IN THE EXAM YOU WILL GET SOME CHOICES.

DO NOT ANSWER QUESTIONS ON RIVER PROCESSES AND OCEANS ON THE EDGE!!! Revision List Restless Earth What you need to know..
Topic Area 1. There are four different spheres which make up our earth. The names of each of the spheres and what happens in each one. Understand how each of the spheres interlinks with each other. 2. To know the different layers inside our Earth. To know the different characteristics of each of the layers e.g. density, temperature, what it is made out of. To understand the differences between continental crust and oceanic crust. 3. To be able to draw a diagram and explain 3 major processes which take place inside our earth; convection currents, magma plumes and hot spots, creation of the magnetic field. 4. To be able to name the four different types of plate boundaries and to know a real life example of each. To be able to draw a diagram and be able to explain what happens on each boundary and to know what type of earthquakes and volcanoes are found on each. 5. Volcanoes: to know the two different types of volcanoes and what type of lava is found at each one. To know a range of hazards which come from a volcano e.g. lava bombs. To know how people try and predict volcanic eruptions. Case studies: Mount Pinatubo (developing world/LEDC) and Mount St Helens (developed world/ MEDC). For both you need to know the causes, impacts and how people managed/ responded to the eruption. 6. Earthquakes: to know how the strength of earthquakes are measured. To know how people try and predict and protect themselves from earthquakes. Case Studies: Haiti (developing world/ LEDC) and San Francisco(developing world/ MEDC). For both you need to know background information e.g. the magnitude, impacts and how people responded/ managed the earthquake Possible Exam Questions/ Review Questions: 1. Write down a definition of each of the 4 spheres? 2. How do humans used each of the 4 spheres? 3. State 4 ways in which humans might be harmed by the 4 spheres. 4. What are the main differences between the lithosphere and the Asthenosphere? 5. Describe the characteristics of the mantle. 6. Why do tectonic plates move? 7. Explain the movement of convection currents. 8. What is a hot spot? 9. What creates our Earths magnetic field? 10. Draw a labelled diagram of a Conservative/ Constructive/ Destructive/ Collision plate boundary. 11. Describe the characteristics of a shield volcano. 12. Explain the shape of a composite cone volcano. 13. For a volcanic eruption in an LEDC/ Less Developed Country, describe the impact of the eruption on people and the environment. (This could also be for a volcanic eruption in an MEDC/ More Developed Country)

14. For a volcanic eruption in an LEDC/ Less Developed Country, describe how people responded to the eruption/ managed the eruption. (This could also be for a volcanic eruption in an MEDC/ More Developed Country) 15. Using examples, explain how volcanic eruptions can be predicted. 16. Explain why earthquakes happen on destructive plate margins. You may draw a diagram to help with your answer. 17. For a recent earthquake in an LEDC/ Less Development Country, describe the impact of the quake on people and the environment. (This could also be for a volcanic eruption in an MEDC/ More Developed Country) 18. For a recent earthquake in an LEDC/ Less Development Country, describe how people responded to/ managed the quake. (This could also be for a volcanic eruption in an MEDC/ More Developed Country) 19. Draw and label the key features a diagram of an appropriate earthquake proof building for an LEDC or an MEDC.

Revision List Changing Climate What you need to know..

Topic Area: Changing Climate 1. That climate has changed in the past and be able to describe these changes from a graph. Know the 3 main natural causes of climate change (orbital theory, eruption theory and sunspot theory) and be able to explain how each one can change the climate. 2. To know the impact that climate change has had on people and farming during the Little Ice Age and the Megafauna ecosystem. 3. To know the main sources of carbon dioxide emissions (activities and countries). To know the other main greenhouse gases and what human activities they come from. 4. To be able to draw and explain a diagram of the natural greenhouse effect and the enhanced greenhouse effect. 5. Case study: to know a range of economic and environmental impacts of future climate change in the UK. 6. Case Study: to know a range of economic and environmental impacts of future climate change in a developing country e.g. Egypt Possible Exam Questions/ Review Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain how volcanic eruptions can alter the Earths climate. Explain the Sunspot Theory or Orbital Theory and how they can alter the Earths climate. Explain one natural cause of climate change in the past. How did the Little Ice Age impact on people and the environment in Europe? Using examples, describe how ecosystems were affected by climate change in the past. (Use Mega Fauna as your example) 6. Give four human activities which add extra greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. 7. What are the main greenhouse gases? 8. What are the main sources of carbon dioxide in the world? 9. Explain why people in the developing world produce only small amounts of greenhouse gases. 10. Draw and label a diagram to explain the enhanced greenhouse effect. 11. Using examples, describe how global warming in the UK could have both cost and benefits. 12. What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?

13. Using a named case study, describe the impact climate change is likely to have in a developing country.

Revision List Battle of the Biosphere What you need to know..

Topic Area: Battle of the Biosphere 1. To be able to define biome. To know the general location of the worlds major biomes. 2. To be able to explain the location of some biomes using climatic and local factors such as strength of the sun, amount of precipitation, altitude. 3. To know a range of services the biosphere provides. To know a range of good the biosphere provides for humans. 4. Case Study: Amazon Rainforest. To know a range of human activities which are destroying the biome and the impacts they activities have on the biome. 5. To know a range of impacts climate change is having on the biosphere and different biomes. 6. To know and be able to explain global, national and local conservation strategies for the biosphere and different biomes e.g. RAMSAR, CITES, National Parks. 7. To be able to define sustainable management. Brundtland quote on sustainability Meeting the needs of today, whilst ensuring future generations can meet their own need. Case Study: To know and be able to explain a small scale example of sustainable biosphere management e.g. Kilum Forest Reserve Possible exam questions/ review questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is a biome? Name 3 biomes. List 3 factors which affect the location of biomes around the world. What is the difference between altitude and latitude? Explain how altitude can have an impact of plant growth. The biosphere provides us with goods and services. List 4 services and 4 goods which the biosphere can provide. 7. Using a named example, explain how one biome is being threatened by human interference. 8. What goods and services does the rainforest provide humans? 9. List 5 threats to the biosphere. 10. Describe the impacts human activities are having on the Rainforest. 11. What impact is climate change predicted to have on the biosphere? 12. Using examples, explain some ways of conserving threatened species. 13. How are global strategies being used to conserve the biosphere? 14. How are national strategies being used to conserve the biosphere? 15. How are local strategies being used to conserve the biosphere? 16. Using a named case study, explain how a sustainable management strategy is being used to conserve the biosphere. 17. What is sustainable management?

Revision List Water World What you need to know..

Topic Area: Water World 1. To know the key processes involved in the global Hydrological Cycle. Understand where most of our fresh water is found in the world. 2. To know the key processes involved in a drainage basin system including the inputs, outputs, transfers of water and stores of water. 3. To understand the terms water usage, water stress and water scarcity 4. To know a range of reasons why there is an increasing problem with water stress and scarcity in the world. 5. Case Study; Sahel Region to know why this region suffers from a lack of freshwater and what the impact of this is on the environment and the population. 6. To know the range of impacts climate change will have on freshwater in the world. 7. To know the impact humans can have on water quality. 8. To be able to explain how humans disrupt water supply e.g. reservoir building, overabstraction, deforestation 9. To know the costs and benefits (advantages and disadvantages) of large scale solutions to managing water supplies e.g. Colorado River Scheme 10. To know a range of small scale, sustainable solutions to managing water supplies e.g. NGOs work on hand-pumps in Tanzania Possible exam questions/ review questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. Draw a labelled diagram of the global hydrological cycle. Draw a labelled diagram of a drainage basin cycle. Explain why the biosphere and lithosphere are important to the hydrological cycle. Define these words: evaporation, evapotranspiration, infiltration. (They could ask you to define any hydrological cycle key words) 5. Explain how human activity could change the amount of infiltration. 6. Why has there been a decline in global freshwater availability? 7. Define physical water scarcity. 8. Define economic water scarcity. 9. Define water stress. 10. Using a named case study, explain why a region suffers from water scarcity and what impact it is having on people and the environment. 11. Describe 2 ways in which climate change could impact on water supplies. 12. List 4 causes of poor water quality. 13. Using examples, explain why pollution threatens water quality. 14. Using named examples, explain how humans can interfere with the hydrological cycle. 15. Explain how deforestation can impact on the hydrological cycle. 16. Using examples, show how big dams can bring both benefits and problems. 17. Draw a labelled diagram of a sustainable, appropriate technology which could be used in the developing world to increase their access to freshwater. 18. Using examples, explain how water use could be more sustainable.

Revision List Extreme Climates

(Different classes might have covered different case studies look in your exercise book)

What you need to know..

1 What you need to know Extreme climates are located in polar regions and hot arid areas; each has key physical characteristics and are fragile environments. People adapt to the challenges of extreme environments in a variety of ways. Extreme environments are under threat from a range of processes, which include climate change. Local Scale Case Study: Assess a range of local actions, eg intermediate technology and adaptations to changing climates, and assess their effectiveness in achieving a sustainable future for local communities Global Scale Case Study: Assess the role of global actions to protect extreme environments from the threat of climate change. Case Studies Polar, Alpine and Tundra climates

2 3

Canadian tribes, Innupiat, Khanty people Exxon Valdez

Alaska

1961 Antarctic Treaty, Global Action on CO2

Possible exam questions/ review questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Describe the characteristics of a named extreme-climatic environment. Where are cold polar climates on the planet? Explain how ecosystems have adapted to a polar/hot arid environment. How are ecosystems in polar/hot arid environments vulnerable to change. Explain how people have adapted to life in a polar/hot arid environment. Describe how people living in polar/hot arid environments make a unique and valuable contribution to world culture. 7. Describe the physical and human threats faced by one extreme environment. 8. What does low carrying capacity refer to? 9. Using named examples, explain how sustainable energy is produced in extreme climates. 10. For a named environment you have studied, explain how vegetation has adapted to this extreme climate. 11. For a named polar region, explain how life is changing for its people. 12. Explain how climate change could threaten extreme climates. 13. For a named example, explain how local management strategies can help protect this environment. 14. For a named case study, explain how sustainable management is having a positive impact on a local area. 15. What are intermediate technologies? 16. Explain how global actions might protect an extreme environment from climate change. 17. Using examples, describe the key physical characteristics of either polar or hot arid areas. 18. Using named examples, explain how local and global actions are helping to ensure the survival of either extreme cold or hot arid environments.

Revision List Coastal Change and Conflict

(Different classes might have covered different case studies look in your exercise book)

What you need to know..

1 What you need to know To know a range of coastal landforms and how their shape/ formation can be influenced by different rock types. The key landforms include: wave cut notch and platform, cave/ arch/ stack process. To know a range of hard / resistant rock types and to know a range of soft/ less resistant rock types. To understand how the layers/ structure of the rocks can influence the shape of a coastline discordant and concordant coasts. To understand the two different types of waves and the different characteristics of each wave. To know a range of processes which affect coastlines. Erosion and the landforms created by erosion Deposition and the landforms created by deposition Longshore Drift For a named area, understand why if suffers from erosion and cliff slumping (weathering), the impacts of erosion on people and property and how erosion is being managed To understand the costs and benefits of traditional/ hard engineering coastal management To understand the costs and benefits of more radical approaches such as do nothing, managed retreat, strategic realignment and Integrated Coastal Zone Management. To know what climate change will have an impact on coasts in the future through rising sea levels and increased storm activity. Case Studies

Lulworth Cove

Spurn Head

Minster Beach, Isle of Sheppey

Barton on Sea

Maldives North Sea Coastal Flooding

Possible exam questions/ Review questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Name one hard/ resistant rock. Name one soft/ less resistant rock. Explain how the geology of the coast creates discordant and concordant coastlines. Using diagram to help, explain the process involved in a cave turning into a stack. What is meant by the swash and backwash? What are the characteristics of a constructive wave? What are the characteristics of a destructive wave?

8. Give three reasons why some places suffer from greater erosion than others. 9. Explain the process of longshore drift. You may use a diagram to help with your answer. 10. Explain how the processes of longshore drift and deposition help to create a spit. 11. Define erosion and deposition. 12. Name two different types of erosion. 13. Using a named coastal area, explain why it suffers from high rates of erosion. 14. Using a named coastal area, describe the impact that erosion is having on people and property. 15. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of using groynes as coastal management. 16. Using examples, explain how coastal management choices can cause conflict at the coast. 17. Explain why some cliffs erode more rapidly than others. 18. Why are some coastlines using soft engineering rather than hard engineering to manage erosion? 19. For a coastline which is threatened by rising sea levels, explain the impact this will have on the population.