-
ogy and Groundwater Resources of Nonhern Louisiana and Southern Arkansas
described the geological history of the region and focused on raft process and
response. Some of the classical geological investigations of the Red River
Valley were conducted downstream of the levee rehabilitation reach. Fisk's
(1938) The Geology of Grant and La Salle Parishes introduced the fundamen-
tals of differentiating the Holocene alluvium into depgsitional environments
and the Pleistocene into a four terrace sequence. Fisk's concepts were
extended up the river in Schultz and Krinitzsky (1951) The Geology of Lower
Red River which included the alluvial geology, geological history and their
geological engineering significance. Harms et al (1963) studied the stratifica-
tion and sedimentary structure of point bars in the Shreveport, Louisiana,
vicinity.
Abington (1973) described and analyzed the Red River's changing mean-
dering morphology. Abington's process-response model concluded that the
Red River meandering is reducing its sinuosity and is in transition to braided
regime. Smith and Russ (1974) provided geological maps and cross-sections
at a scale of 1 :62,500 which provides the most complete geological mapping
of the study area until the present geomorphic investigation. Russ's (1975)
dissertation is essentially the accompanying text to the Smith and Russ (1974)
mapping. Russ (1975) offered a chronology for 5 meander belts in the lower
Red River Valley with the youngest belt being less than 600 years B.P.
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
4
Smith (1982) extrapolated Russ's framework to describe the geomorphic
development of Bayou Bodcau and its significance to locating archeological
sites. Pearson (1982) offered a working hypothesis of the meander belts of
the Red River in the great Bend region to archeological site potential and
preservation proposing the idea of the modern, intermediate and older mean-
der belts. The Depositional and Quaternary History 0/ the Red River in
Nonheast Texas was studied by Jacobs (1981 and 1985). He differentiated
five terraces and related archeological potential of each surface. The soils of
Miller Co., Arkansas were mapped in 1984 and in adjacent Hempstead Co. in
1979. Harvey et al. (1987) conducted a geomorphic and hydraulic analysis of
the Red River above Shreveport. Saucier and Snead's (1989) synoptic
1:1,100,000 scale Quaternary Geology o/The Lower Mississippi Valley Map
depicts the latest two meander belts in the Great Bend region, Le., Hrml and
Hrm2. Earlier, Saucier (1974) stated that" ... the chronology of the meander
belts for this stream is quite tentative. "
Albertson (1992) conducted engineering geology mapping south of the
project area for sources of construction material and to provide foundation
data for engineering structures associated with the proposed Shreveport to
Daingerfield navigation project. Albertson and Dunbar (1993) conducted
detailed geomorphic mapping for the proposed navigation project and related
it to the archaeological significance of the area. Recent work by Heinrich
(1993) and Guccione (1994) describe geomorphology and sedimentation rates
in other parts of the river system.
Chapter 1 Introduction
~ 1
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2 Procedure
Approach
The geomorphic evaluation of the Red River Great Bend study area was
approached by:
a. Review of previous literature, including geological and soil maps.
b. Aerial photographic geomorphic interpretation.
c. Conducting field reconnaissance and shallow auger borings.
d. Compiling existing subsurface boring data which includes Corps of
Engineers revetments and levee studies, Arkansas Department of Trans-
portation (DOT) borings, and water wells.
e. Construction of geomorphic cross-sections.
f. Synthesizing the data into soil geomorphic maps with inferred age
relationship.
g. Inclusion of pertinent data into a geographic information system (GIS).
h. Comparison of temporal landforms to the known archeological record.
The study was conducted in several phases. Following the literature
review, a preliminary investigation involved geomorphic mapping based on a
field reconnaissance of the project area. Building upon the first three steps of
the geomorphic evaluation, site specific stratigraphic and chronological charac-
teristics about the different depositional environments within the study area
were determined in steps a, e, and f. Essential information, i.e., soil, geol-
ogy, and archeological site data, was entered in a GIS database to better main-
tain and interpret the data. The GIS serves as an analytical tool to examine
soil-geomorphic and archeological relationships. The GIS is a dynamic docu-
ment, that is, it will change with time as additional data are incorporated into
it and new attributes are defined. Once a GIS structure is established, it can
be modified to meet many purposes of land-use planning and resource man-
agement. The GIS as originally created is described in Chapter 6 of this
Chapter 2 Procedure 5
6
report, and its use for relating geomorphic landforms and processes to known
and potential cultural resources is explained.
Geomorphic Mapping
The fIrst objective of this study was to map the geomorphic features within
the study area. Mapping was done at a scale of 1 :24,000 using a quadrangle
as a base map. Delineation and definition of the geomorphic features were
accomplished primarily by analysis of topographic data, soil survey infor-
mation, and aerial photography (Le., black and white photography flown in
1959, 1983, 1989, and 1990). Some information sources such as historic
maps were examined but not rigorously analyzed. In addition to these data,
the geomorphic mapping was based and guided by previous studies conducted
by the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES). (Smith
and Russ 1974, Smith 1982, Saucier and Snead 1989, Albertson 1992, and
Albertson and Dunbar 1993). These studies served as the foundation for the
aerial photographic interpretation. The results of the geomorphic mapping are
presented as maps in the back of the report.
Field Studies
Objectives and approach
The purpose of the field studies was to evaluate the results of the geomor-'
phic mapping and conduct soil sampling of selected geomorphic environments.
Soil samples were described to determine specific stratigraphic and chrono-
logical properties about the study area. Two separate visits were made to the
project area as part of the field work. A general reconnaissance was con-
ducted during this first phase to evaluate the results of previous geomorphic
mapping. During the field inveStigation, auger soil sampling was conducted
of selected geomorphic environments to determine general soil properties
associated with various geomorphic environments. Soils data were used to
define sedimentological characteristics of different geomorphic environments
to aid in reconstructing the evolution of the study area. Soil samples were
visually inspected and logged on-site. Additional soils information was
obtained from boring data and published literature. Boring data included
existing CELMK borings and borings drilled during the levee rehabilitation
project (see Appendix A for reference table). Published soil data consisted of
county soil survey bulletins from the Soils Conservation Service (1979 and
1984).
Chapter 2 Procedure
-. l
'1
Boring logs
Logs of auger borings drilled during this study are presented in Appen-
dix B. Boring logs in Appendix B contain descriptions of soil type, color
(Munsell), texture, soil structure, consistency, and stratigraphic thickness.
Boring locations are identified on the logs in Appendix B and are shown on
the geomorphic maps in the back of the report.
Chapter 2 Procedure 7
8
3 Geology and
Geomorphology
Geologic Setting
The Red River headwaters are in the arid High Plains of eastern New
Mexico in an area named the Llano Estacado. The Red River flows east and
forms the Texas-Oklahoma border. In Arkansas, the river turns south at Ful-
ton and forms the Great Bend. Geomorphic development of the Red River
Great Bend Region is the result of geologic processes operating during the last
65 million years. Surface deposits in the study area are Tertiary (2 to
65 million years) to Quaternary (2 million years to present) in age. Tertiary
sediments were deposited by fluvial-deltaic processes similar to processes
active in present day Louisiana. These sediments were incised by numerous
Pleistocene and younger fluvial systems such as Red River meander belts.
This study focuses on the geomorphic processes that have been active during
the past 10,000 years.
Geomorphic Surfaces and Environments
Introduction
Gross geomorphic evaluation identified three major geomorphic surfaces
within the study area. These surfaces are differentiated according to their
physical characteristics, their apparent age, and by the types of processes that
are active on each of these surfaces. These surfaces are identified in Table 1
as the floodplain, terraces, and bluffs. These three surfaces are further subdi-
vided into depositional environments and/or geologic formations as shown by
Table 1 and Figure 2. The approximate age of each surface and the types of
geomorphic processes that are active are identified in Table 1.
Chapter 3 Geology and Geomorphology
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Table 1
Geomorphology of the Project Area
Geomorphic
Surface Landform-Formation Age Processes
Roodplain Point Bar H LA
Backswamp (Hbl H VA-BT-SF
Abandoned Course H LA-VA
Abandoned Channel H LA-VA
Natural Levee H VA-SF
Terrace Abandoned Flood Plain (Pi) P E-SF
Deweyville Terrace (Pdl P VA-BT-SF
Prairie Terrace (Ppl P E-SF
Montgomery Terrace (Pi) P E-SF
Bluffs Claiborne Group (Tcl T E-SF
Wilcox Group (Twl T E-SF
Midway Group (Tml T E-SF
AGE: H = Holocene, P = Pleistocene, T = Tertiary
PROCESS: VA = Vertical accretion, LA = Lateral accretion, BT = Bioturbation, SF = Soil
Forming Processes, E = Erosion
Bluff slopes and tertiary sediments
Surface outcrops of Tertiary sediments in the study area are restricted to
the bluff slopes and summits. Tertiary sediments forming the bluff summit
and slopes were defined by a sharp break in the topography between the
floodplain surface and the bluff slopes. Boundaries separating the Tertiary
units are based on Smith and Russ (1974). These Tertiary formations are
fluvial-deltaic, near shore, and marine sedimentary sequences. Geologic for-
mations that make up the valley slopes are identified on the geomorphic maps
and in Table 1. The Tertiary Claiborne, Wilcox and Midway groups consist
of interbedded deposits of sand, clays, lignitic silts, and lignite. Overlying the
Tertiary units in the valleys are Pleistocene and Holocene fluvial sediments.
Terrace (Pi)
A terrace is an abandoned floodplain surface that is elevated above the
present river's floodplain. A terrace consists of a relatively flat or gently
inclined surface that is bounded on one edge by a steeper descending slope
and on the other edge by a steeper ascending slope (Bates and Jackson 1980).
Chapter 3 Geology and Geomorphology 9
10
..... ~ - .. ' - ~ ' - ' ..... _-- -- - -..... - ~ --' ..... -... ,--- -- . -- .-.... --- -- -- ---.. -_._ .....
CREVASSE- SPLAY
DEPOSIT
Figure 2. Depositional environments of a meandering river
Terraces generally border the present floodplain or may be preserved as topo-
graphic islands or remnants within the present floodplain. Terraces are differ-
entiated on previous geomorphic maps (Smith and Russ 1974).
In the Red River Valley five terraces have been differentiated in Texas
(Jacobs 1981) and six in Louisiana (Russ 1975). The recognized terraces
from Louisiana (Russ 1975 and Smith and Russ 1974) nomenclature are:
(from oldest to youngest) Williana or Citronelle Formation, Bentley, Mont-
gomery, Prairie-upper, Prairie-lower and Deweyville. Pleistocene terraces in
the study area were identified as Qtm or Montgomery by Smith and Russ
(1974). However, this report uses the revised nomenclature developed by
Saucier and Snead (1989), and identified the terraces as Pleistocene intermedi-
ate (Pi) terraces. Refer to Table 2 for a Pleistocene Terrace Correlation chart.
Terraces mapped in the study area are flat or gently inclined surfaces
which occur adjacent to the floodplain. Mapped terraces on the geomorphic
maps are interpreted to be depositional terraces. In general, the boundary
between the terrace and the floodplain was mapped by noting the sharp scarp
between the two surfaces. This boundary was then further refined by incor-
porating soils data from the available county soil survey bulletins, land use
interpreted from aerial photography, and from site investigations conducted in
the field. The Pd surface is at about the same level or buried by the Holocene
Table 2
Pleistocene Terrace Correlation Chart
RU88 (1975) Jacobs Used in thi8 Report Saucier
Fi8k (1938) Smith and RU8s(1974) (1981) and Snead (1989)
T1
Deweyville (Otd) Deweyville Complex (Pd)
Prairie-Lower Surface (Otp2)
Prairie T2 Prairie Complex (Pp)
Prairie-Upper Surface (Otp1)
Montgomery Montgomery (Otm) T3 Intermediate Complex (Pi)
Bentley Bentley T4
Upland Complex (Pu)
Williana Williana (Citronelle) T5
floodplain. The Pp terrace stands approximately 20 ft (6 m) above the flood-
plain. The Pi terrace surface stands approximately 40 ft (12 m) above the
floodplain.
Floodplain Geomorphic Environments
General
The following paragraphs describe the physical appearance and processes .
that form individual types of geomorphic features encountered in the study
area. This is a summary of information published in textbooks of geomor-
phology (Le. Chorley, Schumm, and Sugden 1984), and is included here to
make this report more useful to non-geologists.
Point bar (PB)
Point bar deposits are lateral accretion deposits formed as a river migrates
across its floodplain. River channels migrate across their floodplain by erod-
ing the outside or concave bank and depositing a sand bar on the inside or
convex bank (Figure 2 and 3). With time, the convex bar grows in size and
the point bar is developed. Associated with the point bar are a series of arcu-
ate ridges and swales. The ridges are formed by lateral channel movement
and are relic sandy lateral bars separated by low-lying swales. The swales are
locations where fine-grained sediments accumulate.
Point bar deposits are as thick as the total depth of the river that formed
them. These deposits fine upward from the maximum size of the river's bed
load (coarse sand and/or fine gravel) to fine-grained soils (clay) at the surface.
Chapter 3 Geology and Geomorphology 1 1
12
2OOO ... ....;'cOOO===?O!"'-__ ....... 2000 Ft.
ScGle
Figure 3. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical point bar depositional environment
The basal or coarse-grained portion of the point bar sequence (Le. point bar
substratum) is deposited primarily by lateral accretion while the fme-gained or
upper portion of the point bar sequence (Le., point bar topstratum) is depos-
ited by overbank vertical accretion.
Point bar deposits in the Red River Valley are the dominant and the most
dynamic environment within the project area. Point bar limits were defined
primarily from interpretation of the photography, boring and topographic data.
Older point bar deposits are removed from the zone of active lateral accretion
and are receiving sediment primarily by vertical accretion.
Primary characteristics of the active point environment are the well devel-
oped ridge and swale topography and its proximity to the main channel. In
the Red River Valley, ridge and swale topography is especially well devel-
oped. Another primary characteristic of the point bar environment is the
prominent sandy point bars along the main channel. Sandy point bars are
easily recognized on aerial photography and on topographic maps.
Sediment types defined by borings identify a typical point bar sequence as
grading upward from poorly graded, or uniform sands at the base, to silty
sands, silts, and clays near ground surface. These deposits are usually vari-
able horizontally, especially where ridge and swale topography is well devel-
oped or relic chutes (high water channel across the point bar neck) are
present. Older Red River point bar deposits contain a much thicker and finer
topstratum.
Boring data indicates that point bar deposits are separated into two distinct
units based on sediment types; a thin predominantly fine-grained upper unit or
point bar topstratum (silt and clay) deposited by vertical accretion, and a thick
,- ;1
.t. "
coarse-gained lower unit or point bar substratum (silty sand and sand) depos-
ited by lateral accretion. Point bar topstratum deposits are approximately
15 to 20 ft (5.0 to 7.0 m) thick. The substratum, in comparison to the top-
stratum, is much thicker, (forming almost the entire thickness for this
environment.
Natural levee
Natural levee deposits form by vertical accretion when the river overtops
its banks during flood stage and sediment suspended in the flood flow is
deposited immediately adjacent to the channel. The resulting landform is a
low, wedge-shaped ridge with the greatest thickness adjacent to the river
(Figure 2 and 4). Natural levee thickness decreases away from the river until
it eventually merges with other floodplain deposits.
I.
2000, __ ..... I ; ; : : O O O = = = ? O ~ ____ 2000 Ft.
SCole
Figure 4. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical natural levee depositional
environment
Natural levee deposits in the project area are approximately 5 to 20 ft (2 to
6 m) thick and along the Red River may range several miles in width. A
reconnaissance investigation identified silt and sand as the predominant soil
types associated with natural levee deposits.
Natural levee deposits generally contain a low organic content because
oxidation has reduced organic materials to a highly decomposed state. Soils
are typically brown to reddish brown. Small calcareous nodules are
14
frequently associated with these deposits as a result of groundwater movement
through the permeable levee soils. Natural levee soils are generally well
drained, have low water contents, and a stiff to very stiff consistency.
Natural levee deposits were mapped as a separate environment on the
geomorphic maps because this environment is present throughout the flood-
plain to some extent. Natural levee deposits are an important geomorphic
process in the study area, especially as a foci for cultural resources. Knowl-
edge about topstratum thickness is helpful in understanding and evaluating
buried archaeological sites.
Abandoned course
An abandoned course is a river channel that is abandoned in favor of a
more efficient course (Figure 5). A course must contain a minimum of two
meander loops for the channel to be classified as an abandoned course on the
geomorphic maps. Abandoned courses are abundant throughout the project
area. An abandoned course forms when the river's flow path is diverted to a
new position on the river's floodplain. This event usually is a gradual process
and begins by a break or a "crevasse" in the river's natural levee during flood
stage. The crevasse forms a temporary or crevasse channel that may, over
time, develop into a more permanent channel. Eventually, the new channel
diverts the majority of flow and the old channel progressively fills. Final
abandonment begins as coarse sediment fills the abandoned channel segment
immediately down stream from the point of diversion. Complete filling of the
abandoned course is a slow process that occurs first by lateral accretion and
then later by overbank deposition and vertical accretion. The complete filling.
process may take several hundred to several thousand years to complete. In
some instances, coniplete filling may not occur as relict and upland drainage
preserves partial stream flow through the course.
Abandoned courses and associated abandoned channels collectively form a
meander belt on the floodplain of the river. Meander belt deposits consist of
a several mile wide, massive point bar sequence, divided by various aban-
doned channels and courses which collectively form the meander belt. The
frequency and location of the meander belt segments are useful for determin-
ing the Holocene chronology of floodplain development which will be dis-
cussed later.
Abandoned channel
Abandoned channels are relict channel loops that are abandoned when the
river cuts across its point bar (Figure 2 and 6). The cutoff produces an
oxbow lake. The process by which the river abandons the loop occurs either
gradually as a neck cutoff or during a single flood event as a chute cutoff. A
chute is a high water channel across the point bar of the channel. Abandoned
channels mapped by this study may be either well defined classic "oxbow"
~ 1
- ,
2OOO ___ ____ 2000 Ft.
Scale
Figure 5. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical abandoned course depositional
environment
2OOO __ ___ 2000_. Ft.
Scale
Figure 6. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical abandoned channel depositional
environment
16
loops or loop segments. Abandoned channels are abundant throughout the
project area.
Channel filling is a gradual process. It occurs initially by lateral accretion,
when the channel is still connected to the main course. After the main chan-
nel has migrated away from the abandoned segment, then vertical accretion
dominates. During times of high water flow, suspended sediment is trans-
ported to the abandoned channel. Abandoned channels associated with the
present meander belt are generally hydraulically connected to the main channel
and are still in the process of filling. In contrast, abandoned channels on the
older surfaces are filled or almost completely filled. Thickness of channel
fills range from 25 to 30 ft (8 to 10 m). Abandoned channels that are not
filled continue to receive sediment by overbank: deposition during the peak:
flood season which may occur for only a brief time each year.
Backswamp (BS)
Backswamp deposits form by periodic flooding and vertical accretion of
new sediment. The primary geomorphic process occurring in this environ-
ment are vertical accretion of new sediment by annual flooding, pedogenisis,
and bioturbation. These processes combine to form a characteristic soil pro-
file and lithology. In general, soil types are predominantly gray to dark red
gray clay interbedded with silt and decayed roots and wood fragments. Back-
swamp deposits are 20 to 30 ft (6 to 10 m) thick.
Backswamp deposits in the project area are located in poorly drained for-
ested areas bordering the point bar environments (Figure 2 and 7). This e n v i ~
ronment is approximately 25 percent of the study area. Backswamps are
common in the Red River valley and have been covered with lacustrine
deposits.
Alluvial architecture
The previous sections described the landscape components or geomorphic
depositional environments. This section will portray the landform relationship
in the subsurface. Twelve cross-sections (plates 1-12) were compiled with
available boring data (located at the back of the report). The source of the
boring data is presented by number in Appendix 0B. Location of the cross-
section is shown on the geomorphic maps. The horizontal distance in feet
represents running distance along the cross-section and not levee stationing.
Examination of sections reveal the alluvial sediment incised the Tertiary
Sediments (fu). Abandoned channels and point bars are seen in the sections.
Backswamps are located away from the active and abandoned channels. Nat-
ural levee deposits drape most of the floodplain. Beneath and within the
natural levee deposits is an inferred paleo surface. The paleosurface is a sug-
gested level to explore for covered archeological sites.
r 1
:-: J
- l
'. "
2OOO- __ .. liC(XX)====:i0 _____ 2 ... OOO Ft.
SaGle
Figure 7. Schematic and aerial photograph of a typical backswamp environment
18
4 Soil Geomorphology
Introduction
An important characteristic that distinguishes landforms is the development
of a mature soil profile(s) by pedogenic processes. The presence or absence
of a soil profile reflects the types of geomorphic processes that are active in
the area and the age of the soil sequence (Birkeland 1984). A definite rela-
tionship was established during the study between geomorphic surfaces and
soil materials. The understanding of the relationship increases the ability to
predict location and probability of archaeological sites and pattern of soil gen-
esis on a given surface. Landscape stability is evident by a well defined soil
imprint. Soil data from the soil surveys (SCS 1979 and 1984) were used to
infer the degree of stability in Red River landforms. Since burial of sites is
important to archeological surveys the recognition of buried soil horizons and
surfaces needs to be considered.
Soil-Forming Processes
Soil-forming processes are governed by the physical properties of the soils,
the environmental influences of the geomorphic system, and the duration of
the geomorphic processes. Soil genesis on each surface "can be viewed as
consisting of two steps: (1) the accumulation of parent materials, and (2) the
differentiation of horizons in the profile" (Simonson 1959). The primary
parent material in this study is alluvium with colluvium and hillslope sedi-
ments being secondary sources. Horizon differentiation in the parent material
is a result of four basic kinds of changes occurring throughout the system.
These are additions, removals, transfers and transformation (Simonson 1959).
Physical properties of the underlying soils and the soil profile are variable
because of differences in (a) topography and slope, (b) the types of vegetation
which are growing on the surface, (c) the land use characteristics of the area
(Le. crop land versus timber), (d) variations in climate, (e) composition of the
underlying parent materials, and (f) the time involved in which the soil has
formed. These variations control the different types of geomorphic and
pedogenic processes that are involved in soil formation, and they govern the
Chapter 4 Soil Geomorphology
- 1
, ;
- -;-,
soil profile that will be developed. Changes are brought about by the effects
of the soil-forming factors.
Soil-Forming Factors
The five soil-forming factors have been studied and have been put forth in
equation form by Hans Jenny (1941). His equation has the form:
s = f (c/, 0, r, p, t .. )
where s denotes any soil property. The soil-forming factors in parentheses,
mostly groups of factors, are defined as follows:
cl = climate change
o = organisms and their frequencies
r = relief or topography
p = parent material, defined as state of soil at soil formation time
zero
t = age of soil, absolute period of soil formation
... = additional, unspecified factors (Jenny 1961)
Discussion of the factors independently follows.
Climate
The climatic factor is considered by many to be the most important factor
in the development of soil characteristics. It accounts for the present and his-
torical effects of rainfall, temperature and wind on soil features. A significant
point in considering the effect of climate is its cyclic nature, and variance in
time and amounts of inputs.
Organisms
The organism factor is comprised of the fauna and flora of the region. As
with climate both the past and present influences of plants and animals is
visible in the present soil. Plants are involved in the initial development of
soils through mechanical and chemical weathering. Throughout the succession
of a soil the properties of organic carbon, nitrogen, pH, bulk density, color,
and structure are effected by plants. The influence of animal populations can
be seen by the mixing brought about by the activities of burrowing species.
Grazing species and even man impacts the soil to an extent through cultivation
and compaction.
Chapter 4 Soil Geomorphology 19
20
Topography
Topography refers to the surface shape of a landform. It includes the gra-
dient, length and width, slope orientation, and convexity or concavity. It
effects soil hydrology, runoff or run-on, erosion or deposition and in conjunc-
tion with climate, vegetation. These attributes govern soil properties such as
clay distribution, depth of weathering, profIle development and organic matter
and chemical variance.
Parent material
Parent material refers to unconsolidated organic and mineral materials in
which soils form (Soil Survey Manual 1993). It is the material present when
soil genesis is initiated. The nature and original properties of the parent
material are important to the development of soil properties. It determines
many of the chemical, mineralogical and physical limits of a soil. It influ-
ences types of clay developed, structure, texture, color and natural fertility.
These properties in tum create variability in drainage, available moisture and
vegetation.
Time
"Time here refers to passage of time ... and in itself has no influence on the
landscape; rather it records the accomplishments of the system" (Schumm
1977). Time in the above context is important only to help establish a starting
and stopping point and to compute process rate (Daniels and Hammer 1992).
Weathering of the parent material and development of soil features are aligned
with time. Diverse parent materials will vary in the amount of time needed to
produce soil material. Soil features will vary in the amount of time needed
for development. Determining these times for a given parent material or fea-
ture can in some cases assist in ascertaining relative age. For example, the
absence of a soil profIle indicates a soil that has been recently deposited and
has not had sufficient time to develop a profIle.
Soil Geomorphology
The soil series will be discussed in terms of the geomorphic position and
geoarcheological significance. Each of these different soil series has a unique
soil profIle characterized by diagnostic physical or chemical properties. The
diversity of the soil series for different landforms reflects, in part, differences
in mapping conventions between the various counties and differences in soil
type due to geography and variations associated with the soil forming vari-
ables (Le. time, parent material, climate, biological activity, etc.). Because of
the great variety of soil series associated with the different landforms, specific
or exact relationships between soil series and landform type are not possible.
" l
C l
Rather, general soil properties and characteristics can be differentiated for the
various landforms.
The study area consists of soil classes, ultisols, alfisols, vertisols, molli-
sols, inceptisols, and entisols. The Tertiary bluff and slopes consist of ultisols
such as the Bowie, Briley and Sacul series and alfisols such as the McKamie
and Muskogee. These soils reflect long term pedogenesis and thus stability.
Numerous Archaic sites have been located on Buzzard Bluff. However, the
fact that ultisols are poor agriculture soils may explain the lack of Caddo sites.
Other Alfisols are the Rilla which are associated with natural levee deposits
of former Red River channels. The Rilla reflects natural levee deposition
along portions of Finn Bayou and Red Chute. The soil profile in a typical
Rilla silt loam an argillic horizon at 1.2 ft (0.35 m).
Vertisols such as the Billyhaw series are developed on backswamp sur-
faces. Another clay soil associated with backswamps is the Perry. The Perry
clay is an inceptisol reflecting some weak soil profile development. The
proflle of Perry clay reveals a buried B horizon at 1.75 ft (0.5 m). The Billy-
haw and Perry clay are associated with the Finn Bayou Meander belt (Hein-
rich 1994). The clay veneer masked the meander belt features and probably
buried site associated with settlement along the Finn Bayou course.
Other soils have mollic epidons and are classified as mollisols, such as the
Latanier and Caspiana. Discussions with Louisiana SCS staff suggest that the
organic enrichment of these mollisols is possibly associated with the Great
Raft which accelerated organic and overbank deposition in the Red River Val-
ley. The Caspiana is found on the flanks or distal portions of natural levees,
The soil proflle of the Caspiana shows a discontinuity at 2.2 ft (0.66 m). The
Latanier contains a contrasting texture at approximately 3.3 ft (1 m).
Entisols exhibit the least amount of soil development and are, therefore,
considered the most recent in age. Included in the entisol class are the Severn
silt loam, Kiomatia loamy fine sand, and Oklared fine sandy loam. The
Severn is associated with natural levee while the Kiomatia and Oklared series
seem associated with historic and modern meander point bars. The Severn's
profile reflects cumulative sedimentation which outfaced pedogenisis. Litho-
logic and color discontinuities at approximately 0.75 ft (0.25 m) indicate a
possible buried surface in the Severn. The Kiomatia also reflects a change in
deposition but deeper at 4 ft (1.3 m). The Oklared's profile reveals a deposi-
tional break at 3.8 ft (1.2 m). Considering the lack of soil development and
thus relative recent age of these soils only historic and proto-historic sites are
possible.
Soil Summary
The principal soil geomorphic processes are vertical accretion of new
sediment from annual flooding, pedogenesis (soil formation), and bioturbation.
Chapter 4 Soil Geomorphology 21
22
These processes combine to produce a characteristic soil profile and lithology .
in each landform. In general, soil profiles are better developed in older
deposits than in the active point bar setting. Classification of soils by the SCS
indicates inceptisols, mollisols and alfisols are the major soil groups for the
older surface, while entisols are associated with the younger environment.
The geomorphic importance associated with argillic and mollic soil horizons in
the Finn Bayou area is that these soil horizons represent a stable surface and
require a certain amount of time to develop. Exactly how much time is
needed to develop either of these characteristics is unknown as it relates to the
complex interchange between the different soil forming variables. Geomor-
phic significance of soil horizons in terms of this study is that the Finn Bayou
surfaces have been stable long enough for pedogenic processes to imprint and
alter the underlying fluvial deposits.
r 1
_ J
_________ . ___________ .. __ . _ .............. ".n,,,_ ".'" " ......... --- ~ . - - - - - - - ------ -- --- - - -" -- --- -- - -- - - - ... .
.. ~
5 Geomorphic Chronology
Introduction
Another objective of this study was to define the geomorphic chronology of
the project area to the extent possible with the known data. The chronology is
based on the available soils and geological data, results of the geomorphic
mapping and boring and radiometric age data (Appendix C) from this study,
and comparison of archeological site records. The geomorphic history of the
area is defined by the distribution and extent of the underlying geologic units,
the floodplain sediments which overlie these formations, and the soils that
have formed and modified these different landscape elements.
Pleistocene
The Red River was not directly affected by continental glaciation during
the Pleistocene. Therefore, the fluvial system did not directly receive glacial
meltwater or related sediments. Instead, geomorphic processes operating in
the study area were controlled by climatic variations associated with Pleis-
tocene glaciation. Climatic changes influenced the base level on the Red
River and its tributaries. Since the outlet for the Red River during the latter
part of the Pleistocene was by way of the Mississippi River Valley, indirect
effects of glaciation (Le. glacial melt water, glacial sediment, and sea level
changes) would have influenced the Red River's discharge to the Mississippi
River and its link to the Gulf of Mexico. The end result of this complex
interchange between Pleistocene climate changes and associated base level
response has been the creation and incision of a well-defined drainage basin
into the underlying Tertiary sediments. At the beginning of the Holocene, the
Red River alluvial valley and its larger tributaries had developed a series of
descending stepped terraces, formed as a result of aggrading and degrading
fluvial cycles, and a well-defined flood plain with associated environments of
deposition. Within the boundaries of the study area, the mapped terraces are
the Pleistocene Deweyville (Pd), Praire (Pp), and Montgomery (pm) Inter-
mediate (Pi) (Saucier and Snead 1989).
Chapter 5 Geomorphic Chronology 23
24
Holocene
During the Holocene, the Mississippi River built five meander belt courses
in its alluvial valley (Saucier 1974 and Saucier and Snead 1989). In the Red
River valley, six remanent meander belts are preserved (Smith and Russ 1974,
Russ 1975, Saucier 1974, Saucier and Snead 1989). The most recent Red
River course to the Mississippi River may have formed some time between
500 and 1,000 years BP through Moncla Gap (Russ 1975). Pearson (1986)
suggests this change may have occurred even earlier, perhaps as early as
1,800 years BP based on archaeological data. Hall (1990) indicates that
approximately 1,000 years BP, a regional climate change occurred from moist
to dry in the southern Great Plains. The response by the Red River to this
climate change may have led to channel incision which helped to promote
increased bank: erosion. Floodplain incision, bank: erosion, and valley-wide
lateral migration may have introduced a large influx of sediment and trees into
the lower Red River Valley to form the Red River Raft.
Saucier and Snead (1989) compiled previous mapping of the Lower Missis-
sippi Valley and its tributaries. This synoptic view of the region indicates two
meander belt deposits, Le., Hrml and Hrm2. These meander belts are the
youngest two of the six recognized belts (Saucier and Snead 1989). A prelim-
inary geomorphic study relating the distribution of prehistory archaeological
record was conducted by Pearson (1982). The work is part of a multi-
hypothesis in the valley's evolution and prehistoric landscape adaption. Pear-
son infers three meander belts, Le., modem, intermediate age and older belts.
Older Meander Belt (Hrm2)
Saucier and Snead (1989) mapped the Finn Bayou abandoned channels and
course as Hrm2. The age of the Finn Bayou meander belt (pearson 1982) is
tentative but is associated with his older meander projected to be older than
3,000 years BP. A radiometric date of 4610 60 years BP was recorded
from an Hrm2 over bank: deposit (Appendix C). Archaeological data indicate
Late Archaic (5,000-2,500 BP) and Fourche Maline (2,500 - 1,000 BP) sites
adjacent to Finn Bayou. Based on Jacobs (1981) work Heinrich (1994) sug-
gested that Hrm2 could have flowed from 4,000 to 6,000 years BP. Until
additional investigations produce radiometric dates, the presumed dates are
plausible. The geomorphic features along Hrm2 are mashed with overbank:
clay deposits. It is inferred that the affect of the Great Raft added additional
vertical accretion deposits. Archeological sites are expected to be buried
along this meander belt.
Intermediate Meander Belt (Hrm1.1 and 1.2)
Pearson's (1982) intermediate belt is part of Saucier and Snead's Hrm1.
Geomorphic analysis during this study concurs that based on oxbow filling the
Hrrnl can be differentiated into Hrm1.1 and Hrm1.2. Pearson's (1982)
Chapter 5 Geomorphic Chronology
- 1
J
-,
- 1
chronology suggests that the intermediate belt was formed 200 to 2,000 years
BP. Additional data for this study suggest that the age of Hrm1.2 is 4,000 to
1,200 years B.P. Hrm1.1 is tentatively estimated at 1,200 to 200 years B.P.
Hrml.2 oxbows are recognized by their partial fIlling. The Hrml.2 aban-
doned channels usually are flooded part of year and contain cypress swamps.
Pearson (1982) included Red Lake on the eastern valley wall as part of the
intermediate belt. An alternative hypothesis is that Red Lake and other east-
ern wall abandoned channels could be remnants of a Little River meander
flowing during the time of Hrm2 deposition.
Modern Meander Belt (Hrm1.0)
The modem meander belt has been active for the last 200 years (pearson
1982). Review of historic maps show the present meander belt to be very
active. For example, Old River Lake, Adam's Cut-<>ff and First Old River
Lake were part of the channel in the 1840s. Willow Lake and Scott Lake
were abandoned before 1840. The oxbow lakes or abandoned channels in
Hrml.0 are open with only partial filling. Examination of the Fulton Quad-
rangle topographic map also reveals the active meandering of the Red River.
For example, the Miller-Hempstead Co. line represents the 1876 channel.
Even comparison of the 1951 quad to the photo-revised 1970 and 1975 maps
show areas of 2,000 ft migration in approximately 20 years. Thus, the mod-
em meander belt is not likely to contain prehistoric sites.
Historic
The southern portion of the study area was affected by the Red River Raft.
By the early 1800's, the lower Red River was blocked by a series of log-jams
known as the "Great Raft." The Red River Raft was a series of log jams
nearly 100 miles long which had accumulated on the point bars of the river
and formed numerous interconnected river channels in the upper Red River
Valley (Figures). An account of rafting described by Timothy Flint (1833) is
presented in Smith (1982). .
The Red River Raft led to the formation of numerous valley margin lakes
within the Red River Valley and alluvial valleys of. its tributaries (Flint 1833).
The raft was an important mechanism for the formation of the large lakes that
covered the southern part of the study area during historic time. This study
will not examine in detail the history of the raft other than its significance to
lake formation as it is beyond the scope of this investigation. Further infor-
mation about the raft is available from numerous historic accounts and papers
(Darby 1816, Flint 1833, Veatch 1906, Caldwell 1941, and Mills 1978).
Poston Lake covered much of the lower study area by the early 1800's as
shown by Figure 9 (from Veatch 1906). It is judged that the maximum lake
limits for Poston, Lake were established during historic time, near the levels
indicated by Figure 9. Beneath the limits of raft lakes, lacustrine deposits
N
m
()
~
III
"S
~
0'1
G'l
CD
o
3
o
-a
~
o
()
~
g Figure 8. An artist conception of the Great Raft. Note, the overflow anabranch and distributary channels
.
o
co
-<
cJ
= ]
' ................... co ...... "." --- --------------
buried the former floodplain of the Red River. The thickness of these lacus-
trine sediments was identified about 3.2 ft (0.98 m) (Albertson and Dunbar
1993). Lacustrine deposits may be even thicker, depending on distance from
sediment source areas.
After 40 years of intermittent action, removal of the Great Raft was
completed in 1873 by the USACE, to make the Red River navigable.
Removal of the Great Raft caused the Red River to degrade its channel
headward and drained the large lakes such as Poston Lake that had formed
behind the raft (Figure 9).
....
. ~ ! - - - - ~ - - - - - - ~ .. - - - - ~ .. -
Figure 9. Location and limits of Raft Lake (Veatch 1906)
Formation of raft lakes would have flooded the existing floodplain. The
Hrm2 former floodplain with its abandoned courses and channels would have
been buried and masked with a veneer of lacustrine sediments. Therefore,
this study suggests that existing archaeological sites would have been buried
by lake formation, where they are present.
Geomorphic Mapping and Chronology
A geomorphic map (back of the report) was prepared to reflect the geo-
morphic chronology. The Holocene map units follow the general designations
of Saucier and Snead (1989) and Pearson (1982) with addition of detail
27
28
appropriate to 1:24,000 flood plain mapping for geoarchaeological site predic-
tion. The Holocene flood plain consists of Red River meander belts (Hrm),
natural levees (Hrl), and backswamps (Hb). Two meander belts Hrml and
Hrm2 are identified (Saucier and Snead 1989). Modifying Pearson's (1982)
model subunits of Hrml are delineated as Hrm1.0, Hrm1.1, and 1.2. The
abandoned Hrm2 has surficial expression, but is covered by a mappable
thickness of abandonment phase backswamp clay. The Little River has also
produced two meander belts (HIm) and associated natural levees (Hll).
Pleistocene deposits Pm (pd, Pp and Pi) and Tertiary Groups (Tc, Tw and
Tm) are delineated but not investigated during this project.
Geomorphic mapping units
HRm. Present and former channel and point bar deposits of Red River
meander belts. Surficial deposits range from fine sand to silt loam to clay
depending on landscape position in the meander belt topography. Meander
belt deposits may be veneered by fine-grained overbank deposits of natural
levee, channel fill, swale fill, and backswamp origin. Multiple meander belts
are identified. Meander belt 1 has discrete subunits 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2, with
locally mappable cross-cutting or accretionary phases. Hrm2 is covered by
backswamp clay.
HR.!. Natural levee deposits of the Red River associated with overbank
deposition near channels. Local crevasse splay and crevasse channel deposits
are included within the unit. Sediment textures range from sandy and silty
adjacent to channels and grade to silty and clayey in distal areas. Individual
natural levees are locally associated with meander belt 1 subunits.
Hb. Backswamp sediments deposited in distal areas of the Red River flood
plain. Sediments range from clay to silty clay loam.
HR.cc. Crevasse channels deposit of major premonient flood basin chan-
nels. Sediment texture ranges from sandy to silty.
HR.c1. Natural levee associated with crevasse channels (Hcc). Sediment
. texture are silty to clayey.
HaC. Alluvial fans associated with small tributaries along the valley wall.
Sediment texture varys with sediment supply of the tributary basin.
HLm. Present and former meander belt deposits of the Little River.
HSm. Present and former meander belt deposits of the Sulphur River.
Hu. Undifferentiated alluvium of small streams.
HLm. Present and former meander belt deposits of the Little River.
Surficial deposits range from fine sand to silt loam to clay depending on
- ;
- ,
_ 0
landscape position in the meander belt topography. Meander belt deposits
may be veneered by fine-grained overbank deposits. Two meander belts are
identified.
Pm. Pleistocene Montgomery Terrace.
Pd. Pleistocene Deweyville Complex.
Pp. Pleistocene Prairie Complex.
Pi. Pleistocene Intermediate Complex.
Te. Tertiary Claiborne Group.
Tw. Tertiary Wilcox Group.
Tm. Tertiary Midway Group.
30
6 Significance of
Geomorphology to Cultural
Resources
Introduction
Objectives
The most important objective of this study was to determine the archaeo-
logical significance of the geomorphic features, especially in terms of locating
previously undiscovered sites. The major goals of this objective are as fol-
lows: identify and defme the principal archaeological site/landform associ-
ations and classify the landforms according to their site potential; provide
guidance for locating sites that are of specific ages or cultural components;
and identify areas that have high potential for site destruction or preservation
by natural geomorphic processes.
The approach that was used to define the relationships between known
archaeological sites and geomorphic features involved identifying the known
archaeological sites, evaluating geomorphic site data from the recorded sites,
and identifying important characteristics that relate the archaeological sites to
geomorphic features. These characteristics were then evaluated to predict
locations of undiscovered sites according to their geomorphic context.
It is important to emphasize that the primary purpose of this analysis is to
show general relationships between the various landforms that comprise the
study area and archaeological sites contained within this area. This study is
not meant to be an archaeological analysis, but rather to reveal trends of geo-
archeologic preservation.
Procedure
Archaeological site data were obtained from the Environmental Resources
Branch (PD-Q), CELMK, Coastal Environments Inc., and published reports
Chapter 6 Significance of Geomorphology to Cultural Resources
r 1
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.".'"" ................... _., ,. '.' ......... , .. " ',",>' ,_',J'..J _ ...... J'd .. ,.'J .1'>'J',p,' .. .......... , _.' - - - _ ... - -.- _ ... -- - ......... - .... '
c 1
for Arkansas Archeological Survey. There are 324 known archaeological sites
in the Great Bend region. The database of all known sites includes character-
istics that were compiled from the geomorphic maps and site descriptions.
These characteristics are site number, site name, quadrangle map, cultural
components, diagnostic artifacts, site description type (Le. surface scatter,
ceramics, historic debris, etc.), and size. Because of their sensitivity, the
locations for the known archeological sites are not individually identified on
the geomorphic maps. The sites locations along with the previous charac-
teristics were entered into the GIS database for analysis. Using overlay com-
parisons, relationship of sites to landforms and meander belts were analyzed
spatially and temporally by cultural component. The GIS analysis treats sites
which occur on two or more landforms as two or more sites.
Use of geographic information system in cultural resource assessment
A geographic information system (GIS) is a powerful tool used to manage
and manipulate geographically referenced data and information. Software and
hardware GIS packages vary in analytical capabilities and database structure.
The decision of which one to use is based on the type and amount of data, the
desired product, and the GIS format. To construct the Red River GIS and
database, ARCnNFO 7.0.2 was used. The interchangeable format between
ARCnNFO Unix and ARCnNFO PC was considered essential in view of the
fact that the GIS will be used as a management tool.
The framework for the GIS consists of various coverages that can best
supply answers to proposed queries. Coverages refer to a GIS map and
represent only one of them. Each theme must be assigned attributes or infor-
mation that pertain to a particular feature. For example, an archeological site
is digitized into the database as a polygon. Attributes, such as cultural affilia-
tion, occupation, and chronology, can then be assigned to form a data struc-
ture. Until this information is added, the coverage has little value in the GIS.
The intent of the GIS is to provide support both in interpretation and
maintenance of pertinent data concerning cultural resource assessment. The
major analysis technique will be the combination or linkage of data layers to
analyze or display spatial queries. For example, archeological sites, elevation,
and geomorphology may be combined to locate sites situated on a selected
landform occurring at a determined elevation. Predictive modeling based on
established facts can then aid in future cultural resource investigations and
management. By understanding the environment, i.e. geology, geomorpho-
logy, and soils, of known sites, the GIS is able to locate potential areas con-
taining these same parameters.
Data in the GIS exists in either raster or vector format. Raster data is a
cellular data structure composed of rows and columns whereas vector data is a
coordinate-based data structure used to represent linear map features (ESRI
1994). In raster data, attributes are associated with each grid cell but in
vector data, attributes are assigned to each feature. Both played an important
role in construction of the Red River GIS.
Chapter 6 Significanca of Geomorphology to Cultural Resources 31
32
The following is a list of digital databases assembled for the project:
Q. Raster maps.
(1) Topography.
(2) Aerial photography.
b. Vector maps.
(1) Geomorphology .
(2) Geology.
(3) Soils.
(4) Elevation.
(5) Levees.
(6) Archeological sites.
(7) Geochronology .
(8) Borings.
(9) Surface water.
The GIS can be queried based only on attributes assigned to the above cov-
erages and linkage between the coverages. When planning a GIS, the purpose
of the project supports the queries and is considered when constructing a GIS.
It is possible, however, that future projects may require additional information
to support different objectives. Additional attributes for existing coverages
can be added or new links between coverages can be established. New cover-
ages can also be added if needed. The following questions are just a few
examples the Red River GIS is capable of answering at this time:
Q. On what type of landform is a particular archeological site situated?
b. What is the minimum and maximum elevation of an archeological site?
c. What is the lithology of a particular geologic formation?
d. What is the chronology and area of a particular archeological site?
e. What percentage of archeological sites are situated a given distance
from a levee?
- 1
Data requirements for cultural resource assessment
Many factors contribute to preservation or destruction of archeological sites
and each must be considered for proper management of these resources. For-
tunately, the scope of the project included field interpretation as well as
analyses from available data. An initial reconnaissance of the study area
determined that the management system needed to be based on geomorphol-
ogy, geology, soils, elevation, levees, and mapped archeological sites. Inter-
pretation of aerial photography and further field investigations provided
verification of previous data. In the following paragraphs, these data are dis-
cussed in terms of their source and characteristics.
Geomorphology. Field investigations and aerial photography provided the
interpretation for the geomorphology theme. A soil auger was used to
retrieve samples at various depths throughout the study area. Sampling loca-
tions were chosen to confirm previous interpretations and to clarify conflicting
analyses. A boring log was then constructed from soil sample descriptions.
Each feature was digitized as a separate polygon and then assigned attributes.
Previous geomorphological mapping by Smith and Russ (1974) and existing
boring data were considered in this interpretation. Geomorphologic interpre-
tation was discussed in Chapter 3.
Geology. This data coverage consists of the geology. The 1 :62,500 scale
map was scanned using a Tangent Drum Scanner to ensure a more accurate
digitization of features. Geologic age, formation name, and feature type were
included in the data structure.
Soils. Soil information was taken directly from existing 1:20,000 county
soil maps generated by the U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation Service (1984 and
1979) for Miller and Hempstead Counties. In order to provide an accurate
overlay of this map to other coverages, the soil information was referenced
using the Red River course from the topographic map discussed below.
Elevation. Elevation was digitized from the 7.5 min (1 :24,000) USGS
topographic quadrangles. The area covered by the terrace (Pi) was not con-
sidered essential in the interpretations and, therefore, was not included in the
data.
Levees. The levees were included in the database as a significant feature.
In addition, a buffer reflecting the right-a-way was included. In this way,
project specific queries relating to engineering impacts can be made.
Archeological sites. Coastal Environments Inc. provided location and
descriptive data on archeological sites in the southern portion of the quadran-
gle. Additional locations can be added to the database as they are acquired.
Chapter 6 Significance of Geomorphology to Cultural Resources 33
34
Archaeological site definition
An archaeological site was defined as a location where artifacts have been
found. This definition of a site does not differentiate sites of settlements.
That is, a site can be a location where settlement has occurred, or it can be a
location that was occupied only once and artifacts were left. This nonrestric-
tive definition is used because of the nature of archaeological site data. For
some sites, exact locations or other important information in the site descrip-
tions are missing or the data are wrong. In addition, it is possible for a single
large site to be represented in the record as multiple sites that were recorded
at different times by different individuals or organizations.
The primary objective of using the archaeological site data is to show the
general relationships between the prehistoric sites and the landforms. It will
be left to the archaeologists to interpret information about the site beyond its
geomorphic characteristics. It is important to emphasize that the site cata-
logue has not been field checked. Basic trends are defined about the land-
forIl1!i by the archaeological site data in this section of the report.
Characteristics of an archaeological site
Artifacts that make up the archaeological site have by their distribution and
position within the site certain temporal and spatial qUalities. These qualities
are defined by geographic, stratigraphic, and ethnographic characteristics of
the artifacts (Gould 1987).
The stratigraphic and geographic characteristics describe physical qualities ..
about the site itself. Geographic characteristics describe the spatial context
between artifacts and their relationships to other artifacts and their environ-
ment. Stratigraphic characteristics define the temporal or chronological order
of the artifacts and relate these characteristics to the site occupation. Defining
the geomorphic setting of the site is an important first step in evaluating geo-
graphic and stratigraphic characteristics of the site.
This study describes mainly the geographic (environmental or geomorphic)
characteristics of the known archaeological sites. The identification of the site
geomorphology is important to understanding the overall site archaeology,
since the different landforms are dominated by certain types of geomorphic
processes. These different kinds of processes will affect or control the distri-
bution of the archaeological sites and the associated artifacts.
Stratigraphic or chronological characteristics of individual archaeological
sites are not fully addressed by this study. The geomorphic analysis provided
by this investigation will provide a general stratigraphic or chronological
framework to evaluate the individual sites. A more detailed evaluation of
individual sites will require the acquisition and analysis of further soil borings
from the landforms on which individual sites are located. Soil borings will
_ J
- 1
- 1
: l
identify important sedimentological and soil forming characteristics and may
provide datable materials for further determining chronological boundaries.
The last major criteria of an archaeological site are the ethnographic char-
acteristics. These characteristics are determined by the archaeologist. The
ethnographic characteristics of the artifacts and the site are concerned with
human qualities of the site. Ethnographic characteristics relate human occupa-
tion to their associated activities and to the different types of cultures.
However, before ethnographic characteristics can be fully understood, the geo-
graphic and stratigraphic characteristics must be fully defmed and evaluated.
Distribution of Known Archaeological Sites
Landforms
The distribution of prehistoric sites as a function of the different landforms
in the study area on which the sites are located is presented in
Approximately 6 percent of the known archeological sites are located above
the floodplain on valley slopes or bluffs. The remaining 94 percent of the
sites are associated with the floodplain of the various fluvial components
which form the study area. Many (46 percent) of floodplain sites are located
adjacent to crevasse channels. Other known archaeological sites are primarily
located upon natural levee or point bars adjacent to the Hrml.l and Hrml.2
channels or on the Hrm2 surface. Additional sites on the Hrm2 surface in this
river reach may be buried by vertical accretion of sediment.
Distribution of cultural components
Available archaeological site data for the purpose of this study were
divided into cultural component types: Paleo, Archaic, Fourche Maline, and
Caddo. Figure 10 displays the distribution of the culture component across
the landscape. Historic sites were not evaluated in this study as prehistoric
sites are the primary focus of this investigation and because other factors may
govern the distribution and occurrence of historic sites. Historic sites are best
defined and evaluated by conducting a detailed historic assessment and inven-
tory of the study area. The Caddo culture ranges from approximately
1,000 to 150 years BP. Fourche Maline culture ranged from 2,500 to
1,000 years BP. Archaic sites in the southeastern United States generally
range from approximately 9,000 to 2,500 years BP. Paleo Indian sites are
older than 9,000 years BP. The table in Appendix B indicates that some sites
contain multiple occupations. Sites that are identified as multiple occupations
(i.e. Paleo, Archaic, Fourche Maine andlor a Caddo) are located along Finn
Bayou and Red Chute (Hrm2).
36
100
80
60
~
'0
><!!
0
40
20 +---111-----
Paleo Arch FM
CuHuraJ Affiliation
Caddo
ffitl
IlIli
III
II
Legend
AbanChan
AbanCourse
PoInt Bar
Teltiary
UnklPrehls
Figure 10. Distribution of archaeological sites by landform
Paleo sites
Four sites contain Paleoindian artifacts. These sites are located primarily
on Buzzard Bluff (fw). Three PaleoIndian sites are located on Tertiary
deposits (Figure 10), and the other is located along a crevasse channel.
Archaic sites
One hundred eighty sites or 55 percent (GIS) contained Archaic artifacts.
Approximately 8 percent of the known Archaic sites are located upon the
summit or slopes (Figure 10). The remaining sites (92 percent) are located on
the floodplain. Archaic sites are primarily found on crevasse channels (lice)
and the Hrm2 meander belt. Apparently, the entire landscape was utilized by
the Archaic cultures. Additional archaic sites may be concealed in the older
floodplain (lIcm2) due burial by vertical accretion.
Fourche Maline Sites
One hundred fifteen of the known sites or 35 percent (GIS) contained
Fourche Maline artifacts. Fourche Maline sites (5 percent) have been located
on Tertiary units. The other 95 percent of sites are primarily located on the
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r l
flood plain. Sixty-six percent are along meander belts; Hrm2 (8 percent),
Hrm1.2 (30 percent) and Hrm1.1 (22 percent). Other sites are located along
crevasse channels (31 percent) (Figure 10). Fourche Maline culture seems to
have habituated across the landscape, using both upland and floodplain sites.
The potential of additional sites existing beneath vertical accretion deposits is
very real. For example, a Fourche Maline site (3LA25) was buried to 1.5 m
(Schambach 1982).
Caddo sites
One hundred twenty-four known sites (Appendix B) or 38 percent (GIS)
contain Caddo culture components. The sites located along Hrm1.2 meander
belt features comprise 45 percent. Caddo sites are located along Hrm1.2 and
comprise 33 percent in the Great Bend region. Late Caddo sites also exist
along the modern meander belt Hrm1.0 (pearson 1982).
Prediction of Site Occurrence
The distribution of the known archaeological sites as identified in the pre-
ceding illustrations indicates that sites are not random, but are clearly associ-
ated with specific landforms in the project area. Geomorphic relationships
identified for the known sites can be used to locate and interpret previously
undiscovered sites and guide the subsequent archaeological analysis of the
individual sites and the entire study area. Geomorphic relationships identified
by this study should help to improve the efficiency of later cultural resource
investigations in the project area and maximize the results obtained. In addi-
tion to locating undiscovered sites, geomorphic relationships will aid the
archaeologist in defining the ethnographic site characteristics. Considering the
distribution of known sites, expected site distribution is presented in Table 3.
Artifacts are most likely to be encountered on the natural levees of aban-
doned channels associated with the Hrm2, Hrm1.2 and Hrm1.1 courses.
Artifacts may be located either on these landform surfaces or as part of the
sediments that form these landforms. Lack of sites upon the older floodplain
surfaces may be due to vertical accretion of sediment. Further investigations
on the Hrm2 surface in the Finn Bayou segment is probably needed. Geo-
morphic data indicates that possible some abandoned channels and courses
comprising this surface may possibly have formed during the early Holocene.
Archaeological site data may provide additional evidence to the age of the
various floodplain components. Backswamp veneers over older meander belts
have possible potential for buried sites.
Summits (Tc, Tw and Tm) and terraces (Pp and Pi) have the high potential
for surface sites. Because Tertiary summits and slopes, and Pleistocene ter-
races are stable to erosive landforms, buried sites are not to be expected.
38
Table 3
Expected Distribution of Cultural Resources by Meander Belts
Map Unit Surface Culture Buried Culture, < 2m Buried Culture, > 2m
Hrm1.0 No No No
Hrm1.1 Yes Possible Doubtful
Hrm1.2 Yes Probable Possible
Hrm2 Yes Probable Possible
Hrl1.1 Yes Possible Doubtful
Hr11.2 Yes Probable Possible
Hb Possible Doubtful Doubtful
Hc Yes Probable Possible
Hlm1 Yes Yes Possible
Hlm2 Yes Yes Possible
Pm, Pd, Pp, Pi Yes Doubtful No
Tc, Tw, Tm Yes Doubtful No
Site Preservation and Destruction
In the project area, a number of processes are or have been at work either
preserving or destroying the evidence of prehistoric groups. Most evidence of
these processes are the result of historic man, such as cultivation of the soil,
timbering, construction of roads, buildings, and levees, and removal of the
Red River Raft. However, natural processes have also played a key role in
the preservation or destruction of the archeological record. Some geomorphic
processes, such as lacustrine sedimentation or fluvial sedimentation, may serve
to preserve the record through burial. Erosional processes may destroy sites
by redistribution or destruction of the surfaces where sites occur. In the fol-
lowing paragraphs, the archeological significance of several processes is dis-
cussed, including fluvial sedimentation, chemical weathering, and fluvial
scouring.
Fluvial sedimentation and site preservation
An understanding of fluvial sedimentation rates is important in evaluating
artifact decay and preservation characteristics. Knowledge about sedimenta-
tion rates is also important in understanding the stratigraphic or chronological
significance of the archaeological record. Rapid sedimentation will promote
the preservation and superposition of artifacts and features that result from
serial occupation of sites (Ferring 1986). In contrast, slow sedimentation rates
- 1
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- ;
, " ~ ~ .... " ........ , . ~ . rO' " " ... ~ . ,J .. ":"" ........ " ,.,
will result in the accumulation of archaeological debris as mixed assemblages
and increase the potential for artifact decay by chemical and physical causes.
It is therefore important to understand, at least in general terms, local sedi-
mentation rates to address the potential for site preservation and the types of
sites that will be preserved. Sedimentation rates in the project area were
interpreted from geomorphic evidence and are based on field observations and
analysis of the available data. Guccione (1994) published sediment rates for
the Item 2 and 3 area. She found 3 cm per year in a decade scale for proxi-
mal natural levee, 0.3 cm per year on a decade to century scale for distal
natural levees, and .003 cm year on a century to millennium scale for back-
swamp. Careful application of sediment rates requires thinking about both the
temporal and spatial location of the site. Sedimentation is a function of dis-
tance to the active channel and episodic overbank deposition.
Geomorphic Evidence and Archaeological
Significance of Sedimentation Rates
Geomorphic evidence and sedimentation model
Geomorphic mapping and published data were the principal means of
determining sedimentation rates in the study area. Types of evidence include
sedimentary structure, soil profile development, bioturbation, and fossil pres-
ervation. The types of evidence and a general knowledge of the different
processes operating within each landform make it possible to estimate sedi-
mentation rates for the landforms identified in Table 3.
Sedimentation rates in the study area must be considered in terms of the
present day and when the landform was formed. Erosion and sediment trans-
port are occurring throughout the project area. Sedimentation rates on the
Red River floodplain area also considered to be high, estimated at approxi-
mately 3 ft (1 m) per 1,000 years (Smith 1982). In addition, sedimentation
because of the Red River Raft accelerated the aggrading of the Red River in
the southern portion of the project area by adding 3 to 4 ft (0.91 to 1.22 m) of
lacustrine sediment during the past 500 years (Albertson and Dunbar 1993).
In contrast, the lowest sedimentation rates occur on the terraces and back-
swamp areas removed from semiannual flooding. Valley slopes and summits
are mainly locations of weathering and erosional processes.
The site preservation and destruction characteristics of the different land-
forms, as a function of sedimentation, are evaluated for different types of
archaeological artifacts in Table 3. The artifacts examined in Table 3 are
animal bones, shell, charcoal, ceramics, crystalline lithics, and granular lith-
ics. The different landforms were evaluated according to their ability to
enhance preservation or accelerate decay. The interpretations made in Table 3
are based on the deterioration of archaeological sites primarily by chemical
40
weathering in a humid environment with the main preservation influence by
burial from fluvial sedimentation.
Discussion
Preservation and destruction qualities of landforms are site dependent and
are based on a number of interdependent variables. These variable include
soil pH, soil moisture, wet aerobic or anaerobic environments, types of micro-
organisms and macroorganisms present, sediment movement, and soil loading.
The relationships between these variables are very complex. They can vary
slightly and result in different decay properties for the different artifact types.
Hamilton (1987), Steele (1987), Vaughn (1987) and Mathewson and Gonzales
(1989), describe the effects that each of these variables has on artifact deterio-
ration in archaeological sites. The majority of artifacts identified in the
archaeological site descriptions are lithics. These artifacts are least affected
by chemical and physical weathering as shown by Table 4.
Chemical weathering promotes the decay of bone, shell, charcoal, and
pottery. Stone artifacts are not affected. With increasing sedimentation and
burial, artifact preservation is greatly enhanced as burial reduces the rate at
which chemical weathering occurs. Archaeological sites are most threatened
on the summits and on the side slopes where sedimentation rates are very low
or where erosion is the dominant process.
Archaeological sites are more likely to be protected adjacent to or near the
main channel where maximum sedimentation and burial occurs. Sites that are
in close proximity to the main channel and not in the direct path of lateral
migration by the river are buried by vertical accretion. Other factors to be
considered in a discussion of artifact preservation and decay for geomorphic
systems include flooding effects, groundwater movements, and fluvial scour-
ing. Flooding can accelerate artifact decay by altering the chemical and phys-
ical processes normally operating. Artifacts may be affected by groundwater
movements and associated chemical reactions between the groundwater. Ter-
races are especially affected by groundwater movements as they are composed
primarily of unconsolidated sediments and are hydraulically connected to the
main channel. Other indirect and potentially adverse effects of flooding on
archaeological sites include riverbank caving following a rapid river
drawdown.
There are no strict rules governing archaeological site preservation or
destruction as a function of the respective landforms and associated geomor-
phic processes. Various trends or generalizations that have been identified
above can be used as guidelines in evaluating the archaeological significance
of the different landforms. Specific areas or individual archaeological sites
should be examined and evaluated on the merits of each site.
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Table 4
Geomorphology of the Red River Levee Rehabilitation Project Area
Archaeological Artifact8
4
Geomorphic
Surface Landform Formation Age' Process
z
Rate
3
AB SH CH CE CL GL
Floodplain Point bar (Hrm1) H LA MR B B B B N N
Point bar (Hrm2) H LAVABTSF M B B B B N B
Raft Lake/Backswamp H VA MR E E A E N N
Abandoned course H LAVA M E E A E N N
Abandoned channel H LAVA M E E A E N N
Natural levee (HrI1) H VA MR A A A A N N
Natural levee (HrI2) H VABTSF M-R A A A A N N
Terrace Abandoned floodplain (Pi) P E-SF L A A A A N N
Bluffs and Tertiary geology, (Tw) T ESF L A A A A N N
slopes Wilcox group
1 Age: H = Holocene, P = Pleistocene, T = Tertiary.
2 Geomorphic process: VA = Vertical accretion, LA = Lateral accretion, SF = Soil forming processes (Pedogenesis), BT = Bioturbation (organic mixing by
vegetation and organisms), E = Erosion.
3 Rate of deposition: L = Low, M = Medium, R = Rapid.
4 Archaeological artifact: AB = animal bones, SH = shell, CH = charcoal, CE = ceramics, CL = crystalline lithics, GL = granular lithics, A = accelerates decay, E
= enhances preservation, B = both; may accelerate decay or enhance preservation, N = neutral or no effect
42
7 Summary and Conclusions
Geomorphology
Geomorphic mapping has identified three primary landform surfaces (Le.
bluffs, terraces, and the floodplain) which are further subdivided according to
environments of deposition or underlying parent geology. Bordering the
floodplain of the different fluvial systems in the study area are topographically
higher Pleistocene terrace and valley slopes composed of Tertiary age sedi-
ments. Three Pleistocene age terraces were identified and mapped adjacent to
the main Red River Valley. The major floodplain environments of deposition,
point bar, abandoned channel, abandoned course, backswamp, and natural
levees, were identified or mapped as a separate environments of deposition.
The development of the study area began during the late Tertiary and early
Pleistocene. Fluvial downcutting and lateral migration by the various stream
courses have created a well-defined alluvial valley and floodplain. Terraces.
are situated along the valley walls, midway between the Tertiary uplands and
the floodplain. Geomorphic data and published works (Russ 1975, Pearson .
1982, and Saucier and Snead 1989) indicate two to three meander belts in the
study area. The older meander belt Hrm2 surface may extend in age from
approximately 4,000 years BP to possibly the middle Holocene. The inter-
mediate meanders (pearson 1982), designated Hrm1.2 in this report, are pos-
sible 4,000 to 1,200 years BP. Meander belt Hrm1. 1 is estimated to represent
1,200 to 200 years BP. The modern meander belt (Hrm1.0) is approximately
200 years BP to present.
Formation of the Red River Raft during the late prehistoric and early his-
toric time blocked channel flow on the Red River and created a series of large
lakes. Poston (see on Figure 11) and Swan lakes were formed as a result of
the raft. Historic and geomorphic data indicates that the lakes were formed
less than 500 years ago.
Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusions
: ~
- ,
_ J
Archaeological Significance
Historic archaeological sites were not evaluated by this study. The major-
ity of prehistoric archaeological sites are located on terraces and valley slopes
and former abandoned channels adjacent to Finn Bayou.
It is probable that sites may be buried beneath vertical accretion. Vertical
accretion processes operation throughout the Holocene could have buried site
to 10 ft (3.05 m) based on similar sites reported for the Red River Valley
(Smith 1982).
Caddo sites generally correlate with natural levee deposits associated with
the meander belts. These sites are located upon natural levees of abandoned
channels and courses connected to the Hrml.l and Hrm2 meander belts.
Archaic sites are concentrated mainly along crevasse channels and the Finn
Bayou course. Additional Archaic sites within the floodplain may be buried
by vertical accretion of sediment andlor the landforms which comprise the
floodplain may be younger at some locations. The potential for archaeological
sites at the surface and in the subsurface in the Finn Bayou area is considered
to be very favorable. Surface and buried sites are highly probable for Hrm2
and Hrml.2 surfaces. Other locations occur in close proximity to crevasse
channels.
Existing data suggest that the different floodplain components may extend
into the late Holocene. Exact chronological boundaries are not possible with
the limited data presently available. The archaeological record may provide .
additional evidence to determine more specific chronological boundaries and
ages for the various floodplain features.
Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusions 43
44
References
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References
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References
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_ J
r "1
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References
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250
240
230
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210 l.J....
z
z
200
0

190
---l
w
180
170
160
150
o 2000
BOYD HILL, AR KAN SAS
Hrmlnl Hrm Pb 1.1 '1 Hrm M' 1 Hmr 1.1 Pb 1 aol.1 I' Hrm
Pb 1.0 .0
Pb Pb

............................. :- ...... : :.: .. ::U: >:>:>1
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yBORING
m NAlURAL LEVEE
EBII PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE
I'Z2I POINT BAR
[SSjBACK SWAMP
4000 6000
- ABANDONED CHANNEL
8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 280001
o I STAN eEl N FEET lEi!] PlEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENnATED
!Iill TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED
1
,d
Plate 1
B
260
250
240
230
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CJ
210
z
z 200
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w
180
170
160
150
BOYD HILL, AR KAN SAS B'
Hrm nI I ac I HRM 1.1 Pb IHjHRllI "l
1.1 1.1
ac
I HRM I HRM I HRM I HRM IHRMI HRL 1 Hb
1.0 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1
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(s;) LEGEND
yBORING
B NATURAL LEVEE
Iiill PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE
rza POINT BAR
lSSI BACK SWAMP
5Q;I ABANDONED CHANNEL
o 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 I EJSAND & GRAVEL
DISTANCE IN FEET
(EYJ PLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED
ITill TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED
Plate 2
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240
230
220
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210
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A'
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r;') LEGEND
yBORING
8 NATURAL LEVEE
HIll PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE
rza POINT BAR
lSSI BACK SWAMP
--,,-----,------.---1 5Q;I ABANDONED CHANNEL
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 IIIJSAND & GRAVEL
DISTANCE IN FEET . IEillPLElSTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED
IIW TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED
Plate 3
,,-.....
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w
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230
220
210
200
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170
160
150
140
130
CANFIELD, ARKANSAS
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1.1 1.1 1:
UMM 00 GC
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Tu
B'
(;) LEGEND
yBORING
8 NATURAL LEVEE
EBIl PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE
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VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 200X tssJ BACK SWAMP
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DISTANCE IN FEET
[EY] PLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED
IIYJ TIERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATIED
Plate 4
,
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ARKANSAS
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(;) LEGEND
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110
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yBORING
8 NATURAL LEVEE
Ifill PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE
rza POINT BAR
.. .,.
[SS1BACK SWAMP
-,..-----r----I 5QI ABANDONED CHANNa
8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 I EJSAND & GRAVEL
DISTANCE IN FEET
IE!!] Pl.EISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED
IIY] TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED
Plate 5
,..........
0
>
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w
l..L
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z
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f-
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B DODRIDGE NE, ARKANSAS B'
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
Pd Hb Hrm I Hrll 11.21 Hrm
1.1 ac 1.2
Pb Pb
I' Hrml l1:rn1"1 Hrm I nl acac 1.0
Pb Pb
~ Hrll
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(;) LEGEND
yBORING
8 NATURAL LEVEE
E!ID PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE
rza POINT BAR
[S.'S) BACK SWt>N.P
I I 5Q;l ABANDONED CHANNEL
o 20'00 40'00 60'00 80'00 10000 12000 1 4000 1 6000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 ~ SAND'" GRAVEL
DISTANCE IN FEET
IEYl PLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED
ITYJ TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED
Plate 6
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a
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190
180
170
160
I
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140
130
120
DODRIDGE SE, ARKANSAS
" ,.
A'
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(;) LEGEND
yBORING
8 NATURAL LEVEE
EllII PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE
IZa POINT BAR
lSSI BACK SWAMP
1----.----..,...------r---...,....------,r--lL-....... ABANDONED CHANNEL
o 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 I [[JSAND '" GRAYa
DISTANCE IN FEET [eillPLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED
[!ill TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED
Plate 7
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180
170
160
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NE, ARKANSAS
A'
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Hrco
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LEGEND
yBORING
B NATURAL LEVEE
EBII PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE
rza POINT BAR
ISSlBACK SWAMP
i' I ABANDONED CHANNEL
o 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 I IE]SAND '" GRAVEL
DISTANCE IN FEET lEYJ PLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATEO
[]!I TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED
Plate 8
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290
280
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250
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230
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BUZZARD BLUFF
(;) LEGEND
yBORING
8 NATURAL LEVEE
E!JII PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE
IZa POINT BAR
lS'Sl BACK SWAMP
180 6 20'00 40'00 60'00 80'00 10000 12000 14060 1 RnOO 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 I
DISTANCE IN FEET
170
lEYl Pl.E1STOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED
IIi!l TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED
Plate 9
B
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280
270
260
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210
200
190
180
170
0 2000 4000
FULTON, ARKANSAS
Hb Hnn 1 1.2 '1
Hb GO "I GO
1.1 1.2 '1 1.1 '1 1.0
Pb GO Pb Pb 1 Pb
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(e;) LEGEND
yBORING
8 NATURAL LEVEE
EBlI PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE
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VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 200X I [SSI BACK SWAMP
6000
--.----.----.--1 5Q;I ABANDONED CHANNEL
8000 1 0000 12000 1 4000 1 6000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000 I ['[J SAND & GRAVEl
DISTANCE IN FEET
!EYl PLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTlATED
!IYJ TERTlARY UNDIFFEREN1lATED
Plate 10
11
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t:i
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l.i...
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z
a

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240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
GAR LAN D, AR KAN SAS
,. + .,
- -
Hrm .,
, Hill ,GO , 1.1
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C7n
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A'
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(e;) LEGEND
yBORING
8 NATURAL LEVEE
BIll PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE
1221 POINT BAR
VERTICAL EXAGGERATION 200X BACK SWAMP
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0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000
DISTANCE IN FEET
lEY! PlEISTOCENE UNOIFFERENTIATED
IIYJ TERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATED
Plate 11
B
250
240
230
.--...
0
220
>
C>
Z
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W
210
w
l.i...
Z
200
z
0
I-
~
190
-I
w
180
170
160
150
140
o 2000 4000 6000
GARLAND, ARKANSAS
1 Hrm
1.1
Pb
Hrm .1 Hrml I H:rI,FJ Hrml
1.0 nl l.. nl
Pb Pb
~
.":]:."
Tu
8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000 20000 22000 24000 26000 28000
DISTANCE IN FEET
B'
(e;) LEGEND
yBORING
8 NAlURAL LEVEE
BJII PROBABLE PALEO-SURFACE
I'ZLI POINT BAR
lS:Sl BACK SWAMP
~ ABANDONED CHANNEL
lEI SAND '" GRAVEL
!EYl PLEISTOCENE UNDIFFERENTIATED
ITYl TlERTIARY UNDIFFERENTIATIED
Plate 12
,< 1
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Appendix A
Red River Boring Log Reference
Table
Appendix A Red River Boring Log Reference Table A1
A2
Red River Boring Reference
Logs Table of Contents
Boyd Hill Quadrangle ................................ A2
Canfield Quadrangle ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. A6
Doddridge Northeast Quadrangle ......................... AS
Doddridge Southeast Quadrangle ......................... A9
Fouke Northeast Quadrangle ............................ AlO
Fulton Quadrangle .................................. AlO
Garland Quadrangle ................................. A14
Spring Hill Quadrangle ............................... A15
Appendix A Red River Boring Log Reference Table
r 1
- ,
, 1
Usage
- ,
Boring Reference Boring
No. No. Report Name Mile No. Quadrangle
1 374 L-5 Kenny Revetment 374 Boyd Hill
2 374 L-6 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 374 Boyd Hill
- 1
6 374 L-l0 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 374 Boyd Hill
7 380 R-l Mays Lake Realinement 381.5-377. Boyd Hill
8 380 R-2 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 381.5-377. Boyd Hill
.-
11 384 R-l Red Lake Revetment 384 Boyd Hill
12 384 R-l U Corps of Engineers New Orleans 384 Boyd Hill
13 384 R-2 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 384 Boyd Hill
15 384 R-2U Corps of Engineers New Orleans 384 Boyd Hill
17 373 R-3 Kenny Revetment 374 Boyd .HiII
23 380 R-2 Beck Revetment 380 Boyd Hill
31 383 L-l Boyd Revetment 383.1 Boyd Hill
I
{Sheet 1 of 13}
I
Usage
32 383 L-2 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 383.1 Boyd Hill
35 383 L-5 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 383.1 Boyd Hill r- 1
37 708 Arkansas Ugnite Invastigations 1-82 Boyd Hill
38 709 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 182 Boyd Hill
39 258 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 Rt.29 Boyd Hill
40 257 Info. Cir. 28C 1985 Rt.29 Boyd Hill
41 Bridge No. 5617 Arkansas State Highway Commission Rt.29 Boyd Hill
..
42 W-7 Geological Investigation Map nla Boyd Hill
43 W-8 USGS 1 :62500 Lewisville nla Boyd Hill
44 W-18 USGS 1 :62500 Lewisville nla Boyd Hill
45 B5 Item 5 nla Boyd Hill
46 B9 Itam 5 nla Boyd Hill
57 B20 Itam 5 nla Boyd Hill
(Sheat 2 of 13)
A4
Usage
63 B26 Item 5 n/a Boyd Hill
78 B1 Item 9 Below Dension Dam n/a Boyd Hill
79 B2 Item 9 Below Dension Dam n/a Boyd, Hill
85 B8 Item 9 Below Dension Dem n/a Boyd Hill
87 Bl0 Item 9 Below Dension Dam n/a Boyd Hill
88 R23 Whitney Autin Soil Borings n/a Boyd Hill
89 R44 Louisiana State University n/a Boyd Hill
(Sh_t 3 of 13)
Usage
94 R40 Louisiana State University nla Boyd Hill
1 352 L-1 Maniece Bayou Revetment 352.5 Canfield
2 352 L-2 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 352.5 Canfield
7 350 R-4 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 350 Canfield
15 Bridge No. 2450 Arkansas Highway Comm.-Dooley Creek Rt.29 Canfield
16 355.5 L-1 Swan Lake Revetment 355.5 Canfield
17 355.5 L-2 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 355.5 Canfield
20 SL-1-83U Corps of Engineers New Orleans 355.5 Canfield
21 SL-2-83U Corps of Engineers New Orleans 355.5 Canfield
22 788 Arkansas Lignite Investigation nla Canfield
(Sheet 4 of 13)
A6
- 1
Usage
- ,
23 787 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 nla Canfield
24 786/1154 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 rila Canfield
25 W-13 Geological Investigation Map nla Canfield
I
26 W-4 USGS 1 :62500 Bradley nla Canfield
27 W-8 USGS 1 :62500 Bradley nla Canfield
28 B35 Item 9 Below Dension Dam nla Canfield
38 GL-l0-84 Goose Lake Realignment 348 Canfield
39 GL-1-84U Corps of Engineers New Orleans 348 Canfield
40 GL-11-84 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 348 Canfield
43 GL-12-84 Corps of Engineers New orleans 348 Canfield
48 GL-6-84U Corps of Engineers New OrlEians 348 Canfield
55 R69 Whitney Autin Soil Boring 348 Canfield
56 R70 Louisiana State University 348 Canfield
I
(Sheet 5 of 13)
I
Usage
61 R75 Louisiana State. University 348 Canfield
,- 1
1 DR-1-94U Dickson Revetment 343-346 Doddridge NE
2 DR-2-94U Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 343-346 Doddridge NE
4 DR-4094U Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 343-346 Doddridge NE
9 DR-9-94fU Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 343-346 Doddridge NE-.
12 BBR-1-88 Brown Bend Realignment 339-342 DoddridgeNE
13 BBR-2-88 Brown Bend Realignment 339-342 Doddridge NE
14 BBR-3-88 Brown Bend Realignment 339-342 Doddridge. NE
15 BBR-4088 Brown .Bend Realignment 339-342 Doddridge NE
18 OR-1-85 Oak Revetment Extention 348-346 Doddridge NE
- 19 OR-2-85 Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 348-346 Doddridge NE
20 OR-3-85 Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 348-346 Doddridge NE
21 OR-4085 Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 348-346 Doddridge NE
22 803 Arkansas Ugnite Investigations nla Doddridge NE
23 804 Info. Cir. 28C 1985 nla Doddridge NE
24 W-1 Geological Investigation Map nla Doddridge NE
25 W-9 USGS 1 :62500-Doddridge nla Doddridge NE
(Sheet 6 of 13)
AS
Ueage
No. No. ReportName Mile No. Quadrangle
30 R54 Whitney Autin Soil Borings nla Doddridge NE
31 R55 Louisiana State University nla Doddridge NE
40 R78 Louisiana State Univ!'rsity nla Doddridge NE
.1 805 Arkansas Ugnite Investigation nla Doddridge SE
2 1164 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 nla Doddridge SE
5 225A Info. Cir 28-C 1985 nla Doddridge SE
6 328 R-7 Missionary Revetment 326.4 Doddridge SE
7 328 R-8 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 326.4 Doddridge SE
8 328 R-9 October 1977 326.4 Doddridge SE
11 328 R-1 Halfmoon Revetment 329-325 Doddridge SE
12 328 R-2 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 329-325 Doddridge SE
15 335 R-5 Spring Bank Revetment 335.5 Doddridge SE
(Sheet 7 of 13)
Uaage
16 335 R-6 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 335.5 Doddridge SE
17 335 R-7 August 1979 335.5 Doddridge SE
18 335 R-8 August 1979 335.5 Doddridge SE
19 W-3 Geological Investigation Map n/a Doddridge SE - 1
20 W-2 USGS 1 :62500 Doddridge n/a Doddridge SE
1 701 Arkansas Lignite Investigation n/a Fouke NE - -,
2 702 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 n/a Fouke NE
8 Bridge No. 3860 Arkansas Highway Comm.-Mckinney Bay Rt.82 Fouke NE
9 R25 Whitney Autin Soil Borings n/a Fouke NE
10 R26 Louisiana State University n/a Fouke NE
11 W-6 Geological Investigation Map
USGS 1 :62500 FouKe
n/a Fouke NE
12 W-3 Geological Investigation Map n/a FoukEl'NE
USGS 1 :62500 Fouke
13 W-4 Geological Investigation Map n/a Fouke NE
USGS 1 :62500 Fouke
14 W-9 Geological Investigation Map n/a Fouke NE
USGS 1 :62500 Fouke
15 R28 Whitney Autin Soil Borings n/a Fouke NE
1 FR-1 RR Waterway - Fulton Revetment 401.7-402.3 Fulton
2 FR-2 Corps of Engineers - April 1987 401.7-402.3 Fulton
3 OR-1 RR Waterway-Mo Pac 30 Revetment 403 Fulton
4 OR-2 Corps of Engineers Soils Report 403 Fulton
5 OR-3 August 1983 403 Fulton
(Sheet 8 of 13)
A10
Usage
7 OR-S August 1983 403 Fulton
11 397L-1 RR Waterway - Bushy Revetment 397 Fulton
12 397L-2 Corps of Engineers Soils Report 397 Fulton
13 397L-3 November 1978 397 Fulton
1S 397L-S November 1978 397 Fulton
19 398.2 R-1 RR Waterway - Kuykendall Revetment 397 to 399 Fulton
20 398.2 R-2 Corps ot"Engineers Soils Report 397 to 399 Fulton
21 398.2 R-3 July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton
22 398.2 R-4 July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton
_ - "!l.
23 398.2 R-S July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton
24 398.2 R-6 July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton.
2S 398.2 R-7 July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton
26 398.2 R-8 July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton
27 398.2 R-9 July 1983 397 to 399 Fulton
28 BDD4-1-94U RR Below Dension Dam nla Fulton
29 BDD4-2-94U Corps or Engineers Vicksburg nla Fulton
30 BDD4-3-94U Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton
32 BDD4-S-94U Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton
3S BDD4-8-94U Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton
36 BDD4-1-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton
37 BDD4-2-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton
I
(Sheet 9 of 73J I
Usage
No. No. ReportName Mile No. Quadrangle
38 BOO4-3-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton
42 BOO4-6A-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton
43 BOO4-7-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 n/a Fulton
47 8004-11-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton
51 BOO4-1 5-94B Maps and Boring Logs November 1994 nla Fulton
52 BR3797A Arkansas State Highway Int. 30 1-30 Fulton
53 BR3797B pp 122-123, 8-27-63 GiII.Oitch Fulton
54 R-1 Whitney Autin - Soil Borings nla Fulton
55 R-2 Louisiana State University nla Fulton
60 R7 Louisiana State University nla Fulton
I
(Sheet f 0 of f 3)
I
A12
U.age
- 1
7S R-22 Louisiana State University nla Fulton
76 AH-2 Geological Investigation Map nla Fulton
77 AH-4 USGS Scale 1 = 62500 nla Fulton
78 AH-S USGS Scale 1 = 62500 nla Fulton
79 GS-8 USGS Scale 1 = 62500 nla Fulton
80 BOOS-1-9SG RR Waterway Below Oension nla Fulton
81 BOO5-2-9SG Oam -Item 5 nla Fulton
82 ...
BOOS-3-9SG Corps of Engineers Soils Report nla Fulton
83 BOOS-4-9SG March 8, 1995 nla Fulton
84 BOOS-S-9SG March 8, 1995 nla Fulton
..
8S BOOS-6-9SG March 8, 1995 nla Fulton
86 BOOS-7-9SG March 8, 1995 nla Fulton
87 BOOS-8-9SG March 8, 1995 n/a Fulton
88 B003-S-94U RR Waterway Below Oension n/a Fulton
89 B003-6-94U Oam -Item 3 n/a Fulton
90 B003-7-94U Corps of Engineers Soils Report n/a Fulton
91 B003-14-94B October 1994 n/a Fulton
92 B003-1S-94B October 1994 n/a Fulton
9S B003-18-94B October 1994 n/a Fulton
(Sheet
Usage
100 R30 Whitney Autin - Soil Borings nla Fulton
'::'.J
42 CL-1-87U Candler Lake Revetment Extension 365-364 Garland
43 CL-2-87U Corps of Engineers Vicksburg 365-364 Garland
46 B41 Item 5 nla Garland
" J
51 B11 Item 9 Below Oension Dam nla Garland
55 Item 9 Below Oension Dam nla Garland
(Sheet f2 of f3)
A14
Usage
68 B27 Item 9 Below Dension Oem n/a Garland
69 B28 Item 9 Below Dension Dam n/a Garland
75 R48 Whitney Autin LSU Soil Borings n/a Garland
84 ... R66 Whitney Autin LSU Soil Borings n/a Garland
1 252 Arkansas Lignite Investigation n/a Spring Hill
2 1168 Info. Cir. 28-C 1985 n/a Spring Hill
7 SA1 Geological Investigation Map-Hop n/a Spring Hill
8 390 R-3 Hervey Revetment 389.2 Spring Hill
9 390 R-4 Corps of Engineers New Orleans 389.2 Spring Hill
10 390 R-5 March 1977 389.2 Spring Hill
11 Bridge No. 6127 Arkansas State Highway Comm.-Goss Creek Rt.174 Spring Hill
(Sheet 73 of 73)
- :r
~ l
, J
--,
- ,
Appendix B
Soil Borings
Appendix B Soil Borings
.- _. - -- -- - ~ - ~ - - .. - -
... - . . .. _.- ,. . .. -. . ---
81
_ J
r -,
R-Ol
Sec 2 T14S R27W
Fulton
11-14-1994
G.S.E. 264.1
TEXTURE COLOR REMARKS
-0 0-
"t
FR
Br
FR
2Cl SILTY LOAM
f
5YR5/8 FR
2C2 SANDY LO.AM Y8.R 5YR5/6 FR
If)
I- 2C3

LOAMY SAND
i
5YR5/6 L
0:::
W
11-14-1994
2C4 LOAMY SAND R8<Br 5YR5/4 L,S
W
W
---I.-
2C5
[om
Yl!Br lOYR5/4

I-
10 I-- - 3.048
LL 2C6
W
2C7
M
SANDY LOAM
brGr
STK,SIS
L
Z

SMlIlY LOAM STK
1--1
2C8 CLAY R!.Br 5YR5/3 STK,SlS,St,cc
CLAY R8<Gr 5YR412 F Z
247.4
1--1
:r
I-
20
- - 6.096
:r
0....
I-
W
0....
0
W
0
30 '-- - 9.144
RED RIVER FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE
82
............. ...... ' " .,." .......... J ..... ...... . ... .. ' , .., .... , ........
R-02
Sec1 T14S R27W
Fulton
11-14-1994
G.S.E. 254.9
Or-
-0
APg

ClAY dGr&Br PL,Rt.CH
8g1 CLAY
Gr !OYRS/l
PL,cc
8g2 ct:Ar
RI<Br
5YR5/4
11-14-1994
Cl ClAY I 5YR6/6
(J)
I-

Ri<Y
0::
W
C2 ClAY I
5YR6/6 PL,cc,CAA
W
C3 CLAY
Y8<R 5YR5/6
W
10 - - 3.048 l-
LL
244.4 w
z
:2
I--i
Z
:r:
I--i
I-
20 f--
- 6.096
0.-
:r:
w
I-
0
0.-
W
0
30 L- - 9.144
RED RIVER, FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE
Appendix B Soil Borings 83
- ,
R-03
Sec36 T13S R27W
r 1
Fulton
11-14-1994
G.S.E. 250.0
0-
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
-0
/>Pg
~
!J.Ar
dGr8.8r 10YR412 PL
8g CLAY
Gr
10YRS/l PL
Cgl CLAY R8<Y 5YR6/6 PL,cc
I- SYR6/6
VJ
Cg2 CLAY
PL,CAR
0:::
W
w
242.1
w
LL
10 f--
- 3.048 I-:-
W
2:
Z
t-t
Z
t-t
:r:
I-
20
-
- 6.096
0....
I
I-
W
0....
0
W
0
30 -
- 9.144
RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO L O ~ I S I A N A STATE LINE
B4
R-04
Sec6 T14S R26W
Fulton
11-14-1994
G.S.E. 252.0
0.--
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
-0
If' ::.IL RI!.Br
5YR4/3
fR
B
5YR5/6
Cl LaMeY SAND R&Y
5YR6/6
C2 CoMlY SMD 5YR6/6 L
(/)
r- 11-14-1994
W
~
C3
SAMlY LOMe R&Y 5YR6/6
L,CH,Slf
0::
W
C4 SAMlY LOMe rd
5YR6/6 L,SlS
W
LL
10 f--
C5 SANDY LOMe t 5YR6/6 L,CS
- 3.048
r-
T
w
Z
SANDY LOMe
5YR6/6 L 2
t--t
~ ~
R8.Cr
~ m ~ ~
~ ~ . S t
236.5
Z
>-<
I
r-
20 f---
- 6.096 I
D- r-
W D-
O W
0
30 '--
- 9.144
RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE
85
._..J
" -;
:'.J
R-05
Sec26 T13S R27W
Fulton
11-14-1994
G.S.E. 262.1
0-
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
-0
/>P SII OAM
FR
Cl
~ ~ ~ c ~
rt
L
C2
FR
C3 SNIO L
C4 SNlOY LOAM , VFR
I-
C5
LOAMY SNID
L (./)
W
2Cl SILTY CLAY Pl 0:::
W
2C2
t
SILTY LOAM
t
FR W
10
3Cl SNlOY LOAM
L 3.048
LL
f--
3C2
7 ~ ~ N l O
r(
- I-
4C
~
LTY CLAY LOAM
Pl W
5C LOAMY SmJ
L
:2
z
249.0
I--f
z
I--f
I
I-
20 -
- 6.096
0-
I
I-
W
0-
0
W
0
30 -
- 9.144
RED RIVER,
FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOU[SIANA STATE LINE
B6
c ,
R-06
c J
Sec11 T14S R26W
Fulton
11-14-1994
G.S.E. 248.0
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
0
5 Y R ~ / 3 FR,CH
0
/>P SILTY LOAM RI<Br
Cl SILTY ClAY
I
5YR4-/6 PL
Y8.R
C2 CLAY
I
5YR4/6 PL
2C CLAY Gr 5YR5/1 PL,CAR,cc,SlS
10
3Cl CLAY
f
5YR4-/6 PL,CH
3.048
c.J)
l-
n:::
w
3C2
CLAY
Yl<R
5YR<V6 PL,CAR W
W
11-14-1995
!
I-
U.-
~ 3C3 ClAY
5YR4/6 PL,SIS
W
4C
SmDY LONA Rl<Y 5YR6/6 L,SIS
2:
Z
231. 0 .
t--I
20
6.096 Z
t--I
I
l-
I
0.....
I-
W
0.....
0
30
9.144
W
0
40
12.192
RED R[VER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LDU[SIANA STATE LINE
Appendix B Soil Borings B7
B8
I-
W
W
LL
z
I
I-
0....
W
o
0
10
20
30
N'
2C
3Cl
3C2
11-14-1994

4C2
4C3
5C
R-07
Sec14 T14S R26W
Fulton
11-14-1994
G.S.E.242.1
TEXTURE
SILlY ClAY LOMf R8.Br
smo
SILTY LOMf
SILTY ClAY LOMf
CLAY
Y8.R
CLAY
CLAY
SHlDY LOMf
225.1
COLOR REI.4AAKS
0
PL
5YR5/6 L,CS
5YR5/6 FR
(f)
5YR5/6
PL
0:::
5YR5/6 F
W
3.048
I-
5YR5/6 STK
W
5YR5/6 STK,SIS
2:
5YR5/6 L,S Z
1--1
6.096
I
I-
0....
W
0
9.144
1
.. ... J.' .J'../' ... _'.J _ _ . " ....... , .' ....... .... , ,'.' ......... ,,:..1. ..... ...... __ . ..J ..-'._.- ... J ... - ....... ..... ....... ... ... ,. " ...... '"., - ........................ '
- 1
=.3
- 1
R-08
Sec7 T14S R26W
Fulton
11-15-1994
G.S.E. 247.0
-0
0.-
w

SILTY CLAY R&Br 5YR4/3 PL,Rt
2Pl SILTY CLAY LOAM dGr 5YR3/1 PL,O
2Cl CLAY
f
5YR3/3 PL
I-

(/)
2C2 CLAY
Rr
SYR4/4 Pl,CAA,SL 0::::
W W
W
10 f--
- 3.048
l-
LL 237.2 w
L
z
o--t
z
..........
:r:
I-
20
-
- 6.096 :r:
D- I-
W D-
o W
0
30 '--
- 9.144
RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE L[NE
- 1
, 1
R-09
SeeS T14S R26W
Fulton
11-15-1994
G.S.E. 245.1
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
0-
p.p
~
SILTY CLAY LOM! R&Br
5YR4/3 rn,Wd,Rt
-0
Cl [O)II;lY SIIJ'lD Y&R
5YR5/S L
. .
f
C2
SP SN-lO
R&Y
5YRS/S L
11-15-1994
. .
1
-1-
C3
if
SN-lOY LOM! 5YR6/6 PL lJ)
10 -
2Cl Sill T CLAY
RIIBr
5YR4/4
PL
- 3.048 0::
I-
2C2
-bl-
SILTY CLAY
5YR4/4 PL,SS
W
3C 5YRS/6
L
W
232.6
I-
w
W
LL
2
Z
Z
0---<
20 -
- 6.096 0---<
I
I
l-
I-
0.....
0.....
W
W
0
30
9.144
0
f--
-
40 -
- 12.192
810
I-
W
W
LL
z
:r:
I-
0.-
W
o
0...--
10 f-
20 -
30 L-
A
B
2C
R-IO
Sec12 T14S R26W
Fulton
11-15-1994
G.S.E.245.1
TEXTURE
~ 1m au,,,. M
H CLAY
238.5
COLOR REMARKS
SYRS/3
SYR4/4
~ t : ~ ~ ~ ~ , C C
5YR4/6 PL,Sl,CAR
-0
- 3.048
V1
0::
W
I-
W
2
Z
- 6.096 :r:
- 9.144
I-
0.-
W
o
B11
~ 1
R-ll
Sec12 T14S R26W
Fulton
11-15-1994
G.S.E. 245.1
0-
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
-0
/>P 10YR3/2 FR,Rt,CH
C
~
SUY CLAY LOAM IBr8.Gr 10YR6/2 FR,St,cc
2A SILTY CLAY LOAM dBr 10YR4/3 FR,RKF
2Cl
c ~
CLAY
Y8cR
5YR4/6 PL
f-
2C2 CLAY 5YR4/6 PL,CAR
(/)
W
238.5
n::
w
w
l.L
10
-
- 3.048 f-
W
:2
Z
-
Z
1--1
:r:
f-
20 -
- 6.096
:r:
0-
f-
w
0-
0
W
0
30 -
-.-:.... 9.144
B12
0
Cl
1 -15-1994
C2
----1- 2Cl
I-
3C
W
W
4Cl
LL
10
4C2
Z
t--i
4C3
:r:
I-
20
D-
W
0
30
R-12
Sec11 114S R26W
Fulton
11 -1 5 -1 994
G.S.E. 242.1
TEXTURE
SANOY LOAM
SILTY LOAM
CLAY
SILTY LOAM
eLAI
CLAY
GnGr
CLAY
227.0
COLOR REMARKS
0
L,SIS
FR,S
PL,SIS
STK
PL
3.048
PL,SlS
PL
6.096
9.144
(/)
0:::
W
I-
W
2
Z
I
I-
D-
W
0
813
c ,
C l
- l
R-13
Sec32 T13S R26W
Fulton
11-16-1994
G.S.E. 254.9

- 0
A
U
A'NKy
Y&Br
FR
f
FR,Rt
l(t
LOAMY SAND
7.5YR6/6 L
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R&Y
if)
,sp. SAND
I
5YR6/6 L,SlS
n:::
w 11-16-1994
1;[
W

I QAMY Sm:l
5YR6/6 L
W
l.L
10
it
SANDY LOAM
[,S
-
3.048
I-
SILTY LOAM W
Ys.R
Z
SILTY LOAM
i
5YR5/6 L 2:
I--t
n
SILTY LOAM R\Br
5YR5/4 PL,cc
Z
:r
I--t
I-
20
I---
236.9
6.096
(L
-
:r
I-
w (L
0
w
0
30 '--
- 9.144
814
__ _______ .- ___ _____ __ . _____ - -----___ __ __ _ ------------
- 1
R-14
Sec4 T14S R26W
Fulton
11-16-1994
G.S.E; 252.0
TEXTURE
COLOR REMAAKS
0

L
0
L
5YRS/6 L
5YR5/6 L,SIS
10
5YR4/4 STK
3.048
If)
I-
0:::
W RltBr
5YR4/3 W
W
1 -16-1994
I-
(MAM LOM!

F
LL

YRS/4 L
W
smD
5YR5/4 L 2
:z
233.9
6.096
20
:z
I--t
I
l-
I
0.-
I-
W
0.-
0
30
9.144
W
0
40
12. 192
RED RIVER. FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE
815
R-15
Sec4 T14S R26W
Fulton
11-16-1994
G.S.E. 250.0
0.-----
~
-0
CLAY YllcR SYR4/6 PL
f
I-
CLAY RIIBr SYR4H H,cc,CAR
U)
W
11-16-1994
1 ~
t
0::
W
~
sANDy LOAM SYRS/8 VFR
W
10 I-
- 3.048
l-
LL
11
LOMtY SAND
yr
SYRS/6 L,SIS
W
Z
.sf>
SANO SYRS/6 L
2:
.......... 235.9
z
..........
I
I-
20 -
- 6.096 I
D- I-
W D-
o W
0
30 L.-
- 9.144
RED RIVER, FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOU1SIANA STATE LINE
816
. . ... 1 . " .. ',. : . . ... .... :.' ,,",. " ............ .
R-16
Sec15 T14S R26W
Fulton
11 -16-1994
G.S.E. 245.1
0-
TEXTlRE
COLOR REMARKS
-0

f
SANDY OAM
I'<&or 5YR4/4

nR
5YR4/6
Cl2
5YR4/6 VFR,SlS

2C CLAY
5YR4/4 F

t
,.'
3C
SANDY LOAM YLR 5YR5/6 FR,SIS
10 -
4C SAND R8cY 5YR6/6 L - 3.048
(/)
I-
234.3
0:::
w
W
W
l-
LL
W
2
z
t---t
20
-
- 6.096
Z
t---t
I
l-
I
D-
I-
W
D-
o
W
30 -
- 9.144
0
40 -
- 12.192
RED RIVER.
FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE
817
~ l
R-17
Sec
--
T--N R--W
Fulton
11-16-1994
G.S.E. 254.9
-0
(J)
0.-
rtt
dt
0:::
l-
N'
SILTY LOM4 7.5YR4/4 FR,Rt,CH
W
W
Cl SNlJY LOM4
t
7.5YRS/6 VFR
I-
W
W
LL
C2
ill
LOM4Y SNlD
,Y
7.5YR6/6 L
2:
C3 Sf' SOO
7.SYR6/6 L
Z
246.7 z
t-t
10
f---
- 3.048
..........
:r:
:r:
I-
D..-
I-
W
D..-
o
W
20 -
6.096 0
818
--
..
R-18
Sec14 T13S R27W
Fulton
11-16-1994
G.S.E. 259.8
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
0

0
C22A
5YR3/3 F,St,cc
2A
5YR312 f ,St,cc,CAR
2C
5YR4/4 f,CAR
38
5YR5/8 FR,CAR,SIS
10
3Cl
5YR5/8 FR,CAR
3.048
t/).
I-
3C2
5YR5/8 L,CAR
0:::
W 4Cl 5YR4/6 F,CAR,St,cc W
W
l-
LL 4C2
5YR4/6 fR,St,cc W
2
z
5C
5YR5/6 fR
t--t
20
6C
5YR4/6 6.096 Z
I
l-
I
0...
I-
W
0...
0
30
9.144
W
0
40
12.192
RED R[VER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE
819
R-19
Sec19 T--N R--W
Fulton
11-16-1994
G.S.E. 252.0
Or--
-0
If'
~
7.5YR5/4 VFR
C SN-lD I3r 7.5YR6/4 L
2Cl CLAY
I
5YR414 F
RS<Sr
f-
2C2 SILlY !J.AX LQA'>!
l
5VR4f-1. FR (/)
W
0::
3C
f ~
LOAMY SN-lD
R;V
5VR6/6 L,SIS
W
W
10
- 3.048 f-
LL
f--
242.1
w
z
:2
..........
Z
..........
:r:
f-
20 - - 6.096
:r:
0.-
w
f-
0
0.-
W
0
30 '-- - 9.144
820
R-20
Sec27 T14S R26W
Fulton
11-17-1994
G.S.E. 250.0
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
Oc--
A
!7';tt,.
S ~ D Y LOM( 5YR5/4 VFR.CH
-0
2A SILTY CLAY. LOM(
R!.Br
5YR4J3 FR
2Cl
~
SILTY LOM(
t
5YR5/6 FR
I- 2C2
bY:
S ~ D Y LOM(
Ys.R
5YR5/6 VFR.SIS
tf)
W 3C 5 ~ ! 3
pt 5YR7/6 L
0::::
W
W
LL
10 -
241. 8 - 3.048 I-
W
2:
z
t--t
Z
t--t
I
I-
20 -
- 6.096
I
CL
I-
W
CL
0
W
0
30 -
- 9.144
RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUlSIANA STATE LINE
821
R-21
5ec29 T145 R26W
Fulton
11-17-1994
G.S.E. 252.0
Or-
-0
A
~
a ~ i
dGr
nil;}
~ B
Ri<Br
B
silty [oi'M
f
FR
(f)
f- SftNOY LOMl 5YR61B VFR
W
11-17-1994
ill-
Rr
n:::
w
-----I..-
LOMlY SftNO SYR61B VFR,SIS
W
10 -
<:AlIJI'l
5YR6/6 L
- 3.048 f-
LL 242.1
w
z
2
I--i
Z
I--i
:r:
f-
20
f-- - 6.096
:r:
D-
f-
W
D-
o
W
0
30 '-- - 9.144
822
- )
I-
W
W
LL
z
I
r-
0.-
W
o
o
M'
Cl
C2
28
2C
1011-17-'-19943Cl
~
3C2
20
30
40
R-22
Sec25 T14S R27W
Fulton
11-17-1994
G.S.E. 250.0
TEXTURE
SILTY LaM! dGr
CLAY dBr
CLAY R8<8r
SILTY LaM!
I
R&.Y
S,oI/IIOY LaM!
f
CLAY
Y8.R
COLOR
7.5YR4/1
7.SYR4/2
5YR414
5YR6/6
5YR6/6
5YR4/6
CLAY
, 5YR5/6
234.3
REMARKS
FR
F,St,tt
F ,St,tt,CAR
FR,CAR
FR
F,St,tt,slf
STK,SIS
o
3.048 (j)
0:::
W
I-
W
:2
6.096 Z
9.144
12. 192
I
I-
0.-
W
o
823
R-24
Sec28 T14S R26W
Fulton
06-26-1995
G.S.E. 249.0
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
0
""
r r 5YR5/2 F,Rt
0
Bt1 SILTY CLAY LOAM 5YR5/6 PL
Bt2
SILTY CLAY LOAM 5YR4/6
C SILTy LOAM
Yi<R
SYR5/6 FR,St,Rt,SlS
2Bw SILTY LOAM
5YR4/6 FR,Rt,St
10
2Cl SILTY CLAY LOAM 5YR5/4 PL,Rt,SIS
3.048

V)
l- 2C2 SILTY CLAY LOAM SYR5/6 FR,St,Rt,SIS 0:::
W
-26-1995
W
W
20
6.096
l-
LL
3Ct LOM!
5YR5/6 FR
W
3C2 SAMlY LOAM
5YR5/6 FR
:2
Z
Y&R
Z
3C3 LOAMY S.4ND
5Y5/6 VFR
1---1
:c
221.1
I-
30
9.144 :c
D-
I-
W
0-
0
W
0
40
12.192
/
50
15.240
824
~ ~ .......... _ ~ ~ _ ' __ --------................... ',.. ..... ""',"'-u ................. -<"'.._---------
- ,
R-25
Sec2 T14S R26W
Fouke NE
06-26-1995
G.S.E. 245.1
TEXTURE COLOR REMMKS
0
N' SANDY LOAM
dBr 10YR4/3 VFR,Rt
0
Bwl SILTY LoAM
yr
IOYR5/4 FR
Bw2 SILTY LOAM
5YR5/6
fR,S
2C
LOAMY SAND 5YR5/6 VFR,SIS
3C SILTY LOAM
Y8cR
5YR5/6 FR,St,SD
I
10 4C LOAMY SAND
5YR5/6 fR
3.048
SBw SILTY CLAY R 2.5YR4/6 PL,Rt,St,SL
f
If)
I-
0:::
W
W
W
5C SILTY CLAY Y8cR SYR4/6 PL,CM,cc,St,SD l-
LL
20
,+,
6.096. W
-26-1995
:2
Z ---1-
6C SANDy CLAY LoAM 5YR5/4 PL,St
Z
. .
7C Sp SAND rd 5YR7/4 L,CS
t--I
:r:
. .
I-
30
216.2
9.144
:r:
D...
I-
W
D...
0
W
0
40
12. 192
50
15.240
RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LlNE
R-26
Sec 3 T14S R26W
Fouke NW
06-26-1995
G.S.E. 243.1
0
0
/JP SNIDY lOM! Sr IOYRS/4 FR,CH
Bwl SILTY laM! rd 5YR5/6 FR
Bw2 SILTY LaM!
f
5YRS/8 FR
C'2B 5YR5/8 FR,S1S,St
R
10 2Bw
!
SYR4/4 PL,SL
3.048
Vl
I-
0:::
W
W
W
2C SYR4/4 Pl,cc,CAR
l-
LL

2.SYS/S PL,TNG,St
W
3Bw
2
-26-1995
Yl
Z
---I...-
Jet
t
5Y7I2 Pl,St
I--t
20
Y l,St
6.096-
Z
4C IOYR7I4
I--t
I
l-
I
0.-
I-
W
0.-
0
W
30 9.144
0
40 12.192
,
826
R-27
Sec 3 T15S R26W
Fouke NE
06-26-1995
G.S.E. 235.9

-0
/>P

SILTY CLAY rd 5YR412
f,Rt
2A SILTY CLAY Bk 5YR312
PL,Rt,CH
2Bg SILTY CLAY R 2.5Y7I6
PL,St
2C
I
SILTY LOAM Gr lOYR612 fR,St

3C S.ANDY CLAY LOAM R 5YR5/8 PL
1
(j)
10

4C S.AND

5YR5/6 L
-
3.048
0::
I-
w 224.1
w
w
l-
W
LL
2:
Z
..........
20 -
- 6.096"
Z
..........
I
l-
I
0.-
I-
W
0.-
0
W
30
-
- 9.144 0
40 -
- 12."192
827
R-28
Sec 8 T15S R26W
Fulton
06-26-1995
G.S.E. 236.9
Or-
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
-0
/>P
~
SILTY LOAM
~ r
IOYR4/2 F
Bw SILTY CLAY LOAM
f
7.SYR312 F
2Bll SILTY LOAM 7.SYRS/6 FR
06-26-1995 2812
LOAM 7.5YR5/6 FR
----I.- 2C
S,6NOY LOAM
J
7.SYRS/6 VFR,SI
.
V)
10 - 3C sp S,6ND 7.SYR6/6 L,SIS - 3.048
f-
n:::
w
224.7
w
w
f-
LL
W
2:
z
..........
20 I--
- 6.096
Z
1--1
:r:
f-
I
(L
f-
W
(L
0
W
30 I--
- 9.144 0
40 -
- 12. 192
828
- j
" ,
R-29
Sec 20 T14S R26W
Fulton
06-27-1995
G.S.E. 248.0
TEXTURE COLOR
REMARKS
0
Pi' CLAY
5YR312 F,Rt
0
8g CLAY
Bk
5YR3/1 F,Rt,SL
Cl CLAY
5YR4t+ F,SL
-27-1995
C2 CLAY
5YR4/6
F,St,CAR
10
~
3.048
2Ct SILTY LOAM
R
5YR5/6 FR, SIS,St,Rt
<.J)
0::::
W
2C2 SIL TV CLAY LONA
5YRS/6 FR,SIS.St
f-
20
6.096 W
f- L
w
w
. Z
li-
.
Z
3C s ~ SAND
Gr 5YR5/2 L
I
1--1
30
9.144
f-
. . 0-
I
.
W
f-
0-
213.9
0
W
0
40
12.192
50
15.240
60
829
R-30
Sec24 T14S R27W
Fulton
06-27-1995
G.S.E. 251.0
0
0
If'
5YR3/1 F,Rt
Bg
dBr
5YR312 F,SL,St
Cl
5YR4/4 F,St,cc,CAR
2Bt1
5YR4/6 FR,Tr-Rt
2Bt2
5YR4/6
-27-1995
2BC
5YR4/6
10
3.048 (/)
I-
---1- 2C
5YR5/6 VFR,St,SIS, WET
0::
W
rd
W
W
l-
LL.
W
Z
3C
2,5YR4/6 PL,St,SlS,SL,CAA
2:.
I---t
20
6.096
Z
4C 5" SAND
5YR7/4 L,WET
I
228.0
l- I
0.-
f-
W
0.-
0
30
W
9.144
0
40
830
R-31
Sec23 T14N R27W
Fulton
06-27-1995
G.S.E. 253.0
0
COLOR REMAAKS
0
Pi'
SYR312 H,Rt
B9
dBr
SYR312 H,Rt,SL
t
Cl
R SYR4/4 H,SL,St,CAA
10
!
3.048
(/)
I-
0:::
W
W
W
C2
rd SYR4/S PL,SIS,SL,St,CAA l-
LL
I
w
2
z
0 -27-1995
1--1
20
6.096.
Z
2C
GyBr SYRSI2 PL,SIS 1--1
:::c
3C rd SYR7/3 L,WET
l-
I
D-
I-
W
D-
o
W
30
9.144
0
40
12.192
r ,
R-32
Sec31 t15S R25W
Boyd H i I I
06-27-1995
G.S.E. 233.9
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
-0
0..--
If'

SN-IDY LOAM YL 10YR6/4- H,Rt
Bwl LOAM
rd
7.5YR4/4
FR
Bw2 511 I:i IOlild
5YR5/6
. C

2C SILTY CLAY LOM{ R 5YR4/4- F,St,cc
(f)
---Y--
I- 3C SILlY LOAM
t
10YR5/6 FR
0:::
W
Y.L L,WET
W
W
4C
f1
SN-ID
5YR6/4
10 f--
- 3.048
l-
LL
223.8
w
2:
z
I--i
Z
I--i
:r:
I-
20 f--
- 6.096 :r:
0.- I-
W 0....
0 W
0
30 '--
- 9.144
, . .'
832
- , . .,. " " . ~ .. ,' .." ~ " " ...... ,'
R-33
Sec36 T15S R26W
Boyd Hi I I
06-27-1995
G.S.E. 232.9
0
SII IY I o All
rd
0
N'
5YR5/4 FR,Rt
2kj SILTY CLAY LOAM
t
5YR312
28g SILTY CLAY LOAM
dBr
5YR312 PL,RI,SL
i
3C SILTY LOAM rd 5YR5/6 FR, T r-RI,SI
10 f
3.048
R
4Cl CLAY
i
2.5YR5/6 PL,SL,Sl,cc,CAR
4C2 SILTY CLAY R&Gr 2.5YR5/6
If)
f-
f
w
cr::
W
4C3 SILTY CLAY LOAM dGr 5YR5/2 PL.T r-RI,SI,SlS
W
LL
20 - 7-1995
l
6.096 f-
----I-
W
2:
z
5C S/oND
5YR511 L,WET,SIS
Z
..........
:r:
f-
30
204.1 9.144
D....
I
f-
W
0
D....
W
0
40
12.192
50
15.240
RED RIVER, FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LINE
R-34
Sec34 T15S R26W
Fouke NE
06-27-1995
G. S.L 227.0
0;--
I>P
~
5YR312 H
-0
8g SILTY CLAY LOAM
d ~ r
10YRS/l PL,St
I
Cl
J;
C[7iY [[l)IIJ
R
SYR4/4
C2 CLAY LOAM
f
5YR5/6 PL
10 C
16-27-1995
2C ~ LOAM 5YR5/6 VFR,St,cc (f)
=I-
1fT
r
- 3.048
I-
0::
W 3C
[1
SI'I'lO SYR6/4 L,WET
W
W
l-
LL
211. 9
w
2
z
I--t
20
-
- 6.096 Z
I--t
I
l-
I
0..-
I-
W
0..-
0
W
30 I--
- 9.144
0
40 '-
12. 192
834
','",',
" ,
R-35
Sec33 T15S R26W
Fouke NE
06-28-1995
C.S.E. 228.0
Or-
-0
M'
~
~ t ~ Y ~ LUIIM
dt
10YR312 H,RI,CH
Blgl
lOYR5/1 F,RI,S!
Blg2 CLAY LaM! lOYR412 F,S!,cc
06-28-1995 BC
~
SNIDY ClAY LaM!
5YR5/8 FR, Tr-RI,SI
--'L-
C
SNIDY ClAY L O ~ 5YR5/8 FR,Tr-RI,cc
10 f--
. .
rd
- 3.048
(f)
l-

0::::.
W
2C .SP. SNID
5YR5/6 L,WET
W
W
.
l-
. .
LL
w
211. 9
2
z
I--(
20
I-
- 6.096
Z
I--(
I
l-
I
n...
I-
W
n...
0
w
30 f--
- 9.144
0
40 -
- 12.192
RED R1VER. FULTON.
ARKANSAS TO LOU1S1ANA STATE L1NE
R-36
Sec3 T16S R25W
c 1
Boyd Hi I I
06-28-1995
G.S.E. 230;0
0
0
c 1
Pi'
LOAMY SAND YL 7.5YR6/3 F,Rt,CH
C LOAMY SAND 7.5YR6/6 FR,Rt,St,SIS
2Bw SANDY LOAM rd SYRS/6 FR,Tr-Rt
28g CLAY brGr SYR412 PL,St,cc

2C
CLAY R 2.5YR4/6 PL,St,cc,SL,CAR
10
-28-1995 3Bw SILTY CLAY LOAM l
5YR5/6 PL, T r-Rt,St
3.048
~
rd
3C SANDY LOAM
f
7.SYR7I2 L,SIS,WET
.,
4C CLAY
SYRS/6 PL,St,cc,SL
If)
f- R
0::::
W
5Cl SILTY LOAM
j
5YR5/6 VFR,WET W
W
20
6.096
f-
LL
W
Z
:2
o-'-t
5C2 SAND
rd 5YR6/4 L,WET
Z
1--1
:r:
f-
30
201.1 9.144 :r:
D....
f-
W
D....
0
W
0
40
12.192
50
15.240
836
R-37
Sec36 T15S R25W
Boyd Hi I I
06-28-1995
G.S.E. 230.0
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
0 pp CLAY 5YR3/2 H.Rt
0
rd
89 CLAY
I
5YR312 PL.Rt.SL
Cl CLAY 5YR4/4
R
10
C2 CLAY
5YR4/4 PL.SL.St.CAR.S1
3.048
o -28-1995
l/)
I-
~
2Cl LOAM 5YR5/8 FR 0:::
W
W
W
20
rd
6.096
l-
LL 2C2 LOAMY SAND
1
5YR5/6 VFR.S1S. WET
W
2:
Z
3C SILTY CLAY R 5YR4/4 PL
Z
204.1
1---1
:r:
I-
30
9.144
:r:
0.-
I-
W
0.-
0
W
0
40
12. 192
50
15.240
. _ J
R-38
Sec26 T15N R25W
Boyd Hi I I
06-28-1995
G.S.E. 234.9
0
COLOR REMAAKS
0
N' 5YR7/4 H,RI,CH
rd
Bw 5YR5/6 FR,Rt
Be 5YR5/6
C I 5YR6/6 VFR,SIS
C+2C
rd
5YR5/6 FR
I
10
-28-1995
2C R 5YR4/6 Pl,Tr-Rt,CAA
3.048
V)
l-
I
0::
W
~
W
W
3C rd 5YR5/6 STK,WET
l-
LL
t
w
2
z
4C 5YR7I4 L,WET
6.096' 20 Z
I
l- I
0.- I-
W 0.-
0
30 9.144
W
0
40 12.192
838
" .:., ..... , .. ,.; .. :' ..... ,., "" " , .... _.; .' ,,' ,_ ' ...... ..I ...: ... ...:;/\;.;/\J.
_ J
R-39
Sec24 T15S R25W
Boyd Hi I I
06-28-1995
G.S.E. 232.0
0
TEXTURE
COLOR REMAAKS
0
N' CLAY
dBr
5YR312 H,Rt,CH
8g CLAY
I
5YR3/1 H,Rt,St
2C CLAY LOAM rd 5YR5/3 FR, Tr-Rt,St
3A SILly CLAY
da[ 5YR4-12 PL,St,cc
3C CLAY R 2.5YR5/6 PL,SL,St,cc
4Cl LOAM .
1
5YR5/6 PL, Tr-Rt,SIS <.J)
10
rd 3.048
f-
4C2 SILTY LOAM
,
5YR5/6 PL,St,SIS 0::
W
W
W
5C SILTY CLAY LOAM R 5YR4-/6 PL,St,cc,CAA
f-
LL
W
GCI SILTY LOAM 5YR6/6 FR, Tr-Rt,St,CAA
L
Z
I---t
20
6C2 SN'lOY LOAM 5YR6/6 VFR,WET
6.096
Z
rd
I---t
:c 7C
SN'lO 5YR6/6 L,WET
f-
I
0...
206.0
f-
w
0...
0
W
30
9.144 0
40
12.192
839
R-40
Sec27 T15S R25W
- ,
Boyd H i I I
06-28-1995
G. S.L 237.9
0
TEXTURE
COLOR REMNlKS
0
If' SANDY LOAM
dBr 7.SYR3/2 FR.Rt
Bw SILTY LOAM
f
5YR5/6 FR.Tr-Rt
-28-1995
Be SILTY LOAM
5YRS/6 FR
-1-
rd
Cl LOAMY SAND 5YR6/4 VFR.SIS.WET
10
3.048
If)
0::::
I-
W
W
W 2C
SILTY CLAY R 5YR4/3 PL.SIS
l-
LL
20
6.096 W
2:
z
Z
I---<
3C 5YR4/3 L.WET
I
210.3 I
l-
0...
30
9.144
I-
0...
W
W
0
0
40
12. 192
50
15.240
840
I-
W
W
LL
z
:r:
I-
0....
W
o
Or--
(16-29-1995

10 f-
20 -
30 L-
N'
Bw
C
2Bw

4Cl
4C2
R-41
Sec9 T15S R25W
Boyd Hi I I
06-29-1995
G.S.E. 242.1
TEXTURE

. S.4NO
M
17 ". LOAM
S.4NO
rd
SM
S.4NO
225.1
COLOR REMAAKS
FR,Rt
-0
I.:
L

<.f)
7.5YR7/6 L,SIS .0::::
W
- 3.048
I-
W
7.5YR6/4 L,wEr 2:
z
t-t
- 6.096 :r:
l-
n..
W
0
- 9.144
841
R-42
5eeB T155 R25W
Boyd Hi I I
06-29-1995
G.S.E. 240.2
Or--
-0

2Cl I 7.5YRS/6 VFR
2C2 LaM! R 7.SYR7/4- L,SIS
2C3 LO.M4Y
r
7.5YR5/6 L
3Cl SILTY LO.M4 7.SYR4/6 fR
3C2 LaM! 7.SYRS/6 L
10
f--
- 3.048
(f)
I-
4Cl SILTY LO.M4
r
7.SYR4/6 fR,SIS
0:::
W

4-C2

LO.M4Y 7.SYR7I4 L,SIS W
W

5C
SILTY CLAY LO.M4 7.SYRS/6 FR l-
LL
6C 7.5YRS/6 L,WET
W
224.1 2:
z
1--1
20
'--
- 6.096 Z
1--1
I
l-
I
0.-
I-
W
0.-
0
30
9.144
W
f--
-
0
40 '--
- 12.192
RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUlSIANA STATE LINE
842
- >
I-
W
W
LL
z
:r:
l-
n...
W
o
0
o -29-1995
--Y...-
10
20
30
40
50
r.,
2C
3C
4C
5C
6C
7C
BC
.. ...... ..... .. .... '.;.... . v ... ..
R-43
Sec9 T15S R25W
Boyd Hi I I
06-29-1995
G. S.L 237.9
COLOR
HmH
5YR3/3
5YR5/4
5YR4/4
5YR3/3
5YR4/6
5YR4I4
5YRS/4
REMARKS

o
PL
PL,St,SlS
3.048
PL,SlS
PL,St
6.096
L,SlS
9.144
12.192
15.240
RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISlANA STATE LINE
(/)
0:::
W
I-
W
:2
Z
:r:
l-
n...
W
0
843
844
I-
W
W
l..L
z
I
I-
CL
W
o
0-
r.,

05-29-1995 2C

3C
4C
10 -
5C
20 -
30 f-
40 -
R-44
Sec9 T15S R25W
Boyd Hi I I
06-29-1995
G.S.E.243.1
TEXTURE
11
51.( SN-lO
SN-lOY LOAM
SILTY LOM!
51.( SN-lO
221.1
rd
COLOR
7.5YR5/4
11Wf/4
5YR5/6
7.5YR6/6
5YR4/6
5YR4/6
REMARKS

FR,Tr-Rt
L
FR,Wn
FR,Tr-Rt
5YR6/4 L,SIS,WET
-0
(/)
0::
- 3.048
W
f-
W
2:
- 6.096 Z
..........
I
f-
CL
W
0
- 9.144
12.192
- ,
., ," ... ~ . < . . ' ' .' .. , ' .......... "" ....... <.oJ __ V'.' ..,., .... ~ ......... , ...... ..,.
~ l R-45
SeeLlO T15S R25W
Boyd Hi I I
06-29-1995
G.S.E. 242.1
0
0
N' SILTY LaM!
rd
7.5YR6/4 FR,Rt
Bwl SILTY LaM! 5YR5/6
Bw2 SILTY LaM!
i
5YR4/6 FR,Tr-Rt
2Bw SILTY CLAY R 2.5YR4/6 PL,SL,St
3C SILTY CLAY LaM! rd 5YR4/6 FR,St,SIS
10
4Cl SILTY CLAY
f
2.5YR4/6 PL,CAR,S1S
3.048
(/)
I-
0::
W 4C2 SILTY CLAY R
2.5YR4/6 PL, T r-RI,SIS
W
W
-29-1995
!
l-
LL
W
~
4C3 CLAY 2.5YR4/6 PL, T r-RI,SL
:2
Z
5C
rd 5YR5/6 PL,WET
20

6.096
Z
6C SAND R 5YR5/4 L,WET o--t
I
219.2
l-
I
0...-
I-
W
0...-
0
W
30
9.144
0
40
12.192
845
R-46
Sec15 T15S R25W
Boyd Hi I I
06-29-1995
G.S.E. 242.1
0-
-0
N' SANOY LOAM Y
H ~ ~ g ~ g
H,Rt
Bw SANOY LOAM
FR
C LOAMY SAND 5YR6/4 VFR
(6-29-1995
~
2C SANOY LOAM 5YR5/6 FR,Tr-Rt
10
-
- 3.048
rd
Slot
If)
I-
3Cl SAND 5YR6/4 L,WEr,SlS
0:::
W W
W
20
-
- 6.096
l-
LL W
2:
z
Z
3C2 LOAMY SAND R 5YR5/3 VFR,WET,SIS
I--t
I
I-
30
-
213.3 - 9.144 I
0.- I-
W 0.-
0 W
0
40
-
- 12.192
50 -
- 15.240
846
. '., , ... ... ..... J , 'C."" . _ .................... ,..-" ... . . L ....... .1<. -..... ,,, ......... , , ,"-" " ,.,.. ... , -- - -- - .. '.,, ... -' ......... ..... .... L .... -' ....
- ,
R-47
Sec14 t15S R25W
Boyd Hi I I
06'-29-1995
G.S.E. 242.1
0 -
TEXTUlE
COLOR REMARKS
-0
If' SANDY LOM4
L
7.5YR6/4 FR,Rt,CH
Bw SILTY LOM4
5YR5/6 FR
05-29-1995
BC SILTY LOM4
1
5YR5/6 FR,Rt,St
f-
2c9
f
SAND
WET
(J)
-1- R BY [St,cc 0:::
W
2C2 511 IX 1:1 AX
W
f
W
LL
10 -
- 3.048 f-
3C soo
r[
7.5YR5/6 L,WEr
W
Z
r
2:
I--t
Z
226.0
I--f
I
f-
20 -
- 6.096
I
0.- f-
W 0.-
0
W
0
30 -
--' 9.144
847
848
f-
W
W
l.L
Z
:::r::
I-
0-
W
o
0
10
- 0-1995
-----I-
20
30
40
ftP
Bw
C
2Bw
3C
R-48
Sec30 T16S R25W
Gar-land
06-30-1995
G.S.E. 220.1
TEXTURE
r
CLAY
f
R
CLAY
I
LOAM rd

. t
SP SAND YL
.

203.1
COLOR REMAAKS
5YR3/2 H,RI
5YR4/4 PL, Tr-Rt,SL
5YR4/4 PL, Tr-Rt,SL,cc
5YR5/6 PL, Tr-RI,SI
5YR6/3 L,WET,SIS,SI
o
3.048
<J)
0:::
W
I-
W
:2
6.096 Z
9.144
12. 192
:::r::
f-
0-
W
o
- '":,
f--
W
W
LL
Z
:r:
f--
il
W
o
o
10
20
30
40
7-17-1995
~
Bw
2Bw
2C
3Cl
3C2
4C
5C
,' ........ ~ . , ,.,' ..... ~ ~ ~ .. J'.'<" ' - ~ " ~ " ' < " " . '
R-49
Sec29 T16S R25W
Garland
07-17-1995
G.S.E. 227.0
COLOR' REMARKS
7.5YR4/4 H,Rt
7.5YR5f4. Pl,Rt,SL
5YR5/6 FR,Rt,SL
5YR4/6 FR,SL,CAR
5YR5/6 Pl,SL, T r-Rt,St
5YR5/6 PL,CAR,cc,Tr-Tr-
St,CAR,SIS,St
5YR5f8 L,WET
o
3.048
V)
0:::
W
f--
W
2:
6.096 Z
9.144
12.192
:r:
f--
II
W
o
849
850
f-
W
W
LL
Z
:r
f-
0.-
W
o
0
o -17-1995
----I..-
10
20
30
40
fw
2Bw
2C
.:IC
4C
R-50
Sec29 T15S R25W
Gar-land
07-17-1995
G.S.E. 225.1
rd
R
I
rd
COLOR

5YR4/3
5YR4/6
5YR6/6
5YR6/6
REMARKS
H,Rt
FR,Tr-Rt
P,SL,CAR,St,cc
FR,WET,SIS
PL,Tr-Rt,CAR,SL
o
3.048
If)
0::
W
f-
W
:2
6.096" Z
:r
f-
0.-
W
9.144 0
12.192
RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE LfNE
- 1
= J
I-
W
W
LL
z
:::r::
I-
0.-
W
o
0.----
10
-
C7-17-1995

20 -
30 -
40 -
. ..; ......... .. . ..:.. .. >:.. ..... " ,'":''' .. ., ... ,,'. ,_ .. ,'. ,.' .
N'
Bwl
Bw2
Cl
2C
3C
4C
R-51
5ec28 T155 R25W
Garland
07-17-1995
G.S.E. 227.0
TEXTURE
rv
SILTY LOM(

7-
511 TY a AY I DAM

J
SANDY LOM(
SiLl r [OMI
f
[
SAND

rd
I
SP SAND
.
209.0
COLOR REMARKS
lOYRS/4 H,G
5YR4/4 FR,Rt
5YR4/3
5YR5/8 VFR
5YR4/6 FR,Tr-Rt
5YRS/4 L,SIS
5YR5/4 L,WET
.. ....... . '.1' .... ............ " ... -:, ... .1,- ',-',_.' ,_. ,_ .,. ..
-0
CJ)
- 3.048
0:::
W
I-
W
2:
- 6.096
Z
:::r::
I-
0.-
W
-
9.144
0
- 12.192
851
852
f-
W
W
LL
Z
:r:
f-
D-
W
o
0
10
20
30
40
M'
Bw
C1
C2
C3
- 7-1995
2C1
~
2C2
3Cg
R-52
Sec18 T17N R25W
Garland
07-17-1995
G.S.E.220.1
rd
COLOR
7.5YR5/3
7.SYRS/3
7.SYRS/S
SYRS/6
7.SYRS/S
5YRS/6
SYRS/6
7.5YR412
REMARKS
H,Rt
FR,Rt,St
FR,Tr-Rt
FR,Tr-Rt,St
FR, Tr-Rt,SIS
FR,SlS
STK,SIS,WET
PL,SIS,Wd
o
3.048
6.096
VJ
0::::
W
f-
W
2:
Z
:r:
f-
D-
w
9,144 0
12.192
- l
- 1
0
7-17-1995
.--1L-
f-
10
W
W
LL
Z
t--<
20
::r:
f-
0....
W
0
30
40
N'
Ag
Bt
CI
C2
2CI
2C2
3C
R-53
Sec13 T17N R24W
Gar-land
07-17-1995
G.S.E. 217.8
R
rd
COLOR
7.5YR4/3
7.5YRJI2
5YR5/6
5YR5/6
5YR5/6
5YR5/6
7.5YR5/6
7.5YR5/6
REMARKS
0
H,G
FR,CH
FR
STK,St,SlS
Pl.,51,CAR
3.048
Pl., T r-Rt,SIS
STK,WET
6.096
9.144
12. 192
<.J)
0::
W
f-
W
2:
Z
t--<
::r:
f-
0....
W
0
853
o
f--
10
W
W
LL
Z
20
:r:
f--
0-
W
0
30
40
854
N'
/vJ
Bt
2Cl
2C2
2C3
3C
R-54
Sec11 T18S R26W
Doddridge NE
07-17-1995
G.S.E. 215.9
TEXTURE
SILTY CLAY LOAM
SILTY CLAY LOAM R
SILTY CLAY LOAM
,
rd
CLAY
t
CLAY
R
CLAY LOAM
!
SILTY CLAY LOAM rd
199.8
COLOR REMARKS
0
7.5YR312 H,Rt
7.5YRJI2 H,Rt,SL
SYR4/4 H,St,cc
SYR4/6 PL,SL,CAR,St,cc
3.048
V)
2.5YR4/6
0:::
SYR4/4 PL,St,cc, Tr-Rt
W'
I-
7.SYRS/8 PL,St,SS
W
2:
6.096
Z
:r:
I-
0-
9.144
W
0
12.192
RED RIVER, FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOU[SIANA STATE LINE
I-
W
W
LL
z
I
o
10
I- 20
0.-
W
o
30
/>P
Bg
Cgl
C2
2Cl
7-17-1995 2C2
--I-
3C
R-55
Sec11 T18S R26W
Doddridge NE
07-17-1995
G.S.E. 213.9
TEXTURE
dBr
t
R
I-
rd
COLOR REMARKS
7.SYR3/2 H,Rt,SL
7.SYR412 H,SL
5YR4/4 H,SL,CAR
2.5YR4/6 PL,CM,SL
5YRS/6 FR,SIS
5YR5/6 VFR,SlS
5YR6/6 L,WEr
0
3.048
6.096
9.144
V)
0:::
W
I-
W
2
Z
I
I-
0.-
W
0
855
R-56
Sec15 T18S R26W
Doddridge NE
07-18-1995
G.S.E. 214.9
0
0
If' SILTY CLAY
7.5YR312 H,Rt
89
SILTY CLAY
dBr
7.5YR312 H,Rt,SL
Cl SILTY CLAY LOAM 2.SYR4/4 PL,Rt,SL
C2 CLAY 2.5YR4/4 PL,CAR,SL
10
R 3.048
V)
l-
I
0:::
- ;
W
C3 CLAY 2.5YR4/4 PL,CAR,cc,SL
W
W
l-
LL
W
2:
Z
C4 CLAY rd 2.SYR5/6 PL,St,cc,CAR,SL
t-<
20
194.9
6.096' z
I
l-
I
0..-
I-
W
0..-
0
30
W
9.144
0
40
12.192
856
o-
C 7-18-1995
10
_ ...
I-
W
W
20
LL
-
z
>--<.
:r:
I-
30
-
0.-
W
0
40 f--
50 -
N'
Bw
C
2Cl
2C2
2C2
R-57
Sec15 T18S R26W
Doddridge NE
07-18-1995
G.S.E. 215.9
TEXTURE
SAND
rd
COLOR
7.5YR6/3
5YR5/6
5YR6/6
5YR7I8
5YR6/6
SI! SAND
5YR5/6
191 .9
REMARKS
-0
FR,Rt
L,SIS
-
3.048
L,WEr,St
- 6.19E?
- 9.144
- 12. 192
- 15.240
(/)
0:::
W
l-
w
2:
z
>--<
:r:
I-
0.-
W
0
857
- l
R-58
Sec 22 T18-N R26W
Doddridge NE
07-18-1995
G.S.E. 210.0
0..-
TEXTURE
COLOR REMARKS
-0
/>P
~
5YR412 H,Rt
Bg
SILTY CLAY dBr
5YR312 PL,Rt
2Bt
SILly I tlMt
cd 5YR5/6 fR,Tr-Rt
3Bw SILTY CLAY R 5YR4/4 PL,St,SL
l-
f
V1
(7-18-1995
'c"i
~ I m t 8 ~
5YR5/6 fR,St 0::::
W
K+
5YR5/6
W
~
W
10
4C2
SILTY LOMl
'[
5YR5/6 STK,WET,CAR _
3.048
l-
I--
LL W
5C
1'1
SIl'lD 5YR6/6 L,WET
2
Z
t-i 195.9 z
..........
I
I-
20 I--
- 6.196 I
(L I-
W D-
o W
0
30 ~
- 9.144
858
- "1
- 1
_ J
- 1
0-
10
C 17=18-1995
f--

W
W
LL
Z
1--1
20
-
I
l-
D-
W
o
30 f--
LlO -
2Cl
2C2
R-59
Sec27 T18S R26W
Doddridge NE
07-18-1995
G.S.E. 211.9
TEXTURE
R

LONAY S#-lO
.
rd

.

Sf S,4flO
.

.
190.0
.... " . .i'." .".v.'" .' .... " .... " " - ......... - .. .. "
.
COLOR REMARKS
H,Rt
FR.Tr-Rt
5YR6/6 VFR,S1S
5YR6/6 L,WET
-0
- 3.048
(f)
0:::
W
f--
W
2:
- 6.196
Z
1--1
I
I-
D-
- 9.144
W
0
- 12.192
859
R-60
Sec 30 T18N R26W
Doddridge NE
07-18-1995
G.S.E. 211. 9
0
0
N' SILTY LOM4
7.5YR5/4 H,Rt
Cl LOM4
7.5YR5/4 FR,Rt
C2 LOM4Y SIoNO rd 7.5YR6/4 L,SIS
C3 LOM4Y SIoNO
7.5YR5/4 L,SIS,WET
2 B ~
SILTY CLAY
5YR412 PL,St,Tr-Rt,Wd
2Cg SILTY CLAY
5YR412
2C2 CLAY 5YR414 PL,SL,Wd
10
3.048
R
j
V)
2C3 CLAY
2.5YR4/6 PL,SL, T r-Rt,CAR
0:::
W
- 1
f-
20
6.096
W ' J
f-
W
3C SILTY LOM4 rd 5YR5/6 FR,St,WET 2
W
t
4C CLAY R 2.5YR4/6 PL, Tr-RI,SIS,CAR Z
LL
f
z
t--t
30
4C2 CLAY
BIGn 5YR5/6 PL,St,cc
9.144
:r:
I
f-
:r:
D-
f-
W
D-
o
4C3 CLAY R 2.5YR4/6 PL,cc,T r-Rt,CAR
W
0
40
171.9
12. 192
50
15.240
60
860
~ 1
R-61
Sec30 T18N R26W
Doddridge NE
07-18-1995
G. S.L 210.0
0
0
~
H ~ ~ M ~ ~ k t
C
SYR4/6 PL,SlS
2Bg
SYR412 PL,Sl
2Cl SYR4/4 PL,SL,cc
2C2
SYR3/4 PL,SL,St,CAR
10
3.048
Vi
I- 3Bw
7.SYRS/6 f,St,cc,CAR
0:::
W
W
W
I-
.LL
3C 5YR5/6 fR,St,CAR
W
L
Z
4C
SYR4/6 r,St.cc.CAR
t--t
20
6.096 Z
.........
I
l-
I
0....
I-
W
0....
0
W
30
9.144
0
40
12.192
RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUISIANA STATE .LINE
Ci
I-
W
W
10
LL
Z
I-<
I
I-
20
D....
W
0
30
862
M'
Cl
2C
3Bw
46
9
4Cl
4C2
R-62
Sec30 T18N R26W
Doddridge NE
07-18-1995
G.S.E.211.9
COLOR REMARKS
7.SYR6/6 H,Rt
7.SYR6/6 VFR SIS
7.SYRS/4 '
5YR4/4 FR,St
5YR412 PL,CH
5YR4/3 PL,St
PL,SL,St,CAA
0
If)
0:::
W
I-
3.048
W
2
Z
6.196
I
I-
D....
W
0
9.144
- ,
= J
f-
W
W
l..L
z
:::r::
f-
0.-
W
o
o r- ftP
Bw
C
2C
C7-19-1995 3Cl

3C2
4C
20 f--
30 f--
40 '--
R-63
Sec35 T16S R25W
Garland
01-19-1995
G.S.E. 225.1
TEXTURE

tg:
7. LOAM

CLAY
J
SM
smoy LOAM
"ANn
206.7
- 12.192
864
I-
W
W
LL
z
I
I-
(L
W
o
o r- Pi'
E
Bw
C
2C
10 -
C 7 -19-1995 3Ct
~
3C2
20 I-
4C
30 -
40 '--
R-64
Sec35 T16S R25W
Garland
07-19-1995
G.S.E. 230.0
S
TEXTURE
SIL Y LOPM
SILTY LOPM
SANDY LOPM
CLAY
LOPMY SAND
LOAMY S,4W
SAND
206.0
Gr
rd
f
R
rd
COLOR REMARKS
H ~ ~ g ~ ~ fR,Rt
5YR5/6 fR, T r-Rt,SIS
5YR6/6 VFR,Tr-Rt,SIS
2.5YR4/4 PL,SL,St,cc,SIS
5 YRS/ 4 VFR,St,SIS
SYRS/4 STK,WET
5YRS/4 L,WET
-0
- 3.048
- 6.096
V)
n:::
w
I-
W
2.
z
I
I-
(L
W
-9.144 0
- 12.192
l
R-65
Sec34 T16N R25W
Garland
07-19-1995
G.S.E. 225.1
0.....-
-0
I>P
r t

C
17 2Bw LOAM 7.5YR5/4 FR Rt
2C SNlDY LOAM
rd
7.5YR6/6 VFR,SlS
3Bw SILTY LOAM
i
7.5 YR5/4 FR, T r-Rt,SIS
4Bw

CLAY R 5YR4/4 Pl,SL,St
5Bw SIllY toJIM
f
5YR4/6 FR,Rt
10
C 7-19-1995
5C SNlDY LOAM 5YR5/4 VFR,S1S - 3.048
(/)
I-
er:
W
--'Ir-
n
r[
W
W 6C LOAMY SAND 5YR5/4 L,WET l-
LL
w
209.0 2
z
>--I
20 f--
- 6.096 Z
I--<
I
l-
I
0.-
I-
W
0.-
0
30
9.144
W
f--
-
0
40
12. 192
865
B66
f-
W
W
LL
z
I
f-
0...-
W
o
0
10
20
30
40
N'
Bg
2Bw
2C
3Bw
3C
7-19-1995 4C
~
sc
R-66
Sec23 T17S R25W
Garland
07-19-1995
C.S.E. 220.1
TEXTURE
SILTY CLAY LOMf dBr
LOMf
COLOR
7.SYRS/6
7.SYR412
SYRS/6
smoy LOAM
rd
'SYR6/6
SlIliCiAj
,
5YR414
CLAY SYRS/8
rd
SILTY LOMf
l
5YR5/6
smo
SYR6/4
204.1
REMARKS
H,Rt,G
F,Rt,St
FR,St,cc,Rt
VFR
PL,SL, T r-Rt
PL,5L,St,cc,CAR
FR,St, T r-Rt
L,WET
o
3.048
If)
0:::
W
f-
W
:2:
6.096 Z
I
f-
0...-
W
9.144 0
12.192
RED RIVER, FULTON, ARKANSAS TO LOUIS[ANA STATE LINE
_ J
_ J
._ .. _"., . ' " .' .... _ ........ . , .... ..- ..... .., ..... ~ ........ _ ...... _ ., .. -""_ .. _ . . .,,,ow . ..._ .. ~ .......... ~ .. ' ..". . . ~ . J ... .......... ~ ... ,'oJ ,' ... '.J .... ~ . ~ __ ... .. ~ ...... _ .. ~ P .. 0.... .. ,' . ,
0
I-
10
W
W
LL
7-19-1995
---I-
Z
1--1
20
:::r::
I-
eL
W
0
30
40
r.,
Cl
C2
2Bw
3C
4Bw
5C
R-67
Sec15 T17S R25W
Garland
07-19-1995
G.S.E. 220.1
rd
!
R
l
rd
COLOR
7.5YR6/4
5YR5/6
5YR6/6
7.5YR7/6
5YR4/6
2.5YR4/4
5YR5/6
7.5YR6/6
REMARKS
H,Rt
o
FR
VFR,SlS
FR,St,Tr-Rt
PL,SL,St,cc,CAR
3.048
FR,St,Tr-Rt
L,WET
6.096
9.144
12.192
RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOUIS[ANA STATE LINE
(/)
0:::
W
I-
W
L
z
:::r::
I-
eL
W
o
867
R-68
Sec15 T17S R25W
Gor-Iand
07-19-1995
G.S.E. 225.1
0.--
,.
TEXTURE COLOR REMAAKS
-0
NC
Ff
~ ~ ~ Y ~ ~
H ~ ~ 1 ~ 3 ~ : ~ ~
2Bw
5YR5/6 H,Rt
2Cl SI>I'ID
7.5YR7/4- L,SIS
2C2
1jJ
LOAMY SI>I'ID 5YR5/6 SlS,VFR
rd
. .
3C S ~ SI>I'ID 7.5YR7I4 L,SIS
10
. .
- 3.048
If)
l- .
I- ~ ~
0:::
w 213.3
w
w
l-
LL
W
2:
Z
t--t
20
-
- 6.196 Z
t--t
I
l-
I
n..
I-
W
n..
0
30
9.144
W
r--
"
-
0
.
,.
40 -
12.192
868
R-69
Sec34 T17S R25W
Canfield
07-19-1995
G.S.E. 220.1
0
0 I>P 7.5YR312
~ t ' ) h
89 5YR412
28w SILTY LONd
5YR5/6 FR,SIS, T r-Rt
2C SILTY LONd
rd
5YR4/6 FR,St,SIS
3Cl SILTY CLAY
l
5YR4/6 PL,St,CAA,SL
If)
10
3C2 CLAY YL 5Y5/1 PL,CAA,St,SL,SIS
3.048
l-
I
0::
- j
W
W
W 7-19-1995 .3C.3 CLAY 5YR5/8 PL,St
l-
LL
--I..-
W
L
z
rd
I--<
20
4C SAND 7.5YR7/3 L,SIS,WET
6.096
Z
I--<
::r:
I-
196.2
::r:
0.-
I-
W
0.-
0
W
30 9.144 0
40 12. 192
869
870
I-
W
W
LL
Z
I
I-
D--
W
o
0
10
20
30
40
~
89
Cl
C2
C3
7-20-1995
2Bw
--1- 2C
3C
R-70
Sec4 T18S R25W
Canfield
07-20-1995
G.S.E. 219.2
TEXTURE
CLAY GnGr
CLAY
CLAY
CLAY
SILTY LOAM
rd
LOAM
.
.SP. smo
203.1
COLOR REMAAKS
0
5YR412 J,6r-Rt
7.5YR5/6 PL,SL,St, Tr-Rt
5YR4/6 PL,Tr-Rt,St,SL
5YR4/6 PL,SL,St,CAA
5YR4/6 PL,SL,CAA, Tr-Rt
5YR5/6 FR,St,T r-Rt,SlS 3 .. '048
If)
0:::
5YR5/4 VFR,St
W
5YR6/4 L,WET I-
W
2:
6.096 Z
I
I-
D--
9.144
W
0
12.192
- 1
- ,
- 1
R-71
SecLJ T18S R25W
Canfield
07-20-1995
G.S.E. 219.2
0-
- 0
M'

5YRM3

Bw
R
5YR<4-/4
28w
SILTY LOAM
rd
5YR5/6 FR,Tr-Rt
3CI CLAY
5YR4/6 PL,SIS,CAR,SL,St
R
3C2
2.5YR4/6 PL,CAR,S1..,St,cc
10
C 7=20-1995
3C3

CLAY
f
5YR4/6
.-
3.048
(J)
I-
4C

5YR5/6 [R,SI,Tr-Rt,SlS 0:::
W
-Y--
SCI mo
'[
7.5YR6/6
W
W
5C2 smo 5YR6/<4- L,WET
l-
LL
w
203.1
2:
z
I-i
20
-
- 6.096 Z
I-i
I
l-
I
0....
I-
W
0....
0
W
30 f--
- 9.144 0
40 -
- 12.192
...
-l
r,
- 1
R-72
Sec17 T18S R25W
Canfield
07-20-1995
C.S.E. 219.2
-0 Or--
If' SILTY LOAM
1
SYRS/4 FR,G
C SAtllY LOAM SYR6/6 VFR,Rt
2Bw M SILTY LOAM SYRS/6 FR,Tr-Rt
2C
I
LOMtY SAND
I
7.SYR6/6 VFR,Tr-Rt
3Bw SILTY LOAM SYRS/6 FR,Tr-Rt
10 - -
3.048
<.f)
I-
4C SILTY CLAY R 2.SYR4/4 PL,SL,St
0:::
W

SC1 SILTY LOAM
f
SYRS/6 FR,SIS W
W
SC2 -7
f
LOAM SYR6/6 SI,WET l-
LL
rd
W
6C LOAMY S#lO
!
7.SYRS/6 L,WET
2:
Z
7C

I--i
20 r--
SYR4/2 PL
- 6.096'
Z
199.1
I--i
I
l-
I
0- I-
W
0-
0
9.144
W
30 r-- -
0
40 '-- - 12.192
872
- 1
- 1
R-73
Sec16 T18S R25W
Canfield
07-20-1995
G.S.E. 219.2
Or-
-0
f.P

SILTY LOAM
7 ..5YR6/4 H.Rt
Bw
SILTY CLAY LOAM 7.5YR4/3 f,Rt,Tr-Rt
2Bw

fRkTr-Rt
2Cl
VF ,SIS
2C2 SmDY LOAM
rd
SYR6/6 VFR.SIS,CAR
St.4
j
<f)
10
7-20-'1995
- 3.048
f-
0::
W
---1-
. 2C3 LOAMY S.6Ml SYRS/6
W
L,WET
W

f-
LL 3Cl CLAY R 5YR4/4
PL,Sl,St W

f
2
Z
3C2 SILTY CLAY 5YR3/3 PL,Sl,CAR,SIS,O_
t--I
20 -
rt
6.096 Z
..........
:r:
4C

S.6Ml
7.SYR6/4 L,WET
f- 195.2
:r:
0.-
f-
W
0.-
0
30
9.144
W
f--
-
0
40 -
- 12.192
-1
= J
- l
R-74
Sec30 T18S R25W
Canfield
07-20-1995
G. S.L 214.9
0-
TEXTURE COlOR REMARKS
-0
Pi' SILTY LOAM
7.5YRS/4 H,RI
C S
SANDY LOAM

FR,SIS
?fC'i
5YR5/4 T r-RI
2C2 lot.
SILTY LOAM 5YR5/4. FR, T r-RI,slf
( 7-20-1995
If)
10
_ ..
rd
-
3.048
I- 2C3
SILTY LOAM 5YR5/4 SI,CM,WET
0::
W
....
W
W

l-
LL
3C SILTY LOAM
5YR4/6 PL, Tr-RI,SIS,O
W
2:
z
1--1
20 -
- 6.096
Z
194.9
..........
J
I
l-
I
n...
I-
W
n...
0
w
30
I--
- 9.144
0
40 '--
- 12.192
/
874
" 1
" ,
R-75
Sec29 T18S R25W
Canfield
07-20-1995
G. S.. 214.9
a
a
f.f' S1LTY LOAM dBr 5YR4/3 H,Rt,G
C
SAADY LOAM rd 5YR5/4 VFR,Rt
l-
f
V1
2Cl S1LTY CLAY R 2.5YR4/4 PL,SIS,St, Tr-Rt 0::::
W
7-20-1995
j
W
W
10
~ 3.048
l-
LL W
z
:2
2Cg S1LTY CLAY rd 5YR512 STK,WET,O
t-1
Z
:r:
196.9
I-
20
6.096 :r:
0.... I-
W 0....
0 W
0
30
9.144
:- 1
= J
R-76
Sec29 T18S R25W
Canfield
- "
07-20-1995
G.S.E. 212.9
0
COLOR REMARKS
0
If'
brGr IOYR5/4 H,Rt
~
dBr .
7.5YR312
F,Rt
7.SYR412
2 B ~
'f
5YR5/6 FR,cc
3CI R
2.5YR5/6 PL,SL,CNl,St,SlS
10
- 0-1995
3.048
(/)
I-
0:::
- ,
W
--1- W
W
4Cl 5YRS/4 PL,St,SlS, WET
l-
lL
W
:2
rd
'z
1---1
20
4C2 5YR5/6
PL,Tr-Rt
6.096
Z
1---1
I
5C
5YR5/4 STK,WET
l-
I
0.-
I-
W
0.-
0
W
30
9.144
0
40
12.192
876
0.--
l-
W
e 7-21-1995
W
---I.-
10 f--
LL
z
:c
I-
20
r--
D....
W
0
30 -
If'
Bwl
Bw2
Cl
C2
2C
R-77
Sec36 T18S R26W
Doddridge NE
07-21-1995
G.S.E. 213.9
TEXTURE
~
SANDY LOM!
SILTY LOM!
SILTY LOM!
SILTY LOM!
SANDY LOM!
'1
SAND
197.8
rd
COlOR REMARKS
0
FR,Rt
-
7.5YR6/4
7.5YR5N FR,Rt, T r-Rt
5YR5/6 FR, T r-Rt,St,cc
5YR5/6 FR,Tr-Rt,St
-
3.048
5YR5/6 VFR,St,WET
5YR6/6 L,WEr
- 6.096
9.144
Lf)
0:::
W
I-
W
2:
Z
t-f
:c
I-
0.-
W
0
877
-- -,- -- ".- ... , .... ,._._ .. _ .. - _ ....... -- -_ ..... -- -_.-.'" -.- ... - .... -- .. -- ---_.
I-
W
W
LL
z
:::r::
I-
0.-
W
o
0-
10 -
C
C'2A
2Ag
2B9
2Cl
2C2
(7-21-1995 3Cl
~
3C2
20 -
301--
40 -
R-78
Sec1 T19S R26W
Doddridge NE
07-21-1995
G.S.E. 210:0
TEXTURE
S/>NOY LOMl
SILTY LOMl
SiLll etAi
SILTY CLAY
SILTY CLAY
SILTY CLAY
SILTY LOMl
LOMlY SHIO
S/>NO
190.0
l
rd
I
R
rd
COLOR REMARKS
7.5YR7/4 FR,Rt
7 .5YR5/ 4 FR, T r-Rt,SIS
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E : ~ t , C H
5YR4/1 PL,St,SL
5YR5/6 PL,St,cc, Tr-Rt
-0
- 3.048
(J)
0::
5YR5/4 PL,CAR,SIL,Tr-Rt
W
I-
W
L
5YR5/6 VFR,WET
5YR6/4 L,WET
- 6.096 Z
- 9.144
- 12.192
:::r::
I-
0.-
W
o
RED RIVER. FULTON. ARKANSAS TO LOU[SIANA STATE LINE
878
C l
I-
W
W
l.L
Z
:c
I-
(L
W
o
o
10 7-21-1995
-----1-
20
30
40
I>P
C
2A
2St
2Bw
211.
2C
3C
4Cl
4C2
R-79
Sec4 T19S R26W
Doddridge NE
07-21-1995
G.S.E. 212.9
SILTY LOMl
SILTY LOMl
SILTY LOMl
LOAt.4
CLAY R
1
LOAMY SANP

SAND
rd
189.0
COLOR REMARKS
0
7.SYRS/3 FR,Rt
7.SYR7I3 VFR,SIS
7.SYRS/3
SYR4/3 FR,Tr'Rt
SYRS/6
SYR6/6 VFR,SlS,Tr-Rt
3.048
2.SYR4/6 PL,CAR,St,SIS,SL
5YR6/6
6.096
5YR6/6 L,WEr
9.144
12.192
Vl
0::
W
I-
w
:2
Z
:c
I-
(L
W
0
879
r 1
R-80
Sec10 T19S R26W
Doddridge SE
07-21-1995
G. s. E. 210.0
0
COLOR REMARKS
0
~
dBr H m ~ ~
FR,Rt
2Bw
5YR5f6 FR,Tr-Rt
7-21-1995
2C
5YR6f6 FR,St,SIS
~
V)
10
3.048
I-
0::
W
3C1 rd
5YR5f4 STK,WET,SIS
W
W
l-
LL
W
2
z
..........
20
3C2
5YR5f6 STK,WET 6.096" Z
..........
:r:
4C
5YR5f4 PL,St
l-
I
D-
I-
W
D-
o
30
9.144
W
0
40
12.192
880
0
AP
Cl
C2
C3
28wt
f-
W
W
LL
10
7-21-199528w2
z
:r:
I-
0.-
W
o
~
20
30
40
2C
3C
R-81
Sec33 T19S R26W
Doddridge SE
07-21-1995
G.S.E. 205.1
TEXTURE
LOM4
SANDY LOM4
SILTY LOM4
LOM4Y SAND
SILTY CLAY
R
SILTY LOM4
SANDY LOM4
SAND
185.0
COLOR REMARKS
7.5YR5/3 FR,Rt
7.5YR7/3 VFR,SIS
7.5YR5/4 FR,SIS
7.3YR7I6 VFR,SIS
5YR5/3 FR,Tr-RI,SI
5YR5/4 FR,Tr-Rt
5YR6/4 VFR,WET
7.5YR7/4 L,WET
o
3.048
(f)
0:::
W
f-
W
2
6.096 Z
:r:
f-
0.-
W
9.144 0
12.192
881
~ l
e l
e l
R-82
Sec33 T19S R26W
Doddridge SE
07-21-1995
G.S.E. 206.0
0
REMARKS
0
If'
P R ~ ~ S , R t Ct
C2
7.5YR5/4 VFR,Rt,SIS
7-21-1995
C3 LOMlY SAND 7.5YR5/4 L,SIS
rd
----Y......-
C4
SANDY LOMI 7.5YR5/4 STK,WET,SIS
10
3.048
VI
I-
2Ct SILTY CLAY 5YR5/4
PL,SlS,Veg,Veg
0::
W
W
W
l-
lL..
W
2C2 SILTY CLAY R 5YR512 STK,SIS,Veg
2
Z
20
186.0
6.096
z
.........
I
l-
I
0...
I-
W
0...
0
30
9.144
W
0
40
882
= J
o
f-
10
W
W
LL
Z
1--1
20
:::r::
f-
0....
W
0
30
40
8g
Cl
C2
R-83
Sec1Ll T19S R26W
Doddridge SE
07-22-1995
G.S.E. 204.1
TEXTURE
CLAY
CLAY
R
CLAY
CLAY
184.4
COLOR REMARKS
2.SYR4/6 PL
o
SYR412 PL,Rt,SL,St
3.048
If)
0:::
2.SYR4/6 PL,SL,CAR,St,cc
W
f-
W
5YR4/4
2
6.096'
Z
:::r::
f-
0....
9.144
W
0
12. 192
883
, 1
R-84
Sec3 T20N R26W
Doddridge SE
, l
07-22-1995
G.S.E. 200.1
0
0
I'f' CLAY SYR4/3 H,G
rd
Bwl CLAY I 5YR4/3 PL,SL
8w2 CLAY
R
5YR4/4
C CLAY
I
5YR4/6 PL,SL,CAR
10
3.048
(/)
I- 7-22-1995
0::
2Bw LOAM
rd
5YRS/4 FR, T r-RI,SI
W ~
j
W
W
l-
LL
2C SANDY LOAM SYRS/4 VFR, T r-RI,SIS,WET
W
2:
z 3C CLAY R SYR4/3 PL, Tr-RI,St,CAR
t--I
20 t
6.096 .
Z
4C LoAM 7.5YR614- PL,St
:r:
5C SAND
rd
7.SYR6/4 L,WET
I- 176.2
:r:
D-
I-
W
D-
o
30
9.144
W
0
40
12.192
884
........................... ~ . ~ ~ ......... ~ ~ ~ . " ............... ~ - . - - ~ .............. ~ ~ .. --...
R-85
Sec2 T18S R18W
Canfield
07-22-1995
G.S.E. 214.9
0
0
f.P 5YR4-/3 H,SL
8g CLAY
Gr&rd
5YR4-/l F,SL
I
Cl
CLAY R 5YR4-/4 PL,SL,CAR
3.048
(j)
I-
10
!
0::
W
W
W
l-
LL
C2 CLAY Grl<rd 5Y6/1 PL W
f
:2
Z
1---1
20 6.096 Z
C3 CLAY rd 5YR5/4 H,SL,St,cc,CAR
1---1
I
l-
I
0....
I-
w 188.3
0....
0
W
30 9.144
0
40 12. 192
B85
886
I-
W
W
LL
z
:r:
I-
0.-
W
o
0
10
7-23-1995
~
20
30
40
f>P
Cl
C2
2Bwl
2Bw2
2C
3Cl
3C2
R-86
Sec12 T14S R26W
Fulton
07-23-1995
G.S.E. 245.1
TEXTURE
SillY LOM4
SAND
rd
LOM4
SILTY LOM4
LOM4
rd
smD
SAND
227.0
COLOR REMARKS
0
7.5YR514 H,Rt
7.5YR714 L,SIS
5YR514 FR, T r-Rt,SIS
5YR412 FR,Tr-Rt
5YR416 FR, T r-Rt,St
tf)
3.048
5YR516 FR,St,SIS
0::
W
5YR616 L,SIS
I-
W
5YR516 L,WET 2
6.096 Z
:r:
I-
0.-
9.144
W
0
12.192
,. r
- 1
- ,
f-
W
W
LL
z
:r:
f-
0...
W
o
o
10 7-23-1995
~
20
30
40
N'
Bw
Cl
C2
2Bw
3Bw
3C
4C
5C
R-87
Sec11 T14S R26W
Fulton
07-23-1995
G.S.E. 250.0
TEXJURE
CLAY
CLAY
R
CLAY
i
SILTY LOM4 rd
CLAY
R
CLAY
J
LOM4
S.ANO
rd
234.9
COLOR
5YR512
5YR4-/3
5YR4-/3
2.5YR4/6
5YR5/6
2.5YR4/4
2.5YR4/3
5YR5/S
5YRS/4-
REMARKS
H,SL,Rt
H,SL,CAR
H,SL,CAR,St
FR,Tr-Rt
PL,SL ,St ,CAR
PL,SL,SI,CAR,SI
VFR,St.SIS, T r-Rt
L,WET
o
3.048
VJ
0::::
W
f-
W
2:
6.096 Z
:r:
f-
0...
W
9.144 0
12.192
887
- l
Appendix C
Radiometric Age Dates
Appendix C Radiometric Age Dates
C1
" C.
III
.....
a.
0'
/0
C
0
.0
....
/0
U
0
=a
/0
0:
C2
CALmRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS
(Variables:CI3/CI2=-1O.5:lab mult.=I)
Laboratory Number:
Conventional radiocarbon age:
Calibrated results:
(2 sigma, 95% probability)
Intercept data:
Intercept of radiocarbon age
with calibration curve:
1 sigma calibrated results:
(68% probability)
780 +/- 60 BP
Beta-90042
780 +1- 60 BP
cal AD 1170 to 1300
cal AD 1265
cal AD 1220 to 1285

Northern Henisphere
900
800
700
600

1000
References:
1100 12CO
cal AD
Pretoria Calibration Curve for Short Lived Samples
1300
Vogel, J. C., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86
A Simplified Approach to Calibrating CU Dates
Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. c., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322
Calibration -1993
Stuiver, M, Long, A., Kra, R. S. and Devine, J. M, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1)
1400
r 1
0:
00
V'
GJ
0'
IV
C
0
..c
I-
IV
u
0
.r<
"0
IV
c:
(Variables:C13/CI2=-24.9:lab mult.=I)
Laboratory Number:
Beta-90043
4520 +1- 60 BP
4700
4600
4500
...... 00
Calibrated results:
Intercept data:
Intercepts of radiocarbon age
(68% probability)
4520 +/- 60 BP
3500 3400 3300 3200
cal Be
cal BC 3365 to 3025 and
cal BC 2970 to 2940
cal BC 3320 and
cal BC 3220 and
cal BC 3180 and
cal BC 3165 and
cal BC 3130
cal BC 3350 to 3090
Northern Herlisphere
3100 3000 2900
References:
V o g e ~ J. c., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(l),p73-86
A Simplified Approach to Calibrating C14 Dates
Calibration -1993
2EOO
C3
0:
co
v
GI
0'
IV
C
0
.c
....
IV
U
0
:s
IV
c:
C4
(Variables: C13/CI2=-27.3:lab. mult=l)
Laboratory Number:
Calibrated results:
Intercept data:
(68% probability)
260 +/- 60 BP
Beta-90044
260 +/- 60 BP
cal AD 1485 to 1690 and
cal AD 1925 to 1950
cal AD 1655
cal AD 1945 to 1950

iOO
300
200
100

liOO 1500
References:
1600 1700
cal AD
1800
Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2),p317-322
Calibration -1993
1900 2(00
- l
- l
, 1
- 1
r 1
r ,
0:
III
....
<II
0-
ro
c:
0
.il
"-
ro
u
0
'6
ro
c:
(Variables:CI3/CI2=-21.7:lab mult.=I)
Laboratory Number:
Calibrated results:
Intercept data:
(68% probability)
3200 +/- 60 BP
Beta-90045
3200 +1- 60 BP
cal BC 1335 to 1330
cal BC 1440
cal BC 1515 to 1410
3400
3300
3200
3100
3000
1700 1600 15(0
cal Be
HOO
References:
Calibration -1993
Stuiver, M, LOhg, A., Kra, R. S. and Devine, J. M, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1)
1300
Appendix C Radiometric Age Dates C5
S.
III
"V
a.
0-
"I
C
0
.c
...
"I
u
0
:a
"I
c:
C6
(Variables:C13/C12=-23.1:lab mult.=l)
Laboratory Number:
'10
Beta-90046
4610 +/- 60 BP
iSOO
i700
i600
i500
Calibrated results:
Intercept data:
(68% probability)
i610 +/- 60 BP
3600 3E"()0 3iOO 3300
cal Be
cal BC 3245 to 3105
cal BC 3360
cal BC 3375 to 3340
3200 3100 3000
References:
Vogel, J. c., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86
Talma, A. S. and Vogel. J. c., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322
Calibration -1993
2g)0
.. J
C l
r 1
--.,
- l
0:
III
'"
Go
0'
IV
C
0
Jl
....
IV
u
0
=a
IV
c:
(V ariables:C 13/C 12=-31.2:lab mult. = 1)
Laboratory Number:
Calibrated results:
Intercept data:
(68% probability)
1260 +/- 70 BP
Beta-90047
1260 +/- 70 BP
cal AD 650 to 960
cal AD 775
cal AD 680 to 875

Northern Henisphere
HOO
1300
1200
1100
+

600
References:
700 800
cal AD
900
Vogel, J. C, Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86
Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. C, 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322
Calibration -1993
Stuiver, M., Long, A., Kra, R. S. and Devine, J. M., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1)
1000
"-
a.
m
....
G/
C'
IQ
C
0
.0
'-
IQ
U
0
=s
IQ
a:
C8
(Variables:CI3/CI2=-29.1:lab mult.=l)
Laboratory Number:
Calibrated results:
Intercept data:
(68% probability)
Beta-90048
280 +1- 60 BP
cal AD 1935 to 1950
cal AD 1650
cal AD 1630 to 1665

iOO
300
+
200
100

liOO 1500
References:
1600 1700
cal AD
1800
Vogel, J. c., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., /993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86
Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. c., /993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p3/ 7-322
Calibration -1993
Stuiver, M., Long, A., Kra, R S. and Devine, J. M., /993, Radiocarbon 35(/)
1900 2(00
r 1
- 1
, ,
c:
III
'"'
GI
0'
to
C
0
.0
L
to
U
0
=s
to
0:
(V ariables:C13/CI2=-27. 7:lab mult.=I)
Laboratory Number:
Calibrated results:
Intercept data:
(68% probability)
100 +/- 60 BP
Beta-90049
100 +1- 60 BP
cal AD 1665 to 1950
cal AD 1890 and
cal AD 1905
cal AD 1805 to 1935
100
300
200
100
o ~ - - ~ - C ~ ~ .. ~ = = ~ ~ .......... ~ ~ - - ~ - - ~
1600
References:
1700 18CO
cal AD
Pretoria Calibration Curve/or Short Lived Samples
1900
Vogel, J. C, Fu/s, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86
Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. C., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p31 7-322
Calibration -1993
2000
C9
"-
a.
m
'V
OJ
0-
IV
C
0
.D
'-
IV
U
0
'tl
IV
a:
C10
(Variables:estimated C13/CI2=-25:lab mult.=I)
Laboratory Number: Beta-90050
Conventional radiocarbon age*: 250 +/-70 BP
Calibrated results: cal AD 1475 to 1825 and
(2 sigma, 95% probability) cal AD 1835 to 1880 and
cal AD 1915 to 1950
* C13/C12 ratio estimated
Intercept data:
with calibration curve: cal AD 1655
1 sigma calibrated results: cal AD 1535 to 1545 and
(68% probability) cal AD 1635 to 1675 and
cal AD 1940 to 1950
WOOD

Northern Hellisphere
'100
300
200
100
..
1100 1500
References:
1600 1700
cal AD
1800
Taboo, A. S. and Vogel, J. c., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2), p317-322
Calibration -1993
1900 2(00
"
_ J
, ,
- "
' ,
- 1
r 1
- 1
" "
- 1
_ J
a:
III
v
Go
0'
/0
C
0
.0
..
/0
U
0
....
'0
/0
c:
CALffiRATION OF RADIOCARBON AGE TO CALENDAR YEARS
(Variables:CI3/CI2=-29.1 :lab mult.=I)
Laboratory Number:
500
iOO
300
200
100
Calibrated results:
Intercept data:
(68% probability)
350 +/- 60 BP
Beta-90051
350 +1- 60 BP
cal AD 1435 to 1665
cal AD 1515 and
cal AD 1585 and
cal AD 1625
cal AD 1460 to 1645
Northern Hellisphere
O + - - L ~ " ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ - - ~ - - ~ - - ~ - - ~ ~
liOO 1500
References:
1600 1700
cal AD
1800
Vogel, J. c., Fuls, A., Visser, E. and Becker, B., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(1), p73-86
Talma, A. S. and Vogel, J. c., 1993, Radiocarbon 35(2),p317-322
Calibration -1993
1900 2(00
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
I
Form Approved
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sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other
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DC 20503.
1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 12. REPORT DATE
1
3
.
REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS
Geomorphic Investigation of the Great Bend Region, Red River
6. AUTHOR(S)
Paul E. Albertson, Maureen K. Corcoran, Whitney Autin, John Kruger,
Theresa Foster
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station
REPORT NUMBER
3909 Halls Ferry Road
Vicksburg, MS 39180
9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING
U.S. Army Engineer District, Vicksburg
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
4155 Clay Street
Vicksburg, MS 39180
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
12a. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited.
13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)
As part of a feasibility study leading to rehabilitation of levees along the Red River in Arkansas, the WES conducted
research to establish a geomorphic framework for cultural resource management in the Great Bend region of the Red River
Valley. The proposed levee rehabilitation has the potential to impact cultural resource sites both adjacent to current levees
and in candidate areas nearby from which the levee construction materials will be removed. This work provides a
geomorphic basis for locating archeological sites.
The three major geomorphic surfaces identified in the study area are floodplain, terraces, and bluffs. Relative ages of
specific sites were established on the basis of soil development and superposition. A geographic information system (GIS)
was built as part of this study, and includes such data layers as: geology, geomorphic features, soil type, elevation, levee
locations, known archeological sites, data from soil borings, and surface water. The GIS has been provided to the
USAED, Vicksburg (as of October 1996), to be used in cultural resource management.
14. SUBJECT TERMS
Geomorphology Geographic Information System GIS Red River
Cultural Resources Archeology
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT
NSN 7540-01-280-5500
15. NUMBER OF PAGES
16. PRICE CODE
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Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)
by ANSI Std. Z3918

Geomorphic Investigation of The Great Bend Region, Red River

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