ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS PROJECT 2012

TITLE: STATISTICS NAME : JOEL OOI TZE ERN FORM : 5 SA IC NUMBER : 951013-08-6143 TEACHERS NAME : PUAN HAMISAH

CONTENTS

NO. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

TITLE Introduction Appreciation History of Statistics Part A Part B Part C Further Exploration Reflection Conclusion

INTODUCTION

We students of the 5th form who are taking Additional Mathematics as a subject in SPM are required to complete a project. This project can be either done in groups or individually but must be handed up individually in a written report. Ive gained a load of experiences while in the process of completing this project.

Throughout this projects course, Ive been able to adapt to variety of problem and come out with strategies to solve routine and non-routine problems. Ive also been able to experience classroom environments which are challenging, interesting as well as meaningful. Hence, I was able to improve my problem solving skills. Besides that, I also got to experience environments where expressing ones mathematical thinking, reasoning and communication skills are highly useful in life.

Furthermore, I was able to acquire effective mathematical, communicative skills through the use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas correctly and precisely. I can also express the acquisition of mathematical knowledge and skills through problem solving that increases my interest and confidence in solving mathematical problems. I also have learned how to prepare myself for the demands of our future undertakings in as well as out of our work place. I also realize that mathematics is a powerful and important tool in solving real-life problems. Hence, I started to develop positive attitude towards mathematics.

Moreover, Ive trained myself not only to be an independent learner but also to collaborate, cooperate and share the knowledge in an engaging and healthy environment with the use of technology. Finally, I get to train myself to appreciate intrinsic values of mathematics and to become more creative and innovative. While carrying out this project, I realize all the importance and the beauty of mathematics.

APPRECIATION
First and foremost, I would like to thank my Additional Mathematics teacher, Puan Hamisah she gives us important guidance and commitment during this project work. She has been a very supportive figure throughout the whole project. I also would like to thanks to all my friends for helping me and to complete this project work. They have done a great job at collecting Form 4 end of year result for Additional Mathematics and sharing information with other people including me. Without them this project would never have done. For their strong support, I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents. They also helping me to find the mark to complete this project. They have always been by my side and I hope they will still be there in the future. Last but not least, I would also like to thank all the teacher and my friend for helping me collect the needed data and statistics for this. Not forgetting too all the other people who were involved directly or indirectly towards making this project.

HISTORY OF STATISTICS
By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic collection of demographic and economic data by states. In the early 19th century, the meaning of "statistics" broadened, including the discipline concerned with the collection, summary and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed in government, business and all the sciences. Electronic computers have expedited statistical computation and have allowed statisticians to develop "computer-intensive" methods. The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theories of probability and statistical inference, which are used in statistical practice. The relation between statistics and probability theory developed rather late. However, in the 19th century statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose initial results were found in the17th and 18th centuries, particularly in the analysis of games of chance(gambling). By 1800, astronomers used probability models and statistical theories, particularly the method of least squares, which was invented by Legendre and Gauss. Early probability theory and statistics was systematized and extended by Laplace. Following Laplace, probability and statistics have been in continual development. In the19th century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of experimental psychology and sociology. Physical scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to advance the new sciences of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The development of statistical reasoning was closely associated with the development of inductive logic and the scientific method.

Statistics is not a field of mathematics but an autonomous mathematical science, like computer science or operations research. Unlike mathematics, statistics had its origins in public administration and maintains a special concern with demography and economics. Being concerned with the scientific method and inductive logic, statistical theory has close association with the philosophy of science with its emphasis on learning from data and making best predictions. Statistics has great overlap with the decision science and microeconomics. With its concerns with data, statistics has overlap with information science and computer science.

STATISTICS TODAY During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for agricultural research, public health concerns, industrial quality control, economic and social purposes are necessitated substantial advances in statistical practices. Today the use of statistic has broadened far beyond its origin. Individuals and organizations use statistics to understand data and make decisions throughout the natural and social sciences, medicines, business and other area.

Statistics are generally regarded not as the subfield of mathematics but rather as a distinct, allied and field. Many universities maintain separate mathematics and statistic departments. Statistic is also taught in department as diverse as psychology, education and public health.

PART A
Research required statistics to be efficient and precise. Without the use of statistics it would be very difficult to make decisions based on the hard facts that has been collected throughout an experiment or finding. For example, in the study area of Chapter One, the difference is recorded absenteeism between psychiatric and obstetrics nurses large enough to conclude that there is meaningful difference in absenteeism between the two units. There are two possibilities. The first possibility is that the difference between the two groups is a result of chance factors. In reality, the two jobs have approximately the same amount of absenteeism. The second possibility is that there is a real difference between the two units with the psychiatric unit being more nurses missing work.

Without statistics we have no way of making an educated decision between the two possibilities. However, statistics provides us with a tool to make an educated decision. We will be able to decide which of the two possibilities is more likely to be true. We will base this decision on our knowledge of probability and inferential statistics.

A second point about research should be made. It is extremely important for a researcher to know what statistics they want to use before they collect their data. Otherwise the data collected might be misinterpret. Unfortunately, when this happens it results in a loss of data, time and money. Now many student may say to themselves, But I never plan to do any research. While you may never plan to be involved in research, it may find its way into your life. Certainly you decide to continue your education and work on a masters or doctoral degree. Involvement in research will result from that decision.

Secondly, more and more work places are conducting internal research or becoming a part of broader research studies. Thus, you may find yourself assigned to one of these studies. Finally, many classes on the undergraduate level may require you to conduct research. In each of these instances, knowledge of measurements and statistics will be invaluable. The second reason to study statistics is to be able to read journals. Most technical journals you read contain some form of statistics. Usually, you will find them in something called the results section. Without an understanding of statistics, the information contained in this section will be meaningless. An understanding of basic statistics will provide you with the fundamental skills necessary to read and evaluate most results sections. The ability to extract meaning from journal articles and the

ability to critically evaluate research from a statistical perspective are fundamental skills that will enhance your knowledge and understanding in related coursework.

The third reason is to further develop critical and analytic thinking skills. The study of statistics will serve to enhance and further develop these skills. To do well in statistics one must develop and use formal logical thinking abilities that are both high level and creative.

The fourth reason to study statistics is to be an informed consumer. Like any other tool, statistics can be used or misused. Yes, it is true that some individuals do actively lie and mislead with statistics. However, more often one individual unintentionally report erroneous statistical conclusions. If you know some of the basic statistical concepts, you will be in a better position to evaluate the information you have been given.

The fifth reason to have a working knowledge of statistics is to know when you need to hire a statistician. Most of us know enough about cars when to take it to the shop. Usually, we don't attempt the repair ourselves because we don't want to cause any irreparable damage. We try to know enough to be able to carry on an intelligible conversation with the mechanic to insure that we don't get a whole new engine when all we need is a new fuel filter.

We should be the same way about hiring a statistician. Conducting research is time consuming and expensive. If you are in over your statistical head, it does not make sense to risk an entire project by attempting to compute the data analyses yourself. It is very east to compute incomplete or inappropriate statistical analysis of one's data. As with the mechanic discussed above, it is also important to have enough statistical savvy to be able to discuss your project and the data analyses you want computed with the statistician you hire. In other words, you want to be able to make sure that your statistician is on the right track.

To summarize, the five reasons to study statistics are to be able to effectively conduct research to be able to read and evaluate journal articles, to further develop critical thinking and analytic skills, to act an informed consumer and to know when you need to hire statistical help.

Data can represented in many ways. Some of them can be represented in the following ways. Bar Chart Easy to compare the quantities. Two sets of data can represent in one chart and the information can be easily read.

Pie Chart Easy to compare to each categories. Easily to read when using computer graphics.

PART B

Marks 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 TOTAL

Frequency,f 4 5 6 9 6 1 7 6 7 4 55

BAR CHART

PIE CHART

LINE GRAPH

Based on the bar chart, we can measures of central tendencies such as mode, median and mean. MODE Mode = Highest frequency = 30-39 marks (Modal class)

MEDIAN Median = L +

-F

= 39.5 +

- 24 6

10

= 45.333

MEAN

Marks 0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99 TOTAL

Midpoint, x 4.5 14.5 24.5 34.5 44.5 54.5 64.5 74.5 84.5 94.5 495

Frequency, f 4 5 6 9 6 1 7 6 7 4 55

fx 20.25 210.25 600.25 1190.25 1980.25 2970.25 4160.25 5550.25 7140.25 8930.25 32752.5 81 1051.25 3601.5 10712.25 11881.5 2970.25 29121.75 33301.5 49981.75 35721 178423.7 5 18 72.5 147 310.5 267 54.5 451.5 447 591.5 378 2737.5

Mean =

= = 49.7727 *The mean is a more suitable measure of central tendency because it reflects the central value around which the data seems to cluster. The mode is not suitable because the data does not seem to cluster about mode.

RANGE (Midpoint of highest class Range =

Midpoint of lowest class)

= 94.5 4.5 = 90

When comparing the range of two sets of data, the set with a greater range is said to have a greater variation of dispersion. Thus, the range of this overall data have greater dispersion.

Standard deviation

27.69014
The standard deviation answer is obtained from the square root of a variance which is also a measure of dispersion that has same unit as each value of data.

b) My TOV marks is higher than all 3 measures of central tendencies, so my result had increased based on my comparison.

PART C
Information and data about the number of hours spend in doing Additional Mathematics per week to the respective TOV marks is obtained by interviewing 10 students in Form 5 STUDENTS HOURS (x) TOV MARKS (y) 1 9 91 2 2 14 3 8 86 4 6 64 5 3 32 6 4 46 7 4 44 8 7 75 9 5 60 10 9 89

A graph is plotted using TOV marks (y) against the number of hours per week spend in doing Additional Mathematics (x). Based on the graph above it is positive linear correlation which 0 < r <1

The Pearson correlation coefficient for the data is calculated using the formula r=

where

DATA TO CALCULATE THE PEARSON CORRELATION COEFFICIENT X 9 2 8 6 3 4 4 7 5 9 y 91 14 86 64 32 46 44 75 60 89 xy 819 28 688 384 96 184 176 525 300 801

81 4 64 36 9 16 16 49 25 81

8281 196 7396 4096 1024 2116 1936 5625 3600 7921

CALCULATION i)

57.53 ii)

5.61

iii)

1207.09

34.74 r r r

The Pearson correlation coefficient measures the strength of the linear relationship that exists between x and y either strong or week. The graph shows a strong positive linear correlation whereby 0 < r < 1. The TOV marks are directly proportional to the number of hours spend in doing Additional Mathematics exercises per week. if more time taken to revise Additional Mathematics the more marks the student will obtained.

Equation of the least squares regression line, where y = mx + c m= = = 10.25

From the graph, c = y - intercept c=0 y = 10.25 x

A least square line passes through the point (

), where

and

= = = 5.7

= = = 60.1

The least square line that passes through is (

) = (5.7, 60.1)

Draw the least squares regression line on the same axes as the points plotted in graph in Part C From the least squares regression line from the graph, the score for Additional Mathematics of a student who spend 7 hours per week in doing Additional Mathematics exercises is 75 marks.

3ii) Regression analysis is at used to understand which among the independent variables are related to the dependent among the independent variables are related to the dependent variable. I agree that the least squares regression line is suitable in helping me in finding the prediction.

FURTHER EXPLORATION
The value of the constants a and b can be determined graphically and statistically. The relationship between x and y can be obtained graphically by taking and x 1.20 2.40 2.80 3.50 3.90 4.30 y 9.13 3.23 2.56 1.83 1.56 1.35

0.08 0.38 0.45 0.54 0.59 0.63

0.96 0.51 0.41 0.26 0.19 0.13

It is graphically shown that the equation correctly describe the relationship between x and y. y is inversely proportional to x ( y ),that is when x increases y decreases.

GRAPHICALLY: Gradient = - a -a = -a = a = -1.5 b b

STATISTICALLY:

-a = a = -1.5

When x = 0.079 y = 0.96

-0.018 = 1.654 +

b= b = 0.0213

REFLECTION
Additional Mathematics, Are u as easy as a click, Do u become easier as we speak, You are the one i seek, you are the one i need. Since i ever heard of u, i become afraid of u but when i know u, u attract me out of the blue. with u, although it hard to be right, i try my best not to be out of sight, and practices at night and it is so bright...

CONCLUSION
After doing research, answering questions, drawing graphs and some problem solving, I saw that the usage of statistics is important in daily life. It is not just widely used in markets but also in interpreting the condition of the surrounding like the air or the water. Especially in conducting an air-pollution survey. In conclusion, statistics is a daily life necessity. Without it, surveys cannot be conducted, the stock market cannot be interpret and many more. Therefore, we should be thankful of the people who contribute in the idea of statistics.