Human resources may be defined as the total knowledge, skills, creative abilities, talents and aptitudes of an organization's workforce,

as well as the values, attitudes, approaches and beliefs of the individuals involved in the affairs of the organization. It is the sum total or aggregate of inherent abilities, acquired knowledge and skills represented by the talents and aptitudes of the persons employed in the organization. The human resources are multidimensional in nature. From the national point of view, human resources may be defined as the knowledge, skills, creative abilities, talents and aptitudes obtained in the population; whereas from the viewpoint of the individual enterprise, they represent the total of the inherent abilities, acquired knowledge and skills as exemplified in the talents and aptitudes of its employees. Human Resource Management: Defined Human Resource Management has come to be recognized as an inherent part of management, which is concerned with the human resources of an organization. Its objective is the maintenance of better human relations in the organization by the development, application and evaluation of policies, procedures and programmes relating to human resources to optimize their contribution towards the realization of organizational objectives. In other words, HRM is concerned with getting better results with the collaboration of people. It is an integral but distinctive part of management, concerned with people at work and their relationships within the enterprise. HRM helps in attaining maximum individual development, desirable working relationship between employees and employers, employees and employees, and effective modeling of human resources as contrasted with physical resources. It is the recruitment,

selection, development, utilization, compensation and motivation of human resources by the organization. Human Resource Management: Evolution The early part of the century saw a concern for improved efficiency through careful design of work. During the middle part of the century emphasis shifted to the employee's productivity. Recent decades have focused on increased concern for the quality of working life, total quality management and worker's participation in management. These three phases may be termed as welfare, development and empowerment. Human Resource Management: Nature Human Resource Management is a process of bringing people and organizations together so that the goals of each are met. The various features of HRM include: It is pervasive in nature as it is present in all enterprises. Its focus is on results rather than on rules. It tries to help employees develop their potential fully. It encourages employees to give their best to the organization. It is all about people at work, both as individuals and groups. It tries to put people on assigned jobs in order to produce good results. It helps an organization meet its goals in the future by providing for competent and well-motivated employees. It tries to build and maintain cordial relations between people working at various levels in the organization. It is a multidisciplinary activity, utilizing knowledge and inputs drawn from psychology, economics, etc. Human Resource Management: Scope The scope of HRM is very wide: 1. Personnel aspect-This is concerned with manpower planning, recruitment, selection, placement, transfer, promotion, training

and development, layoff and retrenchment, remuneration, incentives, productivity etc. 2. Welfare aspect-It deals with working conditions and amenities such as canteens, creches, rest and lunch rooms, housing, transport, medical assistance, education, health and safety, recreation facilities, etc. 3. Industrial relations aspect-This covers union-management relations, joint consultation, collective bargaining, grievance and disciplinary procedures, settlement of disputes, etc.

Relationship with other social science of human resource management HRM, which is acronym for Human Resource Management is the management function concerned with efficient and effective utilization of people working in any organization. Social sciences refers to the collection of various sciences that aims to understand the nature of human behaviour as individuals and in group. At the core of the social sciences are subjects such as psychology, sociology and anthropology generally grouped as behavioral sciences. It also includes other study of other subjects related to human activities such as economics, history, political science and science of law. Social sciences play a very important role in making the HRM function effective by providing insight in to behavior of the people working in the organization. Specifically it helps companies in matters such as:

Motivating employees to act towards achievement of organizational objectives. Managing the relationships and behavior patterns of people working in groups to improve total group effectiveness.

Selecting and training people to match the work requirements of the organization. Fostering innovation in the organization. Maintaining discipline and morale among the employees. Providing right kind of working environment to employees that promotes higher efficiency and satisfaction among employees. Improving leadership effectivenss in the organization.

Personnel functions
The term personnel department refers to the function of the organisation that is responsible for the management and motivation of people in the workplace. Increasingly today the term Human Resource Management has come to replace personnel - because personnel management is seen as an old fashioned way of managing people, giving priority to organisational rather than individual development needs. Typically personnel work is concerned with: 1. The recruitment and selection of new employees, e.g. helping to prepare job advertisements and job descriptions for new posts, and helping to organise the interview process. 2. The induction of new employees where they are introduced to the company, and aspects of the job they will be doing as well as essential requirements such as health and safety training. 3. Training and development. Training focuses on the needs of the organisation whereas development is more concerned with identifying and meeting the needs of individual employees.

4. Organising the appraisal process to identify development needs of employees. 5. Representing the organisation as a go between on disciplinary issues e.g. when a worker has continuously been late for work. Dismissing and making workers redundant where necessary. 6. Managing payment systems, although this will probably be the responsibility of a separate payroll section. 7. Taking responsibility for the motivation of employees by outlining motivational work practices. 8. Organising the termination of work, and retirement of employees, as well as job redundancies where appropriate. Nowadays the emphasis is on the Human Resources Department providing a service, which enables many of the activities to be carried out by relevant departments within an organisation but with support and guidance from Human Resources