Observational Parameters by Santosh Takale at MU-Basic (04-11-12)

Obser vat i onal Paramet er s
Sant osh Takal e

B. Tech (M ech. Engg.), Sci ent i f i c Of f i cer,
Bhabha At omi c Resear ch Cent r e, M umbai ,
09967584554 / sant oshat bar c@gmai l .com
PDF created with pdfFactory trial version www.pdffactory.com
Ast r onomy St udi es
Theor et i cal
Obser vat i onal
Fi el d Obser vat i on Aspect s
Requi r ed t heor et i cal Aspect s
What we ar e Looki ng f or ?
Const el l at i ons
Naksht ras
Sunsi gns
Pl anet s
Not abl e St ar s
M et eor Shower
Gal axi es, Dwar f Gal axi es
M essi er Obj ect s, Nebul ae, St ar Cl ust er s et c.
What ar e t he r ef er ences ?
Hor i zon
Di r ect i ons
Pol e St ar
Some known obj ect s (const el l
n
)
Pl anet ar y Posi t i on
Ai ds / Accessor i es
St ar M aps
Sof t war e : St el l ar i um, Cel est i a
Bi nocul ar & Tel escopes
M easur i ng Sky w i t h Deg, M i n & Seconds ?
Pol e St ar at 19 degr ee f r om hor i zon (M um)
Ful l M oon / Sun 0.5 degr ee (30 mi n) Li nk
M 44 ( Beehi ve cl ust er ) 90 mi n
Smal l est const el l
n
(Cr ux) 68.45 sq deg
Bi ggest Const el l
n
(Hydr a) 1304 sq deg
Thumb Rul es f or Degr ee measur ement :
Fi st 10 deg, Rai sed Thumb 5 deg
Rai sed Thumb wi t h l i t t l e f i nger & Fi st 19 deg
M umbai : 19 deg Lat t . & 72 deg Long.
Indi a bet
n
: 57 t o 97 & 8 t o 37 (Long / Lat t )
Gui de l i nes f or Sky obser vat i ons :
Wai t & Wat ch (7 t o 10 mi nut es f or eyes t o accl i mat i ze)
Ini t i al i ze sky obser vat i on f r om Home t er r ace
A, B, C, S of Sky obser vat i ons?
A : Avi at i on Head l i ght s
B : M i gr at or y Bi r ds
C : Cl ouds
S : Space awar eness
Requi r ed Theor et i cal Aspect s
Di st ances & Uni t s ?
Techni ques of measur ement s & Li mi t s ?
Vel oci t i es of cel est i al Obj ect s ?
M agni t ude, Scal es & Cal cul at i ons ?
HR, Pl anck & Wi ens ?
Col our Index ?
St andar d Candl es ?
Scal es ZOOM IN ?
Di st ances & Uni t s
mm, cm, i nch, f eet , yar d, met er, f ur l ong, km, mi l es .
AU, LY, Par sec.
Pi co, nano, mi cr o, mi l i , Ki l o, mega, gi ga, t er a.
Avg. Human Hei ght : 1.5 t o 2 met er.
Pl ane f l y at : 10 kms. (M t Ever est 9 kms)
Indi a : 3000 EW x 2700 NS (kms x kms)
Di amet er of ear t h : 12700 kms.
Di a of Geost a. sat el l i t e or bi t : 1 00 000 kms.
Di st t o moon f r om ear t h : 3 84 000 kms.
Di a of Sun : 13 92 000 kms
Di st ance t o sun f r om ear t h : 15 00 00 000 kms (i e. 1 AU)
Di st ance t o sun f r om Jupi t er : 1 00 00 00 000 kms (i e. 7 AU)
Di st ances & Uni t s
Di st ance t o sun f r om pl ut o : 40 AU.
Di st ance t o sun f r om kupi er bel t : 700 AU (100 bi l l i on kms)
Oor t s cl oud i s up t o : 20000 AU
One Li ght year (1 Ly) : 63271 AU
One par sec (Pc) : 3.26 Ly = 206265 AU
The near est st ar t o us : 4.3 Ly = AU = kms
10 Par sec : 32.6 Ly = 3 x 10
17
mt s
Cent er of gal axy f r om us : 8.5 kpc = Ly
(beyond reach of paral l ax met hod)
Di a of M i l ky way : 1 Lac Ly = 30 kpc = 10
21
mt s
Di a of Andr omeda : 1.8 Lac Ly
Di st bet n Andr omeda & M W : 22 Lac Ly
Di a of Local Cl ust er of gal axy : 1 M pc
Span of Uni ver se : 15 bi l l i on Ly = 10
10
Ly = 10
23
kms
Conveni ent Uni t s i n Ast r onomy
Ast r onomi cal Uni t (A.U.)
The average di st ance bet ween t he sun and t he Ear t h
150 mi l l i on km 1.5 x 10
8
km
Usef ul f or pl anet ar y di st ances
Li ght Year
The di st ance cover ed by l i ght i n 1 year
Appr oxi mat el y 10
13
km = 10
16
m
Par sec
The di st ance at w hi ch 1A.U. subt ends paral l ax of 1 ar c second
Di st ance t o near est st ar s
Name
Di st ance
(LY)
Spect r al
Type
R.A. Dec.
Lumi nosi t y
(Sol ar Uni t s)
Pr oxi ma Cent aur i 4.2 M 5V 14 30 -62 41 6 x 10
-6
Al pha Cent aur i A 4.3 G2V 14 33 -60 50 1.5
Al pha Cent aur i B 4.3 K0V 14 33 -60 50 0.5
Bar nar d' s St ar 6.0 M 4V 17 57 +04 33 4 x 10
-4
Wol f 359 (Gl i ese 406) 7.8 M 6V 10 56 +07 03 2 x 10
-5
Lal ande 21185 (HD 95735) 8.2 M 2V 11 04 +36 02 5 x 10
-3
Luyt en 726-8 A 8.6 M 5V 01 38 -17 58 6 x 10
-5
Luyt en 726-8 B (UV Cet i ) 8.6 M 6V 01 38 -17 58 4 x 10
-5
Si r i us A 8.6 A1V 06 45 -16 43 24
Si r i us B 8.6 WD 06 45 -16 43 3 x 10
-3
Ross 154 (Gl i ese 729) 9.6 M 4V 18 50 -23 49 5 x 10
-4
Ross 248 (Gl i ese 905) 10.3 M 6V 23 42 +44 12 1 x 10
-4
Epsi l on Er i dani 10.7 K2V 03 33 -09 27 0.3
What i s paral l ax?
a r cs ec
p
D
pc
1
=
Techniques of measurement s
Basi cs of Paral l ax :
Arc (S ) = radi i (r ) x angl e (p) { angl e i s physi cal l y measured, Arc i s di st
bet S & E, radi i i s di st bet Ear t h & st ar }
r = S/ p x 360/ 2 x pi (degrees) ... { 1 deg = 3600 sec}
r = 206265 x S/ p { p i s i n arcsec}
r = 206265 AU / p (arcsec)
r = 1 parsec = 206265 x 15,00,00,000 kms = r / 9.46 x 10
12
Ly = 3.26 Ly
Di st ance i n parsec D
pc
= 1/ p (ar c sec)
1pc = 3.26l y = 206265 A.U.
Techniques of measurement s
For st ars having co- lat it ude :
Measured change = True change / cos
Par al l ax met hod i s r el i abl e up t o about 1k pc
Poi nt on Ear t h Sur f ace :
Vel oci t y (kms/ hr ) = Di st / Ti me = 12700 x 3.142 / 24
Vel oci t y (kms/ sec) = 12700 x 3.142 / (24 x 3600)
Poi nt on Sun Sur f ace :
Vel oci t y (kms/ hr ) = Di st / Ti me = 13 92 000 x 3.142 / (25 x 24)
Vel oci t y (kms/ sec) = 13 92 000 x 3.142 / (25 x 24 x 3600)
Poi nt on Al t ai r Sur f ace :
Vel oci t y (kms/ hr ) = Di st / Ti me = 1.5 x 13 92 000 x 3.142 / (6.5)
Vel oci t y (kms/ sec) = 1.5 x 13 92 000 x 3.142 / (6.5 x 3600)
Ear t h ar ound Sun :
Vel oci t y (kms/ hr ) = Di st / Ti me = 2 x 15 x 10
7
x 3.142 / (365 x 24)
Vel oci t y (kms/ sec) = 2 x 15 x 10
7
x 3.142 / (365 x 24 x 3600)
Sun i n M i l ky way :
Or bi t di a = 30000 Ly, Per i od i s 240 mi l l i on Yr.
Vel oci t y : 486000 mi l es / hr
: 220 Kms / Sec
Velocit y Calculat ions
M agni t ude scal e Or i gi nal l y by Hi ppar chus :
Af t er t he sunset t he f i r st set of st ar s t o be seen wer e 1
st
magni t ude
st ar s, t hen 2
nd
, 3
r d
, magni t ude st ar s ar e vi si bl e.
Hence t he br i ght est st ar s ar e 1
st
magni t ude whi l e t he f ai nt est st ar s ar e
6
t h
magni t ude st ar s.
When quant i t at i ve st udi es was done w i t h t he vi sual
appear ance and t he amount of l i ght r ecei ved f r om t he
st ar s i t was obser ved t hat t he magni t udes ar e
l ogar i t hmi cal l y r el at ed t o t he f l ux of l i ght emi t t ed by t he
st ar s.
Magnit ude, Scales & Calculat ions
The f l ux l i s def i ned as t he amount of ener gy r ecei ved per
uni t ar ea per uni t t i me. e.g. we r ecei ve sol ar f l ux of 1400 W/ m
2
.
The f l ux r ecei ved i s i nver sel y pr opor t i onal t o t he squar e of
t he di st ance.
If t he t wo st ar s emi t f l ux l
1
and l
2
, t hen t hei r magni t udes
m
1
and m
2
r espect i vel y ar e r el at ed by t he f or mul a:
m
2
m
1
= - 2.5 l og(l
2
/ l
1
)
The 6
t h
magni t ude st ar i s 100 t i mes f ai nt er t han t he 1
st
magni t ude st ar.
What s Ref :
A sur vey of hundr ed 6
t h
magni t ude (vi sual l y t he f ai nt est ) st ar s
ar ound t he pol e st ar was done. The aver age f l ux of t hese 100
nor t h pol ar sequence st ar s was t aken as t he f l ux f or t he 6
t h
magni t ude st ar.
Fr om t hat , f or m = 0, t he f l ux i s 2.48 x 10
8
W/ m
2
Once t he f i xed poi nt of magni t ude scal e was def i ned t hi s way,
t he br i ght est st ar have magni t ude even negat i ve. E.g. t he
Si r i us has magni t ude of 1.47, Venus can have magni t ude
of 4.4
M agni t ude scal e :
Appar ent / Vi sual and Absol ut e magni t udes
In or der t o compar e t he r eal br i ght ness of st ar s, one uses
absol ut e magni t ude (M ) - It i s t he appar ent magni t ude of an
obj ect w hen i t i s pl aced at a di st ance of 10pc.
The suns appar ent magni t ude i s 26.8, w hi l e i t s
absol ut e magni t ude i s 4.5
A st ar mi ght l ook br i ght er t han anot her st ar
Ei t her, i t i s act ual l y br i ght er
Or, i t i s cl oser t o us t han t he ot her st ar
Rel at i on bet ween m and M :
M = m 5 l og D
pc
+ 5
Canopus (t he second br i ght est st ar i n t he
ni ght sky) has appar ent magni t ude of -0.6,
w hi l e t he absol ut e magni t ude i s -5.5
Est i mat e i t s di st ance.
Si r i us has m = - 1.47 and M = 1.42
Est i mat e t he di st ance of Si r i us.
Di st ance Est i mat i on usi ng HR di agr am
Knowi ng t he spect ral cl ass of
st ars one can det er mi ne i t s
absol ut e magni t ude
Knowi ng t he apparent
magni t ude we can det er mi ne
i t s di st ance
Al l O cl ass st ars have same
br i ght ness. Hence by f i ndi ng
O t ype st ar i n di st ant clust er
one can det er mi ne cl ust er
di st ance
Sun A per f ect l y bl ack body!
Wi ens di spl acement Law

max
T = 0.29 cm-K
Lar ger t he sur f ace t emperat ur e, t he st ar peaks at smal l er wavel engt h
Col our Index
M agni t ude gi ves onl y i nf or mat i on about t he f l ux, w hi l e
t he col our i ndex gi ves i nf or mat i on about t he col our of
t he st ar, w hi ch mi ght be usef ul t o know t he st r uct ur e of
t he st ar / i t s posi t i on i n HR di agr am.
To f i nd t he col our i ndex, t ypi cal l y t hr ee di f f er ent f i l t er s
ar e used. U, B, V
B: Bl ue f i l t er has cent r al wavel engt h of 440nm
V: Vi sual f i l t er has cent r al wavel engt h of 568nm
The appar ent magni t udes usi ng t hese f i l t er s ar e f ound.
Then B-V col our i ndex i s cal cul at ed.
For bl ui sh st ar, magni t ude usi ng B f i l t er i s smal l er t han t hat
usi ng V f i l t er. Hence B-V number i s negat i ve.
Si mi l ar l y B-V number posi t i ve means t he st ars ar e r eddi sh i n
col our.
E.g. Bet el guese has col our i ndex BV = 1.50 w hi l e Ri gel has
col our i ndex = 0.03
St andar d Candl es :
If we had st andar d l i ght bul bs ar ound t he
uni ver se, w e coul d have f ound di st ance f r om
t he sour ce by measur i ng t he i nt ensi t y of l i ght
f r om t hat sour ce al one.
Such sour ces ar e cal l ed st andar d candl es.
They ar e:
Cephei d Var i abl es
Super novae
Var i abl e St ar s
Some st ar s ar e f ound t o have var i abl e magni t udes.
Thei r magni t udes i ncr ease and decr ease over t he per i od.
The f i r st such st ar was obser ved i n 1596 by Fabr i ci us.
It was o-Cet i or M i ra.
It s per i od i s 11 mont hs (332 days)
It s magni t ude var i es bet ween 3.5 t o 9
In 1784, Cephei , a yel l ow super gi ant st ar was f ound t o
be var i abl e : It s per i od i s 5
d
8
h
37
m
Cephei d Var i abl es
St ar s havi ng si mi l ar l i ght
var i at i on as Cephei ar e
cal l ed Cephei d var i abl es.
Cephei d var i abl es ar e
super gi ant st ar s and can be
seen at di st ances out t o about
10-20 M pc.
One needs a di st ance
measur ement f r om some
ot her met hod f or at l east one
Cephei d par al l ax f or del t a
Cephei or di st ance t o SM C.
o American astronomer
Henrietta Leavitt looked at
many Cepheid variables in
SMC.
o She found the period
luminosity relation (reported
in 1912).
Per i od Lumi nosi t y r el at i on
Types of spect ra
Hot sol i d bodi es show cont i nuous spect r a
At omi c gases show l i ne spect r a
Doppl er Ef f ect
Appr oachi ng vehicl es
w hi st l e blows w it h hi gher
pi t ch.
The r ecedi ng vehicl es
w hi st l e has l ower pi t ch.
The f r equency of t he
w hi st l e i s t he same.
We hear di f fer ent not es
because of t he mot i on.
Det er mi ni ng St el l ar di st ance
f r om Doppl er Shi f t
Compar i ng wavel engt hs
of t he absor pt i on l i nes of
st ar s w i t h t hose i n t he
l abor at or y f r ame, we can
f i nd w het her t he st ar i s
appr oachi ng us or
r ecedi ng f r om us.
Ent i r e pat t er n needs t o
be compar ed f or t hi s.
Hubbl es Law
Edwi n Hubbl e i n 30s f ound t hat al l t he f ar of f gal axi es show r ed shi f t
i ndi cat i ng t hat t hey al l ar e r ecedi ng away f r om us.
Far t her t he gal axy, t hey r ecede f ast er.
Distance D
km/s/Mpc) (73 Constant Hubble H
velocity l recessiona v
D v
=
=
=
= H
Super novae
Const ant absol ut e magni t ude of
-19.6
Type I no hydr ogen l i ne i n
spect r um, shows Si emi ssi on
Fr om whi t e dwar f s or st ar s
cl ose t o t he Chandrasekhar l i mi t
Ver y br i ght i ni t i al l y, and sl ow
decay i n br i ght ness due t o
cobal t i r on conver si on
Br i ght ness est i mat ed, hence
st andar d candl e.
Var i ous M et hods t o measur e di st ances
Ref er ences & Thanks t o :
Pr of. M ahesh Shet t i s not es.
Shr i . M ohan Apt e si r s book Ast r onomi cal Cal cul at i on.
M arat hi websi t e : www. Avakashvedh.com by Sachi n Pi l ankar
Wi ki pedi a websi t e : ht t p:/ / en.wi ki pedi a.or g
Good Books t o be r ead.
Ast r onomy f or Amat eur s.. Pradeep Nayak.
=|| -| +i|| + i:+ -|||=
: i| || |i| | |:||=| |-| : | |||
-|| || + i:+ -|||=
|=|:||:|| |z-| -||- z| || - -||=|=
= |i|| -|| r-| |+
| | i|:|||| -||-||| :|| || || + | + | |z
Ast onomi cal Cal cul at i on ... M ohan Apt e.
A Br i ef Hi st or y of Ti me ... St ephen Hawki ng.
-|= |i| i|n|-| z| || - -||=|=
Details of Additional free Lectures delivered by
Santosh Takale :
(Few lectures will be with Slide shows. Duration is 45 to 75 minutes)
Understanding the Universe ( i|||| - |).
Career Guidance ( =i| -||| :| -|).
Snakes- Myths & Facts. ( ||+ : |-|| - | |-||).
Sky Observation with naked eye & Telescope ( |=|| i-||-||).
Human Society & Beliefs/Superstition (-||-||| |-||| |i| >|;|/ |>|;| ).
Communication skills & Personality Development (| |||| =-|| | |+-|-|| i|=||).
Management techniques & Time Management.
Being true Citizen of Country with vast diversity-India.
Santosh Takale is senior Scientific Officer at Bhabha Atomic
Research Center, Mumbai. He has done B. Tech in Mechanical
Engineering & advance studies in Nuclear Engineering at BARC,
Mumbai. He has also obtained many certification in the field of
Welding, Non Destructive Testing & Radiation Safety, which includes
IWE (International Welding Engineer), Radiation Safety Officer &
ISNT, ASNT Level III in Ultrasonic Testing & Level II in Radiographic
Testing, Eddy Current Testing, Dye Penetrant testing, Visual
Inspection & Magnetic Particle Testing.
He is Founder of TAKALE CHARITABLE TRUST & Institute for Computer &
Information Technology-Panvel. He is President of -|r|| |>|:| i-|-| -|-| |i-|-|
Panvel & Sky Watchers Association of Raigad. He is also honorary member of many
reputed , regional and national oraganisations in technical & social field.
He has been honoured with many prestigious award which includes VISHESH
GAURAVARTHI PANVEL BHUSHAN, ANIS RAIGAD UTKRUSHTA KARYAKARTA-
2012 MAHARASHTRA GAURAV, YASHWANT GAURAV & RASHTRA GAURAV
for his outstanding contribution in the field of science & technology as well as social
field.
Cont act Det ails : sant oshat barc@gmail.com and s_t acs@rediffmail.com
Ph 09967584554. Websit e : www.t akalecharit ablet rust .org
Thank U al l

Observational Parameters by Santosh Takale at MU-Basic (04-11-12)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Observational Parameters by Santosh Takale at MU-Basic (04-11-12)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Obser vat i onal Paramet er s

Sant osh Takal e

You might also like