BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Public Administration Country Profile

Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM) Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA) United Nations December 2003

All papers, statistics and materials contained in the Country Profiles express entirely the opinion of the mentioned authors. They should not, unless otherwise mentioned, be attributed to the Secretariat of the United Nations. The designations employed and the presentation of material on maps in the Country Profiles do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

Table of Contents Table of Contents........................................................................................... 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina .................................................................................. 2 1. General Information ................................................................................... 3 1.1 Population ................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.2 Labour ...................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 1.3 Economy ................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Legal Structure .......................................................................................... 5 2.1 Legislative Branch.................................................................................. 5 2.2 Executive Branch ................................................................................... 6 2.3 Judiciary Branch .................................................................................... 7 2.4 Local Government.................................................................................. 7 3. The State and Civil Society .......................................................................... 9 3.1 Ombudsperson ...................................................................................... 9 3.2 NGOs ................................................................................................... 9 3.3 Civil Society .........................................................................................10 4. Civil Service .............................................................................................11 4.1 Legal basis...........................................................................................11 4.2 Appointment ........................................................................................12 4.3 Remuneration ......................................................................................12 4.4 Training...............................................................................................12 4.5 Gender................................................................................................12 5. Ethics and Civil Service ..............................................................................14 5.1 Corruption ...........................................................................................14 5.2 Ethics..................................................................................................14 6. e-Government ..........................................................................................15 6.1 e-Government Readiness .......................................................................15 6.2 e-Participation ......................................................................................16 7. Links .......................................................................................................17 7.1 National sites .......................................................................................17 7.2 Miscellaneous sites................................................................................17

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Bosnia and Herzegovina Click here for detailed map

Government type Emerging federal democratic republic Independence 1 March 1992 (from Yugoslavia). Declared 3 March 1992 Constitution The Dayton Agreement, signed 14 December 1995 (click here) Legal system Based on a civil law system Administrative divisions Two first-order administrative divisions (Federacija Bosna i Hercegovina and Republika Srpska) and one internationally supervised district (Brcko Distrikt)
Source: The World Factbook - BiH

Source: The World Factbook - Bosnia and Herzegovina

The

State of Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two Entities: the Republika Srpska, which takes up 49 per cent of the territory and forms a crescent shape around the north and east, and the Federation, which forms 51 per cent of the territory. Each entity has its own political structure and administration, with an overarching but relatively weak central government. Uniquely in Europe, defense is not a matter for the Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) state government but for the entities. Each has its own armed force. The central (BiH state) government consists of a parliamentary assembly, which is divided into a house of representatives and a house of peoples, a rotating tripartite presidency, and a council of ministers with six ministries. The political structure of the Federation is divided into three levels: 1) the entity level, 2) the canton level, and 3) the municipal level. By contrast, the Republika Srpska (RS) has no cantons, only municipalities. At the RS level there is a national assembly, a president, a vice president, and a government under a prime minister. As with the Federation, the municipalities all have their own assemblies and administrative structures. There are three constitutional courts, one at the BiH level and one in each entity.
Source: OSCE Fact Sheet on Bosnia and Herzegovina

1. General Information
1.1 People
Population Total estimated population (,000), 2003 Female estimated population (,000), 2003 Male estimated population (,000), 2003 Sex ratio (males per 100 females), 2003 Average annual rate of change of pop. (%), 2000-2005 Youth and Elderly Population Total population under age 15 (%), 2003 Female population aged 60+ (%), 2003 Male population aged 60+ (%), 2003 Human Settlements Urban population (%), 2001 Rural population (%), 2001 Urban average annual rate of change in pop. (%), 00-05 Rural average annual rate of change in pop/ (%), 00-05 Education Total school life expectancy, 2000/2001 Female school life expectancy, 2000/2001 Male school life expectancy, 2000/2001 Female estimated adult (15+) illiteracy rate (%), 1991 Male estimated adult (15+) illiteracy rate (%), 1991 Employment Unemployment rate (15+) (%), 2001 Female adult (+15) economic activity rate (%), 2001 Male adult (+15) economic activity rate (%), 2001
Notes: i Bosnia and Herzegovina;
ii

BiHi
4,162 2,103 2,059 98 1.13

Croatia

SNGii

1 a

17 18 13 43 57 2.19 0.29 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

17 25 18 58 42 0.75 -1 11.9 12.1 11.7 2.7 0.7 15.8 45 62

19 21 16
c

52 48 0.15 -0.47
d

10.3 10.6 10.0 .. .. .. .. ..

1 1 1 2 2

e
1 2 2

Serbia and Montenegro

1.2 Economy
GDP GDP total (millions US$), 2002 GDP per capita (US$), 2002 PPP GDP total (millions int. US$), 2002 PPP GDP per capita(int. US$), 2002 Sectors Value added in agriculture (% of GDP), 2003 Value added in industry (% of GDP), 2003 Value added in services (% of GDP), 2003 Miscellaneous GDP implicit price deflator (annual % growth), 2003 Private consumption (% of GDP), 2003 Government consumption (% of GDP), 2003
Notes: i Bosnia and Herzegovina;
ii

BiHi
5,249 1,274 22,820 5,537 14.9 32.1 53.0 0.9 91.8 22.3

Croatia
22,421 5,122 43,625 9,967 8.4 30.1 61.5 2.4 61.2 20.4

SNGii
15,555 1,459 .. ..

2 a

.. .. ..
c

6.4 85.8 19.4

Serbia and Montenegro

1 a

United Nations Statistics Division: Statistics Division and Population Division of the UN Secretariat; b Statistics Division and Population Division of the UN Secretariat; c Population Division of the UN Secretariat; d1 UNESCO ; d2 UNESCO; e1 ILO; e2 ILO/OECD 2 World Bank - Data and Statistics: a Quick Reference Tables; b Data Profile Tables ; c Country at a Glance

1.3 Public Spending

Public expenditures Education (% of GNP), 1985-1987 Education (% of GNP), 1995-1997 Health (% of GDP), 1990 Health (% of GDP), 1998 Military (% of GDP), 1990 Military (% of GDP), 2000 Total debt service (% of GDP), 1990 Total debt service (% of GDP), 2000
Notes: i Bosnia and Herzegovina;
ii

BiHi
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
iii

Croatia
.. 5.3 9.5 9.5iii .. 3 .. 12.8

SNGii
iii

.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

a a

b b

Serbia and Montenegro;

1999

1.4 Public Sector Employment and Wages

Data from the latest year available

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1991-1995

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1996-2000

Europe & Central Asia averageiv 1996-2000

Central & Eastern Europe average4 1996-2000

Middle income group average4 1996-2000

Employment
Civilian Central Governmentv Sub-national Government5 (,000) (% pop.) (,000) (% pop.) (,000) (% pop.) (,000) (% pop.) (,000) (% pop.) (,000) (% pop.) (,000) (% pop.) (,000) (% pop.) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99.0 .. .. .. .. .. 5.1 0.14 77.2 1.99 18.9 0.49 8.0 0.21 .. .. 101.5 .. 1,496 39.70 .. .. .. .. 6.05 20.1 8.3 3.61 0.87 0.77 0.46 0.68 0.31 0.30 1.15 1.04 0.70 1.58 1.43 1.20 0.61 0.45 0.59 0.61 0.45 0.59

Education employees

Health employees

Police

Armed forces

SOE Employees

Total Public Employment

Wages
Total Central gov't wage bill Total Central govt wage bill Average gov't wage Real ave. govt wage ('97 price) (% of GDP) (% of exp) (,000 LCU) (,000 LCU) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3.64 .. 1.8 6.3 1.1 4.2 6.0 13.1 6.7 14.4 8.5 21.6

Average govt wage to per capita GDP ratio

Source: World Bank - Public Sector Employment and Wages

UNDP - Human Development Report 2002 Data refer to total public expenditure on education, including current and capital expenditures. As a result of a number of limitations in the data, comparisons of military expenditure data over time and across countries should be made with caution. For detailed notes on the data see SIPRI (2001). iv Averages for regions and sub regions are only generated if data is available for at least 35% of the countries in that region or sub region. v Excluding education, health and police if available (view Country Sources for further explanations).
a b

iii

2. Legal Structure

The political structure of the federation is divided into three levels:

The entity level, with a two-house parliament, a president, a vice president, and a government under a prime minister. The canton level, with each of the ten cantons having its own assembly with the power to adopt cantonal laws. The municipal level, with each municipality similarly having its own assembly.
Source: OSCE Fact Sheet on Bosnia and Herzegovina

Citizens Guide to the Institutions of Government of Republika of Srpska (click here) Citizens Guide to the Institutions of Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina (click here)

2.1 Legislative Branch

Bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of: 1) The National House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom: 42 seats - elected by proportional representation, 28 seats allocated from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 seats from the Republika Srpska; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms and 2) the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda: 15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members elected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve four-year terms.vi Women in parliament: 7 out of 42 seats: (17%). 0 out of 15 seats (0%).vii

The Parliamentary Assembly is the lawmaking body in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It consists of two houses: The National House of Representatives and the House of Peoples. The National House of Representatives is comprised of 42 members, two-thirds (28) elected from the Federation and one-third (14) elected from the Republika Srpska. Federation representatives are elected directly by the voters of the Federation, and Republika Srpska representatives are selected by the Republika Srpska National Assembly (the National Assembly is directly elected by Republika Srpska voters). The House of Peoples includes 15 delegates, two-thirds (10) of which come from the Federation (5 Croat and 5 Bosniaks) and one-third from the Republika Srpska (5 Serbs). Nine members of the House of Peoples constitute a quorum, provided that at least three delegates from each group are present. Federation representatives are selected by the House of Peoples of the Federation, and Republika Srpska representatives are selected by the Republika Srpska National Assembly.

Fact box: elections: National House of Representatives elections last held 5 October 2002 (next to be held in 2006); House of Peoples - last constituted January 2003 (next to be constituted in 2007) election results: National House of Representatives percent of vote by party/coalition - SDA 21.9%, SDS 14.0%, SBiH 10.5%, SDP 10.4%, SNSD 9.8%, HDZ 9.5%, PDP 4.6%, others 19.3%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 10, SDS 5, SBiH 6, SDP 4, SNSD 3, HDZ 5, PDP 2, others 7

The Parliamentary Assembly is responsible for enacting legislation as necessary to implement decisions of the Presidency or to carry out the
vi vii

Source of fact boxes if nothing else stated: The World Factbook - Bosnia and Herzegovina Inter-Parliamentary Union - Women in National Parliaments

responsibilities of the Assembly under the constitution; deciding upon the sources and amounts of revenues for the operations of the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and international obligations of Bosnia and Herzegovina; approving a budget for the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina; and deciding whether to consent to the ratification of treaties.
Source: U.S. Department of State - Background Notes

2.2 Executive Branch

cabinet: Council of Ministers nominated by the council chairman; approved by the National House of Representatives elections: The three members of the presidency (one Bosniak, one Croat, one Serb) are elected by popular vote for a four-year term; the member with the most votes becomes the chairman unless he or she was the incumbent chairman at the time of the election, but the chairmanship rotates every eight months; election last held 5 October 2002 (next to be held 2006); the chairman of the Council of Ministers is appointed by the presidency and confirmed by the National House of Representatives

The Presidency in Bosnia Herzegovina rotates among three members (Bosniak, Serb, Croat), each elected for a four year term. All members are formally equal, with chairmanship of the collective body rotating every six months. The three members of the Presidency are directly elected (Federation votes for the Bosniak/Croat, Republika Srpska for the Serb). The Presidency is responsible for: Conducting the foreign policy of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Appointing ambassadors and other international representatives, no more than two-thirds of which may come from the Federation; Representing Bosnia and Herzegovina in European and international organizations and institutions and seeking membership in such organizations and institutions of which it is not a member; Negotiating, denouncing, and, with the consent of the Parliamentary Assembly, ratifying treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina; Executing decisions of the Parliamentary Assembly; Proposing, upon the recommendation of the Council of Ministers, an annual budget to the Parliamentary Assembly; Reporting as requested, but no less than annually, to the Parliamentary Assembly on expenditures by the Presidency; Coordinating as necessary with international and nongovernmental organizations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and; Performing such other functions as may be necessary to carry out its duties, as may be assigned to it by the Parliamentary Assembly, or as may be agreed by the Entities.

Fact box: chief of state: Chairman of the Presidency Dragan COVIC (chairman since 27 June 2003; presidency member since 5 October 2002 - Croat) other members of the threemember rotating (every eight months) presidency: Sulejman TIHIC (since 5 October 2002 - Bosniak) and Borislav PARAVAC (since 10 April 2003 - Serb); note - Mirko SAROVIC resigned 2 April 2003 election results: percent of vote - Mirko SAROVIC with 35.5% of the Serb vote was elected chairman of the collective presidency for the first eight months; Dragan COVIC received 61.5% of the Croat vote; Sulejman TIHIC received 37% of the Bosniak vote note: President of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Niko LOZANCIC (since 27 January 2003); Vice Presidents Sahbaz DZIHANOVIC (since NA 2003) and Desnica RADIVOJEVIC (since NA 2003); President of the Republika Srpska: Dragan COVIC (since 28 November 2002) head of government: Chairman of the Council of Ministers Adnan TERZIC (since 20 December 2002)

The Chair of the Council of Ministers is nominated by the Presidency and approved by the House of Representatives. S/he is then responsible for appointing a Foreign Minister, Minister of Foreign Trade, and others as appropriate. The Council is responsible for carrying out the policies and decisions in the fields of foreign policy; foreign trade policy; customs policy; monetary policy; finances of the institutions and for the international obligations of Bosnia and Herzegovina; immigration, refugee, and asylum policy and regulation; international and inter-Entity criminal law enforcement, including relations with Interpol; establishment and operation of common and international communications facilities; regulation of inter-Entity transportation; air traffic control; facilitation of inter-Entity coordination; and other matters as agreed by the Entities.
Source: U.S. Department of State - Background Notes

2.3 Judiciary Branch

BiH Constitutional Court (consists of nine members: four members are selected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives, two members by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and three non-Bosnian members by the president of the European Court of Human Rights); BiH State Court (consists of nine judges and three divisions - Administrative, Appellate and Criminal - having jurisdiction over cases related to state-level law and appellate jurisdiction over cases initiated in the entities).

The Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina is the supreme, final arbiter of legal matters. It is composed of nine members: four are selected by the House of Representatives of the Federation, two by the Assembly of the RS, and three by the President of the European Court of Human Rights after consultation with the Presidency. The Constitutional Court's original jurisdiction lies in deciding any constitutional dispute that arises between the Entities or between Bosnia and Herzegovina and an Entity or Entities. The Court also has appellate jurisdiction within the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Both the Federation and the RS government have established lower court systems for their territories.
Source: U.S. Department of State - Background Notes

Generally speaking the powers of the Court, as provided for under the Constitution in Article VI paragraph 3 and Article IV paragraph 3, and subject to its overriding duty to uphold the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, consist of five fields of competence. The procedure to be followed, and type of decision to be given, will depend upon the field concerned and the nature of the case. Essentially, the distinction between these various fields of competence is based on the extent to which the Constitutional Court, in addition to the classical task of upholding constitutionality, also has, in certain types of disputes, a more direct relation with the judicial or legislative authority concerned.
Source: Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina

2.4 Local Government Both entities in Bosnia (the Republika Srpska and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina) are organized into municipalities as the basic local government unit. In addition to a federal level of government and local governments, the Federation entity contains ten sub-national units called cantons. They have their own legislature, basic laws (constitutions) governors and ministries. The Republika Srpska has a centralized administrative structure and Ministry of Local Self-Government to regulate and co-ordinate 64 municipalities. The Federation does not have a Ministry, but a Law on Local Self-Government, which forms the basis for

the 10 canton laws that together with taxation and regulatory powers should coordinate 73 municipalities within the entity. Local government legislation in the entities and consequently cantons is derived from the state Constitution that essentially devolves all issues related to local selfgovernment to the lowest possible level.
Source: Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative (LGI) - Stabilization of Local Governments (2001)

Under an arbitration ruling in 1999, the district of Brcko has a separate status from the two entities. The Federation and the Republika Srpska technically share sovereignty over the area, however, in March 2000 the High Representative formally established the institutions of the district, including its own Parliament, Constitution, and budgetary independence (click here for Statute).
Source: Freedom House - Nations in Transit (2003)

3. The State and Civil Society

3.1 Ombudsperson The Institution of the Ombudsman of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina was established by the Constitution of the Federation, which in its Chapter II.B foresees the appointment of three Ombudsmen by the Federation Legislature, with the mandate of protecting human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms and reverse of consequences of ethnic cleansing. The Ombudsmen are empowered to examine the activities of every institution of the Federation, Cantons, and Municipalities, as well as any other institution or person by whom human dignity, rights of liberties may be negated, including by accomplishing ethnic cleansing or preserving its effects. They can examine all official documents, including secret ones, as well as judicial and administrative files and require any person (including any official) to co-operate. Ombudsmen may also attend court and administrative hearings, as well as meetings of the other organs, and may enter and inspect any place where persons deprived of their liberty are confined or work. As a result of this activity, the Ombudsman, individually and collectively present their findings and recommendations in their annual or special reports, which are addressed to the Prime Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister of the Federation, to each Cantonal President, to the OSCE, OHR (Office of the Highs Representative in Bosnia and Herzegovina) and other international organizations. The coverage of the whole territory of the Federation is ensured by the presence of one Central Office (24 persons employed) in Sarajevo and 10 Field Offices (48 persons employed), one for each Canton. The confidence of citizens in the Institution of the Federation Ombudsmen increases every year. In 1995 approximately 2.000 complaints were lodged with the Institution, in 1999 number of complaints increased to 9.500, in 2000 number of complaints increased to 19.414 cases. Over the first five years of work the Office of the Ombudsman received more than 38.000 complaints. Over the same period the Office had about 300.000 immediate contacts with citizens who addressed the network of the Ombudsman eleven regional offices.
Source: The Ombudsman Institution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

3.2 NGOs Today, more than seven years after the war, Bosnias nongovernmental sector is still rather weak. While some of this frailty can be attributed to economic hardships and a general lack of tradition for volunteerism, some of it is specific to the effect of war on the countrys social structure. Specifically, the ethnic divisions in the country have made it more difficult for NGOs to become active. Owing to the high degree of international intervention in Bosnia, the country has a large number of nongovernmental organizations that are mostly foreign funded. In addition to the Western-funded and traditional NGOs, a number of illiberal nongovernmental organizations have emerged in Bosnia during and after the war that yield considerable influence and resources.

Although the various levels of Bosnian government have typically viewed NGOs with suspicion, changes in the countrys political climate have improved their relations in recent years. In some parts of Bosnia, for example, NGO liaison officers within the local governmental administrations provide office space for NGOs or assist them in fund-raising. When governments across Bosnia have been slow to adopt new laws or make important decisions, NGOs have frequently resorted to working with international organizations, especially the Office of the High Representative, to lobby for change. While most groups lack public relations professionals, the Bosnian media now regularly report on NGO activities.
Source: Freedom House - Nations in Transit (2003)

3.3 Civil Society The small civil society sector that emerged in the years prior to the war mostly promoted interethnic tolerance and sought to reduce the nationalist polarization in the country. The countrys different national communities also established their own organizations, mainly religious institutions engaged in humanitarian activities. All major religious communities maintain their own humanitarian organizations and although most cater to members of their own religious community, some of them gained the reputation for providing interethnic and interdenominational humanitarian aid during the war. The influence of domestic policy institutes, think tanks, and interest groups in Bosnia has been limited as they lack the capacity to effectively influence policy. Trade unions have been particularly active in 2001 as the pace of privatization in the Federation and in the Serb Republic gained speed and led to large-scale job cuts.
Source: Freedom House - Nations in Transit (2003)

10

4. Civil Service

In the past, the civil service has been subjected both to political pressure and to the
need to be representative of the three national groups. Given the number of layers of governance, especially in the Federation, each level of public authority tends to be relatively small. The joint state civil service is particularly small.
Source: Freedom House - Nations in Transit (2003)

In November 2003 the Civil Service Agency in Bosnia and Herzegovina was in the process of being established with a director appointed by the federal government. The Agency will perform tasks ranging from establishing unified criteria, rules and selection procedures, appointments and nominations of civil servants in the administrative to plan and realize the recruitment process for civil servants to organize and realize the professional education and advanced training for the civil servants employed in the Government bodies etc.
Source: Citizen's Guide to the Government Institutions of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

4.1 Legal basis In August 2001, the Council of Ministers drafted and passed a state level Law on Civil Service. It was adopted by Parliament in July 2002. In March 2003, The Office of the High Representative (OHR) adopted Law on Amendments to the Law on Civil Service in the Institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. (On 26 February 2003 the OHR also enacted the Law on Ministerial, Government and other Appointments in the Republika Srpska).
Source: Freedom House - Nations in Transit (2003)

The Law on Civil Service in the Institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina regulates the legal status of civil servants in the institutions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, conditions and procedures for entering the public service and for termination of the service, positions, rights and duties of civil servants, career advancements, liabilities aimed at creating professional, stable and efficient civil service.
Source: Law on Civil Service in the Institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Law on Civil Service. Support for Improvement in Governance and Management, Joint initiative OECD/EU, 24 p. Chapter I: General provisions. Chapter II: civil service positions. Chapter III: Duties and rights of civil servants. Chapter IV: Vacancy, Transfer, Recruitment, Performance management, Promotion. Chapter V: Remuneration and Allowances; Chapter VI: Working conditions; Chapter VII: Termination of service; Chapter VIII: Disciplinary responsibilities. Chapter IX: Management of the Civil service. Chapter X: Transitional provisions. Chapter XI: Final provisions. Unofficial English translation. Act of 26 June 2003 on public service in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Text No. 302) Sluzbene Novine, 2003-06-30, No. 29, pp. 1340-1349 Establishes the professional and legal status of public servants in public administration bodies. Contains provisions relating to workplaces, rights and obligations of public servants, recruitment and work evaluation, wages and benefits, working conditions, and termination of employment.

11

Source: International Labour Organization - NATLEX

4.2 Appointment According to the Law the recruitment and the professional career advancement of a civil servant shall be based upon open competition and professional merit. Law also regulates that the structure of civil servants within the civil service shall generally reflect the ethnic structure of the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina, but is based on voluntary declaration of ethnic identity. A person is hired as a civil servant upon internal or external advertisement of vacancies, provided he/she meets general requirements for a civil service, regulated in the Article 22 of the Law. The Agency for Civil Service is assigned an active role in the recruitment process by appointing the Selection committees that are impartial in administrating the public open competitions. It also publicizes the results and notifies each candidate on his results. The appointment of a civil servant is carried out by the Agency as well, upon prior opinion of the competent institution. Appointments are made by an administrative act published in the Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The promotion of a civil servant to a higher working position within the same or a different institution shall exclusively take place through public open recruitment and shall be based upon positive performance appraisals and decided upon by appointing authority.
Source: Law on Civil Service in the Institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina

4.3 Remuneration A civil servant is entitled to a salary with the amount depending on the type of the civil service position he/she is holding. The Law on Civil service regulates that the initial basis for calculation of a civil servants salary is the same for all civil servants. Civil servants are categorized in six salary grades: Specialists, Senior Officials, Senior Advisers, Heads of Organizational Units, Assistant Ministers, Senior Executive Managers and Senior Executive Managers with special assignments. The coefficients relating to the salary grades and within the salary grade are determined by the Council of Ministers. The Law on Civil Service also regulates other remunerations civil servant is entitled to [Article 40], reimbursement for official trips as well as a right to a severance package of six months salary in case of dismissal or redundancy.
Source: Law on Civil Service in the Institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina

4.4 Training The Law on Civil Service regulates the right and obligation of civil servants to make permanent efforts with regard on their on-the-job and further training as well as study and research. They are entitled and obliged to participate in training and educational activities, seminars. Training activities are coordinated by a person designated under the bylaws, taking into consideration that equal representation of all civil servants has to be accomplished.
Source: Law on Civil Service in the Institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina

4.5 Gender

12

Source: Institution - Title

13

5. Ethics and Civil Service

5.1 Corruption 2003 CPI Score relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt).
Corruption Perceptions Index
2003 CPI Score Surveys Used Standard Deviation High-Low Range Number Inst. 90 percent confidence range

Rank 1 70 133

Country Highly clean Bosnia and Herzegovina Highly corrupt 9.7 3.3 1.3 8 6 8 0.3 0.7 0.7 9.2 - 10.0 2.2 3.9 0.3 - 2.2 4 6 6 9.5 - 9.9 2.8 3.6 0.9 - 1.7

Source: Transparency International - Corruption Perceptions Index 2003 Surveys Used: Refers to the number of surveys that were used to assess a country's performance. 17 surveys were used and at least 3 surveys were required for a country to be included in the CPI. Standard Deviation: Indicates differences in the values of the sources. Values below 0.5 indicate agreement, values between 0.5 and c. 0.9 indicate some agreement, while values equal or larger than 1 indicate disagreement. High-Low Range: Provides the highest and lowest values of the sources. Number Institutions: Refers to the number of independent institutions that assessed a country's performance. Since some institutions provided more than one survey. 90 percent confidence range: Provides a range of possible values of the CPI score. With 5 percent probability the score is above this range and with another 5 percent it is below.

Corruption is a key obstacle to economic reform and the establishment of the rule of law in Bosnia. It is considered a serious problem by international assistance providers, the Office of High Representative (OHR) and national authorities. The importance of the problem is currently proclaimed in various reform programs. In December 1997 OHA designed a strategy to combat corruption, fraud and diversion of public funds and as a result the Anti-Fraud Unit was established, which later became the Anti-Fraud Department (AFD). The AFD assists local authorities in identifying and prosecuting illegal activities, following court cases through all phases of judicial process and strives for the resolution of systemic problems through reforms of the legal and judicial systems. The AFD has drafted a comprehensive Anti-Corruption Strategy for Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was approved by the Steering Board in 1999 and is being implemented by the AFD and a dozen international organizations in cooperation with national authorities. In conjunction with the anti-corruption strategy, the Entities have worked out their own overall plans. Apart from isolated rules preventing conflicts of interests in either of the Entities, a Law on Conflicts of Interests in State level governmental institutions entered into force in June 2002. A Law on Party Financing was adopted in 2000 and the Law on State Services has been drafted.
Source: Council of Europe (GRECO) - Evaluation Report on Bosnia and Herzegovina (7/2003)

5.2 Ethics
Source: Institution - Title

14

6. e-Government

e-Government Readiness Index: The index refers to the generic capacity or aptitude of the public sector to use ICT for encapsulating in public services and deploying to the public, high quality information (explicit knowledge) and effective communication tools that support human development. The index is comprised of three sub-indexes: Web Measure Index, Telecommunications Infrastructure Index and Human Capital Index.

6.1 e-Government Readiness

e-Government Readiness Index

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
on ia M * ol do va ,R ep . R om an ia Se rb .& M on t.
Human Capital Index

Bi H

Al ba ni a

ia Bu lg ar

Web Measure Index: A scale based on progressively sophisticated web services present. Coverage and sophistication of stateprovided e-service and e-product availability correspond to a numerical classification.

* Former Yugoslav Republic

Source: United Nations World Public Sector Report 2003

Web Measure Index

Telecom. Infrastructure Index

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

Telecommunications Infrastructure Index: A composite, weighted average index of six primary indices, based on basic infrastructural indicators that define a country's ICT infrastructure capacity. Primary indicators are: PCs, Internet users, online population and Mobile phones. Secondary indicators are TVs and telephone lines.

M ac ed

ro at ia

Bu lg ar ia

ro at ia

Al ba n

M ac ed on

M ol do va ,

om

* Former Yugoslav Republic

Source: United Nations World Public Sector Report 2003

Human Capital Index: A composite of the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio, with two thirds of the weight given to adult literacy and one third to the gross enrolment ratio.

15

Se rb

.&

M on t.

Bi H

ia

R ep .

an ia

ia

e-Participation Index: Refers to the willingness, on the part of the government, to use ICT to provide high quality information (explicit knowledge) and effective communication tools for the specific purpose of empowerring people for able participation in consultations and decision-making both in their capacity as consumers of public services and as citizens.

e-Participation Index 6.2 e-Participation

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0
iH lb an ia B ul ga ria C ro at ia ep . R om an ia * M ac ed on va ,R M on t ia B .

e-information: The government websites offer information on policies and programs, budgets, laws and regulations, and other briefs of key public interest. Tools for disseminating of information exist for timely access and use of public information, including web forums, e-mail lists, newsgroups and chat rooms.

* Former Yugoslav Republic

Source: United Nations World Public Sector Report 2003

e-information
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

e-decision making

M ol do

e-consultation

e-decision making: The government indicates that it will take citizens input into account in decision making and provides actual feedback on the outcome of specific issues.

1 0

lb an ia

* Former Yugoslav Republic

e-consultation: The government website explains e-consultation mechanisms and tools. It offers a choice of public policy topics online for discussion with real time and archived access to audios and videos of public meetings. The government encourages citizens to participate in discussions.

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ac ed on ia M * ol do va ,R ep . R om an ia Se rb .& M on t.
Source: United Nations World Public Sector Report 2003 d

iH

ul ga ria

ro a

tia

Se rb .&

7. Links

7.1 National sites Authority Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Government Parliament Ministry of Finance Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Transport and Communication http://www.fbihvlada.gov.ba http://www.parlamentfbih.gov.ba http://www.fmf.gov.ba http://www.mvp.gov.ba http://www.fmpik.gov.ba Topic

Constitutional Court Office of the Human Rights Ombudsperson

http://www.ccbh.ba http://www.ohro.ba

Republika Srpska Government Constitutional Court http://www.vladars.net http://www.ustavnisud.org

7.2 Miscellaneous sites Institution Council of Europe (COE) European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) European Commission and World Bank (SEERECON) European Union (EU) International Labour Organization (ILO) Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) OSCE - Legislation OSCE - News United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) World Bank (WB) Topic http://www.coe.int http://www.ebrd.com/country/country/bosnherz/index.htm http://www.seerecon.org/bosnia/index.cfm http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations... http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex_browse.home http://www.oscebih.org/ http://www.legislationline.org http://www.osce.org/news/index.php http://www.undp.ba/ http://www.worldbank.org.ba/

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