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Gas Laws
Brownian motion:
When a candle smoke is observed by microscope, we can see that the smoke
An English botanist (Brown) fined that the molecules of any gas in case of
Gas state:
Liquid state:
vibratory motion.
Solid state:
• During the motion the molecules collide each other and collide the walls
of the container.
• The number of collation at one side of the molecule is not equal to that at
the other side, which makes the molecule to change its direction.
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Three -10- Chapter Six
Experiment:
3. Notice that white cloud of ammonium chloride is formed, then it grows and
diffuses until it occupies all the space within the two cylinders.
Explanation:
lower cylinder.
3. We can conclude that there are large spacing separating the gas molecules.
The volume of any gas affected by the temperature and the pressure;
(Boyle's law).
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Three -11- Chapter Six
(Charles’s law).
(Pressure law).
Boyle's law:
Boyle's Experiment:
both sides.
measured, let it be (Vol)1 its pressure is also measurd, let it be P1, which
barometer.
• The reservoir (B) is then raised a few centimeters and the volume of the
enclosed air is measured (Vol)2 the difference between the two levels of
mercury in both sides (h) is determined. In this case, the pressure of the
enclosed air is P2 = Pa + h
• Repeat the previous step by raising the reservoir (B) another suitable
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Three -12- Chapter Six
• The reservoir (B) is then lowered until the mercury level in (B) becomes
lower than its level in (A) by a few centimeters. Then the volume of the
sides.
• The previous step is repeated once more by lowering (b) another suitable
• Plot the volume of the enclosed air (Vol) and the reciprocal pressure, we
Graphical relations:
V V
1
V∝
P
1/P
P
• From the graph, we can conclude the relation between pressure and
constant.
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Three -13- Chapter Six
Charles's law:
length 2 or 3 cm, fill one of the flasks with oxygen and the other with
carbon dioxide or air. Submerge the two flasks in a vessel filled with
• Pour hot water into the vessel and notice the distance moved by the
mercury thread in both tubes, you will find that these distances are equal,
this indicates that equal volumes of different gases expand equally when
heated through the same temperature rise. In other word they have the
VαT
V1 T1
=
V2 T2
V V
T
1/T
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Three -14- Chapter Six
It is the increase in unit volume at constant pressure per unit volume at 0°C
diameter with one end closed. The tube contains a short pellet of mercury
glass envelope.
3. the length of the enclosed air is then measured. And since the tube has a
uniform cross section the length of the enclosed air is taken as being
4. the ice and water are removed from the envelope and steam is passed through
the top and out at the bottom for several minutes to be sure that the
temperature of air becomes 100 C, then the length of the enclosed air is
5. a relation between volume and temperature plotted. We see that such a relation
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Three -15- Chapter Six
1. The tube must be a narrow tube to notice the increase in the gas volume.
2. The tube must has uniform cross sectional area to make the length of the
gas indicator to the volume without any effect of the cross sectional area.
Generally:
∆V
∝=
V ∆t
∆V =∝ V ∆t
∆V = αv V0 ∆t
V - V0 = αv V0 ∆t
V = V0 + αv V0 ∆t
V = V0 (1 + αv ∆t)
1/273 of its volume at 0ºC per each degree Kelvin rise in temperature.
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Three -16- Chapter Six
Pressure law:
temperature:
flask is fitted with a cork; the surface of mercury in the two branches (A)
and (B) have the same level at x, y, thus, the pressure of the enclosed air
returns to the mark x then the volume of the enclosed air in the flask at t2
A by an amount "h" this means that the pressure of the enclosed air has
equal h cm Hg.
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Three -17- Chapter Six
• From the previous experiment, we can conclude that the relation between
PαT
P1 T1
=
P2 T2
P P
T
1/T
Jolly's Experiment:
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Three -18- Chapter Six
3. Pour mercury in (A) to 1/7 of its volume to compensate for the increase in its
volume when heated, so that the volume of the remaining part is still constant.
4. Submerge reservoir (A) in a beaker filled with water and pour mercury in the
free end (C) until it rises in the other branch to mark (X).
5. Heat water in the vessel to the boiling point and wait until the temperature
settles, and the mercury level in the branch connected to the reservoir stops
decreasing.
6. Move the free end (C) upwards until the mercury level in the other branch
rises to the same mark X. then measure the difference in height between the
mercury levels in the two branches (h) from this determine the pressure of the
7. Move the branch (C) downwards and stop heating, then let the reservoir cool
down to nearly 90 C, then move the branch (C) upwards until the mercury
level in the branch connected to the reservoir rises to mark X. then determine
the temperature and the difference in height between the mercury levels in
both branches, from this we calculate the pressure of the enclosed air in this
case.
8. Repeat at different temperature and determine the pressure of the enclosed gas
in each case.
9. Plot the relation between pressure and temperature. We find that the relation is
a straight line.
10. calculate the pressure coefficient of gas at constant volume from the equation:
β= ∆P
P ∆t
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Three -19- Chapter Six
Generally:
β= ∆P
P ∆t
∆P = βP ∆t
∆P = β P0 ∆t
P - P0 = β P0 ∆t
P = P0 + β P0 ∆t
P = P0 (1 + β ∆t)
temperature.
can find that the gas has a certain value at 0°C, and the relation between
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Three -20- Chapter Six
• Therefore: K = C + 273.
• The same result can be reached by using of the graph between pressure
and temperature.
V P
-273 t -273 t
General gas law:
1
• From Boyle's law: V ∝ (T = cons tan t )
P
N.B.:
• Liter = 10-3 m3
• The constant value (PV/T) is called general gas constant, its unit is J/K
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Three -21- Chapter Six
• For a constant volume of gas with change of mass like the case in which
P P′
some gas escape from the container; the relation becomes =
TM T ′M ′
Summary 2008/2009