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1990

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I InterdependenceIndivisibility
IrreversibilityImperfect Foresight

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RobustFlexibilePortfolio
Dynamic Adjustment

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2001 10 Seymour
Mandelbaum

2001

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effect
net benefits
internal validityexternal validity

physical planning

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1990

2001

1950 1970
1980 1990

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Urban DevelopmentThe Logic of Making

Plans

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I
effectiveness

Miller, 1987

I Interdependence
Indivisibility Irreversibility Imperfect
Foresight

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Cohen
1972

agendaspoliciesvisionsdesignsstrategies

I
effectiveness
effectnet benefit
internal validityexternal validity

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robust
flexibleportfoliojust-in-time

voluntary group

collective goodscollective actionsprisoners dilemma

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private goodtoll goodcommon pool good

rightsregulations
plansauthorityoriginenforcementexclusivity
transferabilityspatial extenttemporal extentCoase

positive political theory

zoningofficial
mapssubdivision regulationsurban
service areas adequate public facilities ordinancesdevelopment rightsimpact fees

values

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intersubjective

collective choicethe logic of participation

aggregation of preference
Arrow
Impossibility Theorem

planning behaviors
behaviorstasksprocesses

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critical theory
decomposition
representation

Urban DevelopmentThe Logic of Making Plans

paradigm

positivism

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http://clep.ntpu.edu.tw

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North American

interdependentirreversibleindivisible

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imperfect foresight

Build, Operate, and

Transfer

1950

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Lakewood, Ohio
Riverside, Illinois 1905

Cleveland

Erieview

1960 University of
Pennsylvania

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Britton Harris
Bruce MacDougall
Ian McHargRussell Ackoff
Klaus KrippendorfSeymour Mandelbaum
Tom ReinerAnn Strong

University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Downey BrillPeter
SchaefferDoug JohnstonAlex
Anas Kieran Donaghy Gerrit
KnaapVarkki George

Len Heumann Andy Isserman John

Kim Ken Rearden Louis
WetmoreAl Guttenberg
Clyde Forrest
Daniel SchneiderDick
KlostermanJon LiebmanZorica

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Nedovic-BudicRob Olshansky
Eliza SteelwaterBruce Williams
Bob Riley

Shih-Kung Lai
Alexandra Ortiz

TaylorvilleMatthew GebhardtAllison Laff

Sathya PonnuswamyPaul Hanley
Emily Talen

Ernest Alexander
Island Press
Heather Boyer
ChampaignUrbana
Lachlan BlairApril Getchius
Bruce KnightDennis SchmidtLibby TylerSteven Wegman
PhoenixJoy MeeJohn
McNamaraCassandra Eker

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Lexington
Dijon Duncan
Tribhuvan University
Fulbright Senior Scholar
geographic information systemNepal
Mangal Siddhi Manandhar
Sudarshan Tiwari
Don MillerTim Nyerges
University of Washington 28,000
14,000

Buck Ridge Ski Club

Sheffield Kathmandu

Lexington, Kentucky

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1
5
9
21
25

21

43

73

103

133

175

211

233

10 269

309
311
327
347

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4-1

76

4-2

77

4-3

79

4-4

84

5-1

120

9-1

247

10-1 1958 274

10-2 1963 275
10-3 1973 276
10-4 284
10-5 298

1-1

16

2-1

I 33

3-1

45

4-1

76

4-2

85

6-1

159

8-1

215

9-1

237

9-2

239

10-1 283

2-1 35
2-2 35
2-3 35
5-1 110
5-2 119

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Allan B. Jacobs 2000

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74

Mahomet

Chicago Associates Architects and Planners

Prescriptions

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leader-follower

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Oregon 2040
Portland 2040 PlanMetro 2000

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1909 Chicago Plan of 1909

Kathmandu, NepalSeattle, Washington

human settlements

democratic governanceregulation

collective
choicesrights

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interdependent
indivisibleirreversible
imperfect foresight

complex system

natural

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agendaspolicies
visionsdesignsstrategies

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Capital Improvements
Program

Urbana, Illinois
1970

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contingent
net benefit

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collective good

institutional forms

regulations
zoningsubdivision ordinances
property taxesimpact fees
assignment
2040

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authority

social normssocial regulation

prescriptions

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collective choice participation

Arrowimpossibility theorem

representativeness

Portland, Oregoninduced
participation

1929

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1929 Regional Plan of New York and Its EnvironsJohnson

1996subdivision plan

prescriptions

views

consequences
deliberation

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ExplanationPrediction
JustificationPrescription

Miller 1987, 135

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effects

1-1

1-1

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evidenceargument

Mandelbaum
1979settingsprocessesoutcomes
general theory

67covering law
Miller 1987, 140

coherent
140 1

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1950 1970
1980 1990

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Agenda, 44-46, 276, 286

control of order of voting by, 214
definition, 44-45
vs. objective, 46
scope of plan and, 293-294
vs. target, 51
use of plan as, 9, 57, 115

Allocation efficiency, 143-147

assumption of mobility of resources,
151
definition, 143
exceptions to, 148-149

Allocation of time, 280

Alternatives
creation by voluntary groups, 105
irrelevant, 213
primary, and bracket, 250
uncertainty with respect to, 81-82,
97

Amenity protection, 158-159, 165

AICP
American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP),
219

American Planning Association, 287

Action
commitment to, 34
consequences linked to, 294-300
effects of plan on, in assessment, 59
error-controlled, 24-27
event-driven, 96
expected value, 74-81, 99
generation tasks, 190-191
hedge or combination of, 94
lack of, 64
in natural systems, 21-23
opportunities for, 36-39
plan-based, 26-27
prediction-controlled, 26-27
role of design prior to, 51-52
system-challenging vs.
system-maintaining, 195

AIDA
Analysis of interconnected
(AIDA), 291-292

decision

areas

Anchoring and adjustment bias of a problem,

188, 193

Annexation, 2, 4, 10, 153, 215

Approval voting, 214

Arizona, Phoenix, 161, 246, 296

Arrows impossibility theorem, 212, 214, 216

Assembly line problem solving, 192

Assessment, 57-69
characteristics of good plans, 68
comparison tables, 252
diagnostic evaluation, 259-262
different approaches to, 59
four criteria for, 57-58
three observable phenomena in,
64

Attention span, 39, 186, 200-201

Austinplan process, 256

Authority, 12, 135-143

extraterriorial jurisdiction,
142
within institutions, 211
multi-jurisdiction plans, 2-3
within organizations, 203, 257
plan decomposition and, 241-244

Availability bias, 189

Behavior
alteration by intersubjective knowledge, 181, 183
of construction material suppli-

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ers, 91
counterregulatory, 117
equilibrium-seeking, 240
loyalty, 202
plan making, 57, 231, 234-235
rationality, 232-233, 236-241
reaction to signals, 116-117, 310n.7
signals of commitment, 111
too optimistic or pessimistic, 189

Beliefs, 60, 63, 212, 220, 254

Benefit. See Cost-benefit analysis; Net benefit

Bernoulli principle, 91

Brainstorming, 192-193

California
Petaluma, 92, 168
progressive administration, 255
San Francisco, 258
San Ramon Valley and
Bishop Ranch, 275
state-mandates for local plans,
67
use of plan as toll good, 121

Capital. See Financial aspects

CIP
Capital improvements program (CIP), 46, 279

Census Bureau, 90-91

Citizen participation, 203, 204, 217, 219-227,

252, 259

Cognitive capacity, 12, 13, 303

group, 190-194
individual, 184-190
for memory, 184-186, 268
six biases in problem solving, 187-190, 206

Cognitive interpretation, 211-212

Collective choice. See also Coordination; Stakeholders, 14, 190, 209-227

formal and informal institutions, 300-302
how participation works, 223-227
logic of commitment, 109-115
logic of participation, 219-223
the possibility, 210-215
principles for institutions, 215-219
vs. urban plans, 209-227

Collective goods
characteristics, 120
commitment to investment in, 111-115,
125, 128-129
examples, 109
exclusion from, 121
government inducements to
make plans, 124-129
inividuals issues with, 113, 143-145
investment cost-benefit analysis, 109-111
use of plan as, 118-121

Collective rationality, 213

Colorado
Boulder, 168
Snowmass, 134

Commercial Club of Chicago, 108

Commissions, planning, 126, 204, 257

Commitment, 34
to action, 34
an agenda as, 44-47
emotional traits, 111-112
incremental and sequential, 81-83
with Integrated Action Planning,
248
to investment in collective goods,
110-111, 114, 128-130
precommitment strategies, 184-185

Common good. See Public interest

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Communicative rationality, 14, 192, 235, 236-238

Community annexation. See Annexation

Complex systems, 7, 303

inertia, 30, 36
memory capacity for, 185
natural selection that led to, 29-30
stream model for, 36-40

Comprehensiveness. See Scope of plan

Consequences linked to actions, 294-300

Conservation easements, 168-170

Constitution, U.S.
Fourteenth Amendment, 157
right-of -way and, 166

Consultants. See Planners, professional

Contingent circumstances, 8, 75
in sewer plant construction, 124
strategy as a path, 45, 51
use in forecasting, 23

Coordination. See also Collective choice; Stakeholders

advantages of collaboration, 192
advantages of parallel processing,
191-192
among organizations, 201-202
for the common good, 2, 3, 11, 120
group cognitive capacity, 190-194
group formation and commitment, 111-115
implications and uncertainty with multiple groups, 103-130
selection of leaders, 113, 224-225

Cost-benefit analysis
2020 Atlanta 2020 visioning
project, 65

Common lands, 153

leapfrog development, 86
regulations, 155

Creativity, 190-192

Cultural aspects, rights defined by, 138-139

Daily calendaring, 280

Data collection and analysis, 233, 277-284

Decision analysis
to calculate best strategy type,
92-94
collective choice, 213-214
high- vs. low-density
housing, example, 74-81
informed vs. uninformed
decisions, 119-124

Decision making. See also Imperfect foresight;

Indivisibility; Interdependence; Irreversibility
analysis of interconnected decision areas, 291-292
characteristics of decisions, 7-8
cognitive biases, 186-190, 206
collective. See Collective
choice
forecasts in. See also Predictions, 88-92
group processes, 190-194
implications of multiple groups,
103-130
informed vs. uninformed,
115-117, 119-124
keeping sight of the purpose during, 1-17
prioritization. See Agenda
repeat. See Policy
rights to. See Authority
sequential
flexibility, 92-93, 99
irreversibility of, 85-86
and uncertainty, 9-10, 81-85, 99
stream model for, 36-39, 40
views of plans for, 14, 277-284

Decomposition of plans, 241-247, 256, 288-289

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Delphi process, 212, 319n.4

Demand for housing, 85-86, 162-163

Denmark, Aalborg traffic reduction scheme, 62

Design, 276, 286

assessment, 63, 65
definition, 45, 49
evolution, 50
mechanism, 45, 49-50
scope of plan and, 293
use of plan as, 7-8

Developers
focus of, 152
regulations which advocate, 155-157
role as stakeholder, 105
vs. speculators, 122
use of plan as collective
goods, 119-124

Diagonstic evaluation, 259-262

Diversity
advantages in changing environment, 29, 95
among decision-making groups,
1-2, 190, 193
vs. portfolio strategy, 93-94

Deed restrictions, 156

Downtown
Chicago, IL, 108-109
commercial interests, 105, 151-153
plans, 67-68, 252
strategy for growth, 87
Urbana, IL, redevelopment, 104-108, 109

Dynamic adjustment, 30-32

vs. collective choice, 210
externality zoning and, 160
insufficient, 188-189

Economy of scale
infrastructure investments, 53, 54
regional planning commissions,
126
sewage treatment plant, 92, 290

Effectiveness of plan. See Assessment

Empowerment planning, 128, 253-254

Enforcement, 136-137, 140, 155-156

England, 127, 222, 317n.2

Environmental aspects
conservation easements, 168-170
effects on land development, 158
intrinsic values, 176-180
natural hazards. See
stochastic processes
runoff, 142
social regulation, 140

Equilibrium
analysis, 27-30, 32, 39
behaviors seeking, 240
in natural systems, 27-29
between rights and regulations, 147

Error-control, 24-27

Ethical considerations. See also Social equity, 9,

37
intrinsic value, 176-180
in outcome assessment, 68
of professional planners, 196-200, 253
public perception, 219, 226
zoning, 158

Evaluation. See Assessment

Evolution, 7, 24, 25, 28, 39, 237

Exclusivity, 137, 140

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Externalities, zoning for, 159-162

Fairness. See Social aspects

Federal government
funding, 68, 124, 127-128
Model Cities Program, 128-129,
226
right to call on service, 141
subsidization of transportation planning, 129

Feedback, 24-27

Fees
impact, 158, 170
for a professional planner,
198

Financial aspects. See also Cost-benefit analysis; Economy of scale; Taxes

capital improvements program, 46,
279
of dynamic adjustment, 30-31, 161
federal government funding, 68,
124, 127-128
fundraising through bond issues,
151, 169
maximum return. See
Allocation efficiency
mobility of capital, 151-152
sharing the costs, multijurisdictional plans, 2
zoning, 158-159, 162-164

Flexibility, 10-11, 92-93, 99

Flooding. See Stochastic processes

Florida
requirements for local plans, 128
Sanibel Island, 134

Expected value of an action, 75, 79-80, 99

Forecasts. See Predictions

Forums. See Participation

Framing bias of a problem, 186-187

France, 31-32

Freeways. See Transportation systems

Game theory, 34-36, 110-112, 119-120

Geographic aspects, robustness and scope of

plan, 92
GIS
Geographic Information System (GIS), 295,
323n.7
2020
Georgia, Atlanta 2020 Project, 49, 65

Goal-directed behavior, 25-27

Government
authority over individual land ownership, 136-137
as coercive group, 113-114
councils, 217-218
division of authority among
branches, 212
federal. See Federal government
inducements to make plans,
124-129
legislation from higher and implementation by lower, 53-54
local, incorporated to take land use actions, 133-134
multi-jurisdiction plans, 1-2
municipal. See Municipal
government
relating to, characteristics of a good plan, 66-67
relationship with commercial interests, 151-152
requirements to plan, 126-127
rights captured from pub-

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Greenfield development, 161

Group processes. See also Collective choice,

184-190, 205, 206, 209-210, 227

Growth control
1970 initiatives of 1970s, 92
Oregon, 128, 157, 167-168, 218, 288
state government oversight, 128, 157
urban service areas, 158, 159,
167-168, 271-275

Harrison, Carter, 152-153

Highways. See Transportation systems

lic domain, 139

role in Urbana downtown redevelopment, 105
state. See State government

Historical background
1909 Chicago Plan of 1909, 108-109
construction of infrastructure, 141
1970 federal funding of 1970s,
124
1900 garden city of 1900s, 92
1970 growth control initiatives
of 1970s, 92
land ownership rights, 138
Native Americans, 133, 135, 138, 140
progressive reform, 199
Prohibition, 140
701 701 plans, 67, 91-92, 128
urban planning, 210

Historical districts, 170

Housing
council subsidized, 222
decision analysis, example,
76-81, 84-85, 314n.4
high- vs. low-density development, 85-86, 162-163
replacement costs, 85-86
revenue generated by, 162-163
single-fam-

ily, buffered from multifamily, 162-163

supply and demand, 91
voucher program, 56
1954 701
Housing Act of 1954, Section 701 plans, 67,
91-92, 128

Illinois
annexation, 2, 4, 10, 151-152, 215-216
1909 Chicago Plan of 1909, 6, 45,
49, 108, 259
1964 Chicago Plan of 1964, 244-246
1966 Chicago Plan of 1966, 244
1967 Chicago Plan of 1967, 45
Dupage County, 125
East St. Louis, 154, 226
Hickory Creek watershed, 298
Intergovernmental
Solid Waste Disposal Agency, 215-216
Mahomet Corridor Plan, 2-5, 9
Savoy, solid waste disposal, 215-216
Taylorville, 282
Urbana, downtown redevelopment, 104-109, 165
Urbana-Champaign Sanitary District, 8-9, 215, 216, 287-288, 290-291
Urbana-Champaign solid waste disposal, 149-150, 215-216

Impact fees, 158, 170

Imperfect foresight, 7, 23, 33, 36, 40

Implementation of plan, 267-268

Index of the plan, 278-280, 283-284, 323nn.1-2

Indicative planning, 31-32

Indivisibility, 7, 23, 36, 39-40, 54, 161

Inertia, 30, 36

Information
asymmetric, 115-124, 163, 315n.1

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Infrastructure
capacity, zoning for, 162, 169
as collective goods, 121-122
decision analysis, example,
76-81, 84-85, 314n.4
investments in, 54-55
leapfrog development issues,
30-31, 86-87
for new retail technology, 165
zoning and, sizing
and timing, 158-159, 165, 169, 290-291

Inheritance, 142, 149

Instrumental value, 176, 177, 179-180

Integrated Action Planning, 45, 248-249, 294

Interdependence
of actions, 7, 23, 26, 33-34, 39, 269
contingent, 45
and decomposition of plans, 241
of infrastructure and development, 122-123
within organizations, 201-202
scope of plan based on, 95, 287, 289,
292
strategy and, 51-52

Interest rates, uncertainty, 81

ISWDA
Intergovernmental Solid Waste Disposal Agency
(ISWDA), 215-216
ISTEA
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
(ISTEA), 129

Intrinsic value, 176-180, 205

computing tools, 285

new
ignoring, 189
insufficient adjustment to, 188-189
revisions due to, 97-98, 269
presentation of.
See also Maps; Models; Tables, 277-284, 294

Investments
collective goods, logic analysis, 109-111
incremental, and uncertainty,
82-83
in light-rail system planning,
129
use of plan as, 94-98

Irreversibility
allocation efficiently with, 151
of plan, 7, 23, 30, 33, 36, 39
sequential decisions and, 81-98, 285

Isolation error, 189

Issues
definition, 37
solutions looking
for, in stream model, 38

Jurisdiction. See Authority

Justifications, prescriptive, 15-16, 17

Kentucky, Lexington, 13, 45, 167, 271-275, 299

Knowledge
intersubjective, 180
objective, 180, 182
subjective, 180

Land ownership
acquisition, 121
authority implied by, 137-138
by commercial interests, 151-152
communal, 153
historical background of rights,
138
in historical districts, 170
inheritance strategies, 142
sharecropping, 145
social status and, 149-150
stewardship, 149

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Landslides. See Stochastic processes

Land use
deed restrictions, 156
goal-setting and predictioncontrol, 25-26
indicative planning, 31
maps, 247
plan decomposition and, 243, 244, 246
plans for regulation.
See also zoning, 157-170
ski slopes, 134, 153
spatial extent of a right, 137,
142
timing for development, 158, 159, 165,
168
vacant holding for the future,
85-88

Leadership, 113, 223-225

Leapfrog development, 30-31, 86-87

Learning rate, and plan revision, 96-98

Light-rail systems, 123, 129, 165, 250

Logic
of commitment for collective goods,
109-115
in decision analysis, 74-81
of making plans, 65, 69, 302-304
of participation, 210, 219-223
of regulation, 154-155, 159
use of plan as collective
goods, 118-119

Malls, 106-107, 163-164

Maps, 247-248
vs. models, 247-248
official, 158-159, 166
for presentation, 278, 282-283, 295-297
urban service areas, 271-272

Market-based system of rights, 146

Marketing the plan. See Promotion

Maryland
Columbia, 88, 121
Montgomery County, 167, 169, 170

Massachusetts, Boston Redevelopment Authority, 258

Mechanisms of a plan. See Agenda; Design; Policy; Strategy, Vision

Memory, 184-186

Merit goods, 319-320n.2

Minnesota, Minneapolis-St. Paul Metro Council,

217-218, 225-226

Mobilization of bias, 184

Model Cities Program, 128-129, 226

Models, 10, 247-249, 297-299

Monitoring
dynamic adjustment, 30-32
individual effort for collective goods, 143-144
need for continuous, 22
role of independent
vs. dependent trends, 59

Moody, Walter, 108

Moral considerations. See also Ethical considerations, 10

Motivation, 135, 143-144, 194

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Municipal government
annual review, 204
mayoral term and long-term
development, 258
multi-jurisdiction plans, 2, 3
organization of planning function,
203-205

Natural hazards, 60, 163, 298, 318-319n.1

Natural selection, 24, 28

Natural systems, 303

dynamic adjustment, 30-32
equilibrium, 27-29
examples, 7
instrumental value, 179-180
intrinsic value, 176-179, 180
plan-based action in,
21-40, 309n.1

Nature Conservancy, The, 169

Negotiation, 190

Neighborhood coalitions, 152-153, 220-223, 227

Neotraditional development. See New Urbanism

Nepal
Integrated Action Plans, 45, 248
Kathmandu, 64, 226
Kipat system, 147
tourism, 154

Net benefit, 58, 69

difficulty in measurement, 65, 95
lack of estimates, 99

New Urbanism
externality zoning, 159
retail location, 31
as solutions in search of

Muir, John, 178

issues, 38
transit and pedestrian trips, 108

New York
Ramapo, 168
Regional Plan of New
York and Its Environs of 1929, 13-14, 61, 96, 240,
259

Nominal Group Technique, 192

Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, 125

NIMBY
Not in My Backyard
220-221, 223, 225, 254

syndrome

(NIMBY),

Observed plan making, 231-263

Official maps, 158, 159, 166

Ohio
Cincinnati Planning Guidance System, 278
Cleveland Policy Report of
1974, 45, 253-254
Cleveland to Shaker Heights rapid transit, 129

Oligopoly, 113, 119, 125, 221

Opportunities to use plans, 269, 270-284

Oregon
growth management program, 128,
157, 167, 218, 288
Portland light-rail system,
123-124, 165
Portland Metro council1,
218
1996 Portland 1996 planning
study, 249
2040 Portland 2040 Plan, 5, 11, 45, 49,
246, 249, 288
requirements for local plans, 128

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Organizations
dynamics, 200-203, 205-206
garbage can model, 37
line function of departments,
258-259
municipal government as, 203-205
roles, 257-259

Outcome. See also Assessment; Uncertainty, 58,

61-62, 65, 249, 294-300
causal relationships to the plan
expected value
of an action. See Decision analysis
fully worked out. See design
in performance approach to assessment, 58
probabilities in decision making,
89-91, 189
relationship to design, 63
relationship to objectives, 44
robustness in a wide variety of,
92
tracking, in assessment, 60

Parallel processing, 191

Pareto principle, 213

Parks, 60-61, 209, 243

Participation
ad hoc, designed
systems for, 255-256
formal and informal institutions, 300-302
how it works, 223-227
the logic of, 210, 219-223

Pennsylvania
Philadelphia long-term development plan, 258
Pittsburgh right-of-way, 166

Performance approach to assessment, 59

Pipeline processing, 191

Plan horizon. See Time horizon

Planners, professional. See also Stakeholders

ethical considerations, 197-200, 253
expertise, 12, 176, 181-182, 183,
195-200, 205-206
limited attention of, 39, 186-187
with neighborhood groups, 221
private investors as, 129
on retainer, 125
Urbana, IL, downtown development, 106

Planning, continuous, 241

Planning commissions, 126, 204, 257

Plans
ability to make
and articulate. See Cognitive capacity
action based on, 26-27, 171
alternative. See
Decision analysis; Decision making
characteristics of good, 66
vs. collective choice, 209-227
as collective goods, 118-124
decomposition, 241-247, 256, 288-289
dynamic adjustment, 30-32, 161
effectiveness. See Assessment
five implications of, 22-23
I
four I conditions of.
See also Imperfect foresight; Indivisibility; Interdependence; Irreversibility, 7-8, 33-34
focus on physical development,
66, 278
and natural systems, 40
in observation planning, 239
and scope of plan, 289
government inducements to make,
124-129
how they are made, 231-263

how they work. See also Agenda; Design; Policy; Strategy; Vision, 44-45, 312n.1
incomplete implementation, 62
index to, 278-284, 323nn.1-2
opportunities to use, 268-276
organizations and, 200-203
vs. regulations, 11-12
regulations and, 135-138

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Policy, 47, 52, 276, 286

assessment, 62-63
causal relationships, 58, 61-62, 65, 249,
294-300
defintion, 45, 294
mechanisms, 44-46
progressive, 119, 253-255
vs. regulations, 135
vs. strategy, 51-53

Political aspects, 210

democracy, 211-212, 219-220, 227, 301,
320n.7
log rolling, 217
pork barrel projects,
217
responsibility of elected legislator, 217-218

Polls, 182

Population projections. See also Growth control,

31, 89-91, 232, 297

Portfolio strategy, 92-94

Predictions, 15-16
accuracy, 97
assumption of perfect foresight, 50
based on equilibrium, 29
of behavioral response, 117
as collective goods, 125
in decision situations, 88-92
imperfect foresight, 7, 23, 33, 36, 40
intentions becoming, 32-33
isolation from historical records, 189
lead time or horizon for. See Time horizon
in natural systems, 22-23, 29
population. See Population

revisions. See Revisions

scope. See Scope of plan
six prescriptions for, 14
theory vs. reality, 4-5, 15
views for decision situations,
227-284
why and how, 1-17

projections
prediction-controlled action, 25-27
use of plan as, 91
what if scenarios, 297

Prioritization of decisions. See also Agenda, 44

Prisoners dilemma, 110, 316n.4

Private sector. See Downtown; Retailers

Problem solving
brainstorming, 190-192
parallel processing, 191
six cognitive biases in, 187-190, 206
specialization, 191-192

Processes
breakdown into tasks,
See Tasks
early questions, 1-17
group, See Group processes
logic in the, 13-15, 17, 66, 69, 232
progressive deepening, 250
stochastic, 59, 163, 298, 318n.1

Professional planners. See Planners, professional

Progressive reform, 119, 253-255

Promotion, Chicago Plan of, 108

Psychological aspects. See also Behavior; Cognitive capacity

attention span, 39, 185-186, 200-201
beliefs, 211, 220, 254
creativity, 190-191
memory, 185-186
motivation, 143-144, 194
principal-agent relationship,
202

Public domain, 138-139

Public facilities ordinances, 158, 159, 166, 168

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Public participation. See Participation

Public perception, 6, 17

Public transit. See also Light-rail systems, 54, 59

Purpose of plans, 1-17

Quality of plan. See Validity, internal

Rationality standard, 14, 232, 236-247

Reactive action, 24-27

Real estate lobby, 156

Regional planning commissions, 126, 204, 257

Public interest
coordination for the, 2, 3, 11, 121
planners allegiance to, 198
use of term, 183-184

Regulations. See also Zoning, 57-58

clarification of rights through, 135
coersive factor in, 114
for collective goods, 114
by developers. See Subdivision regulations
enforcement, 135, 136, 140, 155-156
factors in effectiveness, 57
as incentives to create plan,
127-129
incentives to regulate, 155-157
logic of, 155-156
plan revision triggered by, 98
vs. plans, 52, 11-12
vs. policies, 47
signaling in, 116
zoning. See Zoning

Replicability of observations, 183

Representation
in collective choice, 13, 222
of data. See
Maps; Models; Tables
definition, 175
intrinsic value and, 176
objectivity of professional
planner, 197-198
of a problem, bias toward, 187

Residential density, 31, 85-86, 162-164

Resilience, 48

Retailers. See also Downtown

big box, 164
vs. housing, revenue from,
162-163
impact of anchor store, 106
relationship with local government, 151-152
role as stakeholder, 105
shopping malls, 107, 163-164
store siting and asymmetrical information, 120
strip centers, 164

Revisions, 97-98, 269, 285

Right-of-way, 160

Rights
capture from public domain,
138-139
characteristics, 136-137
charification through regulation, 135,
145
to decide. See Authority
de jure. See Regulations
development, 159
exclusivity, 136, 139
origin of, 136-139
spatial extent, 136, 141
temporal extent, 136, 141-142, 167
transferability, 136, 139-141
transferable development, 158,
169-170
vested, 142
voting. See Voting rights

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Roads. See Transportation planning; Transportation systems

Robustness, 92-93

Scope of plan, 13, 269

based on interdependence, 94, 269
and comprehensiveness, 4
most efficient, 287-294
rate of forecast and, 23
six implications to choose,
292-293

Scott, Carson Pirie, 105-106

701
701 plans, 91-92, 128

Sewage treatment planning

economy of scale, 92, 289
infrastructure investments in, 56
intradependence of plant
design, 242
lag time to residential construction, 124
Lexington, KY, 270-275
plant siting, 288-289
role in total plan, 204-205
scope, 94
strategy involved, 8, 122
uncertainty, 81
Urbana-Champaign Sanitary District, 8-9, 215, 287-288, 290, 291
use as a collective goods,
121-124
zoing for infrastructure capacity, 162

Shopping malls, 106, 163-164

Signaling, 115-117, 310n.7

Risk
aversion, 93, 124, 179, 314n.1
distribution of, 150
intrinsic value and, 176
of social isolation or exclusion,
222

Social aspects, 12
community labor, 141-142
government and social justice,
114
interactions among residents, 187
of regulatory enforcement, 140
social choice mechanism for collective choice, 212
social intelligence, 218
status and rights, 135, 147-150
status and zoning, 162
vision and utopias, 48

Social equity, 56, 60, 68, 147-149, 199, 253-254

Social programs, 56, 114

Solid waste management. See also Not in My

Backyard syndrome, 148-150, 215, 226

Specialization, 192

Speculators
vs. developers, 122, 123
timing of development, 165

Spiritual aspects, 178, 179

Stakeholders. See also Developers; Representation; Retailers; Utilities, Voluntaty groups

asymmetric information among,
114-116
coordination for the common
good, 1, 2, 11, 121
implications of multiple groups,
103-130
repeated interaction, 112, 114

Standards of rationality, 14, 232, 236-247

State government, mandates for local plans, 67,

128

Stewardship, 149

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Stores. See Retailers

Strategy, 277, 286

assessment, 63
definition, 45, 51
flexible, 92-93, 99
just-in-time, 92
mechanisms, 45
portfolio, 92, 94
robust, 92-93
uncertainty and, 85
use of plan as, 7, 52-53, 57, 85-88,
96-99, 274-276

Subdivision regulations , 157-159, 167, 244

Supply and demand, 91, 145, 163-164

Switzerland, 153

Systems of rights, 138-140, 144, 147, 148, 171,

317n.2

Tables, comparison, 251

Taiwan, 129

Target, vs. agenda, 51

Tasks
diagnostic evaluation, 259-262
plan making, 232-235
types, 124, 234

Taxes
coercive nature, 114
inheritance, 149
Pigovian, 146, 161

Time horizon, 88-89, 95-96

Stochastic processes, natural hazards, 59, 163,

298, 318n.1

information on collective goods,

121-122
plan decomposition and, 246

Time management, 280

Toll goods, 110, 120-121

Tourism, 134, 153

Traffic. See Transportation planning

Transferability of rights, 137, 140-142

Transferable development, 158, 169-170

Transportation planning
Aalborg traffic reduction
scheme, 62
commuting cost, 86
federal subsidization, 128
for infrastructure investments,
53-55
portfolio strategy, 94
by private investors, 128-129
role in total plan, 204-205
trips per unit of land, 31, 186

Transportation systems
collective good limitations, 109-110
highway, interchange location, 2
light-rail, 123, 128-129, 165, 250
right-of-way, 166
streetcar, 129

Trusts, public or community, 139, 154

Uncertainty, 10, 103, 303

in infrastructure investment, 55
learning rate and plan revision, 296-297
Mahomet Corridor plan, 9
predictions, 15-17
relationship of plan actions
to outcome, 59, 74

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UIDC
Urban Investment and Development Corporation
(UIDC), 125

Urban plans. See Plans

Urban service areas, 158, 159, 166-167, 271-275

Utilities, 104

Validity
external, 73, 68-69
internal, 66-69, 72

Values
difficulty to express, 184
instrumental, 176-177, 179-180
intersubjective, 180-181
intrinsic, 176-180, 206
objective, 180
subjective, 180, 182
three ways they arise, 182

Vehicles. See Transportation planning

Venezuela, 187

Virginia
Reston, 87
Williamsburg, 192

Vision, 47, 254, 276, 286

assessment, 63, 261
2020 Atlanta 2020 Project, 65
definition, 45, 47
mechanism, 45-48
scope of plan and, 293
use of plan as, 9, 57, 115, 313n.2

with respect to alternatives, 82, 96,

106-108
with respect to the environment, 81,
96
with respect to values, 82, 96
and sequential decisions, 9-10, 81-85,
96

Voluntary groups. See also Citizen participation

citizen boards, 203-204
community labor by, 141-142
creation of alternatives by, 106
effects of size, 112-114
government inducements to
make plans, 124-129
local government in, 134-135
logic of commitment among,
109-115
neighborhood coalitions, 152-153,
220-222
selection of leader, 113, 223-225

Vote trading, 214-215, 220-221

Voting preferences

and

collective

choice,

213-214, 220-221

Voting rights, 134, 141, 150-151

H.
Wacker, Charles H, 109

Washington
growth management program, 167
requirements for local plans, 128
Seattle, 168, 207, 257
2000
Washington, DC, 2000 Wedges and Corridors
Plan, 45, 96, 169

Waste management. See Not in My Backyard

syndrome; Solid waste management

Wedands, 179-180

What if scenarios, 297

Wilderness. See Natural systems

World Wide Web, 286

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Zoning
for amenity protection, 158, 159,
165
Empowerment Zones, 129
for externalities, 158-162
for fiscal objectives, 163
hierarchical, 160
implementation, 56
industrial vs. residential, 2
for infrastructure capacity,
162, 169
lot sizes. See Sub-

division regulations
to manage supply, 164-165
prediction-controlled action
in, 26
real estate lobby advocacy, 156
review and proposals, 126
rezoning, 275-276
role in plans, 12
seven ways land
development issues are addressed, 158
for timing of development,
158-159, 165, 168

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Lewis D. Hopkins; .
., 2005 [ 94]
.
:

I S B N: 978-957-11-4054-4
Urban development : the logic of making
plans.
1.
545.1
94014085

5T04

Urban Development: The Logic of Making Plans

Lewis D. Hopkins

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Urban Development
Copyright 2001 Lewis D. Hopkins
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Translation copyright 2005 by Wu-Nan Book, Inc
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2012 11

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