Ya Khain Sar Tan Report On Rakhine

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1/ Thin Kyi, Arakanese Capital: "A Preliminary Survey of the Geographical Sitting", JBRS, Vol.LIII. Part II, Rangoon, 1970, p-1-13
2/vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;? &ckdifjynfe,f
3/ jynfe,fjzpfpOf pm 70 71
4/ Arakan Palace, p.488
6/ OD;y@d? "n0wD&mZ0ifopf? jynfBuD;r@Kdifyd#uwfykHESdyfwkduf? &efukef? 1910/
7/ pErmvmvuFm&? &ckdif&mZ0ifopf? (y)wGJ? yd#uwfykHESdyfwkduf? &efukef? 1931? pm 246? 260/
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1/ jrefrmrif;rsm;ta&;awmfykH? eHYomykHESdyfwkduf? &efukef? 1967-pm 36/
2/ Serajuddin, Muslim inuence in Arakan and the Muslim Names of Arakanese Kings, Asiaric Society of Bangladesh, VolXXX,I June, 1986,
p.20.
3/ &ckdif&mZ0ifopf('k)wGJ? 1931/
4/ Maurice Collis, The Land of the Great Image, Faber and Faber Ltd. London. P.107.
5/ Smart, Report on the Revision Settlement Operations in the Akyab district 1913-1917, Rangoon, Govt. Press 1918, p-15
6/ ewfarmufbkef;ausmf? t*Fvdyf-jrefrmppforkdif;?(wwd,tBudrf)? pmayavmuykHESdyfwkduf? &efukef? 1999? pm-129/
cJhonf/ xkdpOfu vlOD;a&rSm 65487 OD;&SdNyD; wkdif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfaom &ckdif? ouf? 'kdif;euf? NrdK? crDG;wkdYaexkdifaom
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1/ armifawmNrdKUe,fjzpfpOforkdif;? orkdif;jyKpka&;tzGJY? armifawmNrdKUe,fjynfolYaumifpD? 1981? pm 25/
2/ Burma Gazetteer, Akyab District, Vol(A), Rangoon(Yangon), Govt. Press, 1957, p-83.
3/ OD;xGef;vSjzL? &ckdifjynfe,fpD;yGm;a&;b@mwkduf? awmufawmuf0if;ykHESdyfwkduf? 1976? &efukef? pm-95/
4/ OD;atmifMunf(v0u)e,fpyfjyem? vufESdyfpufrl? armifawmNrdKU? 1976? pm 6/
5/ orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk? D 1318
6/ OD;atmifMunf(v0u)? e,fpyfjyem? pm 6/
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rsm;tm;vkH;u ppfwaumif;rGwfqvifrsm; 0ifa&mufrIudk wm;qD;oifhaMumif; tMuHjyKMuonf/
ppfwaumif;om;rsm; trsm;tjym;0ifa&mufvmjcif;onf 1937 cGJa&;wGJa&;EkdifiHa&;tajymif;tvJaMumifh
vnf; jzpfonf[kod&onf/ 1935 ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiHtufOya't& jrefrmEkdifiHudk tdEd,rScGJxkwf&ef qkH;jzwfcsuft&
tdEd,rSacgif;aqmifqmumESifhjrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&bufrS *VKefOD;apmwkdY vl0ifvlxGufpmcsKyfwpfckudk BudKwifcsKyfqkdcJh
Muonf/ xkdOya't& jzpfvmrnfhjrefrmEkdifiHvl0ifvlxGufOya'rsm;t& vkdufemaqmif&Gufjcif;rsm;udk pmcsKyfcsKyf
qkdaomaeYrSp okH;ESpftwGif;&yfwefYxm;&efyg&Sdonf/ tqkdygcGJxGufa&;udk pwifaqG;aEG;vkdufonfESifhppfwaumif;
e,fbufrS ukvm;rsm; aemifwGif tcGifhr&awmhrnfudk pdk;&drfum tvkH;t&if;jzifh 0ifa&mufvmMu&m armifawmESifh
bl;oD;awmifwpfavQmuf vrf;rsm;ay:wGif 0ifvmonfhukvm;rsm; jrifraumif;avmufatmif rsm;jym;vSonf[kqkd
onf/ OD;apm-qmumpmcsKyfudk tumtuG,f,lum tNrJwrf;aexkdif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh okH;ESpfokH;rkd;umvtwGif;
trsm;tjym;0ifvm&m &Sd&if;&Gmrsm;xuf ESpfq okH;q ydkrkdrsm;jym;vmNyD; tdrfajcenf;yg;aom&ckdif&GmwGifyg 0ifa&muf
aexkdifvmMuonfukd awGY&onf/5 ppfwaumif;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmrIudk pkd;&drf&onfhtajctaewGif 'kwd,urm
ppfpwifvmojzifh rnfodkYrQ taumiftxnf razmfEkdifcJhacs/
(C) 'kwd,urmppfumv ukvm;-&ckdify#dyu
'kwd,urmppfBuD;pwifjzpfyGm;cgeD; 1942ckESpfwGifNAdwdoQwyfrsm;pwifqkwfcGmavonf/ if;wkdYqkwfcGmcsdef
wGifpkHprf;a&;aumfr&Sifu tpD&ifcHxm;onhftwkdif;yif ukvm;-&ckdift"du&kPf;jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ tajccHtaMumif;
&if;rSm NAdwdoQtpkd;&\&ckdifodkY tdEd,ukvm;rsm; tajrmuftrsm;0ifxGufcGifhjyKcJhjcif;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/ EkdifiH
jcm;rS&maygif;rsm;pGmaomukvm;rsm;udk &ckdifokdY ac:oGif;vmNyD; ajr,mrsm;udk ay;cJhjcif;ESifhtwl ukvm;ajrykdif&Sif
trsm;tjym; ay:vmcJhonf/ &ckdifwkdY\v,fajrrsm;rSmvnf; wjznf;jznf;qkH;&IH;vmum &ckdifv,f,mrJhrsm;\y#dyu
onf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tjrpfwG,fvm&mrS t"du&kPf;jzpfyGm;cJhjcif; jzpfonf/ 6 tjcm;taMumif;wpf&yfrSm NAdwdoQ
tpkd;&\aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfaMumifh jzpfonf/ ta&;ygaomtaMumif;&if;wpfckrSmvnf; NAdwdoQwkdYu 1300
jynfhta&;awmfykHudk tm&kHvTJ&ef &nf&G,faqmif&GufcJhaom ukvm;-Armt"du&kPf;aMumifhjzpfonf/ xkdt"du&kPf;\
*,ufonf &ckdifodkY wjznf;jznf; ysHYESHYvmcsdefwGif 'kwd,urmppfjzpfyGm;vm&m ppfaMumifh NAdwdoQwkdYESifhtwl ajy;vm
1/ armifawmNrdKUe,fjzpfpOforkdif;? pm 70/
2/ OH/0361/2009 awGYqkHar;jref;csuf? orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk/
3/ &ckdifjynfe,f bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f\&kd[if*smtrnfcH ppfwaumif;om; b*FgvDrGwfqvifrsm;ESifhywfoufwifjyonfhpmwrf;uGefysLrl/
5/ bkHaygufomausmf? &ckdifjynfe,fESifh&kd[if*smtrnfcH b*FgvDrsm;jyempmwrf;? vufESdyfpufrl? 1989? pm 84/
6/ bkHaygufomausmf? awmfvSefa&;c&D;0,f? owif;*sme,fykHESdyfwkduf? &efukef? 1973? pm 73/
aomukvm;rsm;ESifh&ckdifwkdY qufvufxdyfwkduf&ifqkdifvm&onf/ NAdwdoQwkdYtaejzifh if;wkdYatmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmEkdif

&ef ppfajy;bufawmfom;rsm;u tcsif;csif;wkdufckdufay;onfhtaejzifh jrefrmEkdifiHom; r[kwfolrsm;udk ukd,fhudk,fukd
umuG,fEkdif&ef[ktaMumif;jyum vufeufrsm;ay;tyfcJhonf/1 xkdtcsdefwGif t*FvdyfppfwyfrS ukvm;ppfonfrsm;
udk a'ocHukvm;rsm;ESifhaygif;um &ckdiftrsKd;om;rsm;udk owfjzwfrIrsm; pwifcJhonf/ ukvm;-&ckdift"du&kPf;&kwf
w&ufjzpf&jcif;onf ajrykHNrdKUe,f? acsmif;BuD;&GmolBuD;nDtpfudkESpfOD;udk &ufacsmif;&GmrS ukvm;rsm;u owfjzwfjcif;
rSpwifcJhonf/ ukvm;rsm;u &ckdif&GmolBuD;tkyfcsKyfonfudk rESpfNrdKUojzifh ppftwGif; tcGifhomonfhumvwGif owf
jzwfjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdta&;tcif;udk taMumif;jyK odef;ausmfatmifausmf,tp&Sdaom &ckdifwkdif;&if;om;wkdYu
a'goxGufum {nfhonf&ufacsmif;ukvm;wkdYudk vufpm;acsowfjzwfonfwGif ukvm;-&ckdift"du&kPf;pwifcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/2 xkdrSwqifh ajrmufOD;? ausmufawmfNrdKUe,frsm;odkY ul;pufoGm;cJhonf/ xkdNrdKUe,frsm;rSxGufajy;vmaom
ukvm;rsm;onf bl;oD;awmif? armifawmNrdKUrsm;odkY a&muf&SdvmNyD; ,if;NrdKUe,f&Sdukvm;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;um a'o
wGif;&Sd &ckdifvlrsKd;wkdYudk vufpm;acsjyefojzifh armifawmNrdKUe,fjrpfta&SUzufjcrf; bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,fESifh&aoh
awmifNrdKUe,f&Sd &ckdif&Gmrsm;udk rD;&IdUzsufqD;jcif;? owfjzwfjcif;cH&jcif;wkdYaMumifh &ckdifrsm; xGufajy;Mu&onf/ &ckdif
vlrsKd;rsm;toufqkH;&IH;&NyD; &Gmaygif;rsm;pGm ysufpD;oGm;onf/3 ,if;odkYysufpD;oGm;jcif;aMumifh ,aeYtxd emvefr
xlEkdifyJ bl;oD;awmif? armifawmNrdKUe,frsm;wGif &ckdif&Gmtenf;i,fom usefawmhonf/4 xkdt"du&kPf;aMumifh &ckdif
vlrsKd;(20000)cefYtoufqkH;&IH;&NyD; bl;oD;awmif? armifawmrS&ckdiftm;vkH;rD;&IdUzsufqD;cH&onhftjyif &aohawmif
NrdKUe,frS &ckdiftcsKdU rD;&IdUzsufqD;cH&onf/5 ppfawGzufokdY jyefvnfxGufajy;olrsm;udk rlqvifrsm;u owfjzwfae
aMumif; Mum;odMuonfh armifawme,frS &ckdifwkdif;&if;om;rsm;onf aemufqkH;wGif t*Fvdyftpkd;&zufrSwm0efcH&
ckdift&m&SdtultnDjzifh 'dEmpyl&fppfajy;pcef;odkY xGufajy;cJh&onf/6
bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,fwGif 'kwd,urmppftwGif; b*FgvDwkdY\&ufpufowfjzwfrIaMumifh aoqkH;Mu&
jcif;? xGufajy;Mu&jcif;ESifhywfoufonfhtouf&Sifusef&pfolwkdY\ajymMum;csufrsm;t& rGwfqvifukvm;wkdY\tpD
tpOfonf if;a'otwGif; tcGifhta&;MuHKckduf &ckdifwpfOD;wpfa,mufrSrusef&pfatmif tjywf&Sif;&ef pDpOfMujcif;
yifjzpfonf/ armifawme,fawmifykdif;wGif tv,foHausmf? wyfwkd;jyif? pyfcsukef;? a&Smufudef;? NrdKUacsmif;ponfh&Gm
rsm;onf rGwfqvif'Pfudk tBuD;tus,f cH&aMumif; od&Sd&onf/ xkd&Gmrsm;rS&Gmom;rsm;onf 'dEpyl;&fppfajy;pcef;
okdYwpfOD;rS a&muf&Sdjcif; r&SdcJhacs/7 &ckdifwkdif;&if;om;rsm;u tdEd,bufokdY xGufajy;Muaomfvnf; rGwfqvifukvm;
rsm;rSm xGufajy;oGm;jcif;r&SdyJ &ckdifwkdYydkifqkdifcJhonfhv,fajrrsm;? uRJEGm;rsm;udk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufvkyfukdifMuonf/
xdktcsdefwGif armifawmNrdKUwGif usef&pfaomrGwfqvifrsm;u Nidrf;csrf;a&;tzGJY(Peace Comittee)zGJYpnf;um tkHarmf
rsm;u Ou|tjzpf aqmif&GufNyD;pDrHtkyfcsKyfcJhonf/8 1942 ckESpf atmufwkdbmvwGif *syefwkdYa&mufvmonfh
tcsdefwGif (Peace Comittee)udk bmoma&;toif;tjzpf toGifajymif;um uma*sarwltlvrm;toif;trnfjzifh
pwifvIyf&Sm;cJhonf/
tdEd,EkdifiH&Sd NAdwdoQwkdYtaejzifh *syefudk jyefvnfwkdufckdufEkdif&eftwGuf V.Force [kac:aomtaysmfwrf;wyf
zGJYudk 1942 ckESpfwGif zGJYpnf;cJhonf/ wyfzGJY0ifrsm;onf ba*FgvDukvm;rsm;jzpfNyD; if;wkdY\t"duwm0efrSm *syefwkdY
tm; ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;ESifhwkdufckduf&ef? &efolvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk owif;pkaqmif;&efESifhpum;jyefrsm;tjzpf aqmif
&Guf&ef jzpfonf/9 odkYaomf *syefwkdYta&;edrfh NAdwdoQwyfrsm; jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonfhtcg vkdufygvmonfhb*Fg
vDppfonfrsm;taejzifh *syefudk wkdufckduf&rnfhtpm; &ckdifwkdYudk vufpm;acswkdufckdufrIrsm; jyKvkyfvmonf/
1/ armifxif? ]]&ckdifjynfe,ftpD&ifcHpm}}? jr0wDr*Zif;? 1960? Zlvkdif? twGJ 8? trSwf 9? pm 14/
2/ &ckdifjynfe,fESifh&kd[if*smtrnfcH ba*FgvDrsm;jyem? pm 93/
3/ D 1313 ?orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk/
4/ &ckdifjynfe,fjzpfpOforkdif;? 'kwd,wGJ? pm 36-37/
5/ &aohawmifNrdKUe,forkdif;jzpfpOfrSwfwrf;NrdKUe,forkdif;jzpfpOfrSwfwrf;jyKpka&;tzGJY? &aohawmif? 1981? pm 22/
6/ &ckdif-ukvm;t"du&kPf;udk,fawGYrSwfpk? pm 1/
7/ &ckdif-ukvm;t"du&kPf;ukd,fawGYrSwfpk? pm 5/
8/ D 1318 ?orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk/
9/ Irwin, Anthony, Burmese Outpost, London, Collins, P-7-8, 16
ppftwGif; NAdwdoQtpkd;&\tpD&ifcHpmwGif&aohawmifa'o&Sd &ckdifaus;&Gmrsm;wGif qkd;&Gm;jyif;xefaom jzpf&yfrsm;ESifhif;wkdYcHpm;&aomysufpD;qkH;&IH;

rIrsm;taMumif; Mum;od&onf/ ar,kjrpftaemufbufurf;&Sd aus;&Gmtrsm;pkrSm ppfwaumif;taysmfwrf;
wyfzGJY\rD;&IdUjcif;ESifhzsufqD;jcif;udk cHcJh&onf/ -----if;wkdYonf bkd;bGm;ykdifajrrsm;rS ESifxkwfcH&aom&ckdif
vlrsKd;rsm;jzpfNyD; if;wkdYtm; u,fq,f&eftwGuf arQmfvifhcsufr&SdaMumif;
a&;om;xm;onf/1
&ckdifwkdYu rGwfqvif&efaMumifh ppfajy;pcef;odkY xGufajy;cJh&aomfvnf; rGwfqvifukvm;trsm;pkrSmusefae
cJhojzifh &ckdif&Gmrsm;wGif 0ifa&mufaexkdifjcif;? &ckdifwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ykdifv,frsm;udk 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifjcif;wkdYjzifh ae
&m&,lxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ wpfzufEkdifiHodkY ppftwGif; xGufajy;ckdvIHcJhonfh&cdkifrsm;onf rdrdae&yfodkYjyefvmonfhtcg
tkd;tdrfrsm; rD;avmifysufpD;qkH;&IH;aejcif;? rGwfqvifrsm;u &Gmwnf aexkdifjcif;wkdYaMumifh tjcm;NrdKUrsm;odkYoGm;
a&mufaexdkifMu&onf/ jyefvnfxlaxmifaomaus;&Gmrsm;rSm ajrmufydkif;wGif toifhtwifhay:vmaomfvnf;
awmifykdif;a'owGif &GmvkH;uRwf aoaMuysufpD;rIaMumifhvnf; jyefvnf xlaxmifEkdifjcif; r&Sdawmhonfudk awGY&
onf/2
t*Fvdyftpkd;&u &ckdif&Gmjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;jyKvkyfaomfvnf; rGwfqvifukvm;rsm;u rvkdvm;jcif;? vl
tiftm;uGmjcm;jcif;? rl*sm[pfrsm;u Ncdrf;ajcmufjcif;aMumifh &ckdifwkdY rMumcP xGufajy;aeMu&ojzifh &Gmwnfr&
EkdifawmhonfhtajctaeodkY a&muf&SdcJh&onf/ 1946 ckESpfwGif jyef0ifvmaom rGwfqvifrsm;onf bl;oD;awmifNrdKU
ESifheD;uyfaom uusbuf? uHBuD;jyif? armifeD&Gm? tv,facsmif;paom&Gmrsm;yifvQif tdrfajc(30)xuf rausmfao;
acs/ xkd&Gmrsm;wGif 1948 ckESpfu rGwfqvifOD;a& wpfodef;ESpfaomif;ausmfvm&m rnfokdY0ifvmonfudk pOf;pm;Ekdif
ayonf/ &yf&Gmom;rsm;rSm &cdkifr&dSbJ rGwfqvifoufoufjzpfNyD; olBuD;rSmvnf; rGwfqvifolBuD;jzpfaejyef&m ppf
waumif;e,frSrGwfqvifrsm; pdwfBudKuf0ifxGufEkdifvmjcif;jzpfonf/3 bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,frsm;wGif ppft
wGif;u xGufajy;oGm;aom &ckdif&Gmrsm;tm;vkH;udk ppftNyD;wGif ppfwaumif;e,frS rGwfqviftrsm;tjym; 0ifa&muf
ae&m,lvmMuonf/
(i) rGwfqvifygwDzGJYpnf;jcif;ESifhoD;jcm;jynfe,fwnfaxmif&ef pwifvmjcif;
'kwd,urmppfrwkdifrDuyif tdEd,EkdifiH&Sd rGwfqvifrsm;u oD;jcm;rGwfqvifEkdifiHxlaxmifay;&ef NAdwdoQ
tpkd;&xH awmif;qkdvIyf&Sm;vmonf/ rGwfqviftrsm;pk&Sdaom tdEd,taemufbufa'oESifhtdEd,ta&SUbuf b*F
vm;jynfe,fa'orsm;udk ygupwefEkdifiHtjzpf xlaxmifay;&ef awmif;qkdcJhMuonf/ awmif;qkdvIyf&Sm;rIonf
armifawm? bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,frsm;&Sd ppfwaumif;om;wkdYu topfjzpfay:vmaomygupwefESifhaygif;&ef pDpOfMu
onf/ txl;ojzifh rGwfqvifynmwwfrsm;u BudK;pm;vmjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh 1942 ckESpf u&mcsDNrdKUwGif usif;
yaomtpvmrfnDvmcH ygupwefESifhaygif;pnf;a&;tqkdwpf&yfwifoGif;cJhonf[kod&onf/ bl;oD;awmif? armif
awm? &aohawmifwkdY rGwfqvifOD;a&rsm;onfhtwGuf ygupwefe,ftwGif; xnfhoGif;owfrSwfay;a&;udk NAdwdoQ
tpkd;&xH toem;cH&ef BudK;pm;cJhMuonf[kqkdonf/4
ppftwGif; 1946 wGif Jami-a-tul Ulema-e Islam tzGJYay:aygufvm&m if;ygwDu 1947 ckESpfwGif u&mcsDodkY
oGm;um ygupwefvGwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;aeaom rGwfqvifacgif;aqmif*sif;em;ESifhawGYqkHNyD; bl;oD;awmif? armif
awm? &aohawmifwkdYudk ygupwefEkdifiHESifhyl;aygif;cGifhjyK&ef awmif;qkdcJhonf/5 xkdodkYaqG;aEG;&mwGif &ckdifajrmufydkif;
a'oudk wkdufckdufNyD; ygupwefxJodkY oGwfoGif;&ef odkYr[kwf udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'otjzpf &&Sdatmif AkdvfcsKyf
1/ London India Ofce Record, R/8/9GS, 4243
2/ London India Ofce Record, R/8/9GS, 4243 p-6
3/ OD;pHxGef;atmif? ukd,fawGYar,kESifh&kd[if*sm(vufESdyfpufrl) pm 99-100/
4/ cifBuD;azsmf? &cdkifjynfe,frSrl*sm[def;[lonf? &ckdifwefaqmifESpfvnfr*Zif;? 1959-60? pm-99/
5/ Dr.Mohammed Yunus, A History of Arakan; Past & Present, Mangenta Color Press, Chittagong, 1994, p-123.
atmifqef; tdEd,odkYtoGm;wGif rGwfqvifacgif;aqmif rpwm*sif;em;ESifhawGYqkHcJh&m *sif;em;u bl;oD;awmifESifh

armifawma'orS rGwfqvifrsm;u ygupwefxJodkY yl;aygif;&ef awmif;qkdrIudk rdrdudk,fwkdif raxmufcHaMumif;ajym
Mum;cJhonf/
rGwfqvifacgif;aqmif*sif;em;u&ckdifjynf armifawmESifhbl;oD;awmife,frsm;udk b*Fvm;jynfxJodkY oGwfoGif;ay;&ef ppfwaumif;rlqvift
csKdUu awmif;qkdcsufESifhywfouf odkY vkH;0rjzpfap&yg[kajym&if; Armjynfomru rnfonfhtjcm;e,f
y,fudkrS odrf;,l&ef odkYr[kwf awmif;,l&ef rlqvifvdcf &nf&G,fcsuf r&SdaMumif;? xkduJhodkY b*Fvm;jynf t
a&SUykdif;rSvufwqkyfrQavmufaom rlqvifvlrsKd;tcsKdU\awmif;qkdcsufqkdonfrSmvnf; bmrS*&kpkdufp&mr
vkdaMumif;
ponfjzifh &Sif;jycJhonf/1
1947 ckESpfukefcgeD;rSmyif bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f apwDawmifaus;&GmrSolBuD;a[mif; qlvfwif\nD rkd[mruf
u OD;aqmif rGwfqvifvli,frsm;udk vQKdU0SufpGm pnf;&kH;NyD; rl*sm[pfygwDudk zGJYpnf;um vufeufrsm;udk vQKdU0Suf
xm;&SdcJhonf/ xkdokdYzGJYpnf;pOfu &ckdifwkdYudk tumtuG,fay;&ef zGJYpnf;xm;aom xGef;atmifjzLtzGJYESifhrl*sm[pfwkdYyl;
wGJum ojyKacsmif;aus;&GmwGif vlxktpnf;ta0;usif;yNyD; tzGJYtrnfudk rl*sm[pfygwD[kac:wGif&ef qkH;jzwfcJhNyD;
xGef;atmifjzLtm; em,utjzpf wifajrmufMunf/ xGef;atmifjzLonf uGefjrLepfygwDESifhqufpyfoljzpf&m rl*sm[pf
tzGJYudk uGefjrLepfpcef;odkYac:aqmifoGm;cJhonf/ uGefjrLepfwkdYu zqyvtpdk;&jyKwfusvQif &ckdifjynfESpfydkif;ydkif;
vdrfhrnf/ ewfjrpfta&SUzufrS ukvm;wefjrpftaemufbuftwGif;&Sde,fajrtydkif;udk &kd[if*smjynfe,ftjzpfowf
rSwfay;vsuf useftydkif;udk &ckdifvlrsKd;rsm; tkyfcsKyfvdrfhrnf[kajymqkdcJhaMumif; od&Sd&onf/2
rl*sm[pf[laompum;\t"dyg,frSm ]]rdrdwkdif;jynfESifhbmoma&;tcGifhta&;udk wkdufckdufaomol}}[kqkdvkd
onf/ odkYaomf 1947 ckESpf Jami-a-tul Ulema-e toif;rSacgif;aqmifNyD; wef;pDvSnfhvnf&mwGif ygupweft"GefY&Snf
ygap[ka<u;aMumfcJhonf/ if;tzGJYonf 1942 ckESpfu &ckdifESifhtjcm;wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; xGufajy;oGm; usef
aeaom v,f,majrrsm;udk b*FgvDrsm;tm; oD;pm;csxm;ay;cJh&mrS &&Sdvmaom oD;pm;caiGrsm;udk trsm;tjym;pk
aqmif;odrf;qnf;xm;EkdifcJhonf[kod&onf/ xdkYtjyif tpkd;&trIxrf;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;NyD; tl&'l? tm&bDpmoif
ausmif;rsm; &efykHaiG[ktrnfcHum aiGaMu;rsm; aumufcHcJhonf/ if;aiGaMu;rsm;onf ajratmufrl*sm[pfrsm;\
vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufESifh&dum0,f&eftwGuf &efykHaiGjzpfvmonf/3
ppfNyD;acwf ppfwaumif;e,fom;wkdY\0g'onf ewfjrpf wpfzufurf;&Sd r,lawmifwef;a'oESifh ukvm;yef;
Zif;(ar,k)jrpf0Srf;a'owkdYudk e,fopftjzpfjzifh tajcpkduf&ef[laom0g'jzpfonf/ *sarwltlvrm;tzGJYu 24-2-47
&ufpGJjzifh abmfwGefravxH pma&;om;awmif;qkd&mwGif ajrmufydkif;&ckdifa'ojzpfaom bl;oD;awmif? armifawmESifh
&aohawmifNrdKUe,f ar,kjrpftaemufbufjcrf;e,frsm;wGif rGwfqvif 90%&SdNyD; {&d,mpwk&ef;rkdif 3000? vlOD;a&
okH;odef;cefYaexkdifaMumif;? if;rGwfqvifrsm;onf at'D 788 u yxrqkH; &ckdifwGif tajccscJh&m xkdtcsdefup
&ckdifwkdY,Ofaus;rIwkd;wufvmaMumif;? rGwfqvifESifh&ckdifwkdYqufqHa&;onf yxrOD;pGm 1710 ckESpfwGif pwifysuf
jym;cJhNyD; 1826 ckESpfwGif 'kwd,tBudrf ysufjym;cJhaMumif;? 1942 ckESpfwGif wwd,tBudrfqufqHa&; ysufjym;cJh&m
xkdtBudrfwGif rGwfqvif(40000)ausmf towfcH&aMumif; t*Fvdyftpkd;&\tkyfcsKyfrI &yfqkdif;oGm;onfh'kwd,urm
ppfumvwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumfrwDu &yf&Gmtajctaeudk atmifjrifpGm tkyfcsKyfEkdifcJhjcif;jzifh if;wkdYt&nftcsif;
udk jyoEkdifcJhaMumif;? r[mrdwfrsm; jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonfhtcg Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumifpDudk csD;usL;aMumif;? if;t
*FvdyftkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJYu Automous Muslim State ay;rnf[k uwdjyKcJhaMumif;? xdkYaMumifh if;wkdYonf Indo-Burma
Frontier wGif &Sdojzifh yifvkHnDvmcHwGif Frontier &ydkifcGifhudk wifjyawmif;cGifhjyKvkdaMumif; awmif;qkdcJhMuonf/4
1/ OD;ykuav;? igwkdYAkdvfcsKyf bmawGvkyfcJhovJ(wwd,wGJ)? (ykHESdyfwkdufryg)? &efukef? 1948? pm 54-55/
2/ orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk?D 264
4/ Series 10/1, Acc.No. 641, NAD
tqkdygawmif;qkdrItay: t*FvdyfwkdYtjrifrSm
bl;oD;awmif? armifawm? &aohawmifNrdKUe,f\ar,kjrpftaemufbufurf;a'owkdYudk jrefrmEkdifiHopfxl
axmifonfhtcg rGwfqvifukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'otjzpf Military Administrator of North Arakan u uwday;cJh
onfqkdonfhtcsufudk uREkfyfwkdYowif;r&acs/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif oD;jcm;rGwfqvifjynfe,fwpfck wnfaxmifay;&ef
&nf&G,fjcif;onf vufawGYrusacs/ bmoma&;wpfckwnf;jzifh wkdif;&if;om;jzpfrvmEkdifouJhodkY jrefrmEkdifiHrSma&m
urmrSmyg tpOftvm r&Sdacs/
jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tjcm; State rsm;rSm orkdif;aMumif;t& jrefrmbk&ifrsm;acwfwGif oD;jcm; State rsm;jzpfcJhNyD;
jrefrmwkdYodrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif aecJhaMumif; &ckdifwGif&SdonfhrGwfqvifrsm;onf &ckdif (okdYr[kwf) jrefrmvuf
atmufwGif tNrJwrf;aexkdifcJhNyD; State tjzpfzGJYcGJ aexkdifcJhjcif;&Sdolrsm; r[kwfaMumif;? e,fajrtaejzifh MunfhvQif
vnf; if;wkdYonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif tNrJwrf;yg0ifNyD; jrefrmwkdYvufatmufwGif aecJh&aMumif;? if;wkdYudk,fwkdiftcsKyf
tjcmtmPmykdiftjzpf awmif;qkdcJhbl;jcif;vnf; r&Sdzl;ojzifh ,cktcg oD;jcm; State awmif;jcif;onf ckdifrmonfht
aMumif;jycsuf r&dSaMumif;? if;wkdYtaejzifh EkdifiHom;awmif;cH&efom oifhaMumif;? bmoma&;wpfckwnf;udk tajccH
NyD; oD;jcm; Stateawmif;EkdifonfhtcGifhta&;r&SdaMumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHxJodkY 0ifa&mufaexkdifoljzpfojzifh vGwfvyfaom
State vkyfykdifcGifhr&dSaMumif;? if;tawG;tac:onf *sif;em;rSpwifvmjcif;jzpfaMumif;? wl&mrsKd;wlpkrsm;aygif;um
jynfe,fxlaxmifvkdonfhykHpHrsKd; &ckdifwGif aqmif&GufvQif tkyfcsKyfa&; tBuD;tus,f&IyfaxG;EkdifaMumif;----rGwf
qvifa'owpfckzefwD;&ef awmif;qkdjcif; rjyKbJ Oya'jyKvTwfawmfwGif yg0ifum if;wkdYtem*wfudk vIyfatmif
aqmif&GufEkdifaMumif;}}rSwfcsufjyKcJhonf/
NAdwdoQwkdYtaejzifh wpfzufwGif rGwfqvifwkdY\awmif;qkdcsufrSm;aMumif; ajymMum;aomfvnf; wpfzufwGif
rnfokdYqufvufvkyfoifhonfudk vrf;aMumif;ay;xm;onfhtcsufrsm;ygonfudk awGY&onf/ EkdifiHwpfck? jynfe,fwpf
ckxlaxmif&eftwGuf rnfonfhtcsuftvufrsm; vkdtyfaMumif;? rnfonfhvrf;aMumif;rS aqmif&GufvQif tcGifht
a&;&EkdifaMumif; vrf;jyxm;jcif;ukd awGY&Sd&onf/ aemiftcg xkdvrf;aMumif;twkdif; rGwfqviftzGJYu aqmif&Gufvm
onfudk awGY&onf/ 1947 ckESpf arv 15 &ufaeYu vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;XmerS wifjyonfhpmwGif if;a'o&SdrGwfq
vifrsm;onf armifawm? bl;oD;awmife,fudk frontier area owfrSwfay;&ef awmif;qkdcsufukd udkifpGJaeqJjzpfaMumif;
ta&SUygupwef{&d,mwGif yg0if&ef awmif;qdkqJjzpfaMumif; yg&Sdonfudk awGY&onf/2
odkYaomf jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnf[kowif;jyefYESHYvmaomtcg b*FgvDrsm;onf tcsif;csif;yl;aygif;
ydkrkdvIyf&Sm;rIjyKvkyfvmonf/ oD;jcm;rGwfqvifjynfe,f&&Sd&ef[laomarQmfvifhcsufrjynhf? jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&;
&rnfjzpf&m tm;xm;rSDckd&rnfholuif;rJhawmhrnf[k,lqum txl;pdk;&drfcJhMuonf/ wGifrl*sm[pfvIyf&Sm;rIudkaqmif
&GufcJhonfhumqifonf 'umNrdKUrSae jrefrmEkdifiHtpkd;&tm; qefYusif0g'jzefYrIjyKvkyfjcif;? owif;pmtoD;oD;wGif
vIHYaqmf0g'jzefYjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmjcif;jzifh rl*sm[pfvIyf&Sm;rIonf wjznf;jznf; BuD;xGm;vmcJhonf/3
(p) vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf &ckdifjynfe,f&Sd rGwfqvifwkdYtajctae
1948 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv(4)&ufaeYwGif jrefrmEkdifiHvGwfvyfa&; &&SdcJh&m EkdifiHawmftm; zqyvtpkd;&u tkyf
csKyfcJhonf/ &ckdifwGif (&wn)tzGJYu &ckdifjynfe,f&&Sda&;udk taMumif;jyK pnf;&kH;vIyf&Sm;aeonf/ vGwfvyfa&;r
&rDuyif zGJYpnf;cJhaom rl*sm[pftzGJYonf vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf tiftm;awmifhwif;vmcJhonf/ 1948 pufwifbm
v(30)&ufaeYwGif bl;oD;awmifESifh(3)rkdifcefYuGmonfhqiftkd;jyif&GmwGif rl*sm[pfwkdY pwifpcef;cscJhNyD; ]]ygupwef*sD
emAwf}}(ygupweft"GefY&Snfygap)[laoma<u;aMumfoHudk ukvm;vkd rjywfa<u;aMumfcJhMuonf/
1948 wGif rGwfqvifvGwfajrmufa&;tzGJYnDvmcHudk armifawmNrdKUe,f? *&Asif&GmwGif usif;y&m tzGJYtrnf
3/ armifxif? ]&ckdifjynfe,ftpD&ifcHpm}? jr0wDr*Zif;? twGJ(8)? trSwf(9)? 1960? pm 15/
10
ukd rl*sm[pfygwD[kw&m;0ifajymif;vJzGJYpnf;vkdufjcif; jzpfonf/1 tzGJY\ppfa&;acgif;aqmifrSm Jaffar Kawal jzpfNyD;

vufaxmufrSm [lpdefjzpfonf/ if;wkdY\awmif;qkdcsufxJwGif-ukvm;wefjrpftaemufbufurf;ESifhewfjrpfta&SUbufurf;Mum;a'oudk rGwfqvifwkdY\National Home
tjzpf owfrSwfay;&ef?
-&cdkif&Sd rGwfqvifrsm;udk wkdif;&if;om;pm&if;xJ xnfhoGif;ay;&ef?
ponfhtcsufrsm; yg0ifonf/2
rsm;rMumrD rl*sm[pftzGJYwGif umqifqkdolrSm emrnfBuD;vmcJhonf/ umqifonf armifawmNrdKUe,fawmif
ykdif;? oabFmauGY&Gmae OD;tubm0k'defESifha':Ek&lwkdYrS 1919 ckESpfavmufwGif arG;zGm;NyD; om;csif;(4)OD; &Sdonf/3
rl *sm[pfygwDxJ r0ifa&mufrDu zufvdyf&Gmae OD;ausmfjrESifhOD;*rfacswkdYxHwGif ol&if;iSm;tjzpf vkyfukdifcJhonf/ xkdY
aemuf yifv,f"m;jrrIjzifh axmifuscJhonf/4 1948 ckESpf vGwfvyfa&;aeYaMumifh vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhjzifh axmifrS
vGwfvm&m ae&yfodkYrjyefbJ OD;pdEm\&ckdifjynfvGwfajrmufa&;ygwDwGif wyfom;tjzpf 0ifa&mufonf/5 OD;ynmoD
[xHwGifvnf; wynfhcHcJhonf[kod&onf/ OD;pdEmxHrS vufeufokH;vuf ckd;,lum bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,fokdYjyef
vmNyD; Jaffar Kawal xHodkY 0ifa&mufum rl*sm[pfygwDwGif vIyf&Sm;cJhonf/ if;yl;aygif;cJhaom tzGJYacgif;aqmifrsm;
udk NzdKcGif;um tiftm;aumif;vmcJhonf/6
1951 ckESpf ZGefvwGif armifawmNrdKUe,f? tv,foHausmf&Gm rlvwef;ausmif;(,ckwGJbuftxufwef;
ausmif;)tcsKdUu AvDa&SUwGif usif;yjcif;jzpfonf[kqkdonf/)7 t&yf&yfukd,fpm;vS,frsm;yg0ifaom rGwfqvifnD
vmcHudk usif;ycJhonf/ xkdnDvmcHokdY ygvDreftrwfrsm;jzpfaom plvwefrmrGwf? OD;zkd;ckdif(rGwfqvif)? a':jrnGefYwkdY
wufa&mufMuonf[kqkdonf/ ygvDreftrwfrsm;taejzifh tmPm&,lxm;jcif;ESifhtwl bmoma&;vrf;nTefcsufjzifh
aqmif&Gufaejcif;udkvnf; xif&Sm;apcJhonf/8 if;tpnf;ta0;u awmif;qkdcsuf(14)csufudk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh
tpkd;&okdYtdwfzGifhay;pmtjzpf a&;om;wifjycJhonf/ if;pm\tzGifhwGif ]]trsKd;jyKwfatmif owfjzwfjcif;udk &yf
wefYavmh? &ckdifwkdif;wGif rGwfqvifrsm;omvQif uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh'Drkdua&pD0g'vGefqGJyGJBuD;wGif MuHhMuHhcHaeolrsm;jzpf
onf/ zGJYpnf;ykHOya't& &ckdifrGwfqvifrsm;\awmif;qkdcsufrsm;}}[ka&;om;xm;onf/ if;wkYd\awmif;qkdonfht
csufrsm;wGif&ckdifajrmufydkif;udk jynfaxmifjrefrmEkdifiH twGif;&Sd &Srf;jynfe,f? u&ifjynfe,f? csif;awmifwef;rsm;? ucsif
a'orsm; enf;wl vGwfvyfaom rGwfqvifjynfe,f tjzpf tjrefqkH; zGJYpnf;ay;&ef? ,if;jynfe,fwGif jynf
axmifpktpkd;&uGyfuJrIjzifh jynfe,fppfwyf? jynfe,f&JwyfzGJY? jynfe,fvkHjcHKa&;tzGJYrsm; xm;&Sd&ef/
ppfawGNrdKUudk &ckdifjynfe,fawmifydkif;? ajrmufydkif;NrdKUawmf[k owfrSwfum NrdKUESifhqdyfurf;uGyfuJrIudk&ckdifESifh
rGwfqvif(50) &mcdkifEIef;pD pDrHcefYcGJtkyfcsKyfcGifhjyK&efESifhyxrqkH;NrdKUawmf0efESifhwkdif;rif;BuD;udk rGwfqvifvl
rsKd;rScefYxm;&ef?
vufeufukdifwyf zGJYpnf;ay;&ef? xkdwyfzGJY rGwfqvif 50 &mckdifEIef; yg0if&ef? A[kdtpkd;& tzGJYwGifrl 0efBuD; cefY
xm;&ef?
wkdif;jyKjynfjyKvTwfawmfwGif tjcm;jynfe,fESifhwkdif;rsm;enf;wl udk,fpm;vS,ftnDtrQ apvTwfcGifh&&ef?
rGwfqvifaumifpD xm;&SdcGifhjyK&ef?
tpvmrftxufwef;ausmif;rsm;ESifhaumvdyfausmif;rsm; wnfaxmifcGifhjyK&ef?
ponfhtcsufrsm;yg&Sdonf/9
1/ DR491(56), HRC
2/ Aye Chan, The Development of Muslim Enclave in Arakan(Rakhine), State of Burma(Myanmar), p-19
4/ bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,forkdif;
6/ orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk? D 272
7/ OH/P/0363/2009, orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk?
8/ OH/0363/2009, orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk?
9/ Charter of the Constitutional Demands of the Arakani Muslims(1951)
11
&ckdifajrmufydkif;udk awmif;qkd&mwGif ppfawGudkyg xnfhoGif;awmif;qkdcJhonf[kawGY&Sd&onf/1 xkdnDvmcH\vrf;nTef

csufrsm;onf ,aeYxufwkdifvIyf&Sm;aeaom b*FgvDrGwfqvifrsm;\EkdifiHa&;vrf;aMumif; yifr&nfrSef;csufyifjzpf
onf/
rl*sm[pfygwDrS a&mf&Sdef;acgif;aqmifaomtzGJYu NrdKUe,fzqyvOu|OD;pHxGef;atmifrSwqifh 0efBuD;csKyfxH
wifoGif;&ef awmif;qkdcsufygpmwrf;wpfapmif ay;ydkYvmonf/ xkdawmif;qkdcsufrsm;wGif&ckdifa'otwGif;&Sd rGwfqvifrsm;tm;vkH;udk EkdifiHawmftwGif;&Sd &ckdifrGwfqvifrsm;tjzpfvufcH&ef?
rl*sm[pfrsm;udk tNrJwrf;wyfrawmfwGif &ckdifrGwfqvifaoewfudkifwyftjzpf oD;jcm;xm;ay;&ef?
tpkd;&Xmewkdif;wGif rGwfqvifrsm;tm; t&nftcsif;tvkduf 0ifcGifhjyK&ef?
NAdwdoQtpdk;&uJhodkY rGwfqvifrsm;tm; emrmvf2? &l*sm3? [mcsf? zkdcwf(blcg)4rsm; vGwfvyfcGifhjyK&ef?
rGwfqvifuav;rsm; ynmoifausmif;wkdif;wGif tm&fbDbmomukd tNrJwrf;bmomwpfcktjzpf jrefrmpm
ESifhwef;wlowfrSwfay;&ef?
bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f? armifawmNrdKUe,frsm;wGif aq;&kHBuD;wpf&kHESifhaq;ay;cef;rsm;ukd vkdtyfaomae&m
rsm;wGif zGifhvSpfay;&ef?
bl;oD;awmif? armifawmNrdKUe,frsm;wGifaumvdyfausmif;wpfausmif;ESifhwef;jrifhausmif;(4)ausmif;zGifhcGifh
jyK&ef?
EkdifiHawmf0efBuD;csKyfu if;wkdYtzGJYtm; &ckdifwkdif; olykef ESdrfeif;a&;twGuf usnfqef xkwfay;&efwkdYyg&Sdav
onf/5 xkdodkYawmif;qkdcsufrsm; wifjy&mwGif &kd[if*sm[laom vlrsKd;taejzifh awmif;qkdonfhtcsuf ryg0if
ao;yJ &ckdifa'owGif; rGwfqvifrsm;udk &ckdifrGwfqviftjzpf todtrSwfjyK&efESifh rGwfqviftcGifhta&;
awmif;jcif;udkawGY&ojzifh xkdtcsdeftxd &kd[if*sm[laomvlrsKd;tjzpfzefwD;,l&ef tpDtpOfr&Sdao;aMumif;
awGY&SdEkdifonf/
rl*sm[pfjyemonf wjznf;jznf;BuD;xGm;vmNyD; vTwfawmfwGif wifoGif;aqG;aEG;&onftxd jzpfay:vm
cJhonf/ NrdKUa[mif;(ajrmufOD;)NrdKUe,fvTwfawmftrwfOD;vSxGef;jzLu ppfrjzpfrDu bl;oD;awmif? armifawma'o
wGif &ckdif&Gmaygif; 200ESifh300 Mum;wGif&SdaMumif;? ,cktcg(10)&Gmavmufaom usefawmhaMumif;? &ckdifrSqefrsm;
udk ygupwefodkYwifykdYjcif;? &cdkifrsm;udk owfjzwfjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfaeaMumif;? if;ESifhqufEG,fonfhtzGJYrsm;onf ppf
awGESifh&efukefwGifvnf; &SdaMumif;? vTwfawmfwGifvnf; &SdEkdifaMumif;? ygupweftpkd;&ukd,fwkdifu umqifudk tmay;
aeaMumif;? ygupwefwGif xkwfonfhowif;pmrsm;wGif *sife&,fumqif[kqkdxm;aMumif; odomxif&Sm;onfrSm jref
rmEkdifiHrSxGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifoGm;aom umqifudk ygupwefu zrf;rdonfhtcg jrefrmtpdk;&u ygupweftpkd;&xH
vTJajymif;ay;&ef awmif;qkdaomfvnf; vufrcHyJ vTwfay;vkdufaMumif;? if;jyemonf tvGefBuD;us,fonfhjy
emjzpfaMumif; wifjyoGm;onf/6 umqifudk aemufuG,frS tumtuG,fay;aeolrsm;wGif bl;oD;awmif? armifawm
rS vTwfawmfukd,fpm;vS,fjzpfvmonfhrGwfqviftrwfrsm;ESifhyg ywfoufaeonfhtoGifukd od&SdEkdifonf/
ykPm;uRef;NrdKUe,frS vTwfawmftrwfOD;az:oifu ajymMum;oGm;onfrSm bl;oD;awmif? armifawm? &aoh
awmife,frsm;udk rl*sm[pfe,fajrowfrSwfa&;twGuf umqifu tpnf;ta0;usif;yaMumif;? if;a'orsm;onf
&ckdifjynfe,fudp[kqkdaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfajrykHudk ajymif;vJypfEkdifonfhudpjzpf twkdif; Munfhae r&aMumif;
ajymMum;oGm;onf/7 rl*sm[pfrsm;\vIyf&Sm;rIrSeforQudk aemufrStm;ay;aeolrSm ta&SUygupwef(b*Fvm;a'h&Sf)
bufrSjzpfonf/ rl*sm[pfacgif;aqmifumqifESifhywfouf[Hom0wDowif;pm1/ &kd[if*smpmwrf;tusOf;jyKpkwifjyjcif;? vufESdyfpufrl? pm 5/
2/ bk&m;0wfjyKcGifh
3/ OykofjyKcGifh
4/ trsKd;orD;rsm;0wf&kH0wfcGifhESifh0wf&kH\rsufESmzkH;udk vSefMunfhcGifhr&Sd&ef?
5/ bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,forkdif;? vufESdyfpufrl? pm 220/
6/ 'kwd,tB
7/ ,if;? pm 1243/
12
rl*sm[pfrGwfqvifwyf aoemywdAkdvfcsKyfumqifonf vGefcJhonfhZlvkdifv 26 &ufaeYu ppfwaumif;e,f

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axmifrQ aomif;aomif;zszsBudKqkdMuonf[k
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rl*sm[pfwkdYESifhvufwGJum wkdufyGJ0if&ef wkdufwGef;aMumif; yg&Sdonf/ wenf;tm;jzifh bmoma&;ppfyGJjzpf&ef &nf&G,f
jcif;yifjzpfonf/
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3/ jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rIorkdif;? tydkif;(2)? pm 132/
4/ txl;jynfaxmifpkowif;pm? 5-12-1960? pm 2/
5/ rl*sm[pfrsm;tvif;0ifjcif;? jr0wDykHESdyfwkduf? pmrsufESmryg/
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14
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rSefwu,ftm;jzifh if;tcsufrsm;onf ppfNyD;ptv,foHausmfrGwfqvifnDvmcHu csrSwfxm;aomtajccH
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apmifrsm;\tusOf;rSm ]]oifwkdYaexkdif&ma'owGif pma&&dumcsKdUwJhvsuf&Sdonf/ oifwkdYESifhuyfvsuf&Sdaom jrpf
wpfbufurf;wGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf qefpyg;? pm;eyf&dum pm;rukefEkdifavmufatmif pkykHvsuf&Sdonf/ vrf;ab;a&
bkHbkdifrsm;wGifvnf; vSysKdjzLtrsKd;orD;rsm;onf vkHcsnf&ifvsm;ESifh a&cyfvsuf&Sdonfudk awGYjrifEkdifonf/ oifwkdY
tpma&pmudk 0vifatmif pm;aomufzkdY xkdEkdifiHodkYoGm;Ekdifonf/ trsKd;orD;vSvSav;rsm;udk tdrfaxmifjyK tp
vmrfomoem jyefYyGm;atmif vkyfudkifEkdifMuonf}}[ka&;om;xm;onf/3 e,fajrpkd;ydkifa&;ESifhomoemvTrf;rkd;a&;udk
wpfNydKifwnf; aqmif&Guf&ef MuHpnfjcif;jzpfykH&onf/
(ps) &ckdifwkdYjynfe,fay;a&;awmif;qkdcsufESifhb*FgvDrGwfqvifwkdYtNydKif awmif;qkdvmjcif;
'kwd,urmppfNyD;aemufydkif; t*FvdyfwkdYjyefvnf0ifa&mufvmonfhtcgwGif &ckdifwGif tvHeDuGefjrLepfygwD\
MoZmvTrf;rkd;rIrSm tajcckdifaeNyDjzpfonf/ &ckdifjynfe,fvlxkwGif &ckdif(zqyv)acgif;aqmifrsm;udk rauseyfjcif;?
&Srf;? csif;? ucsif? u&if? u,m;wkdYuJhodkY jynfe,ftcGifhta&;udk cHpm;vkdjcif;wkdYaMumifh &ckdifjynfe,fawmif;qkdaom
&ckdifacgif;aqmifOD;pdEmtzGJYudk tm;ay;vmonf/ if;tzGJYonf tvHeDuGefjrLepfvkdvm;oltzGJYjzpfNyD; &ckdifoD;jcm;cGJ
xGufa&;udk awmif;qkdaeolrsm;jzpfonf/ 1947 {NyDv 3 &ufaeYwGif ajrykHNrdKU &ckdiftrsKd;om;nDvmcHudk usif;y&m
vlwpfaomif;ausmf wufa&mufNyD; tvHeDuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifhzqyvvnf; wufa&mufMuonf/ xkdnDvmcHwGif tcGef
ray;a&;? v,fcGefray;a&;? a&G;aumufyGJtvkdr&dS? Akdvfatmifqef;tvkdr&Sd? vGwfvyfa&;csufcsif;ay; ponfjzifh
awmif;qkdcJhonf/ xkdnDvmcHokdY AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef; wufa&mufrdefYcGef;ajymMum;&m wufa&mufvmonfhjynfolwkdY
u Akdvfatmifqef;tvkdr&Sd? vGwfvyfa&;csufcsif;ay;[k atmf[pfawmif;qkdMuojzifh AkdvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf csuf
csif; jyefvnfxGufcGmoGm;onf/4 1947 ckESpf {NyDv 18 &ufaeYwGif &efukef&dS &ckdifvlxktpnf;ta0;u &ckdifcGJxGuf
1/ D 1315 orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk? pm 2/
jrefrmEkdifiHrSxGufajy;oGm;onfhrGwfqvifrsm;wnfxm;onfhaus;&Gmtrnf jzpfonf/
2/ D 1315 orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk pm 4/
3/ D1317 orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk pm 27/
4/ MF/962. HRC
16
a&; awmif;qkdcJhMuonf/ 1947 ckESpf ZGefv 15 &ufaeYwGif &efukef&Sd &ckdifvlxktpnf;ta0;xyfrHusif;y&m xkdt

pnf;ta0;u &cdkifonf obm0u oD;jcm;ydkif;jcm;ay;xm;onfhoD;jcm;EkdifiHjzpfaMumif;? ESpfaygif; 4000 ausmfoD;
jcm;bk&ifhEdkifiHtjzpf aexkdifvmcHaMumif;? xkdYaMumifh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfpGm qkH;jzwfEkdifonfha'otjzpf zefwD;ay;&rnf
jzpfaMumif; awmif;qkdcJhMuonf/1 xkdYaMumifh &ckdifwkdYu (zqyv)udk raxmufcHbJ &ckdifwkdif;&if;om;nDnTwfa&;t
pnf;t&kH;(&wn)udk axmufcHtm;ay;Muonf/
xkdtcsdefu bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,frsm;wGif Jami-a-tul Ulema-e Islam tzGJYrSrGwfqvifrsm;u udk,fwkdif
ta&G;cHMuonf/ xkdodkYta&G;cH&mwGif ppfwaumif;e,fom;*zg;u bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f? &GufndKawm&GmwGif tajc
pdkufum a&G;aumufyGJwGif 0ifa&muf,SOfNydKifcJhonf/ *zg;onf ppfwaumif;e,fom;jzpfonfhtjyif jrefrmpum;rwwf
yJ t*Fvdyfpum;ESifhb*FgvDpum;ukdom ajymEkdifoljzpfonf/ if;ESifhtwl ppfawGrS plvwefrmrGwftygt0if av;OD;
ta&G;cH&m tm;vkH;tEkdif&cJhonf/ a&G;aumufyGJESpfBudrfvkH; tEkdif&&Sdaomfvnf; zqyvtaejzifh rwkd;EkdifcJhacs/ wpf
bufwGif &cdkifygwDjzpfonfh&wnudkvnf; zqyvu rEkdifojzifh wwd,tBudrfa&G;aumufyGJwGif &ckdifjynfe,frStEkdif
&&Sd&ef BudK;yrf;rI jyKvkyfvmonf/
zqyvtaejzifh &ckdifvlxk\axmufcHrIudk r&onfhtcg OD;Ekonf rGwfqviftrsm;pkrJudk &&Sdatmifaqmif
&Gufvmonf/ 1956 ckESpf jynfolYvTwfawmfa&G;aumufyGJESifhbl;oD;awmife,fwGif rJqEe,fwpfe,f ykdrkdowfrSwfay;
NyD; rGwfqvifrsm;tm; zqyvodkYodrf;oGif;um ta&G;cHapcJh&m tblckdif? tblabmfa&SmwkdY zqyvtrwfrsm;jzpfvm
Mu bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,frS plvwefrmrGwf zqyvtrwftjzpfta&G;cH&onf/ bl;oD;awmif? armifawmrS rGwfq
viftrwfrsm;udk ta&G;cHcGifhay;cJhNyD; rJtrsm;tjym;&&Sd&eftwGuf ppfwaumif;ukvm;rsm;udk ac:oGif;um rJay;cGifh
&atmif aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf[kqkdonf/ ppfwaumif;ukvm;rsm;udk ac:oGif;aeaMumif;odaomfvnf; OD;Ektaejzifh
roda,mifaqmifaecJhjcif;jzifh ukvm;rsm; tqrwefrsm;jym;vmapcJhonf/2 zm;0yf&Gm(armifawm)rS ygvDrefacwf
MuHKcJholwpfOD;u OD;Ekonf zm;0yf&Gmudk a&muf&SdvmaMumif;? rGwfqvifawG zqyvudk rJay;vQif rSwfykHwifxkwfay;
rnf? aecGifh&rnf[kajymoGm;aMumif;? if;\tawGYtMuHKudk ajymjycJhonf/3 ajrmufOD;NrdKUwGif aexkdifonfh&wnwGif
udk,fwkdifyg0ifcJholwpfOD;u ajymMum;onfrSm OD;Ekonf OD;AaqG? OD;ausmfNidrf;wkdYESifhrwlbJ rGwfqvifrsm;xHrS rJ&a&;
twGuf EIwfrStvG,fwul uwday;rIrsm;jyKcJhaMumif;? &wnudkvnf; if;\ygwDudk axmufcHygu &ckdifukd jynfe,f
ay;rnf[k &wntrwfrsm;udk if;\tdrfokdYac:um ajymqkdcJhaMumif; ajymMum;cJhonf/4
zqyvrJtEkdif&a&;twGuf xkdtcsdefu jynfxJa&;0efBuD;OD;{armif(c)t'lvm'pf\axmufcHrIjzifh b*FgvD
rsm;udk ac:oGif;vmonf/ bl;oD;awmifwGif tblckdifqkdolu zqyvOu|? v0uwkdYESifhaygif;um tdrfaxmifpkpm&if;
rsm;jyKvkyfNyD;rS wpfbufEkdifiHrSb*FgvDrsm;udk ac:oGif;vm&m &Gmaygif;(40)ausmfonf wpfr[kwfcsif; a&muf&Sdvm
onf/5 jyifyrSvlaygif;rsm;pGmudk xkduJhodkYac:oGif;vmjcif;jzifh zqyvtEkdif&a&;aqmif&Gufjcif;onf OD;Ek\vkyf
aqmifcsufjzpfonf/ xkdtrSm;onf aemifwGif EkdifiHudk rsm;pGmtxdemapaomtrSwf;wpfckyif jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh
bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,fwGif zqyvrSm rGwfqviftrwfrsm;tEkdif&vmNyD; vTwfawmftrwfrsm; jzpfvmonf
udk awGY&onf/ vTwfawmfwGif ae&m&vmolrsm;\aemufuG,fwGif rGwfqvifukefonfrsm;\taxmuftyHhrsm;yg0if
onf[kawGY&onf/ OD;Ektpdk;&udk,fwkdifu a&G;aumufyGJatmifjrifa&;twGuf rGwfqvifukefonfrsm;\aiGaMu;
axmufyHhrIrsm; &,lcJhonf[kod&onf/6
OD;Ektpdk;&tmPm&vmonfhtcg rGwfqviftrwfrsm; ae&m&vmNyD; 0efBuD;tqifh&mxl;rsm;yg&&SdvmMu
onf/ xkdodkY&vmaom&mxl;udk tokH;csum &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif;odkY ppfwaumif;rGwfqvifrsm; tvG,fwul0ifvm
Ekdifatmif tumtuG,fay;jcif;? pyg;arSmifckdvkyfief;rsm;vkyfudkifjcif;? ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rIjyKvkyfaeaom rl*sm[pf
tzGJYudk tultnDay;jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfvmonfudk awGY&onf/ OD;Ek\zqyvtpkd;& umvwpfavQmufvkH; rGwfqvif
1/ MF/962, HRC
2/ OH/P/0356/2009, awGYqkHar;jref;csuf? orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk/
17
trwfrsm;\tmPmjzifh bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,fxJwGif vIyf&Sm;rItrsKd;rsKd; jyKvkyfcJhonfudkawGY&onf/ xkde,f

rS rGwfqviftrwfrsm;onfyif if;wkdY\MoZmtmPmudk tokH;jyKum b*FgvDrsm;0ifcGifh&atmif aqmif&Gufay;cJhonf
ukdvnf; awGY&Sd&onf/1
&ckdifwkdYjynfe,fawmif;qkdoHrsm; us,fjyefYvmjcif;udk rGwfqvifrsm;uvnf; ,cifuyif pkd;&drfcJhonf/ &ckdif
wkdYawmif;qkdcsufatmifjrifcJhvQif jynfe,fay;cJhvQif? rGwfqvifrsm; zdESdyfcH&rnfudk pkd;&drfcJhMuonf/ xkdYaMumifh &ckdif
ajrmufydkif;&Sd rGwfqvifwkdYvnf; cGJxGufa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; pwifjyKvkyfvmMuonfudk(Rees William)u tpkd;&okdYwpf
csdefuyif wifjytpD&ifcHcJhNyD;jzpfonf/2 vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemufydkif; &ckdifudk jynfe,fay;ygrnf[k uwday;vkdufaom
tcg &ckdifjynfe,f&Sd rGwfqvifwkdYonf rauseyfrIrsm; jzpfay:vmcJhonf/ vIyf&Sm; x<urIrsm;vnf; jyefvnfay:
aygufvmcJhonf/ ,ciftv,foHausmfnDvmcHwGif yg0ifcJhaomrGwfqvifacgif;aqmifwkdYonf toGiftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh&Sd
aeMu&mrS &ckdifjynfe,fqefYusifa&;udk jyKvkyfvmonf/ owif;pmrsm;rS rGwfqvifwkdYtwGuf awmif;qkdcsuftrsKd;
rsKd;ukd jyKvkyfvmonf/
*smarwltlvrm;toif;trnfjzifh zGJYpnf;xm;onfhtoif;onf bmoma&;toGifjzifh zGJYpnf;xm;jcif;jzpf
aomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;aqmif&GufaeonhftzGJYjzpfNyD; acgif;aqmifrSm plvweftmrwfESifhif;\ZeD;a':at;nGefYwkdYjzpf
onf/ if;wkdYtaejzifh ygvDrefa&G;aumufyGJrsm;wGif 1947 rS 1960 txd quffwkduftEkdif&cJhNyD; atmufvTwfawmf
ESifhtxufvTwfawmfwkdYwGif ygvDreftrwfrsm; jzpfvmcJhonf/ rnfonfhygwDtzGJYtpnf;yifjzpfap b*FgvDr[kwfygu
vltrsm;pkjzpfaomb*FgvDrJudk r&Ekdifojzifh bmoma&;ESifhvlrsKd;a&;oufoufudk a&SUwef;wifaomEkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;
rIrsm; armifawmNrdKUe,fwGif vTrf;rkd;aeonfudk awGY&onf/3 xkdtcsdefu ygupwefoHtrwftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmif
aeaom OD;azcifu bl;oD;awmifodkYvma&mufonfwGif,ckpum;ajym&m wkduf&kdufArmpum;ukd rokH;&bJ pum;jyefMum;rSmxm;um ajyma[m&ojzifh olonf jref
rmEkdifiHawmf\wpfae&modkY a&mufaeonf[krxifyJ ta&SUygupwefjynfwpfae&modkYa&mufaeovm;[kyif
,kHrSm;oHo,jzpfrdygonf
[kajymMum;cJhonf/4 jrefrmEkdifiHwGif aeMuaomolrsm;jzpfvsuf jrefrmpum;wpfvkH;rQ rajymwwfbJ bmomjyefjzifh
ajymae&jcif;aMumifh ukd,fhEkdifiHudk vma&muf&jcif;rS [kwf&JUvm;[k oHo,jzpfaMumif; qef;ppfcJhjcif;jzpfayonf/
prwfuvnf; ppfwaumif;om;rGwfqvifrsm;ESifhywfouf ,cifuyif a&;om;owday;xm;onfrSmarmifawmNrdKUe,fonf 540 pwk&ef;rkdif&Sd 1911 ckESpf 131134 OD; &Sdonf/ pwk&ef;wpfrkdifvQif 230 OD;
aexkdif ppfawGc&kdif vlOD;a&txlxyfqkH; jzpfonf/ pkpkaygif;vlOD;a&teuf 77%ausmfrSm ppfwaumif;
om;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ ppfwaumif;om;rsm; 0ifa&mufrIonf wjznf;jznf; qufvuf jzpfaeonf/ ,if;0if
a&mufrIonf a'ocH&ckdifwkdYtm; ta&SUbufodkY armif;xkwfaeonf/ ysif;&daeaom &ckdifwkdYonf 0D&d, &Sd
acRwmwwfaom ppfwaumif;om;wkdY 0ifa&mufvmrIudk awmifhrcHEkdifMuacs/ tu,f &cdkifwkdYonf rdrdwkdY
\ysif;&djzKef;wD;wwfaomtavhtxrsm;ukdomqufvufjyKusifhaeMuOD;rnfqkdvQif ,ckarmifawmNrdKUe,f
jzpfaeaom tajctaeuJhodkY ppfawGc&dkif wpfckvkH;onf ppfwaumif;om;wkdY\ vufxJodkY a&mufoGm;ay
vdrfhrnf
[krSwfcsufjyKxm;onfudk awGY&onf/5
rGwfqvifwkdYonf jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;rsm; r[kwfMuojzifh wkdif;&if;om;rsm; cHpm;cGifh&Sdaom ]]jynfe,f&ydkif
cGifh}}udk cHpm;cGifhr&SdaMumif; odvmMuonfhtcg rdrdukd,fudk ]]&ckdifwkdif;&if;om;rGwfqvif}}rsm;jzpfaMumif;? a&;om;
wifjyvmMuonf/ xdkvdrfvnfwifjyrIudk ygvDreftrwfa[mif; *zg;rS pwifcJhonf/ if;u tv,foHausmfnDvmcHrS
1/ OH/P/0354/2009, orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk/
2/ MF/962
3/ armifawmNrdKUe,fjzpfpOforkdif;? pm-78/
4/ OD;pHxGef;atmif? ukd,fawGYar,kajrESifh&kd[if*sm? pm-13/
5/ Mr.R.B.Smart, Akyat District, Govt. Printing, Rangoon(Yangon), 1957, p-82-86.
18
qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;udk tm;ay;aomorkdif;aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk 28-8-51 aeYxkwf *g;'D;,ef;owif;pmwGif pwifa&;om;cJh

onf/ xkdYaemuf (10)ESpftMum arvxkwf *g;'D;,ef;r*Zif;wGif trfatwm[D&fbomu (bom)[laom jrefrmtrnfjzifh
rpwm*zg;uJhodkY bl;oD;awmif? armifawmNrdKUe,frsm;&Sd ppfwaumif;om;rGwfqvifrsm;udk &ckdifwkdif;&if;om;rGwfqvifjzpf
av[ef rckdifrmaomorkdif;taxmuftxm;rsm;jzifh a&;om;vmonfudk awGY&onf/
&ckdifwkdY\jynfe,fawmif;qkdrIBuD;xGm;vmcsdefwGif rGwfqvifwkdYuvnf; &ckdifwkdYESifhwef;wltcGifhta&;ay;&efawmif;
qkdcJhMuonf/ wkdif;&if;om;tjzpf tcGifhta&;awmif;qkdvmjcif;jzpfonf/ xkdaqmif;yg;udk &kd[if*smtrsKd;om;nDnTwfa&;
tzGJYcsKyfuvnf; ]]&kd[if*smvlrsKd;pk&mZ0iftusOf;csKyf}}trnfjzifh tenf;i,fjznfhpGufum 1960 jynfhESpfwGif ykHESdyfjzefYa0cJh
onf/1 trfatwm[D&fbomuyif 1963 ckESpf ]]&kd[if*smESifhurefvlrsKd;pkrsm;}}[laompmtkyfudk jrpfBuD;em;NrdKU &kd[if*sm
trsKd;om;nDnTwfa&;tzGJYrSwpfqifh xkwfa0cJhjyefonf/2 xdkYtwl armifoHvGifuvnf; &kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;taMumif;udk jr0
wDr*Zif;wGif a&;om;um wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;jzpfaMumif; vrf;aMumif;jycJhonf/3 odkYaomf &kd[if*smESifhywfoufonfhaqmif;
yg;tm;vkH;onf bomESifh*zg; a&;om;onfhaqmif;yg;udk xyfwlul;csa&;om;xm;jcif;rsm;om jzpfonfudk awGY&onf/ xkd
xufykdaomtaxmuftxm;r&SdawmhbJ vSnfhywfa&;om;aejcif;om jzpfonf/ &kd[if*smvlrsKd;udk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;jzpfa&;
pDrHcsufjzifh ygvDrefwGifvnf;aumif;? ygvDrefjyifywGifvnf;aumif; pepfwus rGwfqvifynmwwfrsm;u OD;aqmifumvIyf
&Sm;cJhjcif;jzpfonf/
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t*FvdyfwkdY &ckdifudk odrf;ydkufvkdufonfhtcsdeftxd &kd[if*sm[laomtokH;tEIef; ray:ao;acs/ udkvkdeDacwforkdif;
q&mrsm; a&;om;onfhjrefrmEkdifiHorkdif;? &ckdiforkdif;pmtkyfrsm;wGifvnf; &kd[if*smtaMumif; rygcJhacs/ ppfwaumif;a'o
rS vma&mufvkyfudkifaom tvkyform;rsm;? &ckdifbk&ifvufxufu okHYyef;tjzpf zrf;qD;vmolrsm;om &SdcJh&m if;wkYdudk b*Fg
vDukvm;rsm;[komac:Muonf/ &kd[if*sm[laomtokH;tEIef;onf 'kwd,urmppftwGif;rSom ay:aygufvmonfhtokH;t
EIef;jzpfonf/ 1947 ckESpfwGif ay:aygufvmaompum;vkH;topfwpfck jzpfonf/ &kd[if*smorkdif;udk vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;aemuf
ydkif;wGif b*FgvDynmwwfrsm;u a&;om;Muonf/ &kd[if*sm[laomtrnfudk wkdif;odjynfodjzpfatmif pwifvIyf&Sm;rIonf
1960 jynfhESpftwGif;rS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
bl;oD;awmifygvDreftrwf t'la*:azmf(*zg;)u 1960 jynfhESpf {NyD 21 &ufaeY &efukefwGif jyKvkyfaom owif;pm
&Sif;vif;yGJwGif &ckdif? yxefESifhtm&yfwkdYaoG;aESm&mrS jzpfay:vmaomvlrsKd;onf &kd[if*smvlrsKd;jzpfonf[kvnf;aumif;? &
cdkif? b*FgvD? tl&'l? yg&Sef? tm&bDpum;rsm;udk a&maESm jzpfay:vmaompum;onf &kd[if*smpum;jzpfaMumif; wifjycJh
onf/4
trSefwu,ftm;jzifh if;wkdY\pum;rsm;onf b*FgvDpum;rsm;om jzpfonf/ if;wkdYajymaompum; ppfwaumif;
atmufydkif;u ajymaompum;jzpfonf/ ba*FgwGif ppfwaumif;txufydkif;u ajymaompum;ESifhppfwaumif;atmufydkif;
u ajymaompum;[kESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ pum;ESpfrsKd;onf tenf;i,fuGJonf/ ppfwaumif;txufydkif;okH;onhfpum;onf ,ck
tcg wGifus,fae&m,lvmNyD; ZmwfjrifhwkdYokH;onfhpum;tjzpf tokH;jyKvm&m ppfwaumif;atmufydkif;okH;onfhpum;onf
ba*FgwGif tokH;tvGefenf;aom pum;jzpfvmonf/ &ckdifjynfe,ftwGif; 0ifa&mufvmaom b*FgvDwkdYu ppfwaumif;
atmufydkif;pum;om okH;ojzifh ba*Fge,fodkYoGm;vQif pum;raygufjcif;? wpfzufEkdifiHrS b*FgvDrsm;u tqifhr&Sdolrsm;tjzpf
qufqHjcif;udk cH&onf/5 jrefrmEkdifiHwGifvnf; ckd;0ifvmolrsm;tjzpf b*FgvDrsm;udk ta&;xm;ouJhokdY wpfzufEkdifiHuvnf;
tqifhedrfhZmwfedrfhtjzpf cGJjcm;qufqHjcif;cH&ojzifh ESpfEkdifiHMum;wGif oD;jcm;jynfe,fxlaxmif&ef MuHpnfvmjcif;jzpfonfudk
awGY&onf/
&kd[if*smay:aygufvmykHudk rGwfqvifwkdYu a&;om;&mwGif if;wkdYonf at'D 7 &mpk a0omvDacwfu tma&Asukef
onfrsm; a&muf&SdukefoG,f&mwGif &rf;NAJoabFmysuf&m &ckdifbk&ifu ulnDapmifha&Smufae&mcsxm;ay;cJh&mrS pwifaexkdif
1/ Ba Tha, Roewengyas In Arakan, The Guardian, 1960, p-33.
2/ trfatwm[D&fbom? &kd[if*smESifhurefvlrsKd;pkrsm;? &kd[if*smtrsKd;om;nDnTwfa&;tzGJY? &efukef? 1963/
3/ armifoHvGif? &ckdifukvm; odkYr[kwf &kd;0efnmvlrsKd;rsm;? jr0wDr*Zif;? twGJ(8)? trSwf(9)? 1960? pm-10/
4/ armifawmNrdKUe,forkdif;? pm 88/
19
vmcJhaMumif;? yxefvlrsKd;rsm;ESifhb*Fvm;jynfrS 0ifa&mufvmMuolrsm;rSm tm&yftquftEG,frsm;om jzpfaom

]]&kd;0efnm}}vlrsKd;rsm;ESifhaygif;oif;aexkdifvmcJhMuonfwGif &dk;0ef*sm(,cktcg &kd[if*sm)ac:vlrsKd;jzpfvmaMumif;?
&kd0ef*smqkdaomtrnfrSm &ckdifpum;&if;jzpf&m &Gma[mif;uusm;[kt"dyg,f&onf[kqkdonf/1 if;u &ckdif&mZ0if
pmtkyfudk ukd;um;vsuf at'D 7 &mpkESpfavmufuyif rGwfqvifrsm; tajccscJhaMumif; wifjyxm;aomfvnf; &ckdif
&mZ0ifpmtkyfrsm;? ayyk&ykduftaxmuftxm;tm;vkH;onf aemufydkif;rS jyefvnfa&;om;aompmtkyfrsm;jzpfonf/
rnfonhf&ckdif&mZ0ifrS rl&if;taxmuftxm; r[kwfawmhacs/ &ckdif&mZ0ifxJwGif tapmqkH;&mZ0ifpmtkyf[kowf
rSwfxm;aom "n0wDta&;awmfyHkonf (1786)ckESpfwGif 'kd;a0&mZ0ifukd rSDjirf;um jyefvnfa&;om;xm;jcif;jzpf
onf/ ckdifrmonf[k,lq&aom irJ&mZ0ifonfyifvQif ukdvkdeDacwf(1840)ckESpfwGif jyefvnfa&;om;xm;aom&mZ
0ifjzpfonf/ if;pmtkyfudk rSDjirf;um z,f&mu &ckdiforkdif;udk a&;om;cJhonf/ z,f&ma&;om;onfhpmtkyfudk rSDjirf;
um ppfawG*ZufwD,mudk prwfu a&;om;cJhonf/ xkdYaMumifh tm&yfrGwfqvifrsm; at'D 7 &mpkuyif vma&muft
ajcpkduf&mrS pwifcJhonf[laomtqkdonf '@m&DtqifhomvQif jzpfonfudk od&SdEkdifonf/
1961 ckESpfxkwf trsKd;om;owif;pmwGif &kd[if*smESifhywfouf aqmif;yg;&SifwpfOD;u ]]&kd[if*sm}}qkdaom
pum;onf ]]&Gma[mif;om;}}[kt"dyg,f&aMumif;? &mZ0ift& wkdif;&if;om;ppfppfrsm; jzpfaMumif;? wifjyxm;onf
udk awGY&onf/2 *g;'D;,ef;r*Zif;wGif aqmif;yg;&Sif bomu a&;om;xm;onfrSm a0omvDacwfu bk&ifu tm&yf
ukefonfrsm;udk tcGifhta&;ay; aexkdifcGifhjyKojzifh if;wkdYudk &kd;0efnmvlrsKd;rsm;[kac:aMumif;? yxefESifhba*FgrS0if
a&mufvmolrsm;onf &kd;0efnmwkdYESifhtcsif;csif;aygif;oif;vufxyfMu&mrS &kd;0ef*smvlrsKd;rsm; jzpfvmaMumif;wif
jyxm;onf/3 aqmif;yg;&SifbomrSm jrefrmtrnfcHa&;om;jcif;jzpfNyD; trSefwu,frSm rGwfqvifwpfOD;jzpfNyD; if;
\trnfrSm wm[D&fbomjzpfonf/ jrefrmvlrsKd;orkdif;bmomuRrf;usifolwpfOD;u a&;om;av[ef zefwD;xm;jcif;
jzpfonf/ &ckdifbk&ifrsm; rGwfqvifbGJYtrnfrsm; cHMuojzifh rGwfqvifbmom0ifrsm; jzpfav[ef a&;om;xm;onf
udk awGY&onf/
ajrmufOD;acwftpydkif;wGif rif;apmrGef &ckdifxD;eef;udk jyefvnf&&Sd&eftwGuf rGwfqvifa*g&fbk&ifu ulnD
ay;cJhonfudk taMumif;jyK at'D 1430 jynfhESpfwGif rGwfqvifbmom0ifrsm; pwif0ifa&mufvmcJhNyD; rGwfqvif
bGJYtrnfcHcJhonf[kqkdonf/ odkYaomf &ckdiforkdif;ynm&Sif *sufvkduf'g(J.P.Leider)u ppfa&;t& rif;apmrGeftm; rGwf
qvifa*g&fbk&if ulnDonf[laomtaxmuftxm;udk &ckdiforkdif;rsm;wGif '@m&Dqefqefa&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfNyD;
ba*Fgorkdif;wGif ckdifrmonfhtaxmuftxm;rsm; r&SdaMumif;? xkdtcsdefu ba*Fga'oonf rwnfrNidrfjzpfaeonfh
tajctaeaMumifh rif;apmrGefudk ulnDonfrSm jzpfEkdifzG,fr&SdaMumif; axmufjycJhonf/4 z,f&mudk,fwkdifuvnf; b
*Fvm;pmaytaxmuftxm;rsm;wGif rif;apmrGef oGm;a&mufckdvIHonfhtaxmuftxm; vkH;0rawGY&yg[kqdkcJhonf/
&ckdifbk&ifrsm; rGwfqvifbGJYtrnfrsm;udk vufcHcJhjcif;aMumifh rGwfqvif[k,lq&ef taMumif;r&Sdacs/ &ckdifbk&ifrsm;
eef;wufonfhtcgwkdif; bk&m;wnfjcif;? ausmif;aqmufvSL'gef;jcif;? uRefvSLjcif;? oD&dvuFmodkY&[ef;rsm; apvTwf
jcif;wkdYudk ausmufpmtaxmuftxm;rsm;wGif tckdiftrmygNyD;jzpfonf/ at'D 7 &mpkESifh9 &mpktwGif; a&;xkd;xm;
onfh&Spfaomif;bk&m;twGif;&Sd tmeEpÈausmufpmwGif Ak'bmomukd;uG,f,kHMunfrIudk tckdiftrm a&;xkd;xm;onf
udk awGY&Sd&onf/5 1960-61 ckESpf &ckdifwefaqmifr*Zif;twGJ(2)? trSwf(9)? t*Fvdyfbmomykdif;wGif aqmif;yg;&Sif
ppfawGarmifu arm&pfaumvpf a&;om;onfh(Arakan Palace in the Civilization of the Bay)udk udk;um; a&;om;&m
wGif ajrmufOD;acwftEkynm? Adokumvuf&mrsm;onf rGwfqvif,Ofaus;rItaiGYtouf rygonfhtjyif [dEL,Of
aus;rIbufodkYom EG,faMumif;? arm&pfaumvpf\tqkdESifhodkYvlrsKd;wpfrsKd;wDxGifjcif;rSm a'o&Sdwkdif;&if;om;
rsm;udk armif;xkwf tydkifpD;vkdaom&nf&G,fcsufrsm;om jzpfaMumif; wifjycJhonfudk awGY&onf/6
1/ &kd[if*smvlrsKd;pk\&mZ0iftusOf;csKyf? &efukef? &kd[if*smtrsKd;om;nDnTwfa&;tzGJY? 1960? pm 12/
2/ trsKd;om;owif;pm? (22-2-61)? pm 8/
3/ The Guardian, 1960, p-33
4/ vSxGef;jzL? &ckdifjynfpD;yGm;a&;b@mwdkuf? pm 92-96/
5/ tmeEpÈausmufpm
20
&kd[if*sm[lonfhpum;udk tvHeDuGefjrLepfrsm;u ]]rl*sm[pf}}olykefrsm;twGuf xGifay;cJhaom trnfjzpf

aMumif;? 1950 jynfhESpfrsm;tpykdif;u tvHeDrsm;ESifhrl*sm[pfrsm;onf ]],m,Dr[mrdwf}}zGJYxm;NyD; zqyvtpkd;&ukd
wkdufckdufaeMuaMumif;? rl*sm[pfrsm;u if;wdkYtwGuf orkdif;0iftrnfwpfck &Smay;ckdif;ojzifh tvHeDrsm;u &Smay;
cJhjcif;jzpfaMumif; a&;om;xm;onfhrSwfwrf;wpfckvnf; awGY&onf/1
armifawmNrdKUrS q&mawmfwpfOD;u if;\tawGYtMuHKudk ajymjyonfrSmOD;Ek? OD;AaqGwkdY armifawmudk 1960-61rSma&mufvmawmh ausmif;em;uukuKdyifBuD;em;rSm tpnf;ta0;
usif;ya[majymw,f/ wkdif;&if;om;tvkdufrdwfqufpum;ajymMuwJhtcgrGwfqvifynmwwfausmif;q&m
BuD;awGjzpfwJh OD;barmif? OD;azZD? qD'DwkdY(3)OD;vnf; wufa&mufMuw,f/ olwkdYtvSnfha&mufawmh usKyfwkdY
ArmEkdifiHrSmaew,f/ bmvlrsKd;vkdYac:rvJvkdYar;w,f/ ygvmwJhOD;AaqGu rajzbl;/ OD;atmifZHa0u rif;wkdY
[kdu'DuvGifhusvmwJhtwGuf vGifh*sm(&Gifh*sm)vkdYbJac:ayghvkdYajymw,f/ tJ'Dpum;ursm;pNyD; ay:aygufvm
ovm;awmh rodbl;
[kajymMum;cJhonf/2 vGifhvmol? tajcwusr&Sd oGm;aeoludk vGifh*sm[kac:NyD; &ckdiftoHxGufESifh&Gifh*sm[kajymMu
onf/ &Gifhonf &ckdifpum;jzpfNyD; *smonf ukvm;pum;jzpfonf/ xkdpum;rS &kd[if*smjzpfvmonf[kxifaMumif;ajym
Muaomfvnf; rGwfqvifwkdYtaejzifh pum;vkH;\t"dyg,fudk rBudKufMuacs/ odkYaomf tjcm; t"dyg,foufa&muf
atmif zefwD;um vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;jzpfa&; aqmif&Gufvmonfudk awGY&onf/ rnfodkYqkdap &kd[if*smonf ,cifuwnf;u
&SdvmcJhaom vlrsKd;trnfr[kwfbJ wDxGifzefwD;xm;aom a0g[m&opfwpfck jzpfaMumif; odEkdifonf/
armifawmNrdKUe,foHCmhem,uOu|u EkdifiHawmfoHCmhem,utzGJYudk wifjyonfpmwGif &ckdif&Gma[mif;*sm
tzGJY[ktrnfcHxm;aomukvm;qkd;wpfpkonf b*Fvm;a'h&SfodkYckdvIHum &Gma[mif;*sm[laompmapmifudk xkwf
a0NyD; urmodkYjzefYcsdxkwfvTifhaeMuqJjzpfygonf/3
[kazmfjyxm;&m pwifvIyf&Sm;pOfu &Gma[mif;*smtrnfjzifh pwifjzpfay:vmykH&onf[k,lq&onf/ bl;oD;awmifrS
touf 82 ESpf&Sdonfhtbdk;wpfOD;u ajymMum;onfrSm ]]&kd[if*smqkdwm taumiftxnfr&SdwJhwapeJYeyef;vkH;ae&
ovkdygyJ? r&SdwJht&mudk vkduf&Sif;ae&wm}}[kajymMum;cJhonf/4
b*FgvDwkdYtaejzifh &kd[if*smvlrsKd;[k rdrdukd,fudk orkdif;taxmuftxm;rsm; jyum ac:qkdaeaomfvnf; &kd
[if*smvlrsKd;[l rnfonfhorkdif;pmtkyfwGifrQ 1947 ckESpftxd yg0ifcJhjcif; r&Sdonfudk awGY&onf/ 1947 ckESpfaemuf
ydkif;wGif rGwfqvifynmwwftcsKdUu orkdif;udk zefwD;,lum wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;jzpfoa,mif a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpf
onfudk awGY&onf/ NAdwdoQukdvkdeDvufxuf a&;om;xm;aomtaxmuftxm;pmtkyfrsm;? oef;acgifpm&if;aumuf
,lcJhonfh 1872 ckESpf? 1901 ckESpf? 1911 ckESpfpm&if;rsm;wGifvnf; &kd[if*smvlrsKd;[l r&dScJhacs/ ppfwaumif;om;
rsm;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? b*FgvDrsm;[kvnf;aumif; a&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;onfudk awGY&onf/
&kd[if*smonf vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;r[kwfaMumif; tckdiftrmoufaorsm;jzifh EkdifiHwum uGefz&ifhwGif wifjyolrsm;
rSm a'gufwmat;csrf;ESifha'gufwmat;ausmfwkdYjzpfonf/ a'gufwmat;csrf;\pmwrf;rSm (SOAS)wGif azmfjyjcif;cH
&onf/5 xkdYtwl a'gufwmat;ausmfuvnf; EkdifiHwumpmwrf;zwfyGJwGif wifjycJhonf/6 &kd[if*smtaMumif; *syef
wGif a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonfpmtkyfudk *syefa&muf &ckdifrsm;u jyefvnfwkefYjyefonfhpmtkyfwpftkyfudk *syefrSmyif xkwf
a0cJhonfudkvnf; awGY&Sd&onf/ a'gufwmat;csrf;ESifh&ckdiforkdif;q&mwkdYu &cdkifnGefYzl;r*Zif;rsm;wGif ,cifuyif
xnfhoGif;a&;om;cJhMuonf/7 tajccHtaMumif;&if;onf 'kwd,urmppftwGif; NAdwdoQwkdY jyefvnf0ifa&mufonfh
tcsdefwGif &ckdifwkdYu t*FvdyfqefYusifa&;vkyfaeojzifh t*FvdyfwkdYonf b*FgvDrsm;udk if;wkdY\vl,kHrsm;tjzpf pnf;
1/ &ckdiftm;rmef(2)? &ckdiforkdif;okawoetoif;? 1996? pm 39/
3/ armifawmNrdKUe,ftem*wfomoemta&;tcif;ESifhywfoufwifjyavQmufxm;csuf? 28-9-1988/
4/ OH/P/0361/2009, awGYqkHar;jref;csuf? 20-2-19
5/ Dr.Aye Chan, The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan(Rakhine) State of Burma(Myanmar), SOAS Bulletin of Burma
Research Vol.3, Autumn 2005, p-2
6/ Dr.Aye Kyaw, The Rohingya and Rakhing, http://arakanland.com/index-4 html
7/ &ckdifwefaqmif
21
&kH;odrf;oGif;um V Force wyfrsm;wGif tokH;jyKjcif;? owif;axmufvSrf;ckdif;jcif;wkdYjzifh pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;cJhonf/ xkdY

tjyif rGwfqvifoD;jcm;e,fajrtjzpf aqmif&Gufay;rnf[kuwday;um odrf;oGif;cJhonf/ ppfNyD;onfhtcg t*Fvdyf
tpdk;&xH bl;oD;awmif? armifawm? &aohawmifNrdKUe,f\ar,kjrpftaemufbufjcrf;a'orsm;tm; rGwfqvifoD;
jcm;jynfe,f xlaxmifay;&efESifh Frontier Area tjzpf owfrSwfay;um wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESifhtwl yifvkHnDvm
cHwGif ta&;qkdcGifhrsm;udk *sarwltlvrm;bmoma&;tzGJYu awmif;qkdcJhonf/ xkdawmif;qkdcsufudk NAdwdoQtpkd;& r
vkdufavsmaomfvnf; if;wkdYtwGuf aemifwGif qufvufvkyfaqmifoifhonfhvrf;aMumif;wpfckudk rSwfcsufcsxm;
onfhtaxmuftxm;rsm;udk awGY&Sd&onf/ xkdrSwfcsufwGif wkdif;&if;om;tjzpf awmif;qkdvQif vkdtyfonfhtcsuf
rsm;udk axmufjycJhonf/ udk,fydkif,Ofaus;rI? udk,fydkifpm? ukd,fydkifpum;? ukd,fydkiftkyfcsKyfaexkdifvmcJhrIponfhtcsuf
rsm;jynfhpkHrSom oD;jcm;jynfe,f awmif;qkdykdifcGifh&SdaMumif;? xkdodkYr&dSao;vQifvnf; EkdifiHom;rsm; &ydkifcGifhudk tokH;cs
um Oya'jyKvTwfawmfodkYa&mufatmif aqmif&GufNyD; vTwfawmfxJrSwpfqifh rdrdvkdcsifaomtcsufudk ukdifvIyfEkdif
aMumif; rSwfcsufcsoGm;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ xkdtcsufrsm;onf t*FvdyfwkdYtaejzifh if;wkdYawmif;qkdaomtcsufrsm;
udk vufrcH[kqkdaomfvnf; aemiftcg rnfokdYaqmif&Guf&rnfudk vrf;aMumif;ay;vkdufonfhoabmyif jzpfonf/ xkd
vrf;aMumif;twkdif; ,aeYvIyf&Sm;aeonfukd awGY&ayonf/ xkdvrf;aMumif;twkdif;yif ygvDrefacwfwGif a&G;aumuf
yGJ0ifEkdifatmif aqmif&GufcJh&m ygupwefEkdifiHom;jzpfaom *zg;yifvQif trwfjzpfvmonfudk awGY&onf/ vTwfawmf
wGif ae&maumif;rsm;&&Sdatmif aqmif&Gufum if;wkdY\tmPmjzifh bl;oD;awmif? armifawm? &aohawmife,frsm;
wGif wpfzufEdkifiHrS b*FgvDrsm;udk tvkH;t&if;oGif;cGihf&&SdcJhjcif;jzifh ,aeYvlOD;a&tqrwef rsm;jym;vmaomtajc
taeudka&muf&SdcJhjcif;onf if;wkdY\pepfwus aqmif&GufcJhonfhpDrHudef;jzpfonfudkawGY&onf/ xkdYtwl wkdif;&if;om;
vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;jzpfaMumif;udkvnf; NAdwdoQwkdYay;cJhonfhvrf;aMumif;twkdif; udk,fydkifpmwDxGifjcif;? udk,fydkifpum;
wDxGifjcif;? udk,fydkif,Ofaus;rI&SdcJhaMumif;udk orkdif;vdrfrsm; zefwD;jyKvkyfum ajrmufOD;acwfbk&ifrsm;onfyifvQif
if;wkdY,Ofaus;rIjzifh tkyfcsKyfcJhonfhbk&ifrsm;jzpfcJhaMumif; a&;om;xkwfvTifhvmonfudk awGY&onf/
(#) 1962 aemufydkif; &ckdifjynfe,f? b*FgvDrGwfqvifrsm;tajctae
odkYaomf jrefrmEkdifiH\EkdifiHa&;tajctaeonf AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if; 1962 ckESpfwGif tmPm&,lNyD;aemufydkif;
toGifwpfrsKd; ajymif;vJoGm;cJhonf/ &ckdifjynfe,fawmif;qkdrIrsm;? cGJxGufvkdrIrsm;onfvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;cJh
onf/ AkdvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;\awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtpkd;&vufxufwGif EkdifiHa&;ygwDtm;vkH;udk zsufodrf;cJhonf/ xkdY
aMumifh rGwfqvifukvm;wkdY\EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onfvnf; acwikwfvQKd;oGm;cJhonf/ 1969 ckESpfwGif bDataZmf
azmacgif;aqmifaom ajratmufaomif;usef;olrsm;onf awmifykdif;ESifhajrmufydkif;a'orsm;wGif jyefvnfqlylvIyf
&Sm;rIrsm;udk pwifcJhMuonf/1 1974 ckESpfwGif bDataZmfazmtzGJYonf wyfrawmfxkd;ppfaMumifh wjznf;jznf;NydKuGJ
oGm;onf/ bl;oD;awmif? armifawm&Sd rl*sm[pfolykefrsm;onfvnf; wyfrawmfxkd;ppfaMumifh wpfzufEdkifiHodkYxGuf
ajy;cJhMuonf/2
awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&onf jrefrmqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwDudk wnfaxmifNyD; wpfygwDpepfjzifh qufvuftkyfcsKyf
cJhonf/ zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ukd a&;qGJa&;twGuf (1971)ckESpfwGif jynfolwkdYxH tMuHPfay;&ef awmif;cHcJhonf/
xkdtcsufudk tcGifhaumif;,lNyD; ajray:ajratmufrGwfqvifukvm;rsm; jyefvnfacgif;axmifvmcJhonf/ if;wkdYu
&kd[if*smtrnfcHrGwfqvifwkdYtwGuf tcGifhta&;awmif;aom]]&kd[if*smvlrsKd;rsm;u tMuHay;qEjyKpmwrf;}}[l
aomtrnfygpmwrf;udk tpkd;&okdYwifjycJhonf/ armifawmNrdKUe,fjynfolrsm;\oabmxm;ESifhtMuHay;csufrsm;
wGif &kd[if*smudk wkdif;&ifom;tjzpf todtrSwf jyKay;&ef tMuHjyKxm;onfudk awGY&onf/3 bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,frSt
MuHay;csufwGif OD;Z[D;tmrwfu bl;oD;awmifESifharmifawmudk ar,kc&kdiftjzpf zGJYpnf;ay;&ef? ar,kc&kdif&Sd rGwfq
vifrsm;udk &kd[if*smvlrsKd;tjzpf jy|mef;&ef owfrSwfcGifhjyKyg&ef? rkd[mrwfa&SmfzDu &kd[if*smudk vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;tjzpf4
3/ vkyfom;jynfolrsm;\o
4/ vkyfom;jynfolrsm;\oab
22
jy|mef;ay;&ef awmif;qkdrIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonfukd awGY&onf/

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aomf rGwfqvifukvm;OD;a&rSm wkd;NrJwkd;aeonfudk awGY&onf/
1972-73 ckESpfwGif tpkd;&u zGJYpnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;qGJa&;ESifhtwnfjyKa&;twGuf tvkyfrsm;aecsdefudk
tcGifhaumif;,lum b*FgvDrsm; trsm;tjym; wdwfwqdwf 0ifa&mufvmcJhMuonf/ 1973 ckESpf rwfvESifh{NyDvwGif
a&G;aumufyGJ rJpm&if;jyKpk&ef uGif;qif;onfhtcg w&m;r0ifaexkdifol trsm;tjym; tzrf;cHcJh&onf/ odkYaomf xkdt
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vkduf bl;oD;awmif? armifawme,fxJodkY apvTwfcJhaMumif; od&onf/1 w&m;r0ifckd;0ifvmjcif;udk axmufjyonfh
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Ak'bmomr[kwfol 88539? bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,f 49600? &aohawmifNrdKUe,f 11253 OD;&Sd&mrS 1972 ckESpfwGif
armifawmNrdKUe,f 206859? bl;oD;awmif 130275? &aohawmifNrdKUe,fwGif 18670 OD;a&txd vsifjrefpGm wkd;
yGm;vmonfudk awGY&onf/ jrefrmEkdifiH\vlOD;a&wkd;wufrIonf ESpfpOf 2. 3 &mckdifEIef; wkd;wufvsuf&Sd&m q,fESpft
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rsm;tjym; w&m;r0ifaexkdif&m &ckdifjynfe,fajrmufydkif;rS pwifaqmif&GufcJhonf/ xkdpDrHcsufudk 1978 ckESpf azaz:
0g&Dv 11 &ufwGif pwifaqmif&GufcJhonf/3 ppfaq;rIudk &ifrqkdif&Jaomppfwaumif;om; b*FgvDukvm;wkdYonf
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xkdumvtwGif; xGufajy;cJhaom tdrfaxmifpkaygif; 25995 jzpfNyD; vlOD;a&tm;jzifh 156699 jzpfonf/4 e
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rnfcH rGwfqvifwkdY\ajratmufvIyf&Sm;rIrsm; jyefvnfacgif;axmifvmjyefonf/ if;wkdYu EkdifiHjcm;owif;pm? *sm
e,frsm;rSwpfqifh jrefrmtpkd;&u rGwfqvifrsm;udk rsKd;jyKwfatmif owfjzwfaeonf[kowif;vTifha&;om;cJhMuav
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aMunmcJhonf/ b*Fvm;a'h&Sf? ygupwef? rav;&Sm;paom rGwfqvifEkdifiHwkdYrS xkwfa0onfhowif;pmrsm;uvnf;
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onfrsm;tjzpf owfrSwfum pm;eyf&dum? aq;0g;wkdYudk axmufyHhulnDay;cJhonf/ xkdjyemudk jrefrmtpkd;&ESifhb*F
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ygudpudk taMumif;jyK ppfwaumif;om;rGwfqvifwkdYonf &kd[if*smrsKd;cspfwpfOD;(R.P.F)(Rohingya Patriot Front)
ESifh&kd[if*smaoG;pnf;nDnTwfa&;tzGJY(R.S.O)(Rohingya Solidarity Organization)[lonfhajratmufvIyf&Sm;rItzGJYESpf
zGJYonf wpfzufEkdifiHwGif ajcukyf,lum vIyf&Sm;vmcJhonf/ if;tzGJYESpfzGJYonf yl;aygif;cJhNyD; tm&uef&kd[if*smvGwf
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ESifhaqmf'Dtma&;AsEkdifiH&Sd tpvmrftzGJYtoD;oD;wkdYxH tultnD&&Sdonf/5
1/ D1317
2/ Working People's Daily, 2-7-76
3/ &ckdifjynfe,fjzpfpOforkdif;? pwkwwGJ? vlrIa&;u@? vufESdyfpufrl? pm 203-205/
4/ &cdkifjynfe,fjzpfpOforkdif;? pwkwwGJ? vlrIa&;u@? vufESdyfpufrl? pm 206/
5/ zkd;uHaumif;? ]"rE&m,f}? jrufcif;opfr*Zif;? trSwfpOf(25)? 1992? pm 87/
23
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axmifpkajrudk ppfwaumif;om;rsm; vkdcsif ykefuefaeMujcif;jzpfaMumif;? xkdtcsufudk vGwfvyfaomjynfaxmifpk
jrefrmEkdifiHawmftpkd;&onf av;av;eufeuf pOf;pm;NyD; ygupwefwkdif;ESifhtcsdefrDaqG;aEG;wkdifyifvsuf &Sif;vif;&ef
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EkdifiH pdwf0rf;uGJrI ray:aygufap&ef tcsdefrD wm;qD;oifhayownf;}}[ka&;om;xm;onfudk awGY&onf/1
(X) 1988 ta&;tcif;aemufydkif; &kd[if*smtrnfjzifh vIyf&Sm;rI
1988 twGif; jzpfysufcJhaom 'Drkdua&pDta&;tcif;umv vlxktkH<urIudk tcGifhaumif;,lum rGwfqvif
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;vnf; csdefudkufvIyf&Sm;vmonfudk awGY&onf/ if;wkdYu armifawmwGif 88 ta&;tcif;rwkdifrDuyif
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jzifh 1988 ckESpf arv 13 &uftwGif;vnf; xkd&nf&G,fcsufudk taumiftxnfazmf aqmif&GufcJhonfudk od&Sd&onf/2
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udk owfypfMu? bk&m;&Siftvkdawmfus bmoma&;wkdufyGJ qifETJMu[ka<u;aMumfum NrdKUudk 0kdif;&HvmMuonf/ xkdtcsdef
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tNyD;tykdifodrf;ydkuf&ef aqmif&GufcJhjcif;jzpfonf/ 0kdif;&Hxm;aom b*FgvDrsm;udk twif;azmufxGufum wyfudk oGm;
a&muftultnDawmif;&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMu&onf/ &JESifhvkHxdef;wyfu &ckdifjynfolrsm;ESifhtwl ckcHojzifh if;wkdYMuH&G,f
csufratmifjrifacs/ atmifjrifcJhygu armifawmudk rGwfqvife,fajrtjzpf oGwfoGif;&ef MuHpnfcJhMuonf/3 xkd
odrf;ykduf&ef MuHpnfcsufatmifjrifonfESifharmifawmNrdKUrS rD;a&mifjrifonfESifheD;pyf&m &ckdif&Gmi,frsm;udk tjywf&Sif;
&ef pDpOfNyD;jzpfonfudk od&onf/4 xdkodkY armifawmudk 0dkif;&Hwkdufckduf&ef aqmif&GufrIwGif armifawm&JwyfzGJYrS &Jwyf
MuyfBuD; b'ljrmudk,fwkdif OD;aqmifyg0ifcJh&m tpkd;&tzGJYtpnf;twGif; 0ifa&mufwm0efxrf;aqmifaeaom rGwfq
vifrsm;yifvQif armifawmwGif pdwfcs&onfhtqifh r&Sdonfudk awGY&Sd&onf/5 ta&;tcif;onf 1942 ckESpf ukvm;
&ckdift"du&kPf;jzpfyGm;NyD;aemufydkif; tBuD;us,fqkH;vlxktiftm;jyqefYusifrI jzpfonf/ armifawmNrdKUvlxktae
jzifh em&Dykdif;twGif; NrdKUusqkH;EkdifonfhtajctaersKd; &ifqkdifvm&onf/ armifawmNrdKUe,f oHCmhem,uOu|u
A[kdoHCmhem,utzGJYxH wifjyonfhpmwGif13-5-88 aomMumaeYn(9)em&DausmfwGif ukvm;ig;aomif;cefY armifawmNrdKUudk awmifbuf? ta&SUbuf?
ajrmufbufwkdYrS 0kdif;&HNyD; &ckdifAk'bmomrsm;udk owfypf&ef BudK;yrf;cJhMuygonf/ ,if;aeYu trSwf(4)&yf
uGuf&Sd NrdKUopfbkef;BuD;ausmif;udk vufwifzsufqD;cJhMuNyD;? A[kdausmif;wkdufudk 0kdif;&Hxm;cJhMuygonf/ jynf
olY&JwyfzGJYESifhtrSwf(2) vkHxdef;wyf&if;wkdY\ tcsdefrDwm;qD;EkdifrIaMumifh &cdkifrsm; uGyfrsufcH&rIab;rS vGwf
ajrmufcJhygonf/ if;wkdY\vkyf&yfom atmifjrifcJhygu b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiHrS vlESpfodef;cGJudk csufcsif;oGif;,l
NyD; rGwfqvife,fajrtjzpf odrf;ydkufum b*Fvm;a'h&SfEkdifiH\tpdwftydkif;tjzpf oGwfoGif;&ef BudK;pm;,kwf
rmaomMuHpnfrIBuD; jzpfygonf6
[kwifjyxm;onfudk awGY&onf/
1/ azmfZH? ]&ckdife,fpyfrS Akdvfcsif;ysH? "n0wDr*Zif;? ESpfvnf(1952-53) pm 20/
3/ zkd;uHaumif;? ]"rE&m,f}? jrufcif;opfr*Zif;? trSwfpOf(25)? 1992? pm 87/
4/ OH/0355/2009, awGYqkHar;jref;csuf? orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk/
5/ D1316 &kd[if*smpmwrf;jyKpkwifjyjcif;? uGefjyLwmrl? pm 8/
6/ armifawmNrdKUe,ftem*wfomoemawmfta&;tcif;ESifhywfoufwifjyavQmufxm;csuf/ 28-2-2008/
24
1988 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif armifawmNrdKUr? unifawmtxuausmif;wGif ppfawGrS a&muf&Sdvmaom

'Drkdua&pDoydwfwkdufyGJacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifhNidrf;csrf;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm; w&m;a[majym&mwGif armifawmrSb*FgvD
acgif;aqmif a'gufwmxGef;atmif(t'lavmuf)u 1988 ckESpf arvu rGwfqviftiftm;jyqEjyrIBuD;onf jrefrm
EkdifiHwGif yxrqkH;aom 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;twGuf vIyf&Sm;rIjzpfaMumif; a[majymoGm;onf/ if;tjyif ppfawG
NrdKUrSukvm;a&SUae a&Tarmifqkdoluvnf; ukvm;wkdYrSm &kd[if*smrsm;jzpfaMumif;? &ckdifjynfodkY0ifa&mufvmonfrSm
at'D 680 cefYuyifjzpfaMumif;? tcGifhta&;&vQif wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhwef;wl&&SdrnfjzpfaMumif; a[majymoGm;
onfudk awGY&onf/1 xkda[majymyGJonf &ckdifESifhukvm;Nidrf;csrf;pGm aexkdifNyD; 'Drkdua&pDa&;ukd awmif;qkdMu&ef&nf
&G,fcsufjzifh jyKvkyfcJhaomfvnf; b*FgvDrsm;rSm &&SdonfhtcGifhta&;udk t&,lNyD; rrSefuefonfhorkdif;aMumif;rsm;udk
wifjyoGm;cJhjcif; jzpfaMumif; od&Sd&onf/2
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vkdufjcif;aMumifh NydKuGJoGm;onf/ wyfrawmftpkd;&u wpfEkdifiHvkH;udk ppftkyfcsKyfa&;aMunmNyD; tkyfcsKyfcJhonf/ odkY
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nmcJhonf/
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*sm[kac:olrsm;udk &ckdifwkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;tjzpf ,kHMunfvufcHaMumif; a&;om;xm;onf/3 rwnfNidrfaom
tajctaeukd tcGifhaumif;,lum EkdifiHa&;tjrwfxkwf&ef b*FgvDrGwfqvifwkdY\BudK;yrf;csufonf xdkumvwGif ydkrkd
xif&Sm;cJhonfudk awGY&onf/ 2003 ckESpfwGif *syefwGif tajcpkdufonfh(jrefrmEkdifiH&kd[if*smrsm;toif-*syefjynf)rS
aZmfrif;xG#fa&;om;xkwfa0onfh]]jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfESifhwkdif;&if;om;&kd[if*smrsm;}}pmtkyfonf &kd[if*sm
udk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKvmatmif BudK;yrf;csufwpf&yfyif jzpfonf/4
jynfyokdYoGm;a&muf tvkyfvkyfukdifaom rGwfqvifynmwwfrsm;taejzifh rGwfqvifEkdifiHrsm;\(txl;o
jzifh aqmf'Dtma&AD;,m;)taxmuftyHhudk,lum &kd[if*smwkdif;&if;om;jzpfa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; jyKvkyfvmonfudk awGY
&ygonf/ xkdodkYaqmif&Guf&mwGif urmYrD'D,mavmuwGif vufOD;rI&,l&ef(Website)axmifjcif;? aqG;aEG;yGJrsm;jyKvkyf
jcif;wkdYaqmif&Gufvmonf/ tifwmeufwGif avhvmMunfhonfhtcg &kd[if*sm0bfqkdufrsm; trsm;tjym;&SdonfudkawGY
&NyD;(Search Engine)aumif;ojzifh tifwmeuf\ae&mwumwGif wufvmonfudk awGY&ygonf/ if;wkdY\0bfqkduf
rsm;wGif (Rohingya Language & Rohingya Culture)ponfwkdY xnhfoGif;xm;onfhtjyif &kd[if*smbmompum;oif
enf;udkyg xnfhoGif;vmygonf/ xkdYtjyif if;wkdYwGif pmr&dSojzifh tl&'lbmompum;udk okH;vQifvnf; wpfzufEkdifiH
om;[k,lqMurnfudk wGufqum tjcm;bmompum;rsm;ESifhrwlbJ oD;jcm;toGif oD;jcm;pum;&SdonfhykHpHjzifh Roman pmjzifh wDxGifa&;om;aeonfudk awGY&onf/ tm&AD? tl&'lbmompum;udk aygif;pyfum pmtopfwDxGifNyD; Ekdif
iHopfwpfckvkyf&ef MuHpnfjcif;jzpfonf/ wpfenf;jzifh udk,fydkif,Ofaus;rI&Sdaom vlrsKd;rsm;[kt"dyg,fa&muf&Sdatmif
pepfwusaqmif&Gufaejcif;yif jzpfonf/
tjcm;vkyfaqmifcsufwpfckrSm &kd[if*smvlrsKd; trSefwu,f&SdaMumif; ckdifvkHap&ef EkdifiHwumpmwrf;zwfyGJ
rsm;usif;yjcif;? pmwrf;zwfyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifzwfMum;apjcif;wkdYjzpfonf/ xkdodkYpmwrf; zwfMum;&mwGif if;wkdYudk,f
wkdif zwfMum;jcif;r[kwfbJ EkdifiHwumwGif ae&m&NyD;jzpfonfhynm&Sifrsm;udk &kd[if*smvlrsKd;&dSaMumif;pmwrf;rsm;
zwfMum;apjcif;jzpfonf[k od&onf/ xkdYtwl &kd[if*smorkdif;? &kd[if8sm,Ofaus;rI"avhxkH;pH ponfjzifh pmtkyfrsm;
1/ bkHaygufomausmf? &ckdifjynfe,fESifh&kd[if*smtrnfcH b*FgvDrsm;jyempmwrf;? pm 146/
2/ D1316 orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk? pm 8/
4/ aZmfrif;xG#f? jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEkdifiHawmfESifhwkdif;&if;om;&kd[if*smrsm;(yxrtBudrf)? ?Maruyama Corp, Tokyo 2003/
25
udk orkdif;q&mrsm;tm; a&;om;cdkif;um xkwfa0rIrsm; jyKvkyfvmonfudk awGY&onf/

wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyif a'owGif;armfv0Dq&mrsm;taejzifh vli,ftm;vkH; tm&ADpum;oifMum;jcif;udk eHeuf
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at'D 8 &mpkESpfu a&muf&Sdvmonfhtm&yfukefonfrsm;rSwpfqifh tajccsaexkdifolrsm; jzpfaMumif;[lonfhvrf;
aMumif;udk a&muf&Sdatmif pepfwus jyifqifxm;jcif;jzpfonfudk awGY&onf/
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ausmif;(276)ausmif;&Sd&mrS 1980 jynfhESpfwGif tm&ADwuodkvf(2)ausmif;? txufwef;ausmif;(9)ausmif;? t
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tm&ADrlvwef;ausmif;wGif (23190)&SdaMumif;od&onf/ t"duoifMum;ay;onfrsm;rSm tpvmrfbmomudkouf0if
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2/ 31-3-2009 armifawmNrdKUe,fw&m;&kH;\trItrSwf 372/
3/ ,if;
26
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jzifh todkuft0ef;pepfjzifh aexkdifolrsm;jzpf&m xkdtodkuft0ef;udk xdef;csKyfxm;onfharmfv0Dq&mwkdY\MoZmukd a
usmfvGefaqmif&Gufjcif;iSm rnfolrQaqmif&GufEkdifjcif;r&dSonfudk awGY&onf/
&ckdifwkdYtaejzifh ,lqxm;onfrSm wpfcsdefu ar,kc&kdif[kac:aombl;oD;awmif? armifawm? &aohawmif
a'orsm;onf tcsdefra&G;aygufuGJEkdifaoma'orsm;jzpfNyD; xkdokdYjzpfvmvQif rGwfqvifrsm;taejzifh jynfyoifwef;
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EkdifaMumif;udk 1988 ar 13 ta&;udk om"ujyKum axmufjyonfrsm;udkvnf;awGY&Sd&onf/ tajccHtaMumif;&if;
1/ D1319 orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? armfuGef;Xmepk/
27
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onf/
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'D,mudk rD'D,mjzifh wkdufa&;onfvnf; ta&;ygonfhvkyfief;wpfckjzpfayonf/ ta&SUawmiftm&SwpfckvkH; rGwfq
vifEdkifiHjzpfa&; &nf&G,fcsufwpfckonf jrefrmEkdifiHESifhxkdif;EkdifiHudk vTrf;rkd;vkdufonfESifhtvkdtavsmuf csdwfqufNyD;
jzpf&m jrefrmEkdifiH? &ckdifjynfe,fESifhxkdif;EkdifiHawmifykdif;wkdYwGif rGwfqvifvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf xkd&nfrSef;csufudk pepf
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\aemufuG,fwGif bmoma&;EdkifiHwpfck xlaxmif&ef &nfrSef;csufyg&Sdae&m xkdtajctaeuyif vlYtcGifhta&;ukd
trSefwu,f vkdufemaqmif&Gufvkdjcif; &Sd r&Sd od&SdEkdifavonf/ if;wkdY\vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk orkdif;aemufcHtcsuftvuf
rsm;udk avhvmjcif;r&SdyJ oG,f0kdufum vufcHaqmif&Gufay;aeonfrSm &ckdifjynfe,fxJ&Sd (NGO)rsm;yifjzpfonf/
&ckdif wkdif;&if;om;rsm;ukd,fwkdifu if;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;taejzifh rGwfqvifrsm;twGufom aqmif&Gufay;aejcif;udk
a'ocH wkdYtaejzifh vkH;0em;rvnfEkdifMuouJhodkY rGwfqvifrsm;udk ydkrkdtcGifhta&;ay;aqmif&Gufaejcif;aMumifh if;
b*FgvDrsm;udk ajrmufay;onfhtzGJYtpnf;rsm;jzpfvmNyD; wkdif;&if;om;wkdYtaejzifh pdwfemMunf;p&mjzpfvmonfukd
awGY&onf/
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rGwfqvifEkdifiHrsm;ESifhvnf; [efcsufnDnD vIyf&Sm;aejcif;jzpfonfudk awGY&onf/ ,cifu ay:aygufcJhonfhrl*sm[pf
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oGm;jcif;r[kwfbJ toGifwpfrsKd;? trnfwpfrsKd;jzifh jyefvnfvIyf&Sm;aejcif;yifjzpfonf/ xkdYtwl bmoma&;oifwef;
rsm;\tcsuftjcmjzpfaom tmz*efepwefESifhvnf; qufoG,fum oifwef;rsm; wufa&mufjcif;? bmoma&;ppf
onfrsm;tjzpf oGm;a&mufjcif;rsm;&Sdonfudk awGY&onf/ xkdif;EkdifiHawmifydkif; rGwfqvifcGJxGufa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;wGif
yg0ifywfoufaeNyD; &kd[if*smvIyf&Sm;rIonf vkdtyfonfhae&mwGif bmoma&;ppfonfrsm;tjzpf 0ifa&mufxrf;aqmif
aejcif;jzpf&m tqkdygtjzpfrSefudk odrSomvQif EdkifiHwumtwGuf tE&m,fjzpfaMumif; od&SdEkdifjzpfouJhodkY rdrdEdkifiHt
wGufvnf; xkdtE&m,fudk rnfokdYajz&Sif;&rnfudk em;vnfEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ rnfokdYqkdap &kd[if*smonf wkdif;&if;om;
jzpfa&;ESifhif;wkdY\EkdifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufonf 1951 ckESpfu pwifjrpfzsm;cHcJhaom tv,foHausmfnDvmcH\qkH;jzwf
csufrsm;udk tajccHvrf;pOftjzpf csrSwfum qufvufvIyf&Sm;aejcif;jzpfaMumif; awGY&Sd&onf/
28
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&ykHESdyfwkduf? &efukef? 1958
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jynfwGif;aomif;usef;rIorkdif;? tydkif;(2)
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azmfZH? ]&ckdife,fpyfrS Akdvfcsif;ysH? "n0wDr*Zif;? ESpfvnf(1952-53)
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bl;oD;awmifNrdKUe,forkdif;? vufESdyfpufrl
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oeOD;pD;Xme? 1989
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uefYowfEkdif&ef wifjyjcif;?
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29
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