Chng 3

K THUT AN TON IN

3.1 Mt s khi nim trong an ton in 3.1.1 Tc hi ca dng in i vi c th ngi Khi b chm in s c dng in i qua c th ngi (in git). Dng in qua c th ngi gy ra tc ng v nhit, in phn, tc ng sinh l v nhng tc ng nguy him khc. Cc tc ng ny xy ra rt nhanh v tu theo mc tc ng m c th gy nhng nguy him nh: a) Tc ng sinh l Kch thch t chc ca t bo km theo s co git ca c bp, c bit l c phi, c tim, c th lm ngng tr c quan h hp, c quan tun hon v gy cht ngi. b) Gy tn thng c th sng Trng hp b in git cha ti mc cht ngi nhng c th gy tn thng cho nhiu c quan trong c th c bit l h thn kinh, h tun hon nh lm ri lon chc nng ca cc h, gim st tr nh, t lit mt phn h thn kinh, nh hng c quan to mu, Trng hp chm phi in p cao s b cht ngay tc khc v c th b cht do c tc ng kch thch ca dng in kt hp vi tc ng c hc gy chn thng nh b ng, ri t trn cao xung. 3.1.2 Cc mc tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi Khi b in git mc tc ng ch yu c nghin cu theo tc ng kch thch v phn ln cc trng hp cht ngi l do tc ng kch thch. Dng in gy cht bi kch thch tng i b (25 100)mA v in p khng ln, thi gian tc ng khong vi giy. Khi mi chm vo in, in tr ca ngi cn ln, dng in qua ngi ch gy kch thch c bp lm ngn tay v tay co qup li. Nu khng kp thi tch khi vt mang in, in tr ca ngi gim dn, dng in tng ln, s co qup cng tng ln n mc c th khng cn kh nng tch khi vt mang in, h tun hon h h hp b t lit. Khi b cht bi dng kch thch s khng thy r ch dng in i vo ngi v khng gy thng tch. Bng 3-1: cc mc tc ng ca dng in i vi c th ngi: Cng dng in (mA) 0,6 1,5 23 57 8-10 Dng xoay chiu f = (50 60)hz Bt u thy t ngn tay. Ngn tay t rt mnh. Bp tht tay co v rung. Tay kh ri khi vt mang in v cnh tay thy au.
1

Dng mt chiu Cha c cm gic Cha c cm gic au nh kim chm, thy nng. Nng tng ln rt nhanh.

20 25

Tay khng th ri khi vt mang in, au tng ln, kh th, tim p mnh. H h hp b t lit, ko di 3 giy tim ngng p

Nng tng ln v bt u c hin tng co qup. Rt nng, c bp b co qup, kh th. H h hp b t lit.

50 80 90 - 100

3.1.3 Nhng yu t nh hng n mc nguy him khi b in git a) in tr ca ngi Khi b in git c th coi ngi nh mt in tr nhng nhng b phn khc nhau in tr cng khc nhau vy c th coi dng in i qua ngi nh qua cc in tr mc ni tip nhau. Trong lp sng trn da (dy khong 0,05 n 0,2 m c in tr ln nht sau n da v xng, phn c v mu c in tr nh. Ngi da kh, khng c thng tch in tr khong t 10.000 dn 100.000 , nu mt lp sng ch cn 800 n 1.000 , khi mt c lp da ch cn 600 n 800 . in tr ca ngi cn b gim i khi c dng in i qua. Bng 3 2: in tr ca ngi ph thuc trng thi ca da: in p(V) Da m in tr ca ngi () 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 b) Ph thuc tnh cht tip xc gia ngi vi vt mang in Thi gian tip xc: Thi gian tip xc cng lu cng nguy him bi hai nguyn nhn tng thi gian b nguy him, dng in tng ln do in tr gim xung. Trong thi gian 3 giy ngi c th chu c cng dng in theo cng thc:
2

Da kh in tr ca ngi () Cng dng in (mA)

Cng dng in (mA) 1,0 2,2 13,5 20,5 Ko chu c

10.000 9.100 2.200 1.950

500.000 75.000 30.000 8.000

0.1 0.8 1,8 10,0 Ko chu c

I ng =
Trong :

116 t
(3 1)

Ing cng dng in an ton (mA). T thi gian dng in qua ngi (s). Din tch tip xc cng ln th cng dng in cng ln. p lc tip xc cng ln th dng in cng cng ln. c) Ph thuc vo in p tip xc, tnh cht dng in, tn s dng in v ng i ca dng in qua c th ngi. in p tip xc cng cao cng nguy him, dng xoay chiu nguy him hn dng mt chiu. Dng xoay chiu c tn s (50 60)hz l nguy him nht, tn s cng cao hn cng t nguy him, khi tn s 500.000hz s khng gy git nhng c th b bng. Bng 3 3: in p tip xc ln nht cho php theo thi gian: in p xoay chiu (V) < 50 50 75 90 110 150 220 280 in p mt chiu (V) <120 120 140 160 175 200 250 310 Thi gian tip xc (s) 5,00 1,00 0,50 0,20 0,10 0,05 0,03

Dng in trong c th khng i theo mt b phn nht nh ca c th m phn nhnh theo nhiu b phn khc nhau tu thuc vo v tr ca ngi chm vi vt mang in. Dng in i qua tim s gy nguy him nht nn phn lng dng in qua tim c o nh gi mc nguy him ca ng i dng in qua c th ngi. Bng 3 4: ng i dng in qua c th ngi ng dng in qua ngi T chn qua chn. T tay qua tay. T tay tri qua chn. T tay phi qua chn. Phn lng dng in tng i qua tim(%) 0,4 3,3 3,7 6,7

3.2 in p tip xc v in p bc
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3.2.1. Dng in i vo trong t. Khi cch in ca thit b h hng, nu v thit b c ni t s c dng in i vo trong t v to nn xung quanh in cc ni t 1 vng c dng in d v in p phn b trong t. Xt dng in i vo mt in cc hnh bn cu t trong t c tnh cht thun nht v in tr sut l , dng in s phn b u trong t theo mi hng tc l mt dng in ti nhng im cch u im chm t l nh nhau. Hay ni cch khc, vng t xung quanh im dy chm t s xut hin cc mt ng th, trn mt t c cc vng ng th. Mt dng in ti im cch tm bn cu 1 khong x l:

J=
Trong :

Id 2. x 2

- Id l dng in i vo trong t. - 2x 2 l din tch ca bn cu c bn knh l x. Xt 1 lp t c dy l dx, theo hnh mt cu bn knh x th trn c 1 in p l:

du = J. dx =

Id 2. x 2

.dx

in th ti im A cch in cc 1 khong x chnh l hiu in th ti A vi im xa v cng ( = 0) l:

U A = A = du =
x

d d d 2. x 2 .dx = 2. x . x = 2. x = k. x x

I .

Trong : k =

I d . 2

T biu thc trn, c th biu din in p ti mi im quanh in cc ni t (hnh 1- 2), cng xa im ni t in p cng gim.
Utx=Ud-Ux Utx=Ud Ud Ux Id Rd Ux+a 20m dx x Ux Ub =Ux-Ux+a

Hnh 3-1: Phn b in p tip xc v in p bc khi dng in s c chy vo trong t. Bng thc nghim c:
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- 68% in p ri trong phm vi 1 m. - 24% in p ri trong khong (1-10)m. - Cch xa hn 20m, in p coi nh bng 0. Do in tr ni t chnh l in tr ca khi t na bn cu c bn knh l 20m. Nu c in p t ln thit b ni t R d l Ud th dng in i vo trong t Id c xc nh:

Rd =

Ud Ud Id = Id Rd

3.2.2. in p tip xc. Khi thit b c ni t b h hng cch in, khi v thit b mang in p l: Ud = Id. Rd Nu ngi tip xc vi mt thit b c ni n in cc v ng hai chn chm nhau trn t, th dng in chy qua cc tip t ny s to nn in p tip xc (hnh 31) l:

U tx = U d U x = U d

Id . 2. x

Trong : - Id l dng in i vo trong t, Rd l in tr ni t. - Ux l in p ti im cch cc ni t 1 khong l x. T biu thc: in p tip xc cng ln khi ngi ng cng xa cc tip t. Nu ngi ng cch xa vt 20m th Ux = 0, do in p tip xc bng vi in p ca cc tip t Ud . 3.2.3. in p bc. Khi ngi ng trn mt t thng 2 chn 2 v tr khc nhau, nn ngi s phi chu s chnh lch gia hai in th khc nhau Ux v Ux+a (hnh 3-1) v s c dng in qua ngi. in p t ln ngi ph thuc vo khong cch bc chn nn c gi l in p bc.

U b = U x U x+ a =

I d. 1 1 I d. a . . = 2 x x + a 2x x + a

Trong : - a l di ca bc chn (0,4 0,8)m. - x l khong cch n ch chm t. in p bc bng 0 khi ng khong cch xa hn 20m hoc 2 chn ng trn vng trn ng th. 3.3. Nhng tai nn in c th xy ra Tai nn in thng xy ra trong nhng trng hp sau: + Chm trc tip vo vt mang in. + Chm vo cc vt mang in khi c s c v in (chm in gin tip) + B in p bc.
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Trng hp tng qut khi b chm in, dng in sinh ra trong c th ngi c xc nh theo cng thc:

I ng =
Trong :

U Rng + Rcd

(3 2)

Ing Dng in i qua ngi. U - in p chm phi. Rng - in tr ca ngi. Rcd - in tr ca thit b cch in hoc bin php cch ly.

3.3.1 Chm trc tip vo vt mang in 3.3.1.1. Mng in 1 pha. I. Mng in mt pha c dy trung tnh cch t 1. Khi ngi tip xc vi hai cc ca mng in (hnh 3-2). *) Dng in qua ngi.
2 U 1 Rng Ing

Hnh 3-2: Ngi tip xc vi hai cc ca mng in

Trong mng in ny, khng k l c ni t hay khng, trng hp nguy him nht l khi tip xc phi c hai cc ca mng in c in p U. Dng in qua ngi s c tr s ln nht v bng:

I ng =
Trong : Rng l in tr ca ngi.

U R ng

2. Khi ngi tip xc vi mt cc ca mng in. Gi thit ngi tip xc vi 1 cc mng in, s thay th nh (hnh 3-3a) vi cc k hiu nh sau: - U l in p gia hai cc ca mng in. - Rcd1, Rcd2 l in tr cch in ca dy dn i vi t. - Xc1, Xc2 l in dung ca dy dn i vi t. - Ing l dng in i qua c th ngi. - Rng l in tr ca c th ngi.
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- Rs l in tr ph ni ni tip vi in tr ngi (in tr ca thm, nn cch in m ngi ng trn , hay ca giy cch in...).
2 U 1 Rc 0 a) b) C Rc C U 1 Ing Ung Rng Rcd1 Rs Rcd2 2 Xc2 Xc1

Ing

Hnh 3-3: Ngi tip xc vi 1 cc ca mng in a. S li in. b. S thay th ca mng khi ngi chm phi dy dn 1.

a) Khi in dung ca mng in i vi t nh. *) Dng in qua ngi. Khi mng in c in p thp th in dung i vi t nh, v vy Xc rt ln v c th b qua trong cc mch song song (hnh 2-2b). Khi dng in qua ngi l:
I ng = Rcd 2 Rcd 1 .( R ng + R S ) U 1 .( ). R cd 1 .( R ng + R S ) Rcd 1 + R ng + R S R ng + R S +( ) R cd 1 + R ng + R S R cd 1 Rcd 2 R cd 1 + ( Rcd 1 + R cd 2 ).( R ng + R S ) U + R s ) + R cd

= U.

.+ Khi Rcd1 = Rcd2 = Rcd , dng in chy qua ngi s l:

I ng = 2( R ng

+ Trng hp bt li: Rcd = 0, lc dng in qua ngi s l:

I ng = U R ng + R s

b) Khi in dung ca mng in i vi t ln (hnh 3-4). Khi in p ca mng cao, b qua in tr cch in i vi t do in tr ln hn rt nhiu so vi in dung. *) Dng in qua ngi. T s ta c:

Zdt = R dt + jX dt = =
2 X c1.R ng

R ng . jX c1 R ng + jX c1 +j

R ng . jX c1.(R ng jX c1 ) (R ng + jX c1 ).(R ng jX c1 )

R 2 .X c1 ng
2 R 2 + X c1 ng

2 R 2 + X c1 ng

1 Ing Ung U Rng Rs Xc1 U Rdt Xdt Xc2 Xc2 2

Hnh 3-4: S thay th ca mng khi ngi chm phi dy dn vi li c in dung ln.

Vy:

R dt =

X 21.R ng c R 2 + X 21 ng c

X dt =

R 2 .X c1 ng R 2 + X 21 ng c
2 2

Gi tr modul ca tng tr xc nh bng:

Z dt = R 2 + X 2 dt dt

X 21.R ng R 2 .X c1 c + ng = = 2 R + X 2 R2 + X 2 c1 c1 ng ng

R ng.X c1 R 2 + X 21 ng c

Dng in tng trong mch:

I =

U = Z

U
2 Rdt + ( X dt + X c 2 ) 2

U
2 Rng ( X c1 + X c 2 ) 2 + X c21. X c22 2 Rng + X c21

in p t ln ngi:

U ng = I .Z dt =
Dng in qua ngi l: U ng I ng = = R ng Nu Xc1 = Xc2 =

U .Rng . X c1
2 Rng ( X c1 + X c 2 ) 2 + X c21. X c22

U.X c1 R 2 (X c1 + X c2 )2 + X 21 .X 22 ng c c

1 th dng in qua ngi nh biu thc sau: C .

I ng =

U.
2 ng

1 .C

2 2 1 R ( ) + .C (.C) 4

U..C 4R 2 .2 .C 2 + 1 ng

Khi ngi cch in vi t bi in tr sn Rs th dng qua ngi l:

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I ng =

U..C (4R ng + R s ) 2 .2 .C 2 + 1

II. Mng in mt pha c dy trung tnh ni t - Khi ngi tip xc vi mt cc ca mng in c mt dy dn. Mng in mt dy dn (hnh 3-4) l mng in ch dng mt dy dn dn in n ni tiu th, cn dy dn v li dng cc ng ray, t... thng c in p thp, do c th b qua in dung ca ng dy vi t. Khi ngi ng di t v chm phi dy dn 1, s thay th tnh ton nh (hnh 3-4).
1 Ing U Rng I0 R0 Rs Rcd U Ing 1 Rng Rs R0 Rcd

Hnh 3-4: S mng in v thay th khi ngi chm vo dy dn 1.

Dng in qua c th ngi l: I ng = U R ngR cd R ng + R cd . + R0 R ngR cd R ng + R cd . U.R cd 1 = R ng R ng(R cd + R 0 ) + R cd.R 0

Trong : - R0 l in tr ni t ca mng in. - Rcd l in tr cch in ca dy dn 1 i vi t. - Rs l in tr cch in ca ngi i vi t. - U l in p ca dy dn 1 i vi t. Nu gia ngi v t c in tr l Rs th dng qua ngi l:

I ng =

U.R cd (R ng + R s )(R cd + R 0 ) + R cd.R 0

I ng = U R ng + R s

Trng hp mng thc hin ni t tt th R0 0, c:

Nh vy, dng in qua ngi tng ln. Nguy him nht l khi ni t tt (R0 0), sn nh li m t, khng c thm, giy cch in (Rd 0).
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Khi , dng qua ngi: 3.3.1.2. Mng in 3 pha

I ng. max =

U R ng

I. Mng in ba pha c trung tnh cch t. 1. Khi ngi tip xc vi 1 pha ca mng in. a) Dng qua ngi khi li in c c in dung v in tr cch in. Khi tip xc vi 1pha ca li in 3 pha trung tnh cch in i vi t, s c dng in i qua c th ngi. Dng in ny s ng kn qua in tr cch in v in dung (hnh 2-6). Khi tip xc vi 1 dy dn (dy 1), theo nh lut Kiechoff I c:
(g 1 + g ng ).U1 + g 2 U 2 + g 3 U 3 + C1 dU 3 dU1 dU 2 + C2 + C3 =0 dt dt dt

Trong : - U1, U2, U3 l tr s tc thi ca in p pha vi t. - C1, C2, C3 l in dung ca cc pha vi t. - g1, g2, g3 l in dn ca cc pha vi t tng ng vi Rcd1, Rcd2, Rcd3.
3 2 1 Ing Rc Ing C Rc C Rc C Rng Rc1 1 C Rc2 U 3 2 1

1 R C c3

1 C

Hnh 2-6: S li in thay th ca mng khi ngi chm phi pha 1

Gii phng trnh trn, xc nh c dng in qua ngi l:

I ng =

U.g ng 2

[3(g 3 + g 2 ) + 3.(C3 C 2 )]2 + [ 3.(g 2 g 3 ) + 3.(C 2 + C3 )]2 . (g1 + g 2 + g 3 + g ng ) 2 + 2 (C1 + C 2 + C3 ) 2

Nu Rcd1 = Rcd2 = Rcd3 = Rcd v C1 = C2 = C3 = C, th vo phng trnh trn, dng in qua ngi l:

I ng

6 2 ) + (6C )2 Rcd U U = . = 2.Rng ( 3 + 1 ) 2 + 2 .(3C )2 Rcd (6 Rng + Rcd ) Rng . 1 + 2 Rcd Rng 9 Rng (1 2 C 2 R)2 + . cd (

b) Khi mng in c in dung nh.

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- Nu in tr cch in c ba pha ca li in ba pha trung tnh cch in khng bng nhau. Thay Rcd1 Rcd2 Rcd3 v C1 = C2 = C3 = 0 vo biu thc trn. Dng in chy qua ngi khi ngi tip xc vi dy dn l:
I ng = U . 2.Rng [3( 1 1 2 1 1 2 + )] + [ 3( )] 2 2 3.U .Rcd 1 Rcd 2 + Rcd 2Rcd 3 + R cd 3 Rcd 3 Rcd 2 Rcd 2 R cd 3 = (*) 1 1 1 1 2 R ng( R cd1.R cd2 + R cd2.R cd3 + R cd3.R cd1) + R cd1.R cd2.R cd3 ( + + + ) Rcd 1 Rcd 2 Rcd 3 R ng

- Nu in tr cch in c ba pha ca li in ba pha trung tnh cch in bng nhau. Thay Rcd1 = Rcd2 = Rcd3 = Rcd v C1 = C2 = C3 = 0 vo biu thc trn. Dng in chy qua ngi khi ngi tip xc vi mt on b hng cch in l:
I ng 1 2 ) R cd .R ng U R cd 3.U 3.U = . = . = 2.R ng ( 3 + 1 ) 2 R ng .R cd 3R ng + R cd 3.R ng + R cd R cd R ng (6.

- Nu ngi cch in vi t bi in tr sn l Rs. 3.U I ng = 3.(R ng + Rs) + R cd c) Khi mng in c in dung ln. Thay cc tr s Rcd1 = Rcd2 = Rcd3 = 0 v C1 = C2 = C3 = C vo biu thc (*) c: U I ng = . 2R ng (6C)2 ( 1 2 ) + 9 2C 2 R ng = 3U.C (1+ 9 2C 2 .R 2 ng

2. Dng in qua ngi khi tip xc vi 2 hoc 3 pha. * Dng in qua ngi.
U Ing 3 2 1

Hnh 3-7: S li in khi ngi tip xc 2 pha

Khi ngi tip xc vi 2 hoc 3 pha, in p t ln ngi l in p dy nn rt nguy him, dng in qua ngi l:
I ng = 3U f Ud = Rng Rng

II. Mng in ba pha c trung tnh ni t. 1. Dng in qua ngi khi tip xc vi 1 pha.
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* Dng in qua ngi. Khi tip xc vi 1 pha ca mng in 3 pha c trung tnh trc tip ni t (hnh 3-8), dng in qua ngi c xc nh nh sau: I ng = Uf R ng + R 0

Nu ngi cch in vi t bi Rs, dng qua ngi l: Uf I ng = R ng + R s + R 0

Uf 3 2 1 Ing Rng R0 Rs

Hnh 3-8: Ngi tip xc vi mt dy dn trong mng 3 pha trung tnh trc tip ni t 2. Tip xc vi mt pha v pha kia chm t. * Dng in qua ngi. Xt mng in c trung tnh trc tip ni t nh (hnh 2-9).
3 2 1 Ing Rng R0 Rd 3 2 1 1 U 1 U'1 Ing U'1 Rng Ung 3 U3 O' U0 O U2 2 Ung

R0

U0

R'd

Hnh 3-9: Mng in ba pha trc tip ni t.

Gi thit dy dn 1 b chm t, ngi ng t v chm phi dy dn 2. in p ti im chm t i vi t l: U'1 = Id. R'd in p ti im trung tnh my bin p i vi t l: U0 = Id. R0 Khi , in p t ln ngi l:
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Ung = U2 - U0 Tr s tuyt i c th xc nh c t tam gic O'O2 theo biu thc sau:

2 2 U ng = U 0 + U 2 + 2.U 0 .U 2 . cos120 0 = U 0 + U 2 + U 0 .U 2 2 2

(2-26)

Dng in qua ngi l: I ng =

U ng R ng

Khi ngi cch in vi t Rs, dng in qua ngi l: U ng I ng = R ng + R s Nu in tr ni t R0 = 0, khi U0 = 0, vy Ung = U2 = Uf. 3. Dng in qua ngi khi tip xc vi 2 hoc 3 pha. Khi tip xc vi 2 hoc 3 pha, tng t nh li c trung tnh trc tip ni t. 3.3.2 Chm vo b phn b s c v in (chm gin tip) 3.3.2.1. Khi nim chung. Khi c s c h hng cch in thit b in, trn cc phn kim loi nh v thit b in, ro chn, thanh dn c th xut hin in p. Tu theo dng s c h hng, in p trn v thit b c th rt nh hoc bng in p pha tng ng vi s c h hng cch in ti u vo ca thit b. Khi cng nhn lm vic phi thng xuyn tip xc vi thit b in. Nu v thit b c in p, ngi s chu in p ca v thit b gi l in p tip xc Utx. Kh nng xut hin in p tip xc khi cng nhn lm vic nh (hnh 3-1).
Uf
U

a)

b)

c)

d)

Trng hp b in git nng nht l khi s c h hng cch in ti u vo ca thit b, dng in qua ngi s tng ng nh khi tip xc trc tip. - i vi li in c trung tnh ni t, in p tip xc ng bng in p pha ca li in (hnh 3-2a, b, c), cn dng in i qua ngi s l:

Hnh 3-1: Nhng kh nng xut hin in p tip xc. a. Gia v thit b v t. b. Gia mt phn t tip xc vi v thit b v t. c. Gia v thit b v mt phn t tip xc vi t (nc my). 3.3.2.2. Dng in qua ngi. b b s c hai pha khc nhau. d. Gia hai v thit

I ng =
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U tx U = f R ng R ng

- in p tip xc c th bng in p gia cc pha ca li in (hnh 3-2d), cn dng in i qua ngi s l:

I ng =

U tx U = d R ng R ng

3.4 Cc bin php an ton in, bo v ngi lao ng m bo an ton in v bo v ngi lao ng cn phhi thc hin tt cc bin php t chc qun l v cc bin php k thut. 3.4.1 Cc bin php t chc - qun l Cc bin php ny rt quan trng v chng gp phn rt ln n vic hn ch tai nn in. Bao gm: - Quy nh trch nhim ca gim c hoc ngi ng u. - Quy nh v vn hnh, th tc giao nhn ca. - Quy nh v qun l h s trang b v cung cp in. - Quy nh v t chc kim tra, v ch phiu cng tc, ch gim st. 3.4.2 Cc bin php k thut a) Chng chm vo b phn mang in: - Bc cch in. - Che chn. - Gi khong cch an ton. b) Chng chm in vo cc b phn bnh thng khng mang in: Do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau m cc thit b in c th b chm in ra v dn n s c v tai nn. Phi c bin php ngn nga in p cao chm v hoc ct in khi b chm (c s c v in). - Khng in p cao chm v: + Tng cng cch in. + Dng in p thp. + Dng mng in cch ly. - Khng tn ti in p cao chm v: Khi c s c, in p cao chm ra v phi c thit b iu khin t ng ct mch in cung cp bng mt trong cc cch sau: + Ni t bo v. Dng cho mng in 3 pha 4 dy c trung tnh ngun ni t. + Ct mch bo v. Loi thit b ny c nhy rt cao, ch cn c dng in chm v khong 10mA l h thng t ng ct mch in trong khong thi gian 0,2 giy.
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