Top Income Shares in Greece: 1957-2009

K. Chrissis, A. Livada, P. Tsakloglou

Athens University of Economics and Business
Technical Report No 256

ATHENS UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS

DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS

2011

Abstract
The main objective of this discussion paper is the estimation of top income shares in
Greece for the period 1957-2009. The compilation procedure is according to the
Piketty (2001) approach for 1%, 0,5% and 0,1% top income shares. To the best of our
knowledge, this is the first attempt for the implementation of the Piketty approach in
Greek tabulated tax data. A comparison of the findings with results from other
countries is presented.

Top Income Shares in Greece: 1957-2009

1. Introduction
Current literature on income distribution utilizes tax data in order to study top income
shares. Atkinson (2007) notes the revival of interest in the study of the distribution of
top incomes using income tax data. Saez and Veall (2007) argue that the only source
of income distribution of upper income groups for an extended period of time is tax
data. In the same context Atkinson and Leigh (2007) note that income taxation
statistics provide a quantitative basis for measuring the trends whereas Feenberg and
Poterba (2000) state that tax returns are the most reliable source of information on the
incomes of high-income households. Dell (2007) and Atkinson (2005) argue that there
are specific limitations of the household surveys and their estimations for top end of
income distribution. Finally, Piketty (2007) notes that the only data source that is
consistently available on the long-run basis is tax data.
In the present paper, the estimations of 1%, 0,5% and 0,1% upper shares of income
distribution will be compiled for the period 1957-2009. The structure of the study is
the following: Chapter 2 describes the data sources and the methodology used; the
results are illustrated in Chapter 3 whereas in Chapter 4 an international comparison is
presented. Finally Chapter 5 describes the main conclusions and the Annex contains
technical details of the previous chapters.

2. Data and Methodology

This chapter describes the data sources and the methodology used for the estimation
of Top Income Shares. The interested reader could see the Annex for more technical
and analytical reference of data sources and description of the techniques.
2.1 Data
Tax data provide detailed information on nominal family income and its sources, as
reported annually in tax declaration forms. Family income is the sum of income
received by the husband and/or wife. This definition also includes single persons.
These data are compiled by the Tax Authorities and have been published annually by
the National Statistical Service of Greece (NSGG, now ELSTAT) since 1958. From
2003 onwards the publication is conducted by General Secretariat of Informatics
Systems of Ministry of Finance.

Total family income is the sum of one or more of the following components1
a) Income from employment
b) Income from buildings and lease of land
c) Income from securities
d) Income from commercial and industrial enterprises
e) Income from agricultural enterprises
f) Income from self-employment
g) Income from abroad
The tax declarations are submitted in the following year of the year of reference. The
term economic year t refers to income that was acquired in the previous year. Thus,
economic year 2010 refers to the calendar year 2009. Tax data are reported in
tabulated form (grouped tax data). During the whole period the number of classes has
changed, being more analytical in the latter years.
2.2 Methodology
There are certain methodological problems addressed to the estimation of the top
income shares when grouped tax data are utilized. The first problem is that the
thresholds of income shares do not coincide with the percentiles, so interpolation
estimation is required. The second issue is the need to relate the number of persons to
a control total in order to estimate the percentage of units that represents the top
income share. The third problem refers to the definition of income and the relation to
an income control total used as the denominator in the top income share estimation.
These issues are presented in the following sections, where the interpolation
technique, the control total for population and control total for income are described.
2.2.1 Interpolation
The issue with the tabulated tax data is that the thresholds of income classes do not
coincide with the percentiles which are necessary for the estimation of top income
shares. The standard approach to tackle this issue is the utilization of the Pareto
distribution that is assuming the top end of income distribution is well described by
the Pareto distribution. Specifically, Vilfredo Pareto (1896, 1896-97) noticed that top
incomes fit remarkably well under the assumption of Pareto distribution using tax
tabulations from Swiss cantons. The first economist to use these data and
methodology in a systematic way was Kuznets (1953); the empirical findings resulted
in the famous Kuznets curve theory (1955) according to which income inequality
should follow an inverse U-shape along the development process, first rising with

Category (b) is the merging of two categories after 1984 (economic year 1985): Income from
buildings and Income from lease of land excluding buildings. Also category (d) is divided in two subcategories for the years 1976-1998 according to the type of the enterprise.

industrialization and then declining, as more and more workers join the high
productivity sectors of the economy.
Pareto extrapolation techniques have been used by several researchers such as
Feenberg and Poterba (1993), Piketty (2001, 2003, 2007), Piketty and Saez (2001,
2003, 2007), Saez and Veall (2007), Dell (2007), Dell, Piketty and Saez (2007),
Nolan (2007), Banerjee and Piketty (2010), Piketty and Qian (2010), Alvaredo and
Saez (2010), Alvaredo (2010) and Alvaredo and Pisano (2010).
The Pareto distribution specifies that the probability that a randomly chosen
taxpayers income is described2 by:
1-F(y) =

(k>0, a>1)

The two parameters are k, the minimum income that the Pareto distribution applies to
(k>0) and a, the exponent that determines the shape of the distribution.
The density f(y) of the distribution therefore has the form f(y) =
/
. If the
distribution of taxable income has this form, then the average income y * (y) of the
households whose income is greater than y is given by:

y*(y) = [

/[

= [

]/ [

] = ay/(a-1)

According to the Pareto law the ratio y * (y) /y is equal to a constant b = a/ (a-1), that
is the ratio of average income y * (y) of households (or tax units or individuals) with
income above y to y does not depend on the income threshold y.
It is noted that a higher b coefficient means a fatter upper tail of the income
distribution, which generally implies higher inequality (for a constant mean).
Certain interpolation techniques are described in Atkinson (2005, 2007). In this
chapter the Pikettty (2001) approach for Pareto procedure is used.

2.2.2 Control Total for Population.

Control total for population is needed since the amount of fillers of tax returns were
low especially in the beginning of the period under investigation. Additionally the
definition of the tax unit does not coincide with the individuals, since the tax unit is
defined as a married couple living together with dependent children (without
independent income) or as a single adult with dependent children. The control total
used is the population over the age of 20 minus half the number of the married men
and women. The data sources are the Concise Statistical Yearbooks and the Censuses
of Population. For the years that no data are available linear interpolation techniques
are applied. Certain variations of this specific control total for population have been
2

For details see Piketty (2001, 2007) and Piketty and Saez (2007)

applied by several researchers [Atkinson (2005), Piketty and Saez (2001, 2003),
Piketty (2001, 2003) and the studies included in the two volumes edited by Atkinson
and Piketty (2007, 2010)]

2.2.3 Control Total for Income.

To estimate shares in total income a control total for aggregate income is needed. Two
approaches are commonly applied. One approach starts from the income tax and adds
the income of those not covered (the so called non-fillers). The second approach
starts from an external control total, typically derived from the national accounts. This
is a standard approach employed by Kuznets (1953) and used by many researchers in
historical studies of income inequality [Piketty (2001, 2003), Piketty and Saez (2001,
2003) and the majority of the studies included in the two volumes edited by Atkinson
and Piketty (2007, 2010)].
There are certain differences in the definition and coverage of income in the national
accounts versus income tax statistics. Nevertheless, the national accounts figures are
correlated with income tax data, since the latter are one of the sources used in the
compilation procedure of national accounts. In order to produce series that are
comparable (to the best possible extent) with the declared tax income certain
transactions of the Households Sector were utilized. These transactions (from the
scope of received income that is Resources) are the Wages, Property Income, Social
Benefits (mainly pensions of all kinds; main and auxiliary) and Other Current
Transfers. Employers actual social contributions, employers imputed social
contributions and Subsidies are not included. The series used have been compiled by
ELSTAT for the years 1988-1995 (mixed system), 1995-2000 (ESA95), 2000-2008
(ESA95 base year 2000) and 2005-2009 (ESA 95 base year 2005). The Wages
illustrate gross income meaning that the employees social contributions are included.
These amounts are deducted from the Wages for the years 1988-2009. The net income
of self employed is not captured by the figures mentioned so far. From the National
Accounts point of view, this income is incorporated into the Gross Operational
Surplus (GOS) of Self-employed, which is relatively close to the concept of tax
income of self employed (declared income provided one has profits). These amounts
were incorporated for the years 1988-2009. This new sum of income is calculated as
a percentage of the GDP (Gross Value Added at market prices). For consistency
reasons this percentage was applied to the GDP series that has been compiled by the
Eurostat. The GDP figures of 1957, 1958 and 1959 are estimated using the (reverse)
growth rate of GDP compiled by ELSTAT and this rate was applied in 1960 GDP
compiled by Eurostat. Then the average percentage of the sum of income for the
years 1988-2009 was calculated and applied to the estimated GDP. Linear
interpolation was applied for the missing years and the final results of the control total
for income are presented in Annex Table 10. The underlying inconsistencies of the
series should be taken into consideration in the interpretation of the results.

3. Implementation and results

3.1 Income thresholds and average income levels
The approach of Piketty (2001) of the Pareto law is applied in the tabulated tax data
for the period 1957-2009. The control total for population described in 2.2.2 is
illustrated in Annex Table 1 (column 12). The results for the first stages of the
implementation of Pareto law are presented in Annex Table 2, that is the income class
threshold of the tabulated tax data ( ), the proportion of tax units (the proportion
refers to the whole population - Annex Table 1 column 12) that declared income
higher than the income class threshold
( ) and the ratio between the average
income of these households and their minimum income (that is the inverted Pareto
coefficient b according to the Piketty approach which takes into account the
differences between the income classes) ( ).
Seven income thresholds have been estimated for the whole period. The thresholds
are P953, P97,5, P98, P98,5, P99, P99,5 and P99,9 with the corresponding average
income levels P95-100, P97,5-100, P98-100, P98,5-100, P99-100, P99,5-100 and
P99,9-100.
The thresholds that are of most importance are those of 1% (P99), 0,5% (P99,5) and
0,1% (P99,9). Since not all values are directly compiled, an estimation procedure
based on linear interpolation is applied. The known variable is the total population.
Then the which is closer to the desirable threshold (P99, P99,5 and P99,) is chosen.
In any case, the differences of the coefficients ( ) are miniscule leading to similar
results of the average income levels. The last stage of the procedure is the calculation
of the average income levels (P99-100, P99,5-100 and P99,9-100).
The results of the compilation procedure for the income thresholds (P99, P99,5 and
P99) and their corresponding average income levels (P99-100, P99,5-100 and P99,9100) are presented in Table 1. The values are in current prices and are expressed in
thousands euros (currency rate 1 euro=340,75 drachmas)

Except for the years 1973 and 1974, where the estimated thresholds are 3,5% and 3% respectively
instead of 5%.

Table 1
Income thresholds and average income levels (current prices-000 euros)
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

P99
0,202481
0,225741
0,224449
0,264138
0,277241
0,305019
0,33651
0,365695
0,403501
0,463491
0,560878
0,600343
0,648795
0,696836
0,788473
0,92652
1,023498
1,159096
1,334784
1,585574
1,870934
2,246604
2,705848
3,071693
4,092844
4,80026
5,471825
6,050029
7,279632
8,332811
9,419216
10,60972
12,32755
14,65017
17,78176
21,49613
26,02771
30,17065
34,02291
37,56267
40,75309
45,10894
49,78231
52,97243
55,94708
60,28768
63,53541
67,26338
70,66306
74,88499
80,54209
84,08451
86,75819

P99-100
0,401864
0,417619
0,414903
0,481268
0,499988
0,543352
0,607969
0,609477
0,700472
0,801098
0,960799
1,007741
1,091961
1,160869
1,277103
1,504578
1,782493
1,916524
2,07103
2,414315
2,802189
3,301808
3,992515
4,418841
6,464842
6,902456
7,71817
8,222851
10,72805
11,7707
13,10118
15,70669
17,9004
20,71398
25,24843
30,60814
36,92774
42,82404
48,35164
54,0658
59,57946
66,57407
75,98154
81,09724
85,7147
92,53867
98,05058
101,9407
108,0375
114,4734
123,1338
127,8249
129,129

P99,5
0,285927
0,31025
0,302473
0,367732
0,385845
0,424249
0,468057
0,529459
0,589368
0,657922
0,782719
0,823674
0,89503
0,947929
1,031351
1,13926
1,350465
1,47503
1,703642
1,989914
2,331796
2,775341
3,272445
3,757066
4,203644
5,167036
6,051865
6,723154
8,738036
10,17805
11,63597
13,22549
16,44972
19,98573
24,75334
30,40819
35,17456
39,53215
43,58401
47,30717
50,6629
56,41639
62,48177
66,91347
71,04582
76,57327
81,07779
84,95476
89,42418
94,98204
101,9855
105,9261
108,9165

P99,5-100
0,56673
0,574325
0,572397
0,66159
0,683592
0,737866
0,823577
0,917006
1,023133
1,137153
1,282249
1,341494
1,452096
1,541292
1,670498
1,850047
2,391464
2,524894
2,668991
3,066835
3,539938
4,126432
4,828538
5,770567
6,639855
7,429856
8,536333
9,800479
12,87731
14,37724
17,93297
19,5791
23,88606
28,25796
35,14741
43,29792
49,90515
56,1117
61,9394
68,09154
74,22225
83,22724
95,36444
102,44
109,0513
117,9178
125,1214
129,1858
137,482
145,5313
156,6462
162,2337
162,0823

P99,9
0,630897
0,6607493
0,6443144
0,7672779
0,7821949
0,8656364
0,9558041
1,0744682
1,1774743
1,2995893
1,5043479
1,5595567
1,6869906
1,7908109
1,934037
2,1446901
2,6378808
2,8185482
3,0398366
3,5031262
3,9792213
4,7177912
5,4593129
6,1971249
7,0607356
8,2123637
9,4015588
10,522337
13,344562
16,08823
18,123659
22,223382
28,139045
36,137408
46,921641
59,712758
70,494174
80,350948
89,516154
97,937861
105,52843
112,1049
117,47804
121,40394
125,06466
134,54148
142,88004
146,9479
154,82184
164,83162
177,87407
184,06354
184,66374

P99,9-100
1,269829
1,199396
1,225475
1,34828
1,373804
1,463136
1,634436
1,790739
1,978871
2,200786
2,399556
2,493735
2,673616
2,83885
3,064118
3,384479
4,843899
4,975787
4,791523
5,388771
6,157541
7,022264
8,345905
9,515722
12,05904
12,34128
14,35173
16,25559
23,21795
24,98483
27,93158
32,89962
40,85972
51,09494
66,62431
85,02443
100,0161
114,0497
127,2158
140,9668
154,6014
165,3807
179,3039
185,8613
191,5868
207,9242
220,0216
225,606
243,6717
255,9083
277,007
285,8095
275,5626

Source: Authors calculations

Having estimated the total control for income as it was described in chapter 2.2.3, the
next step is to accrue the average income for the top incomes in the population that
belong to 1%, 0,5% and 0,1% (according to the control total of population). Table 2
presents the Top Income shares in current prices4 for the period 1957-2009.

Expressing the income thresholds, the average income and the control total for income
(denominator) in 2009 prices does not have a significant impact of the overall pattern of the three top
income shares in the period under examination.

Table 2
Top Income Shares 1%, 0,5%, 0,1% - current prices
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

1% SHARES
7,4708%
7,4531%
7,1887%
7,9216%
7,2534%
7,5507%
7,4971%
6,6662%
6,6757%
6,8899%
7,7446%
7,4870%
7,0731%
6,6648%
6,6330%
6,9378%
6,3263%
5,9473%
5,4032%
5,1371%
5,1528%
5,0330%
4,9612%
4,6827%
5,6806%
5,0046%
4,7508%
4,1145%
4,4545%
4,1388%
4,1381%
4,1195%
3,7564%
3,6531%
3,5930%
3,9064%
4,3196%
4,2419%
4,6457%
4,8807%
5,1445%
5,3043%
5,9062%
6,1006%
6,0806%
6,5271%
6,3959%
6,2330%
6,1460%
5,9275%
5,4641%
5,6521%
5,6515%

0,5% SHARES
5,2679%
5,1249%
4,9588%
5,4448%
4,9585%
5,1269%
5,0779%
5,0149%
4,8754%
4,8901%
5,1678%
4,9833%
4,7029%
4,4244%
4,3381%
4,2654%
4,2438%
3,9176%
3,4816%
3,2628%
3,2547%
3,1450%
3,0001%
3,0576%
2,9172%
2,6935%
2,6272%
2,4519%
2,6735%
2,5276%
2,8321%
2,5675%
2,5063%
2,4918%
2,5008%
2,7630%
2,9188%
2,7790%
2,9756%
3,0734%
3,2044%
3,3156%
3,7064%
3,8531%
3,8681%
4,1586%
4,0809%
3,9494%
3,9105%
3,7678%
3,4756%
3,5868%
3,5469%

0,1% SHARES
2,3607%
2,1405%
2,1233%
2,2192%
1,9930%
2,0333%
2,0155%
1,9586%
1,8859%
1,8928%
1,9342%
1,8527%
1,7318%
1,6298%
1,5914%
1,5606%
1,7192%
1,5441%
1,2501%
1,1466%
1,1323%
1,0704%
1,0371%
1,0084%
1,0596%
0,8948%
0,8834%
0,8134%
0,9641%
0,8785%
0,8822%
0,8629%
0,8574%
0,9011%
0,9481%
1,0851%
1,1699%
1,1297%
1,2223%
1,2725%
1,3349%
1,3177%
1,3938%
1,3982%
1,3591%
1,4666%
1,4352%
1,3794%
1,3862%
1,3251%
1,2292%
1,2638%
1,2060%

Source: Authors calculations

The top 1% share initiates from a value of 7,5% and ends up around 5,65%. The level
is relatively constant until the late sixties; after this period a slow but steady decline
emerges. This trend remains until the beginning of 1980; during this decade the top
1% is around 4%. In the beginning of the next decade the income share of the 1%
rises without nevertheless reaching the initial levels. This trend seems to be
interrupted in 2001-2002.
The pattern of the 0,5% top income share is similar. After a period of relative stability
(around 5%) there is gradual decline that lasts until the early eighties. Then for a
9

decade the level is around 3% and starts rising in the early nineties. After 2000 it
stabilizes in the level of approximately 4%, with a small, but steady, tendency to
decrease.
The behavior of the 0,1% top income share does not differ either. The level is around
2% for the period 1957-1970, it then decreases and reaches a level of 1% in the late
70s and the early 80s. It starts rising from 1991-1992 reaching approximately 1,5%;
once again, after 2002 a small tendency for decline is detectable.
The Figure 1 illustrates the Top Income Shares for the period 1957-2009 at current
market values.

Figure 1

TOP INCOME SHARES

9.00%
8.00%
7.00%
6.00%
5.00%
4.00%
3.00%
2.00%

0.00%

1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

1.00%

1% SHARES

0,5% SHARES

0,1% SHARES

According to the previous analysis, the behavior of the three estimated top income
shares is quite similar5. According to Figure 1, a flat U-shaped pattern for all three
cases seems to exist. Nevertheless this pattern is more apparent for the 1% and 0,5%
top income share.

4. International experience
It has already been stated that there is revival of interest in the study of top incomes
using income tax data. Atkinson, Piketty and Saez (2007, 2010, and 2011) conduct a
comparison of Top Income Shares for several countries using the outcomes of
corresponding studies.
They state that even though the authors of these studies have modeled their research
according to Piketty (2001), there are certain parameters that the user of these results
should bear in mind. Certain differences in methodology are unlikely to affect the
5

Expressing the three estimated top income shares in 2009 prices does not impose any significant
effect to their behavior.

10

broad conclusions whereas others are quantitatively more important. The former are
cases such as the choice of interpolation method or the choice of age cut-off for the
adult population. The latter cases are differences that refer to the unit of analysis, the
derivation of control totals for income and the dependence of the estimates on the
country specific features of the income tax legislation that determine the definition of
income. These cross-country differences should be taken into account.
The focus is on three main empirical results. The first is that most countries
experienced a sharp drop in top income shares in the first half of the 20th century.
They attributed this fall to the decline of the capital income component. Secondly, the
post war picture indicate, that top income shares yield a U-shape pattern with further
declines during the immediate postwar decades followed by increases in the recent
decades. Nevertheless the U pattern is quite different among the countries. In all
Western English-speaking countries (in Europe, North America, Australia and New
Zealand), in India and China the increase in top shares is significant, being more
intense in the United States. An increase in the latter decades is detectable in Southern
European (Italy, Spain and Portugal) and Nordic (Sweden, Finland and Norway)
countries, but the trend is less intense. Finally the Continental European (France,
Germany, Netherlands and Switcherland) countries and Japan experience a very flat
U-shape with either no or modest increases in top income shares in recent decades 6.
The third result refers to the fact that the increase in top income shares is related
(among other things) to an increase in top labor incomes namely wages and salaries.
The next figures illustrate the pattern of the 1%, 0,5% and 0,1% top income shares of
Greece (current prices) and five other countries (Italy, Portugal, Spain, France and
USA) for the period 1957-2009. The period is chosen according to the estimated
values of the Greek case; values for more or less years exist for the other countries.

The characterization of certain countries such as France, Germany, Japan and other as L-shaped
refers to the whole period of examination and not only to the post war period. They also note that
these L-shaped countries tend to move towards to U-shaped pattern.

11

Figure 2

1% TOP SHARE
20.00
18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00

0.00

1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

2.00

GREECE

SPAIN

PORTUGAL

ITALY

FRANCE

USA

The 1% top income share in Greece is in lower levels than the other countries. The
trend is similar to the Southern-European countries, most notably with Italy. It is
noted, though, that the behavior of France is similar, but the changes are less intense.

Figure 3

0,5 % TOP SHARE

16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00

0.00

1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

2.00

GREECE

SPAIN

PORTUGAL

ITALY

FRANCE

USA

12

The 0,5% top income share is lower in Greece. The pattern is similar with the
Southern-European countries and France; Portugal, nevertheless, yields more intense
changes.
Figure 4

0,1% TOP SHARE

9.00
8.00
7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00

0.00

1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009

1.00

GREECE

SPAIN

PORTUGAL

ITALY

FRANCE

USA

The general picture is not different with 0,1% top income share. There are similarities
with Spain, Italy and France. Once again the changes are more intense in Portugal.
It is noted that in all cases the USA pattern differs, with a significant increasing trend
emerging in the late eighties.
5. Conclusions
Current literature on income distribution utilizes tax data in order to study top income
shares. Estimations of 1%, 0,5% and 0,1% for the upper shares of income distribution
were compiled for the period 1957-2009 utilizing tabulated tax data. Tax data provide
detailed information on nominal family income and its sources, as reported annually
in tax declaration forms. The issue with the tabulated tax data is that the thresholds of
income classes do not coincide with the percentiles which are necessary for the
estimation of top income shares; this issue was tacked with the utilization of the
Pareto distribution. Control total for population was applied since the amount of
fillers of tax returns were low especially in the beginning of the period under
investigation. Finally, the control total for income employed in this study was derived
from the national accounts.
The behavior of the three estimated top income shares is quite similar; a flat Ushaped pattern for all three cases seems to exist. Nevertheless this pattern is more
apparent for the 1% and 0,5% top income share.

13

The top 1% share initiates from a value of 7,5% and ends up around 5,65%. The level
is relatively constant until the late sixties; after this period a slow but steady decline
emerges. This trend remains until the beginning of 1980; during this decade the top
1% is around 4%. In the beginning of the next decade the income share of the 1%
rises without nevertheless reaching the initial levels. This trend seems to be
interrupted in 2001-2002.
The pattern of the 0,5% top income share is similar. After a period of relative stability
(around 5%) there is gradual decline that lasts until the early eighties. Then for a
decade the level is around 3% and starts rising in the early nineties. After 2000 it
stabilizes in the level of approximately 4%, with a small, but steady, tendency to
decrease.
The behavior of the 0,1% top income share does not differ either. The level is around
2% for the period 1957-1970, it then decreases and reaches a level of 1% in the late
70s and the early 80s. It starts rising from 1991-1992 reaching approximately 1,5%;
once again, after 2002 a small tendency for decline is detectable.
Finally, the estimated top income shares of Greece were compared with the
corresponding ones of five other countries (Italy, Portugal, Spain, France and USA)
for the period 1957-2009. In all cases top income shares in Greece are in lower levels.
The trend of the 1% top income share is similar to the Southern-European countries,
most notably with Italy. It is noted, though, that the behavior of France is similar, but
the changes are less intense. The pattern of the 0,5% top income share is similar with
the Southern-European countries and France; Portugal, nevertheless, yields more
intense changes. The general picture is not different with 0,1% top income share.
There are similarities with Spain, Italy and France. Once again the changes are more
intense in Portugal. It is noted that in all cases the USA pattern differs, with a
significant increasing trend emerging in the late eighties.

14

Bibliography

Atkinson, A. B., (2005), Top incomes in the UK over the 20th century, Journal of
the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society), Vol. 168, No. 2, pp.
325-343
Atkinson, A. B., and Piketty, T. (ed) (2007), Top incomes over the twentieth century,
Volume I, Oxford Press
Atkinson, A. B., and Piketty, T. (ed) (2010), Top incomes over the twentieth century,
Volume II, Oxford Press
Atkinson, A. B., Piketty, T and Saez, E.,( 2011), Top Income Shares in the Long run
of History, Journal of Economic Literature, 49:1, 3-71
Feenberg, D. and J. Poterba (1993), Income Inequality and the Incomes of Very
High Income Taxpayers: Evidence from Tax Returns , Tax Policy and the Economy
n7, pp.145-177
Feenberg, D. and J. Poterba (2000), The Income and Tax Share of Very High
Income Households, 1960-1995 , American Economic Review, 90(2), 264-270
Feenberg, D. and J. Poterba (2000), The Income and Tax Share of Very High
Income Households, 1960-1995 , NBER, Working Paper 7525
Kopzuck, W., and Saez, E., (2004), Top wealth shares in the United States, 19162000: Evidence from estate tax returns [long version], NBER, Working paper 10399
Kopzuck, W., and Saez, E., (2004), Top wealth shares in the United States, 19162000: Evidence from estate tax returns [short version] National Tax Journal, 57(2),
Part 2, 445-487
Kuznets, S. (1953), Shares of Upper Income Groups in Income and Savings,
National Bureau of Economic Research
Piketty, T. (2001), Income inequality in France 1901-1998, [long version], NBER,
discussion Paper 2876
Piketty, T. (2001), Les hauts revenus en France au 20me siecle . Ingalits et
redistributions, 1901-1998, Editions Grasset
Piketty, T. (2003), Income inequality in France 1901-1998, [short version], Journal
of Political Economy, vol 111, No. 5,
Piketty, T. (2005), Top income shares in the long run, Journal of the European
Economic Association 3(2-3):1-11
Piketty, T. and Saez, E., (2001), Income inequality in the United States 1913-1998
[long version], NBER, Working Paper 8467
Piketty, T. and Saez, E., (2003), Income inequality in the United States 1913-1998
[short version], Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol 118, No. 1, pp. 1-39
Piketty, T. and Saez, E., (2006), The evolution of top incomes: a historical and
international perspective , NBER, Working Paper 11955
Piketty, T. and Saez, E., (2006), The Evolution of Top Incomes: A Historical and
International Perspective, The American Economic Review, Vol. 96, No. 2 , pp. 200205 Published

15

Annex

1. Income Data Sources

a) Income from employment: This category includes wages, salaries, pensions, fringe
benefits and all other kinds of compensation to employee
b) Income from buildings: That is, the rent received and/or imputed rent. The latter
stands for the case of owner occupied buildings
c) Income from real estate excluding buildings: Here land is broadly interpreted and
includes all cultivated areas, plantations, woods, mines, quarries, fisheries etc.
d) Income from securities: This income source includes interest and dividends from
the ownership of the bonds and stocks as well as emoluments of directors of
corporations. Interest from bank deposits and certain government and public
enterprise loans are not included since these are exempt from taxation
e) Income from commercial and industrial enterprises: This category includes income
received from all kinds of business whether commercial, industrial or handicraft. It
also includes sales of goodwill and patent rights
f) Income from agricultural enterprises: This includes income received from all kinds
of agricultural activities such as farming, cattle-breeding etc.
g) Income from self-employment: This category includes professional earnings,
royalties, fees, etc.
h) Income from abroad (Rest of World): This source refers to income originated from
abroad.
i) Imputed Living Standards: This is imputed income that is added in the declared
total family income and it is calculated on the basis of the assets submitted in the tax
declaration.
Not all categories exist in the reference period.
Category (b) and (c) are separate categories from 1957 to 1983 and then merged to
Income from buildings and lease of land
Category (e) is divided in two sub-categories (A and B) from 1976 to 1998 according
to the type of the book keeping of the enterprises. Sub-category A refers to No book
keeping of specific type and sub-category B refers to Book keeping of specific
type. This specific type (Code of Tax system B, C, D) varies during the years: 19761979: B, 1980-1981: D, 1982-1986: C & D, 1987-1998: C.
Category (f) is merged in category (e) for 1984 only. The value of this category was
estimated
Category (h) was introduced in 1992.
Category (i) was introduced in 1997.
2. Basic Statistics of the Declared Income of Physical Persons and Taxation
In the next charts the number of tax declarations, the volume of the declared tax
income and the average declared income are illustrated.

16

Figure 1 - Number of Tax Returns

Figure 2 - Declared Income

100,000,000,000

4,000,000

80,000,000,000

3,000,000

60,000,000,000

2,000,000

40,000,000,000

1,000,000

20,000,000,000

0
1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009

120,000,000,000

5,000,000

1957
1959
1961
1963
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009

6,000,000

Figure 3 - Average Declared Income

20000
15000
10000

2009

2007

2005

2003

2001

1999

1997

1995

1993

1991

1989

1987

1985

1983

1981

1979

1977

1975

1973

1971

1969

1967

1965

1963

1961

1959

1957

5000

The number of the tax declarations has been constantly increasing. It started from
208.290 in the 1957 and it is 5.694.978 in 2009.
The level of the declared income has an increasing trend as well. The total declared
family tax income was 30.728.100 (in euros) in 1957 and 100.300.747.379 euro in
2009.
The average declared income has risen from 147,526 euro in 1957 to 17.612,140 euro
in 2009 (current market prices).
Another interesting aspect of the declared family income is the time series of the
income sources. The contribution of certain income sources varies significantly
through the reference period. The following graph illustrates the percentage of the
contribution of income sources to the total level of income.
Figure 4 - % of Income Sources
90.00%
80.00%
buildings and lease of land

70.00%

securities

60.00%

commerce and industries

50.00%

2009

2007

2005

2003

2001

1999

1997

1995

1993

1991

1989

1987

1985

1983

1981

1979

1977

1975

1973

1971

1969

1967

ROW

0.00%

1965

10.00%
1963

self employed

1961

salaries and wages

20.00%

1959

agricultural enterprises

30.00%

1957

40.00%

The contribution of salaries and wages have raised dramatically during the reference
period. From the level of 34,63% in 1757, it reaches 74,41% in 1984 following a
constant upward trend. It started to decline gradually in the next years and after 1998
(67,87%) it increases again, reaching the level of 76,62% in 2009.
The trend for the income of enterprises from commerce and industries has the
opposite direction. It has declined significantly and constantly (with small exceptions

17

in mid-70s and mid-90s). The contribution fell from 40,32% in 1958 at 8,19% in
2009.
The income from buildings and lease of land declined as well, reaching the lower
level at mid-80s, and after an increasing trend for the next period it is stable the last
years at the level of approximately 9%.
Significant decrease of contribution has also the income from securities.
The income for self employed does not yield the same trend for the whole period.
The range of the share is from 2,53% to 5,95%. The same applies for agricultural
enterprises with the contributions, though, being in significantly lower levels: from
0,08% to 2,49%. Finally the income from the rest of world (coded 1992) is in very
low levels below 0,4% for all years).

3. Pareto Method of Interpolation

The Pareto interpolation technique used is described in Piketty (2001) and Piketty and
Saez (2007).
In order to estimate a given fractile threshold (P90, P95, . . . , P99.99), we choose the
income bracket threshold s such that the fraction p of tax units with income above s is
as close as possible to the given fractile; we note b the ratio between the average
income of all tax returns above s and s; we then compute a=b/(b-1) and k=
,
which allows us to compute the given threshold income by using the Pareto formula
1-F(y) =

(1)

(where F(y) is the cumulative distribution function). Top fractiles average incomes
(P90100, P95100,, P99.99100) are then obtained by multiplying the
corresponding fractile threshold by b (in practice, the result barely depends on the
interpolation threshold s , as long as s is not too far from the given fractile).
According to Pietty and Saez (2007) this interpolation technique is slightly different
from the one used by Feenberg and Poterba (1993) and delivers more precise results
(Feenberg and Poterba only use the slope between two consecutives thresholds s, and
do not use the information embodied in the b coefficients).

4. Control Total for Population

For the estimation of the population control total several data sources have been
utilized, being the main nevertheless the Concise Statistical Yearbook (CSY). Table 1
summarizes the data used for the estimation of the control total for each year. The
total population (column 2) includes estimations from ELSTAT [they coincide with
the figures of CSY 1971 (Table II.2: 1957-1970), CSY 2003 (Table II.4: 1971-2001)
and CSY 2009 (Table II.4: 2002-2008)] and it refers to the midpoint of each year (mid
year). Actual figures for population over 20 (column 4) and married people over
20 (column 5) exists for the years of census, that is 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 (CSY
1975-1976 Table II.5: 1971, CSY 1983-1984 Table I.6: 1981, CSY 1993 Table II.6:
1991, CSY 2003 Table II.6: 2001). A small inconsistency occurs due to the fact that
18

these (actual) figures do not refer to midpoint of the year. CSY provides estimates
(and not actual figures) for the midpoint for several years but only for the population
over 20 (and not for married over 20) (column 3); moreover no figure for 1971
(census year) is provided. Nevertheless the difference (for population over 20) is
very small for the years where comparison is available (1981, 1991, 2001).
A method of linear interpolation (see below technical description of linear
interpolation) is used for the missing values. For the missing values of population
over 20 linear interpolation is applied for the years 1961-1963, 1970-1974, 1983,
1986, 1988; the known variable for estimation is the total population (column 6). For
the missing values of married over 20 linear interpolation is applied for the years
1972-1980, 1982-1990, 1992-2000; the known variable for estimation is the total
population (column 7). Column 8 illustrates the results for population over 20 (CSY
estimates) minus married over 20 (linear interpolation estimates) divided by two.
Column 9 illustrates the results for population over 20 (linear interpolation
estimates) minus married over 20 (linear interpolation estimates) divided by two.
For the period 1957-1970 the annual (reverse) growth rate of total population is
applied on the figure of population over 20 minus married people over 20 divided by
two on the actual figure of 1971 [that is the annual (reverse) growth rate is applied for
each year for 1971 backwards] . For the period 2002-2009 the same procedure is used
on the corresponding actual figure of 2001 (that is annual growth rate for each year
for 2001 onwards). The estimates for the periods 1957-1970 and 2002-2009 are
illustrated in the column 11. The control total for population is the column 12.

19

Table 1
Estimations of Control Total for Population
YEAR

TOTAL
POPULATION

POPULATION
OVER 20
(CSY FIGURES)

POPULATION
OVER 20

MARRIED
OVER 20

ESTIMATE
1

POPULATION
OVER 20 LINEAR
INTERPOLATION

MARRIED OVER
20 LINEAR
INTERPOLATION

ESTIMATE 2

ESTIMATE 3

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(5)=(4)-(5)/2

(6)

(7)

(8)=(3)-(7)/2

(9)=(6)-(7)/2

GROWTH
RATE OF
TOTAL
POPULATION
(10)

ESTIMATE 4

FINAL
SERIES

(11)

(12)

1951
1956

8.031.013

1957

8.096.218

0,9906

3.434.860

3.434.860

1958

8.173.129

0,9897

3.467.490

3.467.490

1959

8.258.162

0,9917

3.503.565

3.503.565

1960

8.327.405

0,9916

3.532.942

3.532.942

1961

8.398.050

5.549.699

0,9941

3.562.914

3.562.914

1962

8.448.233

5.570.575

0,9963

3.584.204

3.584.204

1963

8.479.625

5.583.635

0,9964

3.597.522

3.597.522

1964

8.510.429

5.596.449

0,9953

3.610.591

3.610.591

1965

8.550.333

5.637.303

0,9926

3.627.520

3.627.520

1966

8.613.651

5.707.509

0,9882

3.654.383

3.654.383

1967

8.716.441

5.808.860

0,9972

3.697.993

3.697.993

1968

8.740.765

5.889.274

0,9964

3.708.312

3.708.312

1969

8.772.764

5.916.883

0,9977

3.721.888

3.721.888

1970

8.792.806

0,9957

3.730.391

3.730.391

1971

8.831.036

1972

8.888.628

6.028.843

4.356.390

3.850.648

3.850.648

1973

8.929.086

6.067.937

4.391.214

3.872.330

3.872.330

1974

8.962.023

6.099.764

4.419.564

3.889.982

3.889.982

1975

9.046.542

6.181.435

4.492.313

3.935.278

3.935.278

1976

9.167.190

6.284.680

4.584.280

3.992.540

3.992.540

1977

9.308.479

6.372.410

4.662.427

4.041.196

4.041.196

1978

9.429.959

6.456.148

4.737.018

4.087.639

4.087.639

1979

9.548.262

6.542.153

4.813.628

4.135.339

4.135.339

1980

9.642.505

6.717.947

4.967.514

4.234.190

4.234.190

1981

9.729.350

6.818.164

1982

9.789.513

6.881.695

5.039.303

4.362.044

1983

9.846.627

1984

9.895.801

7.016.317

5.098.322

4.467.156

1985

9.934.294

7.087.795

5.129.659

4.522.966

1986

9.967.264

1987

10.000.644

1988

10.037.037

1989

10.089.550

7.377.582

5.256.705

4.749.230

4.749.230

1990

10.160.551

7.472.100

5.298.142

4.823.029

4.823.029

1991

10.256.282

7.615.300

1992

10.369.828

7.664.414

5.336.352

4.996.238

4.996.238

1993

10.465.534

7.757.241

5.347.734

5.083.374

5.083.374

1994

10.553.032

7.848.173

5.358.883

5.168.731

5.168.731

1995

10.634.391

7.928.014

5.368.673

5.243.678

5.243.678

1996

10.709.150

8.003.483

5.377.926

5.314.520

5.314.520

1997

10.776.531

8.078.582

5.387.134

5.385.015

5.385.015

1998

10.834.910

8.148.024

5.395.648

5.450.200

5.450.200

1999

10.882.607

8.218.957

5.404.345

5.516.784

5.516.784

2000

10.917.457

8.510.133

5.440.047

5.790.110

5.790.110

2001

10.949.953

8.600.119

2002

10.987.559

8.694.664

1,00343

5.837.107

5.837.107

2003

11.023.532

8.774.409

1,00327

5.856.217

5.856.217

2004

11.061.735

8.841.466

1,00347

5.876.512

5.876.512

2005

11.103.929

8.904.155

1,00381

5.898.928

5.898.928

2006

11.148.533

8.959.775

1,00402

5.922.624

5.922.624

2007

11.192.849

9.007.615

1,00398

5.946.166

5.946.166

2008
2009

11.237.068
11.282.751

9.050.392
9.090.989

1,00395
1,00407

5.969.657
5.993.926

5.969.657
5.993.926

5.520.311

5.936.250
5.878.372

6.711.967

4.222.356

4.964.892

3.746.610

5.973.191

3.746.610

4.203.009

4.203.009

6.954.034

7.156.897
7.226.858

5.071.017

5.159.954
5.190.626

7.288.556

7.518.428

8.547.024

5.318.453

5.444.570

4.362.044
4.418.526

4.418.526
4.467.156
4.522.966

4.576.920

4.576.920

4.631.545

5.217.675

4.631.545
4.679.718

4.679.718

4.847.737

4.847.737

5.817.129

5.817.129

Source: Concise Statistical Yearbook (various editions) and authors calculations

5. Results for income thresholds and mean incomes

Table 2 illustrates the results of the first stages of the implementation of Pareto law on
tabulated tax data. It is noted that
is the income class threshold,
is the
proportion of tax units (the proportion refers to the whole population- see Table 1
column 12) that declared income higher than the income class threshold ( ) and is
20

the ratio between the average income of these households and their minimum income
(that is the Pareto coefficient b according to Piketty approach which takes into
account the differences between the income classes). The amounts for are in current
prices and expressed in thousand euros (currency rate 1 euro = 340,75 drachmas).
Table 2
Estimates of Pareto Law implementation
1957
si

1958
pi

bi

1959

1960

si

pi

bi

si

pi

bi

si

pi

bi

0,234776

0,742097

1,9847

0,234776

0,918128

1,849993

0,234776

0,906648

1,848544

0,29347

0,79183296

1,822031

0,29347

0,474401

1,98208

0,29347

0,56427

1,851169

0,29347

0,533086

1,892392

0,586941

0,17450045

1,799109

0,586941

0,115434

2,012736

0,586941

0,130181

1,815206

0,586941

0,121733

1,901984

1,173881

0,03727771

1,757225

1,173881

0,031733

1,890596

1,173881

0,029358

1,740273

1,173881

0,033309

1,728359

1,760822

0,01528471

1,714778

1,760822

0,012664

1,94636

1,760822

0,012487

1,643734

1,760822

0,013872

1,647706

2,347762

0,00781219

1,69572

2,934703

0,005095

1,782857

2,347762

0,006777

1,551074

2,347762

0,007221

1,591497

2,934703

0,00515151

1,599747

5,869406

0,001601

1,458182

2,934703

0,003778

1,515321

2,934703

0,004253

1,534081

5,869406

0,00084915

1,54735

5,869406

0,000606

1,380667

5,869406

0,000514

1,59625

8,804109

0,00033966

1,450833

8,804109

0,000202

1,21181

8,804109

0,000285

1,318

14,67351

5,661E-05

1,2606

1961
si

1962
pi

bi

si

1963
pi

bi

si

1964
pi

bi

si

pi

bi

0,29347

0,880122

1,803441

0,29347

1,091986

1,781368

0,29347

1,358657

1,806689

0,29347

1,68135913

1,832642

0,586941

0,190855

1,771673

0,586941

0,232967

1,739226

0,586941

0,295981

1,759566

0,586941

0,39179182

1,731969

1,173881

0,038957

1,756345

1,173881

0,04743

1,690243

1,173881

0,060959

1,710011

1,173881

0,08015308

1,666628

1,760822

0,015549

1,733625

1,760822

0,018051

1,66687

1,760822

0,0236

1,684356

1,760822

0,02952425

1,649228

2,347762

0,007999

1,722816

2,347762

0,008593

1,691968

2,347762

0,011452

1,695382

2,347762

0,01412511

1,665113

2,934703

0,00508

1,659431

2,934703

0,00558

1,59965

2,934703

0,006643

1,696092

2,934703

0,00817041

1,656119

5,869406

0,000982

1,471886

5,869406

0,000949

1,430382

5,869406

0,001251

1,581444

5,869406

0,0014956

1,616833

8,804109

0,000309

1,416333

8,804109

0,000363

1,239538

8,804109

0,000389

1,617952

8,804109

0,00055393

1,5664

14,67351

8,42E-05

1,0874

14,67351

2,79E-05

1,2012

14,67351

0,000167

1,176667

14,67351

0,00019387

1,362114

1965
si

1966
pi

bi

si

1967
pi

bi

pi

bi

0,29347

1,993786

1,886044

0,29347

2,524448

1,905181

0,29347

3,698953

1,856634

0,29347

4,32965177

1,843921

0,586941

0,50489

1,735984

0,586941

0,655569

1,7284

0,586941

0,896622

1,713027

0,586941

1,05743527

1,678609

1,173881

0,100758

1,680607

1,173881

0,128202

1,693448

1,173881

0,176663

1,638198

1,173881

0,19968654

1,628672

1,760822

0,037491

1,665174

1,760822

0,050515

1,636919

1,760822

0,065576

1,59508

1,760822

0,07232401

1,599003

2,347762

0,018277

1,667592

2,347762

0,024409

1,625995

2,347762

0,031017

1,577644

2,347762

0,03362716

1,59879

2,934703

0,010283

1,685386

2,934703

0,013545

1,631594

2,934703

0,016955

1,573584

2,934703

0,01839112

1,605012

5,869406

0,001792

1,765862

5,869406

0,002381

1,603902

5,869406

0,002434

1,588106

5,869406

0,00291238

1,651435

8,804109

0,000744

1,70579

8,804109

0,000848

1,57529

8,804109

0,000892

1,492242

8,804109

0,00102472

1,651842

14,67351

0,000276

1,49136

14,67351

0,000137

1,95808

14,67351

0,000108

2,2186

14,67351

0,00021573

1,901625

1969
si

1970
pi

bi

si

si

1968

1971
pi

bi

si

si

pi

bi

1972
pi

bi

si

pi

bi

0,29347

5,113991

1,86364

0,29347

6,086118

1,877136

0,29347

7,318589

1,901334

0,29347

8,43860633

1,954118

0,586941

1,280022

1,683059

0,586941

1,584177

1,665915

0,586941

1,979683

1,666709

0,586941

2,42078755

1,695195

1,173881

0,246568

1,622399

1,173881

0,28694

1,625957

1,173881

0,356482

1,619718

1,173881

0,46251959

1,623902

1,760822

0,089041

1,584844

1,760822

0,104681

1,585232

1,760822

0,12897

1,584312

1,760822

0,16745235

1,589327

21

2,347762

0,041726

1,567664

2,347762

0,049807

1,559308

2,347762

2,934703

0,022381

1,572071

2,934703

0,027209

1,547056

2,934703

5,869406

0,003547

1,554246

5,869406

0,003914

1,530397

5,869406

8,804109

0,00129

1,518889

8,804109

0,001099

1,626317

8,804109

14,67351

0,000296

1,412655

14,67351

0,000214

1,66355

14,67351

1973

1974

si

pi

bi

0,060028

1,572361

2,347762

0,07811673

1,578073

0,03347

1,5521

2,934703

0,04295381

1,572328

0,004831

1,554862

5,869406

0,00625869

1,556429

0,001254

1,747957

8,804109

0,00220742

1,487008

0,00048

1,523256

14,67351

0,00046745

1,459444

1975

si

1976

pi

bi

pi

bi

0,29347

11,21619

2,065294

0,29347

13,96891

2,124799

0,29347

16,29117

2,281373

0,29347

18,4755326

2,538602

0,586941

3,506364

1,778873

0,586941

4,87501

1,730336

0,586941

6,77825

1,728598

0,586941

9,36676942

1,789442

1,173881

0,724732

1,74157

1,173881

0,968436

1,653465

1,173881

1,464115

1,551584

1,173881

2,28851818

1,545682

1,760822

0,2718

1,770845

1,760822

0,326582

1,711757

1,760822

0,456384

1,566638

1,760822

0,73682421

1,522676

2,347762

0,136688

1,795354

2,347762

0,15905

1,737851

2,347762

0,205551

1,56955

2,347762

0,31220728

1,54119

2,934703

0,079125

1,836284

2,934703

0,091106

1,765372

2,934703

0,110107

1,576244

2,934703

0,16585933

1,538275

5,869406

0,014023

2,138546

5,869406

0,018509

1,77084

5,869406

0,017051

1,560615

5,869406

0,02301793

1,524607

8,804109

0,005371

2,438901

8,804109

0,006375

1,916769

8,804109

0,005641

1,546477

8,804109

0,00726355

1,506776

14,67351

0,001369

3,605374

14,67351

0,001902

2,116389

14,67351

0,001194

1,654651

14,67351

0,00162804

1,527166

1977

si

1978

si

pi

bi

si

1979

pi

bi

1980

si

pi

bi

si

pi

bi

si

pi

bi

0,29347

21,3077

2,801374

0,880411

10,03516

1,694964

0,880411

13,83504

1,763766

0,880411

17,3969041

1,870886

0,586941

12,37891

1,875821

1,173881

5,743682

1,576803

1,173881

8,396555

1,619954

1,173881

11,5238566

1,675857

1,173881

3,493025

1,559702

1,467351

3,425987

1,512876

1,467351

5,227455

1,541559

1,467351

7,56262682

1,575132

1,760822

1,200239

1,497749

1,760822

2,129175

1,474809

1,760822

3,346811

1,495699

1,760822

5,07060364

1,510314

2,347762

0,490102

1,518116

2,347762

0,871261

1,469689

2,347762

1,475502

1,457357

2,347762

2,37556643

1,445796

2,934703

0,250594

1,529299

2,934703

0,421613

1,48682

2,934703

0,701079

1,475514

2,934703

1,16142635

1,438569

5,869406

0,033332

1,547424

5,869406

0,051399

1,488464

5,869406

0,081106

1,528746

5,869406

0,11685824

1,535506

8,804109

0,010047

1,593722

8,804109

0,014629

1,506953

8,804109

0,023892

1,573547

8,804109

0,03632336

1,535924

14,67351

0,002128

1,780251

14,67351

0,003229

1,484324

14,67351

0,006747

1,489176

14,67351

0,00850222

1,53148

pi

bi

si

pi

bi

1981

1982

si

pi

bi

1983

si

1984
si

pi

bi

0,880411

22,37961

2,067093

0,880411

27,155

2,286942

0,880411

30,07863

2,49389

0,880411

33,6346222

2,839999

1,173881

16,41105

1,797842

1,173881

21,73646

1,925365

1,173881

25,14219

2,066155

1,173881

29,4528787

2,308642

1,467351

11,70533

1,656405

1,467351

16,8173

1,728489

1,467351

20,33321

1,831598

1,467351

25,1725266

2,008105

1,760822

8,253374

1,576491

1,760822

12,60804

1,616229

1,760822

16,0599

1,689071

1,760822

21,0870412

1,820221

2,347762

4,290998

1,480066

2,347762

7,041103

1,489704

2,347762

9,522316

1,542934

2,347762

14,0651685

1,612314

2,934703

2,316484

1,436025

2,934703

4,027034

1,417574

2,934703

5,808272

1,45347

2,934703

9,10221204

1,506674

5,869406

0,201308

1,579547

5,869406

0,32902

1,437934

5,869406

0,555457

1,410529

5,869406

1,12154134

1,359143

8,804109

0,05872

1,707901

8,804109

0,081223

1,502769

8,804109

0,120968

1,526526

8,804109

0,21183501

1,45772

14,67351

0,012753

2,07178

14,67351

0,016804

1,554188

14,67351

0,023401

1,690199

14,67351

0,03895096

1,544865

1985
si

1986
pi

bi

si

1987
pi

bi

si

1988
pi

bi

si

pi

bi

0,880411

38,71763

3,305353

0,880411

40,45485

3,618531

0,880411

42,82215

3,953757

0,880411

45,2567184

4,575101

1,173881

35,94511

2,602716

1,173881

38,14198

2,825473

1,173881

40,54779

3,082717

1,173881

43,2794841

3,548271

1,467351

31,10782

2,265405

1,467351

33,85784

2,432019

1,467351

37,96243

2,572635

1,467351

41,2986598

2,931687

1,760822

27,12475

2,03085

1,760822

30,17121

2,162619

1,760822

33,60764

2,302468

1,760822

37,669809

2,589898

2,347762

20,09091

1,751

2,347762

23,33534

1,84131

2,347762

26,88075

1,940677

2,347762

31,822064

2,139138

2,934703

14,22127

1,609116

2,934703

17,3055

1,673947

2,934703

20,7966

1,744291

2,934703

26,1843103

1,886149

22

5,869406

2,55631

1,37424

5,869406

3,670263

1,396983

5,869406

5,132218

1,414223

5,869406

8,06561344

1,47511

8,804109

0,488418

1,473708

8,804109

0,828308

1,412573

8,804109

1,271627

1,390899

8,804109

2,49557749

1,388356

14,67351

0,079992

1,739881

14,67351

0,129498

1,552988

14,67351

0,182466

1,541167

14,67351

0,36301329

1,480406

1989
si

1990
pi

bi

1991

1992

si

pi

bi

si

pi

bi

si

pi

bi

0,880411

47,00585

5,428027

0,880411

49,50016

6,366243

0,880411

54,11583

7,109599

8,804109

13,3385165

1,589825

1,173881

44,99226

4,214158

1,173881

47,83878

4,910263

1,173881

52,52162

5,467648

10,27146

9,90685438

1,514738

1,467351

43,01525

3,48497

1,467351

46,08129

4,043893

1,467351

50,8507

4,48837

11,73881

7,42706847

1,455842

1,760822

40,92693

3,005642

1,760822

44,33901

3,466368

1,760822

49,1558

3,837781

13,20616

5,5160105

1,416015

2,347762

36,17869

2,43517

2,347762

40,67488

2,755315

2,347762

45,62228

3,033638

14,67351

4,0105177

1,396982

2,934703

31,30036

2,111409

2,934703

36,23225

2,364621

2,934703

41,23033

2,589478

16,14087

2,8871124

1,393692

5,869406

12,38302

1,559655

5,869406

17,57083

1,656999

5,869406

22,43395

1,764558

17,60822

2,07998508

1,402325

8,804109

4,860978

1,40239

8,804109

7,876316

1,471003

8,804109

11,03958

1,552878

19,07557

1,53655618

1,413088

14,67351

0,721717

1,452065

14,67351

1,537022

1,413907

14,67351

2,852073

1,419906

20,54292

1,16457628

1,42389

si

pi

bi

si

pi

bi

1993
si

1994
pi

bi

1995

1996
si

pi

bi

8,804109

16,27663

1,649335

8,804109

23,03072

1,732737

8,804109

26,67868

1,80121

8,804109

29,7897646

1,884477

10,27146

12,25835

1,574074

10,27146

17,91436

1,645317

10,27146

21,20836

1,703565

10,27146

24,3623695

1,768321

11,73881

9,430607

1,510161

11,73881

14,10787

1,57594

11,73881

16,89934

1,632424

11,73881

19,6776567

1,693106

13,20616

7,301843

1,459059

13,20616

11,20563

1,519711

13,20616

13,64113

1,572617

13,20616

16,0110603

1,633976

14,67351

5,608067

1,423302

14,67351

8,927123

1,474856

14,67351

11,09626

1,522516

14,67351

13,2203473

1,580901

16,14087

4,218733

1,406183

16,14087

7,048229

1,444142

16,14087

9,05254

1,481417

16,14087

11,0165923

1,53405

17,60822

3,134965

1,403982

17,60822

5,50667

1,42647

17,60822

7,360369

1,450107

17,60822

9,20495171

1,494579

19,07557

2,338919

1,410538

19,07557

4,279677

1,41901

19,07557

5,927424

1,429972

19,07557

7,68500259

1,462508

20,54292

1,780668

1,418785

20,54292

3,326619

1,419394

20,54292

4,719913

1,42115

20,54292

6,3723911

1,439349

1997
si

1998
pi

bi

1999

2000

si

pi

bi

si

pi

bi

si

pi

bi

22,01027

7,387742

1,463787

22,01027

8,763605

1,513738

22,01027

9,380138

1,594486

22,01027

10,2881645

1,624866

23,47762

6,284309

1,443242

23,47762

7,587336

1,489053

23,47762

8,253866

1,566717

23,47762

9,09832516

1,595934

26,41233

4,419561

1,426681

26,41233

5,617023

1,457343

26,41233

6,358994

1,526706

26,41233

7,14882839

1,548444

29,34703

3,062294

1,433463

29,34703

4,056402

1,451604

29,34703

4,81603

1,510505

29,34703

5,5465962

1,522173

32,28173

2,174441

1,446862

32,28173

2,928003

1,461425

32,28173

3,612557

1,513375

32,28173

4,24304575

1,516222

35,21643

1,614573

1,454941

35,21643

2,187241

1,469773

35,21643

2,752092

1,522256

35,21643

3,24353099

1,523531

38,15114

1,234778

1,461086

38,15114

1,690892

1,473406

38,15114

2,16764

1,525363

38,15114

2,54865641

1,528235

41,08584

0,974593

1,461962

41,08584

1,338538

1,475053

41,08584

1,748355

1,525245

41,08584

2,04901129

1,530429

44,02054

0,780425

1,463942

44,02054

1,078694

1,475851

44,02054

1,427009

1,526815

44,02054

1,67910465

1,530465

46,44167

0,657658

1,465022

46,44167

0,914682

1,475232

46,44167

1,223176

1,526276

46,44167

1,43755482

1,530933

2001
si

2002
pi

bi

si

2003
pi

bi

si

2004
pi

bi

si

pi

bi

41,08584

2,443663

1,530027

41,086

3,066656

1,526047

41,086

3,572357

1,528665

41,086

4,53180364

1,493063

44,02054

1,995658

1,531935

44,021

2,492656

1,530059

44,021

2,902454

1,533315

44,021

3,6603854

1,495435

46,95525

1,657261

1,531929

46,955

2,061467

1,532143

46,955

2,398238

1,536328

46,955

2,98073057

1,501082

49,88995

1,393007

1,531429

49,89

1,729264

1,532801

49,89

2,008515

1,538403

49,89

2,4648974

1,505599

52,82465

1,181304

1,531469

52,825

1,463927

1,533983

52,825

1,700261

1,54027

52,825

2,06474509

1,50932

55,75935

1,009725

1,532068

55,759

1,251596

1,534797

55,759

1,453857

1,541661

55,759

1,75069827

1,511909

58,69406

0,869897

1,532832

58,694

1,079901

1,534952

58,694

1,254615

1,542433

58,694

1,50264298

1,512606

23

66,03081

0,620289

1,532392

66,031

0,767641

1,53699

66,031

0,896329

1,543243

66,031

1,05586437

73,36757

0,455929

1,534944

73,368

0,564852

1,539934

73,368

0,666608

1,541344

73,368

0,77076329

1,51835

80,70433

0,345978

1,536436

80,704

0,428654

1,542548

80,704

0,506607

1,543227

80,704

0,58087175

1,520642

88,04109

0,269772

1,536318

88,041

0,333145

1,54523

88,041

0,396963

1,541211

88,041

0,44827609

1,523531

95,37784

0,213009

1,540445

95,378

0,265508

1,545259

95,378

0,315118

1,542981

95,378

0,35354303

1,526109

102,7146

0,172989

1,538655

102,715

0,215261

1,545053

102,715

0,255865

1,541523

102,715

0,2842162

1,528065

110,0514

0,141324

1,541618

110,051

0,176611

1,546408

110,051

0,209709

1,542967

110,051

0,23200836

1,530049

117,3881

0,118031

1,539695

117,388

0,148053

1,542648

117,388

0,175881

1,538593

117,388

0,19235899

1,530596

132,0616

0,085489

1,531902

132,062

0,105412

1,545428

132,062

0,126003

1,536773

132,062

0,13679883

1,531617

146,735

0,092688

1,539904

146,735

0,1004167

1,535279

2005

2006

si

pi

bi

si

2007
pi

bi

si

1,515545

2008
pi

bi

si

pi

bi

50

2,842296

1,510931

50

3,325283

1,515523

50

4,086364

1,518819

50

4,7391999

1,509207

55

2,119589

1,517488

55

2,491463

1,520385

55

3,081902

1,520623

55

3,56447588

1,510484

60

1,629805

1,521794

60

1,925599

1,522301

60

2,386378

1,521546

60

2,75236898

1,51108

65

1,282928

1,525101

65

1,517993

1,524795

65

1,886072

1,522547

65

2,17176615

1,511222

70

1,027627

1,52891

70

1,21745

1,527786

70

1,51538

1,524144

70

1,742043

1,511992

75

0,838152

1,531369

75

0,995572

1,528656

75

1,234644

1,526497

75

1,41676471

1,513597

80

0,694821

1,532273

80

0,824736

1,529568

80

1,019716

1,528813

80

1,1636011

1,517267

85

0,57997

1,535783

85

0,692632

1,529246

85

0,853407

1,530364

85

0,96884956

1,520195

90

0,490903

1,537414

90

0,585973

1,530442

90

0,721641

1,531891

90

0,81565819

1,523027

95

0,418839

1,539683

95

0,499728

1,532198

95

0,616767

1,532683

95

0,69640512

1,523381

100

0,35976

1,542945

100

0,428864

1,535119

100

0,528979

1,535966

100

0,59693542

1,526063

110

0,272151

1,547829

110

0,324569

1,538202

110

0,398812

1,541276

110

0,44848469

1,531575

120

0,211411

1,55161

120

0,253215

1,538008

120

0,309981

1,543772

120

0,34524594

1,537756

130

0,167946

1,554758

130

0,20133

1,538197

130

0,245671

1,546859

130

0,27309775

1,540932

140

0,134669

1,562771

140

0,16236

1,540147

140

0,196984

1,5534

140

0,22043141

1,542796

150

0,109935

1,569629

150

0,132053

1,545726

150

0,161718

1,555401

150

0,17987632

1,54701

160

0,091373

1,573884

160

0,108719

1,552544

160

0,13523

1,554335

160

0,14927155

1,549336

170

0,113737

1,556237

170

0,12553484

1,550497

180

0,096735

1,557321

180

0,10647177

1,552776

2009
si

pi

bi

50

5,216849

1,497599

55

3,932169

1,495205

60

3,030408

1,49403

65

2,388311

1,491919

70

1,910227

1,491091

75

1,551496

1,490309

80

1,277276

1,489434

85

1,064383

1,488378

90

0,896098

1,487297

95

0,759156

1,487718

100

0,64935

1,487618

110

0,485137

1,488133

120

0,370474

1,490577

24

130

0,290000

1,49146

140

0,230784

1,493264

150

0,186677

1,494876

160

0,154113

1,493098

170

0,127947

1,494318

180

0,108063
1,49224
Source: ELSTAT bulletins and General Secretariat of Informative Systems bulletins and authors calculations

6. Control Total for Income

For the estimation of income control total several sources have been used. The main
sources are the Bulletins of National Accounts, Eurostat publications for the GDP,
ELSTAT data for the CPI, General Government Accounts and GDP Accounts and
Data from Ministry of Finance 2001 study.
The main aim is to compile a control total for income that is comparable (to the
possible extent) with the declared tax income. Using the National Accounts as a base,
certain components of the sector of Households are needed, mainly wages, property
income, social benefits and other current transfers.
The series for 1988-1995 (National Account Bulleting 1988-1995) are according to
mixed system (ESA 1979 and ESA 1995). According to the definition the households
sector (S80) covers individuals or groups of individuals as consumers and possibly
also entrepreneurs provided that in the latter case, the corresponding activities are not
those of separate entities treated as quasi-corporate enterprises. The principal
resources of these units are derived from the compensation of employees, property
income, transfers from other sectors or the proceeds from the sale of products. Table
3 includes Gross Value Added at market prices for Households and Total Economy
(N1), Gross Wages (R101), Property Income (R40) and current transfers (R60).
The series 1995-2000 are according to ESA 1995 with the year 1995 being the base
year. S14 is the sector of households and it is not to be confused with sector S15
which is non-profit institutions serving Households (NPISH), since Greek National
Accounts provide separate accounts. Table 4 illustrates Gross Value Added/GDP for
total Economy and Households Sector (B1g), Wages and Salaries (D11), Social
Benefits (D62) and Other Current Transfers (D7).
The series 2000-2008 are according to ESA 1995 with the year 2000 being the base
year. Table 5 illustrates the transactions described in the previous paragraph.
The series 2005-2009 are according to ESA 1995 with the year 2005 being the base
year. Table 6 illustrates the transactions described in the paragraph for 1995-2000
series.
Table 3
Data 1988-1995 National Accounts Bulletin - mio euros current values
GROSS VALUE ADDED AT
MARKET PRICES
N1
N1(1)
HOUSEHOLDS
(2)

PRIMARY
INCOME/GNI
(3)

1988
26.908
13.518
27.274
1989
31.974
16.218
32.466
1990
38.571
19.076
39.659
1991
47.632
23.990
49.171
1992
55.073
26.950
57.033
1993
62.027
30.156
64.035
1994
70.385
34.173
72.676
1995
78.895
37.785
81.206
Sources: ELSTAT, 1988-1995 National Accounts Bulletin

S80_PRIMARY
INCOME GNI
(4)

22.885
27.853
34.596
41.445
47.584
53.172
61.542
68.099

GROSS
WAGES
R101
(5)

7.086
8.872
11.003
12.454
13.874
15.502
17.505
20.375

PROPERTY INCOME
R40
(6)

3.312
4.122
6.071
6.735
8.279
8.901
11.233
11.444

CURRENT
TRANSFERS
R60
(7)

5.079
5.978
7.198
8.973
10.586
12.042
14.151
15.949

(8) = (5)
+(6)+(7)

15.477
18.971
24.273
28.163
32.739
36.445
42.890
47.768

25

Table 4
ELSTAT data - mio euros current values
VALUE
ADDED
GROSS/GDP
B1g
(1)

1995
79.927
1996
87.851
1997
97.235
1998
105.773
1999
112.660
2000
121.516
Sources: ELSTAT

S14_VALUE
ADDED
GROSS/GDP
B1g
(2)

38.061
42.132
48.459
52.460
54.702
58.710

PRIMARY
INCOME,GROSS/GNI
B5
(3)

S14_'PRIMARY
INCOME,GROSS/GNI
B5
(4)

82.456
90.302
99.959
108.639
114.889
123.407

68.425
74.399
82.799
89.668
93.759
97.694

WAGES
D11
(5)

PROPERTY INCOME
D4
(6)

20.533
21.905
25.007
27.716
28.993
31.123

SOCIAL
BENEFITS
D62
(7)

11.267
11.694
10.849
11.698
11.916
10.052

12.143
13.625
15.253
16.744
18.189
19.973

OTHER
CURRENT
TRANSFERS
D7
(8)

3.061
2.984
2.964
3.530
4.146
3.357

(9)=
(5)+(6)+(7)+(8)

47.004
50.207
54.073
59.688
63.244
64.504

Table 5
ELSTAT data - mio euros current values
VALUE
ADDED
GROSS/GDP
B1g
(1)

S14_VALUE
ADDED
GROSS/GDP
B1g
(2)

PRIMARY
INCOME,GROSS/GNI
B5g
(3)

S14_'PRIMARY
INCOME,GROSS/GNI
B5g
(4)

WAGES
D11
(5)

PROPERTY INCOME
D4
(6)

SOCIAL
BENEFITS
D62
(7)

OTHER
CURRENT
TRANSFERS
D7
(8)

(9)=
(5)+(6)+(7)+(8)

2000

136.281

50.409

136.646

104.098

36.001

18.248

20.354

3.201

77.804

2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006

146.428
156.616
172.432
185.266
194.819
211.298

54.451
57.533
63.132
66.188
70.090
74.565

147.354
157.028
171.412
183.950
191.744
206.762

109.807
116.758
125.133
132.469
140.576
150.434

37.822
43.434
46.902
51.007
53.755
58.540

16.254
13.444
12.235
12.580
13.854
15.960

22.716
24.456
27.620
29.174
32.353
35.970

3.269
3.269
3.746
4.104
3.924
3.922

80.061
84.603
90.503
96.865
103.885
114.392

2007
227.074
2008
236.918
Sources: ELSTAT

77.416
79.830

220.301
229.198

171.019
171.293

62.990
67.065

29.884
22.909

40.371
45.917

3.770
4.160

137.015
140.052

Table 6
ELSTAT data - mio euros current values
VALUE
ADDED
GROSS/GDP
B1g
(1)

193.050
2005
208.893
2006
222.771
2007
232.921
2008
231.642
2009
Sources: ELSTAT

S14_VALUE
ADDED
GROSS/GDP
B1g
(2)

68.153
72.791
77.235
76.871
74.712

PRIMARY
INCOME,GROSS/GNI
B5g
(3)

S14_'PRIMARY
INCOME,GROSS/GNI
B5g
(4)

190.241
204.342
216.487
225.325
226.000

143.162
149.472
169.279
165.482
166.242

WAGES
D11
(5)

53.623
56.949
60.925
65.156
68.226

PROPERTY INCOME
D4
(6)

16.019
16.656
28.177
20.864
19.267

SOCIAL
BENEFITS
D62
(7)

33.285
37.006
41.157
47.217
50.475

OTHER
CURRENT
TRANSFERS
D7
(8)

3.633
3.496
3.337
3.665
3.055

(9)=
(5)+(6)+(7)+(8)

106.561
114.107
133.597
136.902
141.022

The approach to derive the control total for income contains the following steps.
- For the years 1988-1995 we calculate the sum of Wages (R101), Property Income
(R40) and Current Transfers (R60) (Table 3 column 8)
- For the years 1995-2000 we calculate the sum of Wages (D11), Property Income
(D4), Social Benefits (D62) and Other Current Transfers (D7) (Table 4 column 9)
- For the years 2000-2008 we calculate the sum of Wages (D11), Property Income
(D4), Social Benefits (D62) and Other Current Transfers (D7) (Table 5 column 9)
- For the years 2005-2009 we calculate the sum of Wages (D11), Property Income
(D4), Social Benefits (D62) and Other Current Transfers (D7) (Table 6 column 9)
- These transactions are homogeneous enough (in practice a breakdown of old
current transfers took place). In the case of two sources of data for the same year,
newer data are preferred.
- The Wages illustrate gross income meaning that the employees social contributions
are included. These amounts should be deducted since they are not reported in tax
declarations
- In order to estimate these amounts the General Government Accounts are used. The
Actual Social Contributions of Employees (D61121) received by General
Government, that is Central Government (S1311) and Social Security Funds (S1314)
are utilized.

26

- These amounts are deducted from the Wages for the years 1988-2009. More
specifically, the Net Wages are presented in Table 7 - column 5 (1988-1995), Table
8 column 5 (1995-2000) and Table 9 column 5 (2000-2009)
- The net income of self employed is not captured from the figures mentioned so far.
From National Accounts point of view, this income is incorporated in Gross
Operational Surplus (GOS) of Self-employed, which is a relatively close to the
concept of tax income of self employed (declared income provided one has profits).
- To estimate the Gross Operational Surplus of Self Employed, we use the figures of
Total Employment, Number of Self Employed (ESE) and Number of Employees
(EEM). The Average Compensation of EEM is calculated and this figure is applied in
the number of self employed. Then the estimated amount of Compensation of ESE
is deducted from the Mixed Income of S14 (Compensation of ESE and GOS of
ESE). The remaining amount is the GOS of ESE.
- The new sum of income is illustrated in Table 7 column 9 (1988-1995), Table 8
column 10 (1995-2000) and Table 9 column 10 (2000-2009).
- The sum of income as percentage of GDP (Gross Value Added at market prices
that is N1 or B1g) is calculated.
- This percentage is applied in the GDP series that has been compiled by Eurostat.
This series is according to ESA 95 and is totally homogeneous (thus comparable).
- The GDP figures of 1957, 1958 and 1959 are estimated using the (reverse) growth
rate of GDP_ELSTAT and this rate was applied in GDP of 1960 by Eurostat.
- Then the average percentage of the sum of income for the years 1988-2009 was
calculated and applied in the estimated GDP.
- Applying these percentages in the GDP by Eurostat we obtain the amounts (for the
total control) for the years 1957-1959 and 1988-2009.
- Linear interpolation is applied for the missing years. The known variable is the
GDP (by Eurostat).
- The results are presented in Table 10.
Table 7
Estimation of Income/GDP, 1988-1995 mio euros current prices
GROSS VALUE ADDED AT MARKET PRICES

N1
(1)

N1-HOUSEHOLDS
(2)

GROSS
WAGES

R101
(3)

d61121
(4)

net R101
(5)=(3)-(4)

1988
26.908
13.518
7.086
840
1989
31.974
16.218
8.872
958
1990
38.571
19.076
11.003
1.313
1991
47.632
23.990
12.454
1.595
1992
55.073
26.950
13.874
1.809
1993
62.027
30.156
15.502
2.383
1994
70.385
34.173
17.505
2.920
1995
78.895
37.785
20.375
3.442
Sources: ELSTAT, published and unpublished data and authors calculations

GOS SELF
EMPLOYED

PROPERTY
INCOME

CURRENT
TRANSFERS

TOTAL

PERCENTAGE OF
INCOME/GDP

GOS S.E.
(6)

R40
(7)

R60
(8)

(9)=(5)+(6) +
(7)+(8)

% N1
10=(9)/(1)

6.246
7.914
9.690
10.859
12.065
13.119
14.585
16.933

1.079
1.916
1.111
3.414
3.530
4.201
6.002
5.797

3.312
4.122
6.071
6.735
8.279
8.901
11.233
11.444

5.079
5.978
7.198
8.973
10.586
12.042
14.151
15.949

15.716
19.930
24.070
29.981
34.459
38.263
45.972
50.122

0,584042
0,623306
0,624053
0,629441
0,625706
0,616871
0,653152
0,635305

Table 8
Estimation of Income/GDP, 1995-2000 mio euros current prices
VALUE
ADDED
GROSS/GDP

S14_VALUE
ADDED
GROSS/GDP

WAGES

B1g
(1)

B1g
(2)

D11
(3)

D61121
(4)

NET D11
(5)=(3)-(4)

1995
79.927
38.061
20.533
3.442
17.091
1996
87.851
42.132
21.905
3.849
18.056
1997
97.235
48.459
25.007
4.249
20.759
1998
105.773
52.460
27.716
4.576
23.140
1999
112.660
54.702
28.993
5.088
23.905
2000
121.516
58.710
31.123
5.602
25.521
Sources: ELSTAT, published and unpublished data and authors calculations

GOS SELF
EMPLOYED

PROPERTY
INCOME

SOCIAL
BENEFITS

OTHER
CURRENT
TRANSFERS

GOS S.E.
(6)

D4
(7)

D6
(8)

D7
(9)

5.147
6.203
5.867
5.999
5.224
6.279

11.267
11.694
10.849
11.698
11.916
10.052

12.143
13.625
15.253
16.744
18.189
19.973

3.061
2.984
2.964
3.530
4.146
3.357

TOTAL

PERCENTAGE OF
INCOME/GDP

(10)=(5)+(6)+
(7)+(8)+(9)

% B1g
(11)=(10)/(1)

48.708
52.562
55.691
61.111
63.380
65.182

0,609409
0,59831
0,57275
0,577757
0,562579
0,536405

27

Table 9
Estimation of Income/GDP, 2000-2009 mio euros current prices
Gross
Domestic
Product

S14_Gross
Domestic
Product

Wages and
salaries

B1g
(1)

B1g
(2)

D11
(3)

D61121
(4)

NET D11
(5)=(3)-(4)

2000
136.281
50.409
36.001
5.602
30.399
2001
146.428
54.451
37.822
5.204
32.618
2002
156.616
57.533
43.434
7.020
36.414
2003
172.432
63.132
46.902
8.032
38.870
2004
185.266
66.188
51.007
8.114
42.893
2005
193.050
68.153
53.623
8.684
44.939
2006
208.893
72.791
56.949
8.680
48.269
2007
222.771
77.235
60.925
9.421
51.504
2008
232.921
76.871
65.156
9.793
55.363
2009
231.642
74.712
68.226
8.875
59.351
Sources: ELSTAT, published and unpublished data and authors calculations

GOS SELF
EMPLOYED

PROPERTY
INCOME

SOCIAL
BENEFITS

OTHER
CURRENT
TRANSFERS

GOS S.E.
(6)

D4
(7)

D6
(8)

D7
(9)

4.768
7.143
5.173
7.307
7.359
5.818
8.953
9.820
7.898
4.806

18.248
16.254
13.444
12.235
12.580
16.019
16.656
28.177
20.864

20.354
22.716
24.456
27.620
29.174
33.285
37.006
41.157
47.217

3.201
3.269
3.269
3.746
4.104
3.633
3.496
3.337
3.665

19.267

50.475

3.055

TOTAL

PERCENTAGE OF
INCOME/GDP

(10)=(5)+(6)+
(7)+(8)+(9)

% B1g
(11)=(10)/(1)

76.970
82.000
82.756
89.778
96.111
103.695
114.379
133.996
135.008
136.953

0,564788
0,560004
0,528401
0,520657
0,518772
0,53714
0,547549
0,601498
0,579629
0,591229

Table 10
1957
1958

Control Total for income - mio euros current prices

GDP_EUROSTAT (1)
FINAL SERIES (2)
declared income (3)
317
185
31
333
194
37

(4)=(3/(2)
0,166
0,190

1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978

347
368
421
442
500
566
652
728
786
855
984
1.113
1.236
1.430
1.869
2.147
2.583
3.213
3.763
4.592

202
215
246
258
292
330
381
425
459
499
575
650
721
835
1.091
1.254
1.508
1.876
2.198
2.682

39
46
49
50
58
64
75
89
129
145
171
196
232
269
347
413
490
602
751
1.078

0,194
0,215
0,201
0,194
0,199
0,195
0,196
0,210
0,280
0,290
0,297
0,302
0,322
0,322
0,318
0,329
0,325
0,321
0,342
0,402

1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999

5.699
6.842
8.190
10.301
12.291
15.286
18.651
22.288
25.107
30.551
36.309
43.822
54.121
62.565
70.447
79.891
89.555
98.397
108.886
118.398
126.155

3.328
3.996
4.783
6.016
7.178
8.928
10.893
13.017
14.663
17.843
22.631
27.347
34.066
39.147
43.457
52.181
54.576
58.872
62.365
68.405
70.972

1.346
1.642
2.087
2.675
3.169
3.972
5.239
6.029
7.038
8.648
10.786
13.483
16.515
18.997
21.821
28.608
32.501
36.667
42.494
46.920
49.592

0,405
0,411
0,436
0,445
0,441
0,445
0,481
0,463
0,480
0,485
0,477
0,493
0,485
0,485
0,502
0,548
0,596
0,623
0,681
0,686
0,699

76.970
82.000
82.756
89.777
96.111
103.695
114.379
133.996
135.008
136.953

54.512
58.657
64.236
68.681
75.728
80.558
86.006
93.324
98.061
100.301

0,708
0,715
0,776
0,765
0,788
0,777
0,752
0,696
0,726
0,732

2000
136.281
2001
146.428
2002
156.615
2003
172.431
2004
185.266
2005
193.050
2006
208.893
2007
222.771
2008
232.921
2009
231.642
Sources: Eurostat, ELSTAT and authors calculations

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