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................................................................................................... i

........................................................................ 001

1.1

.........................................................................003

1.1.1

...............................................................................003

1.1.2

...............................................................................005

1.2

.........................................................................007

1.3

..........................................................010

.................................................013

2.1

.........................................................................014

2.1.1

...............................................................................014

2.1.2

...........................................................................019

2.1.3

.......................................................................023

2.2

.................................................................................029

2.2.1

...............................................................................029

2.2.2

...............................................................................034

2.2.3

.......................................................................038

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2.3
2.3.1

.......................................................................................043

2.3.2

.......................................................................................045

2.4

..........................................................047

2.4.1

...............................................................................................047

2.4.2

.......................................................................................051

2.4.3

.......................................................................................052

2.5

.............................................................................056

2.6

.................................................................................061

2.6.1

....................................................061

2.6.2

............................................................069

2.6.3

................................................................078

........................................................................083

3.1

.....................................................................................084

3.2

.....................................................................084

3.2.1

.......................................................................................085

3.2.2

.......................................................................089

3.3

vi

..........................................................042

..........................................................093

3.3.1

.......................................................................095

3.3.2

.......................................................................108

3.3.3

............................................................121

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3.3.4

3.4

................................................................123

......................................................129

3.4.1

.......................................................................................129

3.4.2

....................................................133

3.4.3

............................................................135

.................................................................139

4.1

.....................................................................................140

4.1.1

...........................................................................................140

4.1.2

.......................................................................................140

4.1.3

....................................................................141

4.1.4

....................................................................145

4.2

.........................................................................149

4.2.1

....................................................................149

4.2.2

...........................................................................152

4.2.3

....................................................................154

4.2.4

....................................................................159

4.3

.................................................................162

4.3.1

....................................................................162

4.3.2

...........................................................................163

4.3.3

....................................................................167

4.3.4

................................................................173

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vii

4.4
4.4.1

............................................................176

4.4.2

............................................................176

4.4.3

........................................................184

4.5

.....................................................................186

4.5.1

................................................................186

4.5.2

....................................................187

4.5.3

.......................................................................189

4.5.4

....................................................191

4.5.5

....................................................................196

4.6

.............................................................................197

4.6.1

.......................................................................197

4.6.2

........................................................199

4.6.3

........................................................207

4.6.4

................................................................210

4.6.5

...........................................................................212

4.7

viii

.................................................................176

.............................................................................215

4.7.1

.......................................................................215

4.7.2

................................................................216

4.7.3

...........................................................................220

4.7.4

....................................................................229

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........................................................................235

5.1

.............................................................................236

5.1.1

............................................................236

5.1.2

...........................................................................238

5.1.3

...............................................................................240

5.2

.....................................................................242

5.2.1

...................................................................................242

5.2.2

...........................................................................242

5.3

.............................................................................245

5.3.1

....................................................................246

5.3.2

...............................................................................253

5.3.3

...............................................................................254

5.4

......................................................255

5.4.1

....................................................................255

5.4.2

....................................................................258

5.4.3

........................................................259

5.4.4

........................................................260

........................................................................263

6.1

.............................................................................264

6.2

.............................................................................265

6.2.1

...................................................................................266

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ix

6.2.2

...........................................................................................275

6.2.3

...................................................................................276

6.2.4

...................................................................................283

6.2.5

...................................................................................289

6.2.6

.......................................................................................295

6.2.7

....................................................................297

6.3
6.3.1

...............................................................................305

6.3.2

...................................................................................305

6.3.3

...........................................................................306

6.3.4

...............................................................................315

6.3.5

............................................................320

6.3.6

...............................................................................324

.....................................................................331

7.1

.....................................................................................332

7.2

..........................................................335

7.3

..........................................................336

7.3.1

PEMFC .........................................................337

7.3.2

PEMFC .................................................................339

7.3.3

PEMFC .........................................................................341

7.4

.............................................................................305

.............................................................347

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7.4.1

DMFC .......................................................348

7.4.2

DMFC ...............................................................................350

7.4.3

DMFC ...................................................352

7.4.4

DMFC ...................................................359

7.4.5

DMFC ...................................................361

7.4.6

................................................................365

7.4.7

DMFC MEA ...............................366

7.4.8

...........................................................................379

7.5

.................................................................380

7.5.1

....................................................381

7.5.2

MFC ..................................................................................386

7.5.3

MFC ..........................................................................387

7.5.4

MFC ..................................................................390

7.5.5

MFC ..........................................................................391

7.5.6

MFC ..........................................................................392

.............................................................407

8.1

..............................................408

8.2

.................................................................................409

8.2.1

...............................................................................................409

8.2.2

...........................................................................410

8.2.3

...............................................................................411

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xi

8.2.4

.......................................................................................413

8.2.5

...............................................................................424

8.2.6

................................................................437

8.2.7

................................................439

8.3
8.3.1

....................................................................443

8.3.2

....................................445

8.3.3

....................................................449

8.3.4

................................................................450

8.3.5

........................................451

8.4

.....................................................................................453

8.4.1

...............................................................................................453

8.4.2

.......................................................................454

8.4.3

...............................................................................459

8.4.4

...............................................................................464

8.4.5

...........................................................................470

8.5

xii

....................................................441

.................................................................................476

8.5.1

....................................................................477

8.5.2

....................................................................479

8.5.3

....................................................................480

8.5.4

............................................................481

8.5.5

........................................................483

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1.1
1.2
1.3

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20

002

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1.1

1.1

1.1.1

1.

2.

3.

4.
-8

Q = T4 = 5.6710

W/(m2K4) T

5.

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003

C + O2 CO2 + 32780 kJ/kg

H2 +

O2 H2O + 120370 kJ/kg

3.66
CC CH
KCH
KCH 6 9 KCH 12 14 KCH 20

6.
5

Q = mC2
Q m C

(1)

2 4

235
92U

94
1
+ 01n 140
54Xe + 38Sr + 20n + 200 MeV

10
235
92U 8.3310 kJ 2800 t

004

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1.1

(2)
2108
5108 4.4107
1108
1967

612D 224He + 2p + 201n + 43.1MeV

4.22 1 kg 11816 t

1.1.2

1.
(1)

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005

(2)

(3)
2.

3.

4.

5.

006

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1.2

6.

7.

8.

1-1

1.2

1-2

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007

1.741017 W

31012 W

30%
5.21016 W
47%
8.21016 W
23%

4.01016 W

3.71014 W

4.01013 W

0.31012 W

3.21013 W

9.31012 W

1-1

008

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1.2

1-2

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009

1.3

21

1/10
1993

010

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1.3

IEA 2007 2005 2030

55% 1.8% 177
2005 114

2005 2030 84%

35% 32%

60 20 2
16

IEA 2000 2030

IEA 30

6% 2000 2030 5 2030

4.4% 80%

IEA 30

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011

2001
2005

11989
2

1999
3 EB/OL
20102010-08-17
http://baike.

baidu.com/view/21312.htm.
4
21
2007
5
25(3)239-243

012

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2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6

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2.1

2.1.1
2.1.1.1

F
X

2-1

2.1.1.2
Q
T1 T2

014

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2.1

T
Q
Q = C T

2-2

C
Cp T

2-3

Cp

2-4

QV = U
CV

2-5

2-2
T1T2

2-6

2.1.1.3

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015

Q W
U
U = Q - W

2-7

2-7
2-7

1 2

2-2

U = 0 Q = 0
W 02-7

2.1.1.4
2-1

2-1

016

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2.1

2.1.1.5
H
H = U + pV

2-8

2-8

H = U + (pV)

2-9

2-7

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017

Q = U + (pV) = H

2-10

(pV)

(pV) = p V + V p
p = 02-10
Qp = U + p V = H

2-11

Qp

2-7
H = Q - Ws

2-12

2-12Ws
p1V1
p2V2
W = p2V2 - p1V1 + Ws = (pV) + Ws
Q 2-7

U = Q - W = Q - (pV) - Ws

018

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2.1

2.1.2

1769
5% 7%
93% 95%

2.1.2.1
1824

2-13

2-13TiTh
2-13

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019

Ti 0K

100%

2.1.2.2

2-13 Ti = Thc = 0

020

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2.1

2.1.2.3

2-7
QR
QR T S

2-14

S
2-14

2-15

2-16

2-16Qh Ql

2-13

2-17

12 l i
h

2-18

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021

2-18

2-19

A B B A
2-19

2-20

2-14

2-21

2-22

B A

2-23

2-23

2-23 Q = 0
dS 0

022

2-24

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2.1

2-24 dS = 0
dS > 0

2.1.3

2.1.3.1
2-7 d U = Q

2-23

2-25

W W'
pdV 2-25
W' = -dU + TdS - pdV

2-26

2-26

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023

W' = -d(U + pV - TS)T, p

2-27

Gibbs Z

G = U + pV - TS = H - TS

2-28

2-27
W' = -dGT, p

2-29

2-25

W' -dGT, p

2-30

G G

W' = 0
2-30

dGT, p' 0

2-31

dGT,

= 0 dGT, p < 0

2-28

024

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2.1

G = H - T S

2-32

2-32 H
GT, p T S

2.1.3.2
2-26
W'R = -d(U - TS)T, V

2-33

F
F = U - TS

2-34

W'R = -dFT, V

2-35

2-7
dU = Q - W = TdS - pdV

2-36

2-8
2-28
2-34

dH = d(U + pV) = TdS + Vd p

2-37

dG = d(H - TS) = -SdT + Vd p

2-38

dF = d(U - TS) = - SdT - pdV

2-39

2-362-39
z xy

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025

z = f (x, y)

2-40

2-41

2-42

2-43

2-372-40

2.1.3.3
2-312-36
2-372-39

026

dUS, V 0

2-44

dHS, p 0

2-45

dFT, V 0

2-46

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2.1

( J)A, B 0

2-47

J 2-31

2-442-46
AB ( J)A,

2-47

2.1.3.4Chemical Potential
J

i
i n

G = f (T, p, n1, n2, )

2-48

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027

2-49

i i Tp
i dni dni
i 1mol

Tp

2-38

dG = -SdT + Vdp + idni

2-50

2-51

2-49
2-49

028

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2.2

2.2

2-1

2-1

610

510-1

210

+ 650 Al2O3

310-2

100%

2101

1.4109 Pa

110-2

104 r/min

110-2

100 m

210-5

6
6

2.2.1
2.2.1.1

E0
r0

2-1 E
r

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029

r
2-52

2-53

2-54

n m r

2-1 r0 E0

2-2
2-2

kJ/mol

766

712

338

2.2.1.2

030

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2.2

Na(g) + Cl(g) NaCl(s) +

2-55

Na(g) +

Cl2(g) NaCl(s) + Q

2-56

Q 2-55 1 5

1 Na(s) + S Na(g)
2 Na(s) + I Na+(g) + e3

Cl2(g) +

D Cl(g)

4 Cl(g) + e- Cl-(g) + x
5 Na+(g) + Cl-(g) NaCl(s) +

Na(s) +

Cl2(g) + S + I +

D = NaCl(s) + x +

2-57

2-572-56

=Q-x+S+I+

2-58

Q = 4.3 eVx = 3.8 eVS = 1.1 eVI = 5.1

eVD = 2.4 eV 7.9 eV

2.2.1.3
2-55

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031

H
2-32
H G T S

H S

2-32 G T - S H G

S
1.013106 Pa 1 H G

S H G S
H S

(1) A H > 0, S > 0

(2) B H > 0, S < 0
(3) C H < 0, S > 0
(4) D H < 0, S < 0
2-2 B C
G T > 298K A D
T > 298K T G = 0T G
A H > 0
T < T H
2-2A x-yy-z
A-1 T > T
z'-y'
z'-x'
x'-y'
A-2

B
2-2B
z-y

032

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, ,
. ., 2012.11

ISBN 978-957-11-6888-3 ()
1.2.
400.15

101020866

5BF9

Introduction To Chemical Engineering In New Energy








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