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Electromagnetic Induction
Overview:
After Oersted discovery, where the magnetic field ban be produced by the
effect of electric current. Faraday discovered that electric current can be produced as a
result of breakthrough the magnetic field by a conductor, and that kind of electricity
Faradays Experiments:
• The galvanometer indicates that the current pass in the opposite direction
Electromagnetic induction:
• The presence of a soft iron core inside a coil concentrates the lines of
magnetic flux that link with the coil. This in turn increases the induced
Faraday’s law:
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -234- Chapter Eleven
number of turns N.
∆φ
ε = −N
∆t
N.B.:
The negative sign in the above relation indicates that the direction of the
induced electromotive force and thus the direction of the induced current is such that
induction is proportional to the time rate by which the conductor cuts the lines of
magnetic flux and is also proportional to the number of turns of the coil.
Lenz’s law:
To illustrate Lenz’s law, a magnet bar can be pulled and pushed into a coil,
In figure A:
pushed into the coil, therefore the induced current at the face of the coil close to the
magnet is moved anti-clock-wise forming North pole to resist the change of the
In figure B:
The North Pole of the magnet pulled from the coil; therefore the induced
current at the face of the coil close to the magnet is moved clock-wise forming South
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -235- Chapter Eleven
Pole to resist the change of the magnetic field resultant by pulling of the magnet bar.
(N – S attract).
In figure C:
The South Pole of the magnet pushed into the coil; therefore the induced
current at the face of the coil close to the magnet is moved clock-wise forming South
Pole to resist the change of the magnetic field resultant by pushing of the magnet bar.
(S – S repel).
In figure D:
The South pole of the magnet pulled from the coil, therefore the induced
current at the face of the coil close to the magnet is moved anti-clock-wise forming
north pole to resist the change of the magnetic field resultant by Pulling of the magnet
bar. (N – S attract).
electromotive force and induced current follow through the wire in a direction
Fleming’s right-hand-rule:
Place the thumb, the pointer and the middle finger (with the rest of the
fingers) of the right hand mutually at right angles. If the pointer points in the direction
of the magnetic field and the thumb in the direction of motion then the middle finger
(with the rest of the fingers) will point in the direction of the induced current.
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -236- Chapter Eleven
magnetic field, where the coil intercepts the flux line of the magnetic
field.
neighborhood.
It is the induce electromotive force produced in one coil when the rate of
change of current in another coil in the neighbor equal one ampere per second.
Unit:
The units of mutual inductance between two coils is volt second / ampere. It
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -237- Chapter Eleven
Experiments:
secondary coil.
secondary coil will be in the direction to resist (oppose) the increase of that field.
In this cases the magnetic field changes to decrease its value, and the induced
field.
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -238- Chapter Eleven
• When switching the key off, an electric spark is passed between the two
• If the number of turns of the coil is large, then the neon lamp will glow.
Conclusion:
Switch on:
• The current of the coil will increase due to the electromotive force of the
battery.
neighborhood turn.
• The induced induction due to all the turns will be to resist the increase the
main current of the coil. So, it will not cause any increase of the
electromotive force, which is not large enough to glow the neon lamp.
Switch off:
neighborhood turn.
• The induced induction due to all the turns will be to resist the decrease of
the main current of the coil. So, it will increase the electromotive force to
electromotive force will be directly proportional to the change of the electric current.
• The negative sign to indicate Lenz law, and the proportional constant (L)
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -239- Chapter Eleven
∆I
E∝
∆t
∆I
E = −L
∆t
E
L=−
∆I
∆t
It is the electromotive force induced in the coil when the current passing
Henry:
• Number of turns
lamp, and in Ruhmkorff coil, which is used as an ignition coil in internal combustion
engines.
Fluorescent lamp:
• It consists of evacuated tube contains amount of inert gas, and its inner
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -240- Chapter Eleven
• The electric energy stored in a coil outside the lamp in form of magnetic
energy.
• The energy discharged in the lamp, casing the atoms of the inert gas gain
to ionize and collide with each other and the walls of the tube.
Eddy currents:
induced current.
• The induced current in the solid conductor will be in form of circles and
• This phenomenon can be used to build the induction furnaces, which are
• If straight wire of length (L) moves with velocity (V) in a magnetic field
for interval of time (T), it will cover an area of L ∆X. (where X is The
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -241- Chapter Eleven
∴ ε = BLV
If the angle between the wire and the flux line is θ
∴ ε = BLV sin θ
Alternating current:
Structure:
1. A field magnet:
produces it.
2. An armature:
Pair of slip rings are connected one to each end of the loop, and rotate with
the rotation of the loop. The induced current pass through two graphite brushes, each
The coil rotates itself between the magnet poles, therefore the velocity prefer
to be angular velocity ω.
V θ 2π
ω= = = = 2π f
r t τ
Where:
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -242- Chapter Eleven
F: is the frequency.
E = 2BLV
But V = ωr
Therefore; E = 2 BLωr
E = Bω (2Lr)
E = BAω
In case of N turns:
E = BANω
or:
E = B A N ω sin θ
N.B.:
Other forms of the rule:
E = B A N 2πf sin θ
E = B A N 2πf sin (ωt)
E = B A N 2πf sin (2πf t)
N.B.:
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Unit Four -243- Chapter Eleven
Where:
• θ is the angle between the magnetic flux line and the direction of motion
of the coil. or it is the angle between the magnetic flux line and the
E = Eo sin θ
I = Io sin θ
Where:
Figure A:
E = BA N ω sin 0
E = zero
Figure B:
E = BA N ω sin 90
E = maximum
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Unit Four -244- Chapter Eleven
Figure C:
E = NBA ω sin 0
E = zero
Figure D:
E = - maximum
N.B.:
θ B
t
A C
D
Effective values of the alternating current and voltage:
• For that reason, the average can be calculated by calculate its heat effect.
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -245- Chapter Eleven
a resistor.
t
• Ieff = 0.707 Imax.
To produce direct current, the two slip rings of the generator must replaced
with commentator which consists of two halves of a hollow metallic cylinder well
insulated from each other, each of the two halves attach to a brush. The two brushes
current will be vary from zero to maximum through each half cycle as shown in the
graph. θ
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Unit Four -246- Chapter Eleven
• The voltage steps up to decrease the current intensity when the electric
energy transfers for a long distance and that is decrease the heat energy
Structure:
• The potential deference between the terminal of the secondary coil can be
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -247- Chapter Eleven
NS
VS = VP
NP
• In general some of the electric energy is converted into heat energy and
the rest of the percentage is convert into electric energy in the secondary
coil.
NS
VS = ( % used in electricity ) VP
NP
• V P IP T = V S IS T
• V P IP = V S IS
IS VP
=
I P VS
VP
IS = IP
VS
Some of the electric energy will loss in the transformer because of the
following:
• A part of the electric energy is converted into thermal energy in the soft
iron core.
iron which has high specific ohmic resistance to decreases the eddy
current.
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Unit Four -248- Chapter Eleven
It is recommended to use core of soft iron due to the easiness with which
It is the ratio between the power of the secondary coil to that of the primary
coil.
VS IS
η=
VP I P
Usage of transformer:
W=VIT
W = I2 R T
• Because some of electric energy will convert into heat energy due to the
low current during transfer the electric energy for along distance.
• This will decrease the loss of electric energy in form of heat energy
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -249- Chapter Eleven
Is < I p Is > Ip
Used at the electric generating power Used at zones of energy distribution
stations
energy.
Structure:
number of turns.
• The coil is wounded around a soft iron core to increase the magnetic field
intensity.
• The core is made of thin laminated discs insulated from each other to
• The coil and the core rotate between the two poles of a strong U-shaped
magnet.
• The terminals of the coil are connected to two halves of a cylinder made
of copper.
• The current passes to the coil through two brushes in touch with the two
• When the angle between the coil and the magnetic flux line is 0°, (the
Summary 2008/2009
Unit Four -250- Chapter Eleven
• When the angle between the coil and the magnetic flux line is 90°, (the
• A number of coils may be used with equal angles between their planes to
increase the power of the motor, and the cylinder is spliteed into number
sections.
• The torque reaches its maximum value when the plane of the coil is
parallel to the field, and that increases the angular velocity of the coil.
• When the coil start to rotate the angel between the plane of the coil and
the field will increase form zero to 90° and that causes the angular
• Although the previous two points but the angular velocity of the coil is
• The induced current will be maximum when the coil is parallel to the
field, then the induced current will decrease gradually by the rotation of
the coil.
decrease the total current in the coil when the coil tends to increase its
speed.
Summary 2008/2009