Training Module On CBDRM - English

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan
Contents
Introduction to the Diakonie Project 07
Background & philosophy of NRSP (participatory Approach of development

)
10
Role of NRSP in Disasters and Developmental Activities
16
CO responsibilities and methodology of conducing CO meeting
22
Disasters and its types
30
Communication Skills During and After Disasters
34
Gender and Children related problems & solution in disaster
38
Introduction to Disaster Management Committee
42
Planning and Project Cycle Management
44
Linkages Development
48
Motivation Skills & activists
51
Acronym
CBDRM Community Based Disaster Risk Management CMDRM Community Mobilization for Disaster Risk Management CO DDMA DMC DP DRC ERRA GAD HRA HRD IRM MEDP MER NDMA NDMC NDMF NRM NRSP PCM PDMA PITD RC SM SSMP UPAP Community Organization District Disaster Management Authority Disaster Management Committee Disaster Preparedness Deputy Relief Commissioner Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority Gender and Development High Risk Areas Human Resource Management Institute of Rural Management Microfinance Enterprise Development Programme Monitoring, Evaluation & Research National Disaster Management Authority National Disaster Management Commission National Disaster Management Framework Natural Resource Management National Rural Support Programme Project Cycle Management Provincial Disaster Management Authority Physical Infrastructure & Technology Development Relief Commissioner Social Mobilization Small Scale Mitigation Project Urban Poverty Alleviation Programme
Training Title:
Community Management Skills Training (For Disaster Affected Areas)
Objectives of the Training:

After getting this training the participants would able to know about NRSP and the Diakonie Project Back ground of NRSP, Philosophy and participatory approach of development Different sectors of NRSP and their roles in disasters Disasters, its types and mitigation measures Use communication skills before,during and after disaster explain gender related and children problemsin disaster & its solution process of planning productive linkages Motivation skills
Who should use this Manual?

The person who is willing to work through participatory approach and want to convey that how to work collectively before and after the disaster
Methodology of Training
This training is based on the principles of participatory approach. Group work and mental exercises will be the methodology of the training. The participants will be facilitated to share their experiences, information and knowledge and their thinking and innovative skills would be exploited. To refresh participants learning, for about half an hours the proceedings of previous day will be repeated in the morning. Any ambiguity will be explained and the participants will fill evaluation form at the end of the training.
Who can participate?

Those activists who can spare three days for training, preferably literate and who want to do developmental activities in disaster areas.
Schedule Day one

Introduction to the Diakonie Project Background & philosophy of NRSP & participatory Approach of development Role of NRSP in Disasters and Developmental Activities CO responsibilities and methodology of conducing CO meeting 1hour 1:30 hour 1:30hour 2hours
Day two
Disasters and its types Communication Skills During and After Disasters Gender and Children related problems & solution in disaster Introduction to Disaster Management Committee 2 hours 1:30 hours 1:30 hours 1 hour
Day three
Planning and Project Cycle Management Linkages Development Motivation Skills & activists 2 hours 1:30 hour 2 hours
Module 1 Introduction to the Project

Objectives:
This session aims to enabling participants to know about the project, donor, implementation agency, its duration, target area, general and specific objectives, and project expected results
Session Contents:
Basic information about the project General and specific objectives of the project Expected results of the project
Expected Results:
At the end of the session the training participants would be able to know about the basic objectives of the project in detail, its general objectives, and project expected results.
Introduction to the Project

Title of the Project: Donor: Implementing Agency: Project Duration: Project Area: Objectives: Community Mobilization for Disaster Risk Management Diakonie International National Rural Support Programme (NRSP) 12 Months (September 2007 to September 2008) Four Union Councils of Tehsil Hattian, District Muzafarabad, AJK (Chikar, Hatian, Chinari, Salmia) To increase the awareness and the response capacities of local communities to potential and frequent natural disasters and to reduce the affects of these disasters on the most vulnerable. The total numbers of direct beneficiaries are as follows: 5,000 male and female community members from 10,859 households awareness raising including outreach to a minimum of 60 disabled people; 1,600 students from 40 schools for awareness raising through puppet shows including outreach to a minimum of 40 teachers; 320 members of 160 Community Organizations (COs) for training in community management skills training (CMST); 10 NRSP staff (8 Master Trainers, 1 Training Coordinator, 1 Project Assistant) for training as trainers in disaster preparedness; 488 Disaster Management Committee (DMC) members for training as trainers in disaster preparedness; 61 DMCs benefiting from the distribution of Emergency Response Tool Kits; 1,525 community volunteers for training in disaster preparedness; 200 individuals (such as government employees) from various public authorities and stakeholders at the tehsil and district levels in orientation and coordination workshops on disaster risk management; 6 Community Organizations (COs) to receive funds for small scale mitigation measures; 57,394 people in 51 villages and 10 town wards benefiting from raised awareness, disaster preparedness, and risk mitigation; 25 journalists for the press conference.
Target Beneficiaries:
Expected Results/Outputs:
1) Community meetings on hazards and DP/DRR by SMTs at rural and town level
2) Building managerial capacity of 160 COs through CMST training to 320 COs members 3) Nomination and selection of DMC members 4) Establishment of DMCs 5) ToT on first aid by Pakistan Red Crescent Society to 10 project trainers 6) ToT from FOCUS to NRSP project staff on CBDRM 7) ToT from NRSP master trainers to 488 DMC members 8) Distribution of emergency response kits to DMCs 9) Training of 1,525 community volunteers by DMC trainers 10) Conducting of simulation exercises in village and towns 11) Preparation of disaster management database in the target areas (to be hand over to tehsil and district level authorities on project completion 12) Conducting of baseline survey on community awareness and attitude on DP/DRR 13) Development of training module for community needs 14) Development of training schedule for school sessions 15) Conducting of sessions in community 16) Conducing of sessions in schools through puppet shows 17) Collecting of post training data 18) Identification of major hazard prone areas 19) Organization of project inception workshop 20) Identification of relevant authorities and focal persons at tehsil level 21) Preparation of materials for workshop at tehsil level 22) Exposure visits for demonstration of small scale mitigation project in target villages 23) Invitation of local media personal to project sites to produce local news 24) Handover of disaster management database and map of hazard-prone spots in the target area to related stakeholders at tehsil and district level 25) Organizing of press conference at project opening on International Disaster Day. 26) Production of education film as training material 27) Production of project publication as case study
Module 2 Background of NRSP, its Philosophy and Working Methodology (Participatory Development)
Objectives:
After this training Participants will be able to know Historical background of NRSP NRSP mission/goal NRSP Working Methodology Basic Principles of Participatory Development Developmental Process Participatory Development in Disasters Perspective
Contents:
NRSP Background, its Mission and Working Methodology Development and Its Tools Participatory Development and Participatory Development Perspective
in
Disasters
Expected Results:
At the end of this session participants will be able to know about NRSP background, its mission, and working methodology. Furthermore, they would also know about principles of rural development, and participatory development in disaster perspective
Historical Background of NRSP, its Philosophy and Working Methodology (Participatory Development)
Background Participation of community at local level plays a key role in sustainable development and implementation is done by community itself. In early eighties, successful community development experiences in the form of Organgi Pilot Project (OPP) and Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) were recognized worldwide. In the start of 1990s, the Government of Pakistan felt it intensively that the benefit of macro-level development can not be reached at grassroots level. Therefore a need for a mechanism was searched through which the rural community can improve their quality of life and ensure community participation in development activities. Therefore a public limited company named National Rural Support Programme (NRSP) was founded in 1991. Government delegated the responsibility of support in organizing rural community to NRSP. Initially work started in eight districts. These districts were; Turbat, Badin, Mir Pur Khas, Rawalakot, Rawalpindi, Attock, Khushab and Chakwal. NRSP outreach was increase to 20 districts. The new districts included Bhakkar, Mardan, Swabi, Bahawalpur, Sialkot, D.G.Khan, Bahawalnagar, Rahim Yar Khan, Vehari,etc. Now NRSP is working in forty nine districts in four provinces of Pakistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Furthermore, NRSP has also started Urban Poverty Alleviation Programme (UPAP) in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Fasialabad, Multan, Karachi, Gujarawala, Sargodha, Sialkot and Jhang slum areas. NRSP Objective To foster country wide network of grassroots organizations to enable rural men and women to plan, implement, and manage developmental activities and programmes for the purpose of ensuring productive employment, poverty alleviation and improvement in quality of life. Strategy To get development objective, NRSP support rural communities to organize in the form of rural development organizations. Provision of support in utilization of local resources and provision of credit and inducing the habit of saving for social and economic development. Trainings and capacity building on market surveys/market need identification for enterprise development and agricultural development Provision of support in managerial, entrepreneurial and technical skills Ensuring community access to social sector services Provision of information and guidance for linkages building with other development agencies/government departments. Therefore NRSP Help rural communities organize so that they can improve their life Enhance their skills so they can better utilize local resources Income generation through credit and saving
NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 10
Therefore there is need for a transparent system at local level whereas all staff members, local activists and CO members are accountable to one another so that participation of all community members is ensured and all decision are taken with mutual consensus and foundation of local management is laid down. So that Increase in production of irrigated land, irrigated products, livestock, and decrease in damages due to different diseases Micro-enterprise developed and promoted Positive and optimum utilization of local resources by harnessing development potential As much as possible, reduce dependency on outside resources and take the way forward for self sufficiency Principals of Rural Development Social organization Skill enhancement Income generation/saving Organizing the Local Community In developing countries, individuals face almost the same problems. They dont have control over their resources. Their destiny is determined by powerful. The dont have even the knowledge of their resources and development potentials. The also dont have the organization and unity. But the CO provide them a plateform where they analysis their problems and ways out. As all problems can not be solved simultaneously therefore they determine their priorities and decide what problem should be targeted at first instance, followed by another and so on. While prioritization of the problems, the following things are cared about; Benefit to the maximum number of community members The benefit must be comparatively in greater magnitude It should take less time to solve This required lesser inputs (financial and human) It greatly contribute in reducing the damages It is difficult to solve the problems individually. But it is easy to solve the problem with collective efforts. Once community is organized, the difference between needs and wishes. On this way, the community members may not have control over the resources but collective they are affective in tapping it. Those obscure ways which were never though about become visible which lead to development on sustainable basis. For collective development, it is very important to struggle collectively for which community organization is formed at local level.
Development Approach
1. 2. 3. 4. Traditional Approach Representative Approach Participatory Approach
Traditional Approach
It is the form of approach adopted by government and its department in Pakistan. According to this approach, to problem identification, planning and implementation is done by the government. Government also provides funds for implementation and completion of the projects. The local community has little to offer.
Representative Approach
According to this approach, projects are identified by the public representatives union, and provincial and national assemblies. Implementation is done only through different government agencies.
Participatory Approach
According to this approach the concerned community is involved in all stages of development intervention, from start to end. They plan for resolution of individual and collective problems and support one another. There is division of responsibilities yet they tap the local resources of individual and collective good. Analysis of local resources, planning for developmental initiative and implementation is done by the community itself and the community members struggle for the improvement in the quality of life. There are three basic principals of participatory approach: Self help Self Responsibility, and Self management It is important for acting upon these principals that the community is organized in the form of community organization and there is strong coordination and its meetings are conducted at regular intervals. Organization meetings are in fact a responsible act on the part of community members which is done to fulfill collective needs. The structure to perform these functions is comprises of:
Structure of Participatory Development

Analysis of resources All available resources are collected and analyzed Planning Planning is done to solve individual and collective problems Participation of all Everybody is heard and his view is given importance Division of responsibilities Helping and cooperation with one another and methodology is chalked out to implement the plan. Therefore role and responsibilities are defined and divided. Accountability mechanism is chalked out Dependence on local resources
In this approach, local resources, both human and material, are most trusted on and ways and means are found out for maximization and maximum exploitation of these resources.
Benefits of Participatory Approach

Optimal utilization of local resources With minimum time and resources, maximum and quality work is done Lot of people are benefited Damages are reduced and production is increased Better alternate is find out in case of eventuality In every decision and action, all participate All community members are equally benefited from the benefits of development External opportunities are also harnessed and maximum numbers of people are enabled to be benefited. Linkages are built with governmental and non governmental organizations. This helps solve the local problems.
Skill Enhancement of Community Members

We need income to improve the quality of our life. However, income generation and development is not possible without skill. That is why, in three basic principals of development, the second most important one is enhancement in skills. Capacity building and skill enhancement is that potential of work which helps increase individual and collective productivity within limited resources. There are many kinds of skill like productive, technical, vocational, managerial etc. It is very important to learn and improve skills. On this way, we can not only improve our productive capacity but also decrease the risks and can generate employment opportunities through getting technical skills.
Income Generation /Capital Formation

Income generation is the third most important principal of development. Habit of saving at local level can help generate income. Saving and income is that way of behavioral change which improve the self esteem. It can also be kept as collateral for getting external credit. Saving can also produce internal credit lending structure. Capital formation is very important for development. On this way we can improve our productivity. For any monitory system, saving is prerequisite. No work can be done without finance. Finance is required for agriculture, livestock rearing, business, getting technology, etc. Local resources, saving, and external resources like credit can be use for income generation. External resources are often for short span of time. Therefore local/internal resources should be more focused. It is instrumental in setting up a financial structure by optimal utilization of local resources which the local people can run on sustainable basis. Saving is pivotal for capital formation and income generation. It helps grow enterprise. Members of COs do not depend on external credit rather they become self sufficient. This also helps reduce unemployment through opening new vistas for self employment. Importantly saving can be utilized in rainy days and for improvement of quality of life.
Participatory Development in Disaster Preparedness Perspective

For disaster risk reduction, it is important to know about disaster, reason for its occurrence and assessment of anticipated damages. Participation of local community can mitigate the risks of disaster, rather can prevent the disaster. Participatory development determines ways for sustainable prosperity. But due to disaster the community can not grasp the fruit of this prosperity. Therefore there is need to aware community about disaster preparedness for getting them ready on the way of development. When a disaster struck, the community scatters. In these condition the people loss their senses and consequently take wrong steps which cause them greater damage. Some time they dont care for other lives and give first priority to their own life. If people are made mentally and physically able to cope with any eventuality and work collectively then disaster can be mitigated and people of households and locality can be helped out. Therefore the organization should identify first those disaster prone areas and then assess the disaster so a strategy can be chalked out to reduce its impacts. It should be remembers that participatory of concerned community in disaster assessment/analysis is of pivotal importance so the disaster can be correctly identified. For example if some locality is facing problem of land sliding, then with the participation of the local community a strategy can be evolved under self help, like retaining walls. When the community participates by itself, the scheme become more sustainable, transparent, and time and money is saved. The people then also take the responsibility of its maintenance. Furthermore, the community can also be educated that those people who are living in earthquake prone areas, they should construct earthquake resistance houses so the risk to human lives can be minimized. After disaster, the community can work to provide facilities to the affectees through participatory way. National and International NGOs can be contacted and even if the community is organized, there is possibility that they are contacted by different organizations.
Module 3 NRSP Disaster Response and Developmental Activities

Objectives:
After this session the participants would be able to know about all sectors of NRSP and their response to disasters.
Contents:
NRSPs response to disasters and its developmental activities Different sectors of NRSP Human Resource Development ( Institute of Rural Management) Environment and National Resource Management Physical Infrastructure and Technology Development Urban Poverty Alleviation Programme Gender and Development Micro Finance and Enterprise Development Social Mobilization Monitoring, Evaluation and Research Finance and Administration
Expected Results:
After this session the participants would be able to know about all sectors of NRSP and their response to disasters.
NRSP Disaster Response and Developmental Activities

Incase of emergency, NRSP not only provide timely support to its COs but common man also get benefit of this support. Different sectors of NRSP get activated to fulfill its responsibility in case of different emergencies. It will be more appropriate to say that these sections of NRSP plays a pivotal role in changing people lives, both in normal situation and in emergencies. May it be October 2005 earthquake or 2007 flood, these sectors reach to affectees with their skills. Let us have an introduction of each sector to know in detail about these sectors and their way of working in normal situation and in case of disaster.
Institute of Rural Management

For development, harnessing local potentials plays an important role. Therefore this sector has great importance not only at local level but also at national level. We believes that enhancement of skills is one of the important ways of rural development. To those people who were affected by October 2005 earthquake, this sector has imparted different skills to that community for enabling them to get back into life. These skills include from construction of earthquake resistance houses to improving hygiene, and those skills through which they could get employment opportunities. The Human Resource Development (HRD) component of NRSP was established in 1992 to meet the need for capacity building by teaching new skills or by enhancing existing skills and capacities. With the steady growth in its areas of operation, HRD has become a highly reputed independent institute: The NRSP Institute of Rural Management (NRSP-IRM). IRMs Objectives are: To enhance peoples productivity and to consolidate the human capital base to optimize the utilization of labour. To upgrade the technical and managerial skills of rural men and women, so as to increase production and minimum losses. To improve the utilization of local resources and reduce dependency on external resources To build self-confidence To strengthen village based skills to enhance productivity and increase return.
Environment and Natural Resource Management

Disaster causes widespread damage to human lives followed by national resources. This sector is active in recovery the losses to natural resources caused by any disaster. Through this sector people are get aware of disaster triggered by human, like cutting of trees consequent upon land sliding, flooding, etc. The quality of relationship between ecological and social system defines, to a large extent, the quality of community life and ability of communities and their institution to sustain themselves. The links between poverty and the environment are bi-directional. Environment degradation, whether occurring naturally or as a result of human interventions, threatens the livelihoods of the rural poor most of whom depends directlry on agriculture, livestock and poultry, horticulture and orchard management to earn a living. Basic nutrition needs cannot be met when crop yields are reduced because of
poor soil quality. Home based enterprises requiring natural resources must be abandoned when these resources are no longer available or affordable. Similarly, poverty has negative environmental affects when the poor must resort to unsustainable practices- cutting down trees and polluting water supplies, for example, in order to survive. Whatever its cause, environmental degradation affect the poor and vulnerable first, because they have fewer social or economic resources with which they meet their needs and little to fall back on in times of scarcity. In many areas environmental degradation has created a new class of poor people, those whose resource-based livelihood have been severely damaged.
Physical Infrastructure and Technology Development

NRSPs physical Infrastructure and Technology Development (PITD) section became operational by the end of 1993. Its purpose is to offer guidance to the COs in technical and construction related initiatives. NRSP acts as an intermediary and facilitate linkages of the COs with donor agencies, including Government Department, involved in the provision of infrastructure services in rural areas. After disaster, this sector provides technical skills for reconstruction which include repair of road, construction of schools and houses etc. The main objectives of this section are to: Involve local community members in the identification, planning, execution and monitoring of physical infrastructure schemes. Enhance capacity of local people. Enhance capacity of local community. Demonstrate the acquired skills and capacities of the community to other agencies. Create a sense of ownership and responsibility. Facilitate the process of community need assessment and prioritization. Develop a transparent system during the execution of infrastructure schemes. Create affective linkages between communities and other agencies. Introduce low cost technologies.
Urban Poverty Alleviation Programme (UPAP)

UPAP began its operations in June 1996 in the urban and peri-urban areas of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Since then it has been testing various strategies and adopting the best ones to cope with the field realities. Having successfully established UPAP as a micro credit delivery model, NRSP decided to initiate UPAP operations in some of Pakistans major cities. The first expansions were in Faisalabad and Karachi in 2002. The programme has then expanded to Multan. UPAP establishes low cost settlements offices and disburses credit to women using the solidarity group method. Three or more women can form a group. The credit facility can be used for family enterprises. Men can also use the facility but they must be family members whose income comes into the hands of borrowers. The objectives of UPAP are:
To improve the quality of life of disadvantaged and low income people To develop an indigenous model of poverty alleviation in the urban areas of Pakistan To provide the urban poor, focusing on women but not excluding men, with access to credit To alleviate poverty of low-income households by organizing women, encouraging them to save and increasing their access to resources through credit To create income generating self employment opportunities for women To explore the possibility of establishing a specialized bank based on the experience of the pilot project
Gender and Development

It has been observed that women are the worst affected by any disaster, which we often ignore. For the development of society women participation is obligatory. Therefore the section which is working for the rehabilitation of men and women, focusing on gender issues, after the disaster is called gender and development. Since its inception, NRSP has undertaking many activities for the uplift of the women. Though gender is taken as cross cutting themes for all other sector, a gender and development cell has been established. The cell sensitize not only the community members but the staff members also about the gender issues and equal opportunities for all.
NRSPs Vision of Gender Mainstreaming

NRSP has identified gender as cross cutting theme. This requires that gender be integrated into policy planning, programming, implementation and evaluation of activities. NRSP believes that its efforts to reduce poverty cannot achieve their full potential unless the organization addresses the constraints that limit the capabilities of men and women to improve their standard of living and equality of life. Key aspects of this are: Recognizing and harnessing the full potentials of rural men and women Increasing their productive capacity Reducing barriers, which limit mens and womens participation in society. NRSP acknowledges Gender Mainstreaming a means of consciously raising the visibility and support to womens contributions to poverty alleviation. This is different from assuming that women will benefit equally from gender neutral development intervention.
The Goal and Objectives of NRSPs Gender Mainstreaming Policy:

to support the achievement of human governance in order to reduce poverty and ensure sustainable human development. For this purpose, NRSP derives the following objectives: To integrate gender equality concern into policies, planning, programming, implementation and evaluation of activities in all areas
To develop institutional mechanisms (organization structures, culture) and sector specific strategies to carry forward the gender integration process. To establish linkages with other RSPs and governmental and non-governmental organizations striving to achieve gender equality
Social Sector Services

Disasters pose serious threat to human health. This sector is responsible to provide health and education facilities to the affected communities, which are totally or partially destroyed by the disaster. During normal situation also, this sector provides health and education so that the community able to solve health and education related problems and break the vicious circle of poverty. This sector supports poor communities in addressing their needs in the area of primary education, basic health, sanitation and drinking water. Its objectives are: To facilitate linkages between organized communities and Government / Non Government institutions To ensure community participation in various projects being designed and implemented at various levels. To facilitate the Government in implementation its social sector programmes To help poor communities in access to basic education and basic health facilities
Micro-finance and Enterprise Development Programme (MEDP)

Credit is the money taken from bank or any other institution to fulfill basic needs or any other purpose. It has to be repaid within time frame and with service charges. NRSP does not have a preconceived package, although credit is provided only for the productive activities. This encourages the COs to utilize natural resources and human. Capital. These productively activities typically include: Agriculture inputs; seeds, fertilizer, pesticide etc. Livestock Small business/ Enterprise development Life irrigation, land-leveling an other productive infrastructure Credit is very important for enterprise development. Credit is needed and more affective at a time when one knows about the enterprise which can help in income generation. Therefore the only hurdle to start the enterprise is financial support which is provided in the form of credit. This enables the creditors not only to start his/her enterprise but also pay the installment with service charges. COs Responsibility in Credit Lending If proper care is not taken during the lending this there will be a problem in recovery. Therefore it is important for the CO to correctly analysis worthiness of CO member before credit approval. It is obligatory for the COs to take into consideration the following:
Financial Appraisal
It is taken to assess anticipated profit or loss of the enterprise for which credit is requested. It also assesses total, daily and monthly cost, total and net profit. Does it possible to get enough profit so all installments be paid and also enough income is in hand of creditor which will help him/her to improve the quality of life.
All technicalities are also taken into consideration before start of any enterprise for assessing whether the enterprise is technically viable or not. For example for poultry form, to take into consideration the temperature of particular area etc.
Management Capacity
To assess whether the client would be able to manage the enterprise on the scale on which he/she wants or not.
Social Appraisal
If one fulfills financial, social and technical requirements, it is also necessary to assess what was the behaviour of the lender in previous transactions. How he repaid the formal and informal credits and where the CO is ready to extend this facility to him/her or not. What are the anticipated benefits to the other community members? What will be its social and environmental impacts? For example if poultry shed is constructed in the middle of population then it will be a risk to community members health.
Credit Record Keeping
A good COs is known by its record keeping. Therefore it is basic responsibility of CO to keep record of credit lending and recovery. Credit register is kept with the manager while credit pass is kept with all CO members, which is signed by the manager. Social Mobilization This sector is working since 1992. This sector is a basic core of NRSP. It means the way through which all interested community members are induced to participate. They organize and plan for common objectives. It is very important for social mobilization that people have self respect and trust one another. Furthermore their information gap be reduced and enable them to participate actively in all activities. This approach ensures the participation of all community members in development initiative, from start to finish. They inspire for collaboration and action in fulfillment of individual and collective objectives. There is division of labour and for collective benefits, all resources are tapped and planning is done for optimal utilization. There are three basic principals. Self help Self responsibility Self management
Monitoring, Evaluation and Research

This section provides guidance to all sectors working with COs. This sector assess whether the work we are doing with the community has any positive impact or not. If there is any hurdle, how to override so the people can have the fruit of development activities.
Finance and Administration

This sector facilitates financially and administrative to all sections mentioned above, so NRSPs other sectors work with community in better way.
Module 4 COs Responsibilities and Methodology of Meeting Proceedings

Objectives:
This session aims at making the participants to know about: Community Organization (CO) and its responsibilities COs responsibilities in disasters perspective CO potentialities Methodology to conducing CO meeting Proceeding register and how to write resolution Contents: CO and its responsibilities COs responsibilities in disasters perspective CO potentialities Methodology of conducing CO meeting Proceeding register and how to write resolution
Expected Results:
After this session the participants would know about CO and its responsibilities, CO potentialities in normal and emergency situation, methodology of conducing CO meeting, proceeding register, and writing of resolution.
COs Responsibilities and Methodology of Meeting Proceedings What is a Community Organization?

A group of people, representing at least 75 percent of the population of the specific locality, having common interests and same geographical entity, and who are interested and disciplined to work for the improvement in the quality of their lives through self help basis. In other words, rural development organization is an organized group at village and local level who are working collectively for the improvement of their quality of life. Organization can be formed for any collective work. Policy of the organization is formed in a way that benefit can be accessed to every member of the organization. The development processes are in the hands of the local people who are working under a agreed methodology and accountable to one another. In any development initiative, organization holds a pivotal basic importance and all activities revolve around it. Organization is independent in policy and decision making which help solve their problems through utilization of local resources.
Responsibilities and Activities of Community Organization (CO)

Need identification Policy making/planning Saving for Capital formation Implementation of Development Activities and Distribution of responsibilities Inclusion of Non CO members through inducement Identification of collective productive resources which benefit can be taken at individual level Collective decision making regarding development activities Linkages building with governmental and non governmental organization Ensuring equal participation of all CO members Working for the will being of all community members without any distinction Ensuring utilization of capacities of trained CO members
CO Responsibilities in the Event of Disaster The CO must have information about concerned population The CO must have map of the area Ensuring the conduct of community meeting in case of disaster Identification of disaster prone areas and collection of all concerned information Consultation with NRSP in selection of members of Disaster Management Committee (DMC) Formation of Rescue Committee in case of disaster and determining its responsibilities Mobilization of DMC members for getting disaster preparedness training Monitoring of DMC Identification of small scale mitigation projects, conduct of survey and planning Monitoring of these project and record keeping Linkages building with governmental and non governmental organizations
Providing protection to women and children in case of disaster and damage assessment Providing psychological support to traumatized and their rehabilitation Equitable distribution of the relief goods provided by governmental and non governmental organizations Development of list of all prosthesis and linkages with government departments and non government organizations for their treatment Prevention of hustle and bustle during disaster and ensuring the protection of property Linkages with governmental and non governmental organization for rehabilitation of communication
Prerequisite for CO Prefer collective interest on individual interest Regular CO meeting with at least 75 percent CO members participation To address the issues and utilization of local resources, inducement of habit of saving In time of need, cooperation with more needy and poor members of CO Better utilization of resources provided by government and other organizations To convey the needs in organize way to concerned departments Evolving a transparent mechanism of monitoring, evaluation and accountability to which every member of CO is abreast with. For example, total cost of scheme, name of persons who take credit, financial matters, name of trained persons, know how of activities and performance. Self management, self sufficiency and self responsibility; working on these principles. CO Membership It is obligatory for membership in the CO that every member should be local inhabitant. From each household, an adult male or female can become member of CO. For a new member in the CO, it is necessary that all CO members mutually decide on it. If a village has large population that more than one CO can be formed. Taking into consideration the local culture and custom, a mixed CO of men and women or separate organization can be formed. Cancellation of Membership Membership of any member can be cancelled taking into consideration the particular CO condition with mutual consent. CO President and Manager There is no distinction of one CO member on another member. CO President and manager are like other CO members. The only difference is that they have to take care of more responsibilities, which they have to fulfill. They dont have any extra power as compared to other members. Furthermore, President and Manger are selected by CO members through mutual consent. It is necessary for the manager that he must be literate so he can do CO transaction and record keeping. It is not important for the President to be educated. President and manager can be changed by CO members at any time through mutual consent.
Decision Making Any decision taken on the CO platform, it must be rectified by CO members participation and approval. Goal of Rural Development Organization (CO) The basic aim of the CO is to improve the quality of life of all members. Income is important to do that therefore CO is working for capital formation according to their needs. CO Meeting CO meetings are held with regular intervals so the process of collective development is not obstructed. All CO decisions are taken from the CO regular meetings. This meeting is held weekly or fortnightly, as per members convenience. Presence of members is obligatory for meeting For any meeting, the presence of at least 75 percent members is necessary. Decisions are taken with mutual consent The meeting is chaired by the President. In case of his/her absence, the manager or any other member can preside Mutual agreement is necessary for deciding on time, venue, date for meeting. Participation in meeting is the responsibility of all members For deciding rules of game, mutual consent is obligatory For passing of resolution also, mutual consent is obligatory All decision of the meeting will be recording in the proceeding register. CO office bearer will sign it.
Proceedings and Methodology of CO Meeting and Writing of Resolution:

Identification of development activities, resource analysis, planning, implementation, and monitoring; all these activities requires collective thinking, decision making and efforts. Now the question arises, what should be done to accomplish these tasks without hurdles? It is agreed that we do assemble at different social occasions, collective plan for different activities and implement these. It is because we have an aim before us. Similarly when we get together our potentialities in the form of CO, out main objective is to get sustainable development. For this we need a platform where we can think about collective problems under set terms for sustainable development and taking into consideration our needs. On other worlds we can say that we can get goal of collective development by conducting regular CO meetings. Now we will see what is the methodology of conduct of CO meeting and how can we maintain interest of CO members in CO meeting?
Objectives of Meeting Planning for developmental activities Inducing collective thinking Identification of collective needs and problems Collective thinking and efforts for solution of the problems
Transforming the individual potentialities and skills in collective form Increase in unity and discipline Information sharing Broadening of members education and training/thinking Collection of different views in less time Getting mutual consent Getting the process of assessment better
In other word, the main objective of the CO meeting to come from I to We, without which it is difficult to get the main goal. Only on this way through training and capacity building, there can be change in thinking. On these way skills of self sufficiency, self responsibility, and self management can be developed.
Things to Be Remembered Before Conduct of CO Meeting Venue

a. Should not be disputed for gathering b. Where all members can come easily c. Be a central place
Time
a. Should be a agreed and leisure time for all members so all can participate in process of development
Date/Day
a. All members should decide upon date/day through anonymous consent and at least two meeting be conducted with in a month.
All members should be informed about date/day, time and venue and if there is any change, the presence of all members is prerequisite.
How to Maintain Interest of CO Members

Discussion and activities should reflect the interest of all Equitable distribution of benefits of development There should be a sense of ownership in all members If there is capacity building of any person, it should be done while taking into consideration of benefit of all so he/she can service the people better Needy people should be preferred All should participate in decision making and discussion
Methodology of Holding Meeting

The CO President will preside upon the CO meeting. In case of his/her absence the manager or any other member can preside All CO members will be present in the meeting First the proceedings of the last meeting to be read loudly. If any member has any objection, then it should be explained and written in proceeding register All members should be asked about the important agenda points, which the manager will not down for meeting agenda All agenda points should be openly discussed for members
All meeting decision should be noted in proceeding register, which will be signed by the CO office bearers. Furthermore those who are delegated responsibility should also sign. In case of resolution, the manager will write the resolution and will read it loudly. All members will sign it. CO manager will keep all members informed about the CO saving, bank receipt, and all financial matters of the CO The proceedings will be noted and write by the CO manager In CO meeting, the attendance register and saving register must be available.
CO during the meeting can discuss one or some of the following points. These can also be agenda points for CO meeting. Therefore help can also be sought from the first page of the proceeding register. CO formation Selection of Office Bearers Change of Office Bearers, if necessary Resolution of internal dispute according to the local justice system To prepare members for acting upon NRSPs rules Promoting members saving trend and members attendance, decision making Informing members about the status of pass books, and saving register Selection of members for training Cost estimate on different schemes and approval Maintenance and looking after of completed schemes Identification of members for credit, formation of list, finalization of methodology of getting credit and its utilization, and record keeping. Promotion of the productive capacity of the members and transforming it into practical form Working for the well being of the women and development
How to Chalk Out CO Meeting Agenda?

Important points should be discussed first. Any remaining point should be discussed in next meeting. Any decision can be postponed by the consent of the members It is important to write down the decisions Every member point should be seriously brought under discussion No point of the agenda should be skipped. In some cases an important point may take few meetings to decide upon. It should be tried to decide upon all agenda points in a meeting
What Should Not be done during the Meeting

Discussion for the sake of discussion No cross cutting of the discussion Discussion in haste Emphasize a point without others consent Haste to make decisions
What should be done during the Meeting?

First focus should be on the CO Focus on people need to attract them
Give importance and attention to people People should be teach to work by themselves Objective should be determined Express your interests Select a problem which need prior discussion Causes of problems should be understood Effort to enhance the skills for solution of the problems
Indicators of Affective Meeting

Now we see how to assess whether CO is affective our not, and where are the loopholes, which need to be addressed. These indicators are: Meeting agenda is chalked out through mutual consent Agenda is clear and of interest of all members All remaining agenda points of previous meeting included and discussed first Attendance of all members Discipline and punctuality Repetition of previous meeting proceeding and give it a second look Give priority to collective interest through mutual consent All decision are clear and are taken with the consent of all The meeting should be purposeful Planning for development activities in a meeting, its timely and precisely implementation, and continuous monitoring The process of development is only possible due to the people who have the courage and take the responsibility. Therefore we need to focus on President and Managers responsibilities.
Responsibilities of the President

Every CO selects president amongst its members, who is respectable for all. He/she must have the capacity to take correct decisions and implement it. He/she has a great responsibility to carry forward the CO. His responsibilities include; To hold CO regular and emergency meetings Preparation of agenda with manager To sign CO agreements with manager Make sure coordination amongst trained and other members, linkages building with other organizations, convey information of development organizations to the CO, and take their cooperation for development activities.
Manager of the CO
Every CO will select a manager amongst the members who; Better if can read and write Willing to work for the CO Honest and acceptable for other members
Mangers Responsibilities
Note proceeding of regular and emergency meetings
Entry of members weekly saving in saving and attendance register To speak loudly proceedings of last meeting To keep inform CO members about saving and other transactions To make copies of CO decisions and resolutions, verification, submit it to the concerned departments To keep complete record of all credit, installments, and other outstanding amount.
Attendance and Saving Register, Importance of Resolution and Proceeding Register and Procedure of Record Keeping
Attendance and Saving Register In this register members attendance and saving is recorded Resolution Resolution is passed for important and urgent matter which concerned with NRSP or any other organization. For a resolution, it is important to take into consideration; What problem should be solved? What is needed to solve the problem? What the CO can do by itself to solve this problem? What kind of support is required to solve this problem? It is necessary that for a resolution all members agree. After writing a resolution, it should be read loudly, so that every member knows about it before signing it. Sign and thumb expression on the resolution should be clear.
Module 5 Disaster and its types

Objectives:
At the end of the training, Participants will be able to know about Disasters and its types What is earthquake and its preventive measures Land sliding and its preventing measures Heavy rainfalls and its preventing measures Wind storms and its preventive measures Complete Knowledge about un natural disaster
Contents:
Disasters and its types Causes of earthquake and its preventive measures Causes of Land sliding its preventive measures Causes of Heavy rain falls its preventive measures Causes of Wind storms its preventive measures Unnatural disasters
Expected Results:
At the end of this session participants will be to know about the natural and Unnatural disasters and will also be able to know comprehensively about earthquake, land sliding, heavy rainfalls wind storms their causes and their preventive measures.
Disasters and its types:

By disaster it means the conditions which occur due to the mess of natural elements or armed conflict and it becomes the cause of huge lose in terms of mental stress, economic and human lives. In simple words we can say that disaster means any natural or human induced condition which cause the damage to governmental and private properties and can affect social and economic lives.
They are two types of disasters: Natural disasters:

Earthquake Land sliding Heavy rain Wind storms
Unnatural/ artificial disasters:

Bomb blasts War
What is earthquake and what are its causes?

Our earth consists of many layers. There is a continuous process of chemical reaction in the deepest part of the earth. As a result energy is formed and stoked underneath the earth. This energy keeps on increasing by centuries and when its comes out from the earth then earth moves from its orbit, as a result its starts moving and shakes can be felt. When earth moves from its surface then there are vacant spaces are created in inner part of the earth and it requires lot of time to come back on its original positions. When earth tries to come back on his previous position then shakes can be felt again. Their intensity is lower and chances of making loses are reduced. 8th October earthquake which intensity had been recorded 7.6 on the rector scale, caused severe destruction in three districts of Kashmir muzaffarabad, bagh, Rawlakot and in three districts of NWFP Mansehra, Shangla and Balakot. Approximately Seventy three thousands people were died and 100 thousands were injured. More than three hundred thousands people have been affected whose houses and property were destroyed. In Pakistan history quite often these kinds of earthquakes came but it was the severe of all of them. It is not like that this kind of earthquake only hit our country. More severe kind of earthquakes have been recorded in the world, recent example of this is sunami of 26th December in which more then 200 thousands people have been died. This is a natural process through which earth changes its shape. Research and evidences proved that it takes lot of time to have the similar kind of severe earthquake in one particular area again because for the formation and accumulation of same kind of energy it takes more than hundred years. last huge earthquake was recorded in 1551. So it is not of saying this that this kind of earthquake will come again in near future. As a Muslim we have strong belief in Allah almighty that he put his man into examination like death of relative, lost of any loved thing, loss in business or termination from the job. Disaster is on of his kind also.
Many times in Quran Allah says: I love human beings more than then the combined love of 70 mothers Allah almighty has blessed human beings with the skills that they can resist or counter these disasters; it requires patient, determination and strong hope. The cause of this huge loss was that the people had no information of the earthquake and they did not know about the preventing measures as well. That was the reason that people have lost their senses. Women could not come out from their houses because of taking these as a light shocks and children were also unaware of the situation. That is why most suffered were children and women.
Preventing measures:
Keep the telephone numbers of Edhi centre, Red Crescent, city defense, and governments centers of emergency help with you Tell all people of the home that they should contact to emergency centers in case of emergency. You have to identify emergency exit paths Prepared a first aid box. Necessary items should be keep separate so you can carry with you in case of emergency. Important documents should be kept in water proof envelop. Keep One gallon of water for one person a day You have to arrange clothes shoes and other items according to weather. Blankets and other equipment of sleeping should be in this order that you can carry it easily with you. Keep contact numbers of family doctor and friends with you. There should be at least two emergency exit paths so you can get out easily.
Land sliding
There are different kinds of rocks of the mountains. One of tem is secondary rocks. Secondary rocks are formed by the combination of different rent layers. Heat, snowfall and rainfall cause the contraction and expansion process of rocks. During this process stones tend to fall, because of the force of gravity. We called it a landslide. Kashmir Mountains region is also consisting of these rocks and these hills are called baby or new born hills. Land sliding has increased after 8th October earthquake. The cause of this was earthquake also because due to shocks there is destruction process in these secondary rocks and whenever there is a chemical change underneath the earth the land slides starts to take place. Second reason is deforestation because of roots of trees compact these rocks together. Chances of landslides reduced due to this. In this situation roads are blocked and cause difficulty to the people to move or travel.
Stay away from the land slide area because there are chances of further landslide in that area. Try to asses the situation of people who are trapped in landslide and provide them first day if it is necessary Check if there is any damage has been done to the gas, electricity and telephone lines. If it is so then contact to relevant office Check if there is any sort of damage done to the base of building, or land near to it. If it is so then try to fill it with soil and plant tress over there.
Heavy rain
Moon soon is the major cause of the rainfall in Kashmir and in its surroundings. when there is low pressure f air is build then the moon soon coming from the India strike against the mountains of Kashmir and remain their and become the cause of rain. Infrastructure of three districts of Kashmir and nwfp has been demolished due to earthquake. Peoples homes are completely and partially destroyed. Those houses who were partially damaged in the earthquake, demolished completely due to heavy rainfall. Land slides take place due to heavy rain. Because of this roads are blocked and daily life suffer a lot
Preventing measures
Check your doors, windows, and roof of the house and adjust them properly before the start of rainy season Necessary equipment should be with you to repair the house Keep the food items which do not need to be cooked. Clean the ways of water so that in case of heavy rain it should not blocked and water do not get into your house In rainy season there are chances of snakes and other insects biting, so try to avoid going to those areas where the water of rain has been stocked or gathered.
Wind storms
Strong winds tend to below in chinari, Haitian and salmia. The cause of these strong winds is that there is warm air prevailing in these areas due to this it tends to go up and leave gaps, to fill these gaps cold winds come from occupied Kashmir whose direction and intensity is very high and also come in one direction. It becomes the cause of strong winds. There are chances of falling of trees and houses due to this and it reduced human activities.
Check your houses whether they can resist strong winds. While building your houses try to place your windows and door in opisite direction of winds. Build winds resist hoses Use warm clothes Assure the presence of first aid kit
Unnatural or artificial disasters

Normally these disasters happened due to the exercises performed by human beings to fulfill their objectives. Either it is in shape of war or bomb blasts. In result all departments like education, health, houses, financial and social are disturbed.
Module 06 Use of communication means before, during and after disasters

Objectives:
At the end of this session participants will be able to know: Methods of early warning system in disaster. Use of communication means after the disasters Communication in its types What are the things which a person who are providing information should keep in his mind Information about the five types of listening.
Contents:
Methods of early warning system in disasters Communication and its kinds Characteristics of information provider and listener Principals of affective listening during and after disasters Five types of listening
Expected results:
At the end of session participants will be able to know about Communication and its kinds, Characteristics of information provider and listener, Principals of affective listening during and after disasters and five types of listening
Use of communication means before and after disasters:

Human beings always confront with disasters right from the old days to till this developed era. To counter these disasters human beings developed such means of communication so they can reduce the affects of these disasters. In this era early warning about some disasters can be provided like flood, wind storms etc. all this process which provide us information and news is called communication.
Methods of early warning system in disaster:

Affective means through which information can be transmitted. Radio, television, mobiles etc. Through announcement in mosques. Through the emergency centers that are established at union council and village level. Through sirens
After disasters
Disasters can not be stopped. But through early warning we can minimize its destructions. normally means of information also been disturbed by disasters like other things for example, stoppage of electricity etc. but after disasters in case of emergency the importance of affective communication increase. In this situation two points have come in front. First try to search affected people so that first aid can be provided. Second provide them help during and after disasters.
Usage of communication means after disasters:

Search of the survivors has the utmost importance. For this purpose what ever kind of instruments we have, we should use to get to them. For example through the tracers which the mobile companies have with them. Same like by contacting with their relatives, through announcements etc.
What is communication?
It is a process through which human beings transmit and receive meaningful information. Information about the disasters (theories, thoughts, feelings). Communication is only done if there us two way communication.
Types of communication;
Verbal (written, spoken) Non verbal (pictures, indications, body movements, smell, facial expression, color, different sounds, touch)
Things which must consider by message sender in disasters:

Control his nerves while transmitting the message in the emergency. Objective of message should be very clear Should know about the characteristics of receiver Message should be in proper order so that receiver can have complete picture of that. Use proper means to transmit your message
Message should be short and comprehensive Message must contain one clear objective. Us simple words Language should be understandable Should know about norms, values and conditions of local environment. The verbal message should be loud enough to be heard. Proper ups and downs in voice can create interest Follow affective way of speech Repeat your massage Keep in mind the mental level of your audience You must have enough information about the thing which you want communicate Repeat the massage from listeners
Things which must consider by message receiver in disasters:

Listen to the message carefully Try to understand the message completely If the message is not clear then ask for explanation Try to make the sender to repeat the message if it is possible
Feedback
It means the process through which the sender gets information whether his massage is properly understood and conveyed properly or not.
Guiding Principals of feed back:

Answer should be detailed one It should be specific It should be implement able Give answer when ask to give Purposeful Avoid irrelevant things Explain things in a way that reflect your personal view and it should be avoided that you impose your view on others
Characteristics of message
It should be loud and clear Should be in simple Language Complete and specific According to need and interest
Principals of Affective Listening during and after Disasters

To be good listener is a skill. To be a good listener, we should learn this skill. The research has shown that we remember only 25 percent of what we listen. We can avoid many difficulties by learning this skill. Following are the guiding principals for affective listening; Speak less and listen to everyone Facilitate the speaker
Show the speaker that you want to hear him/her. Give attention to speaker and you show your interest. Dont disappoint the speaker Remove hurdle in communications and remove those things which cause deviation in attention Try to under speaker point of view Show patience Dont loose your temper. Angry man takes wrong meanings of words. Be lenient in your arguments and criticism Ask questions, it help in explanation
Importance of Listening in Understanding in Communication

The listeners should understand the listening capacity can help them getting their objectives. There is a need to be sensitive about the listening skills, because we may focus on improvement our speaking skills. But for communication to be affective, listening is also important. This skill can help solve problems because some time we are not ready to listen those things which are against our point of view.
Five types of listener:

Listening with out concentration Showing your self that you are listening but actually it is not Only listening to those things which are impotent for listener Listening with concentration Listening with complete focus and concentration.
Types of listener:
You come across those people who are physically present but not mentally, so they can not understand your message. Some people just show that they are listening to you Some people only listen to those things which they like.
Some people keep reacting and express their views by listening. These people are very important. According to communication experts, this is an indicator of good communication. This is a learning process in which your body react, and can hear it through your spirit and heart. On this way of your can learn others point of view. In this process, a development activist can better go to the people and to every person, irrespective of his/her background, a massage can be conveyed. We should make our massage clear. We can not get our aim unless we make our massage purposeful, clear and get feedback on it. This all mechanism depends on communication. We need to think deeply, analysis, and listen others point of views.
Module 07 Problems faced by women and children in the disasters

Objectives:
At the end of session Participants will be able to know: o Problems regarding women and children during disasters o Gender and its introduction o And about case studies
Contents:
o o o Problems regarding women and children during disasters Gender and its introduction case study
Expected results:
At the end of the session participants will be able to understand the importance of problems regarding women and children during disasters, gender and its introduction and case study
Problems faced by women and children in the disasters:

Especially Women and children are affected by disasters. Approximately up to 75 percent. Women perform more activities in disaster affected area. They have to take care of the children and elder people along with their self. During this process the burden of work and emotions rises. Women become more venerable when her husband die during disaster or her source of income is no more. It has been observed that during disaster man tend to show themselves more oppressed, infect both are oppressed. Element of gender discrimination becomes more prominent when women are neglected during political and social activities. Either it is decision making process or getting the aid women is totally neglected. It has been seen that after disasters aid are been taken on the name of women but they have not given the authority to use it. In our society women has the role of mother, sister, wife and daughter in law. We have to give rights to the women with in the limits of our norms and values for the purpose of social development.
Introduction:
In our areas women and men are treated according to their gender not according to their capabilities and skills. Being an active member, a person can talk about the issue of importance of women and men participation in development process. We can understand the importance of women contribution in disasters in this way: Ahmed and his father were traveling when they had a road accident in which Ahmeds father passed away and Ahmed himself was taken to the hospital seriously injured. Nurses who were present at the emergency ward took him to the operation theater where one of the surgeons shouted after seeing his face that this is my son. After presenting that story ask about that from the participants that who it could be? Majority of the answers will be Step father Lost son of the surgeon Boy having the similar face like surgeons son Do not show your reaction on the answers given by the participants and ask them to think more until one of them come up with this answer that it was his mother who was surgeon over there in the hospital. Try to explain to the participants that it is a natural phenomenon that is developed on your experiences that you have not conceived that surgeon can be a woman as well, because you people not come across to see women as surgeon in your society. Give to cards of different to the participants and ask them to write that what kind of character come to their mind when think about the word man and here it is important to mention that by character we mean a social role that a man is performing. When they have finished collect that cards and display on to the board and similar thing ask about the woman and get their opinion and display it on the board. Check that whether they have discussed according to social perspective not according to natural perspective. If they are written in natural perspective and than take out that cards. Now change the topic and display the women cards on mens board and men cards on womens board. Now read it again and explain where things are necessary, you will see
that interesting things will come in result of that. For example brave, warrior, sick, unhealthy can be a women as well as man and try explain these things to participants that a person who are in trouble can be a man as well not women all the time and women are considered to be expert in cooking foods and stitching clothes but all good all in the hotels are men and they are very good tailors as well. Explain that all the boundaries which society and people determine can be modified according to the need of the time. Explain that purpose of this session is to make people aware of the fact that if we are not going to let the women participate in social activities at village level then it is very difficult to gain sustainable development. Women are the party which works a lot in these villages set up but we are not giving them their rights and the positions they deserve in the society.
Analysis of favorable and opposing forces
Helping forces
Existing situation No female CO
improved situation female CO formation
Opposing forces
1) Ask group to draw this diagram on to the flip chart in which, on one side is existing situation. Try to explain this situation to some what. 2) Write those favorable elements or forces on the upper side that are helping to achieve the objective 3) Write the opposing elements or forces below. These can be written according to their importance. 4) What can be done to minimize the affects of opposing forces or factors? What are the strategies or ideas that the group has? Ask every group to present their points. Try to highlight all important points and have discussion on them that some time it happens that opposing forces are as strong as favorable forces, try to minimize that opposing first instead of going for direct clash. After knowing about the favorable and opposing forces try to make a plan to achieve your major objectives Try to explain through examples that men and women are striving to achieve same objectives Explain that we do not let the woman to participate in decision making and not allowing them to share their problems and their suggestions to solve those problems. In result women face lot of difficulties and they remain unsolved. Because women are 51 percent
of our population and if theirs problems are remain unsolved and they are not allowed to participate in different social activities than it is very difficult to have long lasting and sustainable community development. Explain further to participants that NRSP is trying and working on these areas and has very good plan to achieve these objectives.
Case study:
It was the third meeting of the men social organizers of rural development with the males of the community. This time they have some female social organizers with them also. Male had promised for huge meeting. But when team reached there, only two male participants were present. They told that males are not ready to be organized. In the meanwhile lady social organizer has got the chance to talk to the woman living in neighborhoods. After some time women from surroundings gathered there in that house and they show lot of interest in the programme and decided the time and date for next meeting. Some days before the meeting message received in rural development programme office that meeting is not going to take place. Therefore you are not suppose to come for meeting and NRSP social organizers did not go there because of that message which they had received in the office. After this incident staff received news that women of the community were present there on the meeting time and they wait for NRSP people and they were very disappointed not to see them. They were so disappointed that they also decide not to form a community organization.
What do you think that why and how this happened?

What actually happened that? 1. Message sent by the males who were not interested to form a committee 2. They were not happy on the participants of the females of the community in this program 3. Program team had not confirmed this message from any female of the community 4. They supposed that this message is came from the females of the community
Lessons learned from the case study:

o o o Lack of communication Representation of male on behalf of females Dependency on assumptions
In the last of session, ask the participants that how they can use this case study to ensure women participation in development activities. After getting participants response, explain how women participation is important for development. Women should equally participate in planning for developmental activities, and also explain about the forces which defy women participation in development process. Support those forces which ensure women participation.
Module 08 Introduction of Disaster Management Committee

Objectives:
At the end of the session participants will able to know about Introduction to Disaster Management committee Objectives of disaster Management Committee Structure of Disaster Management Committee
Content:
Definition of Disaster Management Committee Objectives of Disaster Management Committee Structure of Disaster Management Committee
Expected Result
After this session participants will be equipped with the knowledge about the disaster Management committee, its objective and structure
Introduction of Disaster Management Committee

Definition of Disaster Management Committee:
Disaster management committee is the organization of volunteers at any village level which is going to indicate the hazards and prepare them to counter that situation.
Or
DMC is the committee which is going to reduce the chances of any disaster and work in affected areas in case of disaster at village level. Objectives of DMC: o Indicate the expected disasters and accidents at village level o Planning of avoiding the affects of disasters/ immediate rescue and relief planning o Immediate response after the incident o Reduce the affects of disasters o Equal concentration on all affected people o Communication with different institutes o Getting the training of disaster management and preparedness and then motivate local people to get the training from them. o Providence of first aid in case of emergency o Providing psycho social support to affected people and get them out of trauma. o Demonstration of practical drills at village level o Use of emergency tool kit in disaster affected areas
Structure of DMC:
DMC is going to be an organization whose members will be decided by community organization. With the coordination of NRSP and community organization members will be selected for DMC which will be eight in numbers. Chairman Secretary Six other members
Executive Body:
Executive body Will be consist of chairman and secretary and other members will be six. Thirty percent of these members must be women. NRSP and CO will take care of these DMCs.
Module 09 Planning and Project cycle Management

Objectives:
Participants will be able to know: o Planning and its importance o Levels of planning o Phases of planning o Complete information about project cycle management
Contents:
o o o o Planning and its importance Levels of planning Phases of planning Project cycle management
Expected results:
At the end of this session participants will be able to know about the planning and its importance. Levels of planning, phases of planning and project cycle management.
Identification of important problems:

Problem should be the one through which damages can be minimized and income can be maximized That cost fewer resources That can be completed in shorter time period Which solution can give benefit to large numbers of people Along with this we have to look into the resources which we have and how can we use them, in these resources some can be local and other can be external as well. We have to see that either we can use these local resources and can we reach to the external resources and can we use it properly. We have to take these things into the consideration while starting any development plan.
What is planning?
To achieve any specific objective arranging the tasks components in one defined time, estimation of resources while assigning the duties is known as planning.
Levels of planning:
Planning should be done on following levels.
Individual level Organizational level Community level
The kinds of problems that a normal member comes across in his life are mostly concern with income. Out of which some can be on individual level and its solution can only provide benefit at individual level, for this individual level planning is important. There are some problems which can not be solved at individual level and solution of these problems can provide benefit to whole organization or community therefore, for the solutions of these problems planning should be done at organization or community level.
Phases and components of individual planning/ micro investment plan:

Name Existing resources, source of income What do you want to do/ plan? Support needed How much benefit it will provide What will be the affects on daily life?
Phases of organizational and community level planning:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Objectives Methods Responsibility Resources Time allocation Place allocation
7. Scrutiny 8. Expected problems/ difficulties 9. Estimated expenditure
Objectives: First of all three should be some objectives of any activity which is going to be performed. Objectives should be very clear. That can be attainable within given resources. Methodology;
After setting the objectives it is very important that try to find out the ways of how to achieve these objectives. How much we can split down the activities into different smaller tasks. Normally a bigger task consists of different smaller tasks and as we split these tasks to different level we can plan well for them.
Responsibility:
Now the question is who is going to perform different tasks, names and responsibilities should be very much clear so every one can know about his job and he or she will responsible and answerable.
Resources:
We have to see that what are the resources which fulfill these tasks, whether these external or internal, and how we can get access to these external or internal resources.
Time allocation:
Allocation of time is one of the most critical components on planning process. There are some activities which done in one we have to mention the date for single day as well. And other activities which last for more than one day then starting and closing dates should must be written, with out this planning process is not going to be completed.
Deciding about location:

Location of work should be mention as well.
Scrutiny:
For the planning process it is necessary to decide that how we are going to check that whether any activity is completed or not.
Expected problems and difficulties:

Expected problems and thinking about their alternatives is one of the important parts of the planning process. While assigning the duties to different people you have to decide his or her replacement as well before the start of work.
Expenditures:
To make an estimate of expenditure for a project is also very necessary so we can know that how many people are going to be benefited by this and also consider that how much profit is expected by this.
Benefits of planning process

If our planning process can give answers about following questions then we can say that we make a successful plan. Because a good plan can make your task half complete before it starts. What is the problem? What is the need? What is the solution? What are things which should be done? For whom we are going to this work? Who is going to do which duty? When to do? Where to be done? What are the resources required? Where the resources come from? What will be the expected threats, problems and fears? What will be the alternatives? What will be the benefits? How long it will take to produce benefits? Who are going to be benefited? What will we get?
Module 10 Linkages Development

Objectives:
This session aimed at enabling the participants to understand about: Linkages development Kinds of linkages Disaster concerned agencies Process of affective linkages development
Contents:
Kinds of linkages CO Internal and external linkages Disaster concerned agencies Tools for affective linkages building
Expected Results:
After this session, the participants would be able to understand about linkages building, internal and external linkages, agencies working for disaster mitigation, and tools for effective linkages building.
Linkages Building
It is human nature that when he/she faced with any emergency situation or disaster, he/she contact with authorities or institutions situated around, for safety and disaster mitigation. These contacts/linkages are more effective if these are made on CO platform as compared to individual contact. After devastating October 2005 earthquake, the affectees did not know to contact which authority/organization for help, therefore the rehabilitation took more time. These risks can be mitigated if the people know about the linkages to be made with the organizations. NRSPs methodology of work emphasis on utilization of local resources, for which linkages building play a pivotal role. On one hand, NRSP determine working methodology of CO and on other hand, it is provided with a platform through which they can access concerned governmental and other organizations so quality of life can be improved at grass root level. NRSP not only play a role of bridge between CO and other government organization but also make sure that access to other NGOs, banks and donor agencies. There are two kinds of linkages Internal External
Internal Linkages
For CO an affective linkage amongst members is required for working relationship. For affective linkages building, distribution of responsibilities according to their capacities and analysis of responsibilities is very important. For internal linkage building there must a mechanism in which CO can trace and resolve internal conflicts. CO is a platform through which members of disaster management committee (DMC) will be selected. Therefore it is very important for the CO to select only those who are inhabitant of the same locality so there will be no problem in linkages. CO should keep link with own and other DMCs for playing a supervisory role. Through this role they can know that DMC members are trained in; Analysis of indicator of internal linkages in CO Frequency of CO meeting with in specific duration Trend of CO members attendance in CO meetings How many issues are discussed and resolved How many decision are made in CO How many people participated in meeting considering their poverty status Women participation, their participation in CO meetings Is there any plan for DMC in CO meeting How many decisions are made regarding disaster mitigation schemes
External Linkages
External linkages are built for three purposes For getting external services For introduction or highlighting the CO For getting financial support Linkages building with concerned department for getting services for health, education, water, irrigation. All these include in linkages for getting external services. Similarly linkages building with district management and other organization for making it more affective through organizing different events, so that CO is highlighted and appreciated. All these come in the external linkages of the CO. The CO must have information about all NGOs working at District and Tehsil levels. For fund raising and better utilization of resources and management, the CO must have information of all financial organization in the area. The CO must also have information about priorities of different donor agencies and how to get fund from them.
Anticipated Support from the Concerned Agencies

If effective linkages are built with the concerned agencies, the following benefits can be expected; Support in conduct of different training Technical guidance and any kind of support CO can be provided with resources required to meet its needs Introduction of different products developed by CO Introduction and provision of new technology
Reasons of Not Formal Working of Concerned Agencies with CO

Low access to these organizations Low funds for access Slow or low decision making process Differences during CO meeting and differences in timing of CO meeting and its work Know how of above mentioned reasons of CO problems
CO can contact with ERRA and other support organization in their area
Agencies Concerned to Disaster

National Disaster Management Cell National Disaster Management Commission Earthquake Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Authority (ERRA) National Disaster Management Framework, which is formed with the technical support of UNDP and have coordination with the Provision Disaster Management Authority.
Module 11 Motivational Skills and Community Activist

Objectives:
This session is aimed at making the participants enable to know about: Motivational process Motivational skills in disaster perspective Ways of Motivation What should be taken into consideration during motivation
Contents:
Motivational tools Motivational skills in disaster perspective Ways of Motivation What should be taken into consideration during motivation
Expected Results:
After this session the participants would be able to know about the motivational tools, motivational skills in disasters perspective, motivational tools, and about the things which should be considered during motivational.
Community Activist and Motivational Skills

What is Motivation? Motivation is the kind of skills through which people are done that kind of work which you want. People work to fulfill their ambition, needs and wishes. If these things are taken into consideration then it is easy to mobilize people.
Process of Motivational
Need Belief Interest/ Wish Action Result
When a person feels some need, he/she strive to fulfill it. Some time belief also becomes a binding force for fulfillment of need. For example, if someone needs money, he/she can fulfill it through begging. But if a person thinks that begging is not a good thing then he/she works and earns the money. It is the belief which made a need his/her wishes. Then for fulfillment of that need/wish one strives and fulfills one need.
Motivational Skills in Disaster Perspective

It is very important to get community aware about disaster management skills, so the community understands the risk consequent upon disaster. Every disaster is a testing of God for his people and same disasters are faced by many past generations. But it is worth seen that how much the people are successful in these tests. Many such beliefs are persistent in our community which turned the damages causes by disasters to their fortune. Therefore it is important to aware the community that fortune dont prevent us to mitigate risks posed by disasters. Therefore aware persons adopt some methodology to prevent the risk. But this can only be done when we know about disasters, its kinds, how anticipated risks on the basis of which we can plan. When a community is aware about the damages which can be caused by disaster and discusses the mitigation measures and skills, getting these skills become his need. It should be remembered that this sense can only be produced when one is aware of damages caused by disasters.
What are Human Needs?

Human needs can be groups as follow; Basic needs which include food, lodging, and dress Protection from any fear Acceptability, friendship, love, and relations with others Distinction among others, self importance, Potentialities, getting developed according to one potentialities and getting high positions
How to motivate community?

Recognition It is an everlasting methodology of motivation. On this way people work with pleasure. People aspiration and need are taken care of as discussed in motivational process.
When people needs are highlighted they become ready to act. If people are made felt that this is their needs, they can prepared for action. If people are given task according to their skills then they will perform it with pleasure Dont forces people but make them agree. Dont push but make them walk with. Acceptance If someone dont do according to expectation, dont be rude. Guide and appreciate him/her Healthy competition, this can induce interest for work Trust the people and improve their confidence Dont expect more. Every one has the capacity to work to certain limits according to his energy Take decision according while taking suggestion of all concerned. Respect every one view. Every one has some specific quality. Utilize that quality and dont mention the loopholes. It can break the tempo. Dont analysis people on quality, it can break their determination Keep into consideration age and culture of the people
Things to Care About During Motivation

Over Criticism This produce hate amongst community. Community dont like those who criticize them Making Decision by their Own Taking decisions without others consideration. What I am saying is correct. Dictatorial Behavior Communities dont like dictatorial behavior. People will only work when you are around. Not Taking Importance to Others Views Thinking that only those views are correct what you are saying. Other doesnt understand or dont have sense of understanding Not Accepting Mistakes Not accepting your mistake. This behavior is detrimental to your respect in community and you will not be able to mobilize community for work.

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NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan

Background & philosophy of NRSP (participatory Approach of development

Role of NRSP in Disasters and Developmental Activities

CO responsibilities and methodology of conducing CO meeting

Disasters and its types

Communication Skills During and After Disasters

Gender and Children related problems & solution in disaster

Introduction to Disaster Management Committee

Planning and Project Cycle Management

Motivation Skills & activists

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan

Objectives of the Training:

Who should use this Manual?

Who can participate?

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan

Schedule Day one

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan

Module 1 Introduction to the Project

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan

Introduction to the Project

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 10

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 11

Structure of Participatory Development

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 12

Benefits of Participatory Approach

Skill Enhancement of Community Members

Income Generation /Capital Formation

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 13

Participatory Development in Disaster Preparedness Perspective

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 14

Module 3 NRSP Disaster Response and Developmental Activities

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 15

NRSP Disaster Response and Developmental Activities

Institute of Rural Management

Environment and Natural Resource Management

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 16

Physical Infrastructure and Technology Development

Urban Poverty Alleviation Programme (UPAP)

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 17

Gender and Development

NRSPs Vision of Gender Mainstreaming

The Goal and Objectives of NRSPs Gender Mainstreaming Policy:

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 18

Social Sector Services

Micro-finance and Enterprise Development Programme (MEDP)

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 19

Monitoring, Evaluation and Research

Finance and Administration

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 20

Module 4 COs Responsibilities and Methodology of Meeting Proceedings

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 21

COs Responsibilities and Methodology of Meeting Proceedings What is a Community Organization?

Responsibilities and Activities of Community Organization (CO)

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NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 23

Proceedings and Methodology of CO Meeting and Writing of Resolution:

NRSP-Institute of Rural Management, Islamabad, Pakistan 24

Things to Be Remembered Before Conduct of CO Meeting Venue