Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Scope
This workshop covers above ground industrial piping as practiced in the USA. I do not intend to cover:
Pipelines Plumbing Nuclear plant piping
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Topics Covered
Definitions Piping Standards Classifying Components Pipe & Fitting Selection Valve Selection
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Definitions:
piping: assemblies of piping components used[for] fluid flows. Piping also includes pipe supporting elements, but does not include support structuresor equipment piping system: interconnected piping subject to the same design conditions
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More Definitions:
piping components: mechanical elements suitable for joining or assembly into pressuretight fluid-containing piping systemspipe, tubing, fittings, flanges, gaskets, bolting, valves and devices such as expansion joints
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Piping Standards
Provide a set of requirements for obtaining a safe, reliable and economical installation (system standards or codes) Provide consistent dimensions and ratings so that components will fit together and can be used interchangeably (component standards)
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Classifying Components
By Pressure-Temperature Ratings By Reliability
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by Pressure-Temperature Ratings
Many piping systems, especially nonmetallic systems, are proprietary products and rated by the manufacturer. Ratings for above ground metallic systems are generally governed by their joints. Frequently these are flanged joints manufactured in accordance with ASME B16.1 (iron flanges) and ASME B16.5 (other metallic flanges).
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Classifying Components
Rev 9-04-03
Pressure (barg)
30
Class 125, NPS 14-24 Class 125, NPS 30-48 Class 250, NPS 1-12
20
10
Class 250, NPS 14-24 Class 250, NPS 30-48 0 50 100 150 200
0 Temperature (C)
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Pressure (barg)
300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 200 300 400 500
Class 150 Class 300 Class 600 Class 900 Class 1500 Class 2500
Temperature (C)
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Carbon Steel (B16.5) 316 Stainless Steel (B16.5) Nickel Alloy 400 (B16.5) Coper Alloy B61 (B16.24) Aluminum Alloy 6061T6 (B31.3)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Pressure (barg)
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Temperature (C)
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Classifying Components
by Reliability
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Robustness
Able to withstand exposure to loads such as: Being stepped on Dropped tool Dropped tool box Forklift traffic Truck traffic Crane booms
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Fire Resistance
Components able to maintain piping system integrity if subjected to approximately 1200 F (650 C) for 30 minutes. The intent is to prevent the exposure of fire fighters to danger due to leaking fluids prevent adding fuel to the fire
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Blow-out Resistance
Gaskets and seals able to withstand high pressure without failing by extrusion or fracture. A short-term leak could be resealed by tightening the bolting. The intent is to avoid large leaks when a flanged joint is not tightened properly when the piping system is subjected to pressures much higher than design when large bending moments are applied to the flanges
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Blow-out Resistance
Failure by Extrusion
Failure by Fracture
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Tendencies to Leak
Some joints are more leak prone than others. These are usually a strong function of the construction and maintenance practices at a particular site. Examples: Threaded joints Unions Elastomeric seals such as o-rings
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Fluid Service
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Corrosion Resistance
Where corrosion is more or less uniform, extra pipe wall material can be provided in the form of a corrosion allowance. Where material degradation is localized, either preventive measures must be used or a more resistant material must be provided. Examples of localized material problems: - Erosion - Pitting - Intergranular - Stress-Corrosion Cracking - Microbiological - Hydrogen Embrittlement
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Material Toughness
Measured by energy necessary to suddenly propagate a crack to failure Mostly of concern for carbon steels Generally decreases as temperature decreases Factors affecting fracture toughness include: Chemical composition or alloying elements Heat treatment Grain size
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Cost
CPVC, Sch 80 Carbon Steel, Sch 40 Stainless Steel, 304, Sch 10S Stainless Steel, 316, Sch 10S Aluminum, 6061 T6, Sch 40 Fiberglass - Vinyl Ester Polypropylene Lined Steel Fluoropolymer Lined Steel Alloy 20, Sch 10S Alloy 400, Sch 10S Alloy C276, Sch 10 Zirconium, Sch 10
10
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Pipe - seamless
Strand Caster
Billet Heating
Elongator
Reheat
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Pipe - seamless
Reheat
Sizing Mill
Finishing
NDT
Hydrotesting
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Pipe ERW
Coil Feed
First Forming
Fin Pass
Welding
NDT
Seam Normalizer
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Pipe - ERW
Sizing Mill
Flying Cut-Off
Hydrotesting
Straightening
NDT
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Fittings
Fittings are selected primarily by the way they are joined to the pipe. Threading Socket Welding Buttwelding OD Tubing (Compression fitting, Flare) Water Tubing (Solder, Braze) Others
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Fittings: Threaded
Common materials
Gray iron (ASME B16.4) Malleable iron (ASME B16.3) Steel (ASME B16.11)
Rev 9-04-03
Size frequently limited to ~NPS 1-1/2 Not used in severe cyclic conditions Not use in services where corrosion is accelerated in crevices
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Fittings: Buttwelding
Common materials (ASME B16.9)
Carbon Steel Stainless Steel Nickel alloys
Used in most piping systems ~NPS 2 and larger Use generally not restricted Difficult in small sizes, especially for thin wall
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Fittings: OD Tubing
Common materials
Copper Carbon steel Stainless steel Nickel alloys
Compression Fittings Flared Fittings (ASME B16.26) Generally not used in most severe services because of leak potential
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Fittings: Grooved
Fittings that use grooves in pipe elastomeric seal required
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Fittings: Hygienic
Clamp
(Waukesha Cherry-Burrell)
Buttweld
(HPS Products)
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(Waukesha Cherry-Burrell)
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(ASME BPE)
Branches
Generally many choices NPS 3 and larger Choices include:
Tee Unreinforced Fabricated Tee Reinforced Fabricated Tee Branch Connection Fitting
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Branches
Tee
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Branches
Basis for selection: Cost: depends on material, sizes & fabricator Resistance to external moment Ability to examine fabrication See table in supplement.
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Threaded
Socket welding
These flanges have the same advantages and restrictions as fittings with the same joining method
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Gaskets
Important Gasket Characteristics Resists deterioration in normal service
Chemical resistance Temperature resistance
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Gaskets Rubber
Chemical OK for most Resistant Approximate 200F Max. Temp. (95C) Leak Best Performance Blowout No Resistant Fire Resistant No Bolt Strength Low
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(Thermoseal)
(Garlock)
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Gaskets Fluoropolymer
Chemical Resistant Approximate Max. Temp. Leak Performance Blowout Resistant Fire Resistant Bolt Strength OK for almost all 350F (180C) Good No No Low
(Gore)
(Teadit)
(Garlock)
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Tang Inserted Insert is usually 0.004 (0.10 mm) type 316 stainless steel Mechanically bonded
(Teadit)
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(Garlock)
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(Flexitallic)
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(NE Seal)
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Gaskets - Kammprofile
Chemical Resistant
Both metal & sealing material must be OK
Approximate 1500F (820C) Max. Temp. Leak Good Performance Blowout Resistant Yes Fire Resistant Bolt Strength Depends on sealing material High
(Garlock)
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Oval
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Bolting
Has to be strong enough to seat the gasket Consider need to be corrosion resistant to process fluid Studs versus bolts
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(Charlotte Pipe)
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(Spears)
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(Smith Fibercast)
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