Router on basic

Basic Router

2004 - iPMAC Informatics Technology J.S.C

Objectives
Hardware and software components of the routers Operation of the routers when it boots up Different ways to access and configure the routers Function and operation of IOS Establishing session and log into router CLI help features
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Router Basic

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Router Basic ROM & Flash

ROM Contains bootstrap program for power-on diagnostics Subset of operating system software Software upgrades in ROM require replacing pluggable chips on the CPU Flash Erasable, re-programmable ROM Holds the operating system image Allows you to update software without removing and replacing chips on the processor content remains when you power down or restart multiple versions of IOS software can be stored in Flash memory
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Router Basic RAM/DRAM

RAM/DRAM Stores
Routers active configuration routing tables ARP cache fast-switching cache packet buffering (shared RAM) packet hold queues

Content is lost when power down or restart

NVRAM Nonvolatile RAM Stores

routers backup/startup configuration file Content remains when you power down or restart
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Router Basic - Interfaces

Network connection through which packets enter and exit a router Can be built-in on motherboard: Fixed Card or Separate interface module: Module Card

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Routers interfaces
Console port: Configure the router by terminal (RJ-45). Auxiliary port: Configure the router via modem (RJ-45). LAN ports: LAN interfaces. WAN ports: WAN interfaces.
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LAN interfaces: AUI and RJ-45 / DB-9/ MIC, SC and ST

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WAN interfaces
Synch/Asynch: Serial DB-60, Asynchronous: DB-68 with octal cable, RJ-45. T1, E1: DB-15, RJ-45 with CSU/DSU built-in. ISDN: BRI: RJ-45 , PRI: same as T1, E1 interface. POTS: RJ-45 with Modem build-in.
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WAN interfaces: Synch/Asynch

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WAN interfaces: Asynch

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Router Startup
Initialize and Initialize and check hardware check hardware

Finds and loads Finds and loads IOS IOS

Finds and loads Finds and loads configuration configuration

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Startup sequence

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Managing Configuration Files

IOS on a router uses a configuration file for the initial configuration at router startup and the active, running configuration file. The startup configuration file is in NVRAM. The running configuration file, which is in RAM, is used during operation. When the router first comes up, the router copies the stored configuration file from NVRAM into RAM. To display the content the configuration files, you use the show command.
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Common Config. register values

0x2100 : System bootstrap prompt

0x

0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0x2101 : Boot system from ROM

0x

0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

0x2102 : Boot system from flash

0x

0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0
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Reasons to modify configuration Reg.

Recovering a lost password Changing the console baud rate Enabling or disabling Break Forcing the router to boot automatically from the system bootstrap software OR from its system image in Flash memory, OR to read any boot system commands that are stored in the configuration file in NVRAM.

Router(config)# config-register Router(config)# exit Router# show version

0x2102

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show version
Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software IOS (tm) C2600 Software (C2600-J1S3-M), Version 12.2(15)T14, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc4) Technical Support: http://www.cisco.com/techsupport Copyright (c) 1986-2004 by cisco Systems, Inc. Compiled Sat 28-Aug-04 06:47 by cmong Image text-base: 0x80008098, data-base: 0x819608A4 ROM: System Bootstrap, Version 11.3(2)XA4, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc1) ROM: C2600 Software (C2600-J1S3-M), Version 12.2(15)T14, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc4) IPMAC-2600 uptime is 11 minutes System returned to ROM by power-on System image file is "flash:c2600-j1s3-mz.122-15.T14.bin" cisco 2610 (MPC860) processor (revision 0x203) with 61440K/4096K bytes of memory. Processor board ID JAD05030HG4 (3143568490) M860 processor: part number 0, mask 49 Bridging software. 1 Ethernet/IEEE 802.3 interface(s) 1 Serial network interface(s) 32K bytes of non-volatile configuration memory. 16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)

Configuration register is 0x2102

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Command-Line Interface
Cisco routers run Cisco IOS Software. IOS supplies several features:
Basic connectivity for a variety of protocols. Security features for those protocols. Reliable and scalable network services.

This chapter focusses in three main features of Cisco IOS Software:

Cisco IOS Software command-line interface (CLI) How to configure a router How to upgrade Cisco IOS Software in a router, and what happens during the boot process.
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Establishing a HyperTerminal session

Router Console port Rollover cable Terminal or a PC with terminal emulation software

Com1 or Com2 serial port

To access the CLI, use one of three methods. The cable from the console to a PC requires a rollover cable. The console port is intended for local administrative access.
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Establishing a HyperTerminal session

=
Important: A console connection is not the same as a network connection!
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Access to the CLI

The console port is intended for local administrative access. Aux is intended for remote administrative access Router / Switch can be accessed via remote telnet

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Initial Configuration (Setup Mode)

Setup mode leads a router administrator to a basic router configuration by using questions that prompt the administrator for basic configuration parameters. Setup mode is used most frequently when the router boots, and it has no configuration in NVRAM. Setup mode can be entered by using the setup command from privileged mode.

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Setup Mode
Most networking personnel do not use setup at all, but new users sometimes like to use setup mode. You can abort the setup process before answering all the questions by pressing CTRL+C.

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User Mode
From any of the three methods of accessing the router, you enter user exec mode. User exec mode, also called user mode, enables you to look around but not break anything.

Passwords are required for Telnet access, but there are no preconfigured passwords.
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CLI Password Configuration

The login command tells the router to display a password prompt. The password command specify the text password to be typed by the user to gain access. Several concurrent Telnet connections to a router are allowed.
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Privileged Mode
The privileged mode allows user to execute the commands. The enable command is used to reach this mode, so it is also called enable mode.

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User and Privileged Modes

Enable command: from user-mode to privileged-mode. Disable command: from privilegedmode to user-mode.

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Password for enable mode

Not recommended, clear text

Use this command instead, password is md5 encryped

A password can be used to prevent the users move from user-mode to enable-mode (privileged-mode). The password set with enable password command can be seen in configuration files. The password set with enable secret command is encrypted and cannot be decrypted. If both are configured, the password is set by the enable secret command is used. IPMAC

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Configuring Cisco IOS Software

Be careful when you type in a configuration command!

The changes to the configuration occur immediately each time you press the Enter key at the end of a command.
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Keyboard help in the router CLI

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Troubleshooting command line errors

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Hostname & message-of-the-day (MOTD)

Router(config)#hostname Gateway Prompt changes Gateway(config)# Gateway(config)#banner motd # MOTD (Message Of The Day) Enter TEXT message. End with the character '#'. Warning! Stay away! # Gateway(config)#end Gateway#exit Press RETURN to get started. Warning! Stay away!

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Configuring interface description

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Configuring a serial interface

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show ip interface command

Router# show ip interface brief Interface Ethernet0 Serial0 IP-Address 131.108.1.11 198.135.2.49 OK? YES YES Method manual manual Status up administratively down Protocol up down

What is wrong here? The administrator has either done a shutdown on the interface or has forgotten to do a no shutdown.

A serial interface will not show up and up unless both ends are properly configured (mostly) and a the no shutdown command is used. If one routers configuration looks okay, check the other routers configuration.
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Configuring a serial interface

Lab

Real world

On serial links that are directly interconnected, as in a lab environment, one side must be considered a DCE and provide a clocking signal. The clock is enabled and speed is specified with the clock rate command.
Router(config)#interface serial 0/0 Router(config-if)#clock rate 56000 Router(config-if)#no shutdown IPMAC

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Configuring a serial interface

DTE Cable

DCE Cable

How can you tell which end is the DTE and which end is the DCE? Look at the label on the cable. Look at the connecter between the two cables - The DTE cable will always be male and the DCE cable will always be female.
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Configuring a serial interface

RouterA DTE cable RouterB DCE cable

RouterA#show controllers serial 0 HD unit 0, idb = 0xECA4C, driver structure at 0xF1EC8 buffer size 1524 HD unit 0, V.35 DTE cable cpb = 0x62, eda = 0x403C, cda = 0x4050 RX ring with 16 entries at 0x624000 00 bd_ptr=0x4000 pak=0x0F5704 ds=0x62FFB8 status=80 pak_size=22 This is one of few commands where there must be a space between the interface type and the port. RouterB#show controllers serial 0 buffer size 1524 HD unit 0, V.35 DCE cable, clockrate 64000 cpb = 0x62, eda = 0x408C, cda = 0x40A0 RX ring with 16 entries at 0x624000 00 bd_ptr=0x4000 pak=0x0F2F04 ds=0x627908 status=80 pak_size=22

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Configuring a serial interface

RouterA DTE cable
RouterB(config)#inter serial 1 RouterB(config-if)#clock rate ? Speed (bits per second) 1200 2400 4800 9600 19200 38400 56000 64000 <text omitted> 2000000 4000000 <300-4000000> Choose clockrate from list above RouterB(config-if)#clock rate 64000 RouterB(config-if)#

RouterB DCE cable

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Host name resolution

Router# ping 172.16.32.1 Router# ping Auckland Router# telnet 192.168.53.1 Router# telnet Beirut Router# traceroute 192.168.89.1 Router# traceroute Capetown

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Configuring host tables

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Ip domain-lookup

Router(config)# ip domain-lookup Router#wreh Translating "wreh"...domain server (255.255.255.255) (Takes a few seconds) Translating "wreh"...domain server (255.255.255.255) (Takes a few seconds) Router(config)# no ip domain-lookup Router#wreh Translating "wreh" % Unknown command or computer name, or unable to find computer address
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Viewing the Configuration Files

show running-config: To display the currently used, active, running configuration file. show startup-config: to display the stored, startup configuration file.

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The copy command

The most basic method for moving configuration files in and out of a router is to use the copy command to copy files between RAM and/or NVRAM on a router or/and a TFTP server. The copy command always replaces the existing file when the file is copied into NVRAM or into a TFTP server. When the copy command copies a configuration file into RAM, the configuration file in RAM is not replaced.
It just merges the RAM configuration file and the newly copied files.

If you change the running config and then decide that you want to revert to whats in the startup-config file, the only way to guarantee that is to issue the reload command.
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Moving Configuration Files

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Copy IOS Image into Flash Memory

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Backup IOS to a TFTP Server

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What does the IOS name means? *

C2600-j1s3-mz.122-15.T14.bin
It is a good idea to keep the same filename when copying the file into flash. In particular, the first part of the name implies the router hardware platform. The second part identifies the feature set, with individual letters identifying different options for instance, j means the IOS has the Enterprise feature set. Finally, the last few digits tell us some information about the run-time features for instance, a z means that the file is compressed, and need decompression when being loaded.

* See www.cisco.com/warp/customer/620/4.html#image for more information

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Summary
Purpose and operation of IOS IOS naming convention CLI: use EXEC and privileged EXEC mode CLI help and editing command Router name, description, banner, hosts.. Router show commands Backup configuration files

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Prepare for the lab

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